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REFERENCES<br />

CHAPTER 1<br />

1 Baker, Judy L., Urban poverty: A global view,<br />

Urban papers, The World Bank, Washington,<br />

D.C., 2008, p. 1.<br />

2 World Health Organization and United Nations<br />

Human Settlements Programme, Hidden Cities:<br />

Unmasking and overcoming health inequities in<br />

urban settings, WHO, Geneva, 2010, p. ix.<br />

3 Stephens, Carolyn, Urban Social and<br />

Environmental Inequities: Impacts on child<br />

rights, health and wellbeing in cities, UNICEF<br />

Background Discussion Paper for State of the<br />

World’s Children 2012, 2011, p. 2.<br />

4 United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects:<br />

The 2009 revision, Department of Economic and<br />

Social Affairs, Population Division, United Nations,<br />

New York, 2010; World Health Organization and<br />

United Nations Human Settlements Programme,<br />

Hidden Cities: Unmasking and overcoming health<br />

inequities in urban settings, WHO, Geneva,<br />

2010, p. 5.<br />

5 The 2009 revision, p. 5.<br />

6 Chen, Nancy, Paolo Valente and Hania Zlotnik,<br />

‘What Do We Know about Recent Trends in<br />

Urbanization?’, in Migration, Urbanization and<br />

Development: New directions and issues,<br />

edited by Richard E. Billsborrow, United Nations<br />

Population Fund, New York, 1998, pp. 59–88;<br />

United Nations Population Fund, State of World<br />

Population 2010: Unleashing the potential of<br />

urban growth, UNFPA, New York, 2007, p. 13.<br />

7 Satterthwaite, David, ‘The Under-estimation<br />

of Urban Poverty in Low- and Middle-Income<br />

Nations’, IIED Working Paper 14 on Poverty<br />

Reduction in Urban Areas, International Institute<br />

for Environment and Development, London, 2004;<br />

Sabry, Sarah, ‘How Poverty Is Underestimated<br />

in Greater Cairo, Egypt’, Environment and<br />

Urbanization, vol. 22, no. 2, October 2010,<br />

pp. 523–541; Chandrasekhar, S., and<br />

Mark R. Montgomery, ‘Broadening Poverty<br />

ing’,<br />

IIED Working Paper, International Institute<br />

for Environment and Development, London, 2010.<br />

8 Montgomery, Mark R., ‘Urban Poverty and Health<br />

in Developing Countries’, Population Bulletin,<br />

vol. 64, no. 2, June 2009, p. 6, , accessed<br />

5 August 2011.<br />

9 Bitran, J., et al., ‘Keeping Health in an Urban<br />

<br />

urban poor’, in The Urban Poor in Latin America,<br />

edited by M. Fay, The World Bank, Washington,<br />

D.C., 2005, pp. 179–194; Fotso, Jean Christophe,<br />

<br />

Differences across urban and rural areas’,<br />

International Journal for Equity in Health, vol. 5,<br />

no. 9, 11 July 2006; National Research Council,<br />

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its implications in the developing world, edited<br />

by Panel on Urban Population Dynamics et al.,<br />

National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.,<br />

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in Developing Countries’, p. 5; Matthews, Zoe, et<br />

al., ‘Examining the “Urban Advantage” in Maternal<br />

Health Care in Developing Countries’, PLoS<br />

Medicine, vol. 7, no. 9, 14 September 2010.<br />

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State of the World’s Cities 2006/7: The Millennium<br />

Development Goals and urban sustainability<br />

– 30 years of shaping the Habitat agenda,<br />

UN-Habitat, Nairobi, 2006, p. 14.<br />

CHAPTER 2<br />

1 Smith, Terry, and Laura Brownlees, ‘Age<br />

<br />

annotated bibliography’, Discussion paper, Child<br />

Protection Section, United Nations Children’s<br />

Fund, New York, 2011, p. 1.<br />

2 Habib, R. R., et al., ‘Housing Quality and Ill<br />

Health in a Disadvantaged Urban Community’,<br />

Public Health, vol. 123, no. 2, February 2009,<br />

pp. 174–181.<br />

3 United Nations Human Settlements Programme,<br />

<br />

on Human Settlements’, June 1996,<br />

, accessed<br />

4 September 2011.<br />

<br />

review on health in informal settlements’,<br />

Environment and Urbanization, vol. 23, no. 1,<br />

April 2011, p. 126.<br />

<br />

urbanization and mortality of young children in<br />

Nigeria’, Environmental Health Perspectives,<br />

vol. 118, no. 5, June 2010, pp. 118–259.<br />

<br />

births. See United Nations Children’s Fund<br />

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<br />

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2009 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey’, UNICEF<br />

