Outline Beauty of Structure Morphology Functional Morphology ...
Outline Beauty of Structure Morphology Functional Morphology ...
Outline Beauty of Structure Morphology Functional Morphology ...
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<strong>Outline</strong><br />
• <strong>Functional</strong> morphology and biomechanics<br />
Funktionelle Morphologie und Biomechanik<br />
• An example: biological surfaces and interfaces<br />
• Biological attachment devices<br />
• Phenomenon <strong>of</strong> ceiling walk: Why morphology is so important?<br />
Stanislav N. Gorb<br />
• Biomimetics<br />
Vorlesung ‚Einführung in die Biologie‘<br />
<strong>Beauty</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Structure</strong><br />
<strong>Morphology</strong><br />
Development<br />
Population biology<br />
Biomechanics<br />
Morphometry:<br />
(quantitative<br />
approach to study<br />
growth and<br />
development)<br />
Pathomorphology:<br />
(studies<br />
morphological<br />
abnormalities and<br />
deviations)<br />
Medicine<br />
Veterinary<br />
Descriptive:<br />
(provides basic<br />
information on<br />
biological structure)<br />
<strong>Morphology</strong><br />
studies on biological structure<br />
<strong>Functional</strong>:<br />
(understanding <strong>of</strong> the<br />
relationship between<br />
structure and function)<br />
Comparative:<br />
(comparison <strong>of</strong><br />
organisms)<br />
Taxonomy<br />
Systematics<br />
Evolution<br />
Ecomophology:<br />
(studies environmental<br />
effects on the structure<br />
and morphological<br />
adaptations to<br />
environment)<br />
Ecology<br />
<strong>Functional</strong> <strong>Morphology</strong><br />
Biomechanics<br />
<strong>Functional</strong> morphology focuses on the link between animal form and performance<br />
Gaining insight in the precise way in which biological machinery performs under relevant conditions is <strong>of</strong> primary importance<br />
Chemistry<br />
Biomechanics<br />
Physics<br />
<strong>Functional</strong> <strong>Morphology</strong><br />
Integrative Biology<br />
Physiology<br />
Neurobiology<br />
Sensorics<br />
Control<br />
Behaviour<br />
Pipes and pumps:<br />
(circulatory systems,<br />
lung, gills, etc.,<br />
suspension feeding)<br />
Human/biomedical<br />
areas: (prostheses,<br />
orthopedics,<br />
cardiovascular systems,<br />
motion analysis)<br />
Biological materials:<br />
(rigid vs. pliant,<br />
biocomposites,<br />
viscoelasticity)<br />
Biomechanics<br />
<strong>Structure</strong>s and systems:<br />
(beams, columns, ties,<br />
hydrostatic systems)<br />
Living in moving fluids:<br />
(plants and animals in<br />
winds and fluids)<br />
Molecular<br />
biology<br />
Materials<br />
science<br />
Evolution<br />
Biomimetics<br />
Bionics<br />
Biologically-Inspired<br />
Technologies<br />
Microsystems:<br />
(motility mechanisms,<br />
filtration mechanisms,<br />
diffusion)<br />
Locomotion:<br />
(swimming, flying,<br />
walking, running)<br />
Ecomechanics:<br />
(cost/benefit <strong>of</strong> activities,<br />
interspecific activities,<br />
behavioral mechanics)<br />
1
<strong>Outline</strong><br />
Surfaces and Interfaces<br />
• <strong>Functional</strong> morphology and biomechanics<br />
• An example: biological surfaces and interfaces<br />
• Biological attachment devices<br />
• Phenomenon <strong>of</strong> ceiling walk: Why morphology is so important?<br />
• Biomimetics<br />
Romalea microptera<br />
sensorics<br />
attachment<br />
drag reduction<br />
optics (anti-reflection)<br />
grinding<br />
anti-friction<br />
sound generation<br />
respiration<br />
thermoregulation<br />
coloration pattern<br />
self-cleaning<br />
etc., etc....<br />
Technological Surfaces<br />
Biological Surfaces vs Technological Surfaces<br />