Bangladesh, Dhaka, November 2010, p. 13,<br />

, accessed 4 September 2011.<br />

7 Kyobutungi, Catherine, et al., ‘The Burden of<br />

<br />

Results from a demographic surveillance system’,<br />

Population Health Metrics, vol. 6, no.1, March 2008,<br />

pp. 1–8, , accessed 5 September 2011.<br />

8 Montgomery, ‘Urban Poverty and Health in<br />

Developing Countries’.<br />

9 Sims, Mario, Tammy L. Sims and Marino A.<br />

Bruce, ‘Urban Poverty and Infant Mortality<br />

Rate Disparities’, Journal of the National<br />

Medical Association, vol. 99, no. 4, April 2007,<br />

pp. 349–356; Centers for Disease Control and<br />

Prevention, ‘Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Infant<br />

<br />

Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report, vol. 51,<br />

no. 15, 2002, pp. 329–332.<br />

10 Brown, David, et al., ‘A Summary of Global<br />

Routine Immunization Coverage Through 2010’,<br />

The Open Infectious Diseases Journal, vol. 5,<br />

2011, pp. 115–117.<br />

11 World Health Organization, United Nations<br />

Children’s Fund, United Nations Population Fund<br />

<br />

1990 to 2008 – Estimates developed by WHO,<br />

UNICEF, UNFPA, and the World Bank’, WHO,<br />

tions/2010/9789241500265_eng.pdf>,<br />

accessed<br />

5 August 2011.<br />

12 Khan, Khalid S., et al., ‘WHO Analysis of Causes<br />

Lancet,<br />

vol. 367, no. 9516, 1 April 2006, pp. 1066–1074,<br />

as cited in Ziraba, Abdhalah K., et al., ‘Maternal<br />

Mortality in the Informal Settlements of Nairobi<br />

Reproductive Health,<br />

vol. 6, no. 6, May 2009, pp. 1–8.<br />

13 Ziraba, ‘Maternal Mortality’; ‘Trends in<br />

Maternal Mortality’.<br />

14 ‘Understanding Urban Inequalities in Bangladesh’;<br />

Montgomery, ‘Urban Poverty and Health in<br />

Developing Countries’; Ziraba, ‘Maternal Mortality’.<br />

15 Ruel, Marie T., James L. Garrett and Lawrence<br />

Haddad, ‘Rapid Urbanization and the Challenges<br />

of Obtaining Food and Nutrition Security’, in<br />

Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries,<br />

2nd ed., edited by Richard D. Semba and<br />

Martin W. Bloem, Humana Press, Totowa, N.J.,<br />

2008, p. 646.<br />

16 Fotso, ‘Child Health Inequities in Developing<br />

Countries’, p. 2; Van de Poel, Ellen, Owen<br />

O’Donnell and Eddy van Doorslaer, ‘Are Urban<br />

Children Really Healthier? Evidence from<br />

47 developing countries’, Tinbergen Institute<br />

Discussion Paper TI 2007-035/3, Tinbergen<br />

Institute, Amsterdam, 2007, , accessed 8 August<br />

2011; United Nations, Background paper for the<br />

Interagency Meeting on Urbanisation in New York<br />

on 6 March 2007, United Nations, New York, as<br />

cited in Harpham, T., ‘Urban Health in Developing<br />

<br />

go?’, Health & Place, vol. 15, no.1, March 2009,<br />

pp. 107–116.<br />

<br />

,<br />

accessed 4 September 2011.<br />

18 Van de Poel, O’Donnell and van Doorslaer, ‘Are<br />

Urban Children Really Healthier?’; Fotso, Jean<br />

Christophe, ‘Urban-Rural Differentials in Child<br />

lates<br />

in sub-Saharan Africa’, Health & Place,<br />

vol. 13, no. 1, March 2007, pp. 205–223,<br />

<br />

f/download+malnutrit.pdf>, accessed<br />

30 September 2011; Kennedy, G., et al.,<br />

‘Does Living in an Urban Environment Confer<br />

Advantages for Childhood Nutritional Status?<br />

Analysis of disparities in nutritional status by<br />

wealth and residence in Angola, Central African<br />

Republic and Senegal’, Public Health Nutrition,<br />

<br />

bvs.per.paho.org/texcom/nutricion/ango.pdf>,<br />

accessed 30 September 2011.<br />

19 Fotso, ‘Child Health Inequities in Developing<br />

Countries’, pp. 9–10.<br />

20 Ibid., p. 2.<br />

21 Menon, Purnima, Marie T. Ruel and Saul<br />

Sutkover Morris, ‘Socioeconomic Differentials in<br />

Child Stunting Are Consistently Larger in Urban<br />

Than in Rural Areas’, FCND Discussion Paper<br />

No. 97, International Food Policy Research<br />

Institute, Washington, D.C., October 2000, pp.<br />

282–289; Montgomery, ‘Urban Poverty and<br />

Health in Developing Countries’, p. 6.<br />

76

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