FEATURES<br />
BIO<br />
TECHNO<br />
drag reduction<br />
optics<br />
coloration<br />
friction<br />
self-cleaning<br />
haptics (s<strong>of</strong>t-touch)<br />
thermoregulation<br />
multifunctionality very high low<br />
production method top-to-down down-to-top<br />
lifetime short long<br />
environmental conditions narrow broad<br />
adaptability strong weak<br />
degradability, recyclability very high low<br />
Biological Surfaces vs Technological Surfaces<br />
Surface Phenomena in Materials Science<br />
TECHNO<br />
<strong>Structure</strong> Properties<br />
Function<br />
BIO<br />
Function<br />
<strong>Structure</strong> Properties<br />
adhesion<br />
friction<br />
anti-wear, anti-abrasion<br />
lubrication<br />
filtering<br />
sensorics<br />
wettability<br />
self-cleaning<br />
anti-fouling<br />
thermoregulation<br />
optical reflection<br />
anti-adhesion<br />
anti-friction<br />
controllable wear<br />
anti-aquaplaning<br />
non-wettability<br />
anti-reflection<br />
2
Goals<br />
Diversity <strong>of</strong> Surfaces<br />
to understand<br />
functional<br />
principles<br />
studies on<br />
ultrastructure,<br />
material<br />
properties,<br />
force range,<br />
motion in<br />
biological<br />
systems<br />
FUNCTIONAL PROJECTS<br />
to develop<br />
methods<br />
microscopy<br />
techniques,<br />
measurements <strong>of</strong><br />
stiffness, hardness,<br />
adhesion, friction at<br />
local and global<br />
scales<br />
to understand<br />
evolutionary<br />
tendencies<br />
broad comparative<br />
studies<br />
EVOLUTIONARY PROJECTS<br />
to find interesting<br />
properties <strong>of</strong> systems<br />
transfer <strong>of</strong> the natural design<br />
solutions in the material science<br />
BIOMIMETCS PROJECTS<br />
Surface-Related Biomechanics<br />
Applications <strong>of</strong> Surface Related Phenomena<br />
Pipes and pumps:<br />
(circulatory systems,<br />
lung, gills, etc.,<br />
suspension feeding)<br />
Human/biomedical<br />
areas: (prostheses,<br />
orthopedics,<br />
cardiovascular systems,<br />
motion analysis)<br />
Microsystems:<br />
(motility mechanisms,<br />
filtration mechanisms,<br />
diffusion)<br />
Biological materials:<br />
(rigid vs. pliant,<br />
biocomposites,<br />
viscoelasticity)<br />
Biomechanics<br />
Locomotion:<br />
(swimming, flying,<br />
walking, running)<br />
<strong>Structure</strong>s and systems:<br />
(beams, columns, ties,<br />
hydrostatic systems)<br />
Living in moving fluids:<br />
(plants and animals in<br />
winds and fluids)<br />
Ecomechanics:<br />
(cost/benefit <strong>of</strong> activities,<br />
interspecific activities,<br />
behavioral mechanics)<br />
Continental AG<br />
Ehand<br />
biomechanics (animal<br />
locomotion, attachment<br />
systems)<br />
biomimetics (surface<br />
structured composite<br />
materials)<br />
medicine (joint mechanics,<br />
properties <strong>of</strong> prosteses)<br />
ecology (animal-plant<br />
interactions)<br />
agriculture (pest control by<br />
preventing attachment <strong>of</strong><br />
particular insects to the<br />
plant surface)<br />
Frictional Systems vs Anti-Frictional Systems<br />
Surface Adaptations<br />
for Friction and Drag Reduction<br />
Contacting surfaces<br />
Drag<br />
Force enhancing<br />
systems<br />
Surfaces are<br />
predefined<br />
One surface is<br />
unpredictable<br />
Force reducing<br />
systems<br />
Surfaces are<br />
predefined<br />
One surface is<br />
unpredictable<br />
Minimising friction<br />
in joints for economic<br />
energy expenditure<br />
Maximising friction:<br />
Friction is needed to<br />
generate the force to<br />
move on a substrate or<br />
to overcome the drag<br />
caused by friction<br />
elsewhere<br />
• head arrester<br />
• locking devices<br />
• soles <strong>of</strong> animals<br />
• attachment devices<br />
• joints<br />
• skin in fluid media<br />
•snakeskin<br />
Living creatures have developed systems for decreasing friction (anti-frictional<br />
systems), and vice versa, for increasing it (frictional systems). Interestingly, in both<br />
cases the purpose <strong>of</strong> such a system is to save muscular energy<br />
3
Joints and Articular Cartilage<br />
<strong>Outline</strong><br />
femur<br />
• Cartilage is the gliding surface <strong>of</strong> the joint<br />
• Friction coefficient is very low (0.0026)<br />
lig. collaterale<br />
• <strong>Functional</strong> morphology and biomechanics<br />
lig. cruciatum<br />
meniscus medialis<br />
• An example: biological surfaces and interfaces<br />
meniscus lateralis<br />
• Biological attachment devices<br />
Synovial membrane (SM) <strong>of</strong><br />
human cartilage composed <strong>of</strong><br />
collagen fibers, elastic fibers,<br />
and synovial cells responsible<br />
for secretion <strong>of</strong> proteoglycans<br />
and hyaluronic acid<br />
A, macrophage-like A cells<br />
Ad, white adipose cells<br />
B, B cells<br />
BL, basal lamina<br />
Cap, capillaries<br />
CF, collagen fibers<br />
EF, elastic fibers<br />
F, fibroblasts<br />
FL, fibrous layer<br />
NE, nerve endings<br />
P, processes <strong>of</strong> synovial cells<br />
Ph, phagolysosomes<br />
SG, secretory granules<br />
• Phenomenon <strong>of</strong> ceiling walk: Why morphology is so important?<br />
• Biomimetics<br />
Picture: Kristic 1991 (Springer Verlag)<br />
Attachment Devices<br />
Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies<br />
are known in<br />
• head-arresting<br />
systems<br />
• wing-to-body binding<br />
mechanisms<br />
• joints <strong>of</strong> leg segments<br />
• unguitractor plate<br />
• ovipositor<br />
Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies<br />
Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies<br />
The head is large compared<br />
with the area <strong>of</strong> articulation to<br />
the thorax and function as<br />
specialised gravity organ<br />
The head is extremely mobile<br />
Head<br />
MF<br />
SPC<br />
The disadvantage <strong>of</strong> this<br />
construction - weak<br />
mechanical stability - is<br />
compensated by so called<br />
arresting system<br />
Thorax<br />
The system consists <strong>of</strong> a pair<br />
mobile neck sclerites<br />
In the medial position, sclerites loose<br />
their contact to the head: the head is<br />
free mobile<br />
In the lateral position, sclerites contact<br />
to the microtrichia fields <strong>of</strong> the head: the<br />
head is arrested<br />
4
Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies<br />
Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies<br />
Gorb, 1999<br />
Lestes sponsa<br />
50 µm<br />
Neck<br />
Gorb, 1999 Lestes sponsa<br />
50 µm Head<br />
Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies<br />
Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies<br />
Neck<br />
Neck<br />
Aeshna mixta<br />
Head<br />
Coenagrion puella<br />
Head<br />
Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies<br />
Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies<br />
Neck<br />
Neck<br />
Zygonyx ida<br />
Head<br />
Epipleoneura fernandezi<br />
Head<br />
5
Wing-Interlocking <strong>Structure</strong>s in Beetles<br />
Unguitractor Plate<br />
The plate is connected through<br />
a long tendon with the claw<br />
flexor muscle. On the other side,<br />
it is connected to claws through<br />
two short tendons<br />
TA<br />
TDM<br />
Tribolium castaneum<br />
•CL<br />
•AX<br />
•TN<br />
•TA<br />
•UT<br />
•PT<br />
claw<br />
axis <strong>of</strong> rotation<br />
tendon<br />
tarsomere<br />
unguitractor<br />
support<br />
When the flexor muscle is<br />
contracted and the claw has<br />
contact to the substrate, the<br />
unguitractor plate presses itself<br />
against the supporting surface<br />
<strong>of</strong> the terminal tarsomere<br />
Unguitractor Plate<br />
Coxa-Arresting Mechanism in Cicada<br />
In cicada <strong>of</strong> the family<br />
Cercopidae, the medial<br />
surfaces <strong>of</strong> coxae <strong>of</strong> the third<br />
leg pair are covered by<br />
microtrichia<br />
To expose contact between<br />
unguitractor plate and<br />
corresponding supporting structure<br />
<strong>of</strong> the tarsomere, a part <strong>of</strong> the<br />
tarsomere wall was removed<br />
Melolontha melolontha<br />
Cercopis vulnerata<br />
Coxa-Arresting Mechanism in Cicada<br />
Friction Enhancement:<br />
Two Corresponding Surfaces<br />
These surfaces fixate coxae<br />
together during jump<br />
performance. Such a<br />
mechanism provides<br />
synchronisation <strong>of</strong> fast<br />
movements <strong>of</strong> both legs<br />
Cercopis vulnerata<br />
6
Armoured Membranes in Diptera<br />
Armoured Membranes in Diptera<br />
These highly-complex friction systems<br />
can define the direction <strong>of</strong> folds and<br />
fixate intersegmental membranes in a<br />
folded condition<br />
Fixation <strong>of</strong> intersegmental membranes in a<br />
folded condition may be a mechanism<br />
holding head <strong>of</strong> Calliphora in perturbed<br />
condition (up to 60°)<br />
Tabanus bovinus<br />
Myathropa florea<br />
<strong>Outline</strong><br />
Releasable Adhesives<br />
• <strong>Functional</strong> morphology and biomechanics<br />
• An example: biological surfaces and interfaces<br />
• Biological attachment devices<br />
• Phenomenon <strong>of</strong> ceiling walk: Why morphology is so important?<br />
• Biomimetics<br />
Ceiling Situation (Static)<br />
Ceiling Situation<br />
friction<br />
adhesion<br />
weight<br />
contact formation<br />
-fast<br />
- reliable<br />
- minimal load on the ceiling<br />
strong adhesion<br />
contact breakage<br />
-fast<br />
- minimal force<br />
7
Insect Terrain<br />
structures for<br />
interlocking and<br />
friction enhancement<br />
on rough substrata<br />
-claws<br />
- stiff pointed hairs<br />
structures for<br />
adhesion and friction<br />
enhancement on<br />
smooth substrata<br />
- pulvilli<br />
- arolia<br />
- euplantulae<br />
- etc, etc.<br />
Two Designs <strong>of</strong> Animal Attachment Pads<br />
Two Designs <strong>of</strong> Attachment Pads<br />
Gorb and Beutel, 2001, Naturwissenschaften<br />
Blattaria<br />
Orthoptera<br />
Plecoptera<br />
Hymenoptera<br />
Homoptera<br />
Heteroptera<br />
Diptera<br />
Coleoptera<br />
Megaloptera<br />
Raphidioptera<br />
arolium<br />
pulvilli<br />
euplantulae<br />
hairy soles<br />
present<br />
smooth<br />
present<br />
present<br />
absent<br />
hairy<br />
absent<br />
absent<br />
present in some species<br />
smooth in some species<br />
present in some species<br />
Smooth Attachment System<br />
Pad Surface and Cuticle Architecture<br />
Gorb, Jiao, Scherge, 2000<br />
Gorb, Jiao, Scherge, 2000<br />
Tettigonia viridissima<br />
Tettigonia viridissima<br />
8
Material Design<br />
Hairy Pads <strong>of</strong> Insects<br />
Gorb, Jiao, Scherge, 2000<br />
Beutel and Gorb, 2001, J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res.<br />
A. Dobsonfly Sialis lutaria<br />
B. Beetle Priacma serrata<br />
C. Beetle Rhagonycha fulva<br />
D. Fly Bibio nigriventris<br />
E. Fly Episyrphus balteatus<br />
F. Earwig Forficula auricularia<br />
G. Beetle Cantharis fusca<br />
Tettigonia viridissima<br />
Bioinspired Patterned Surfaces<br />
Dimension and Density <strong>of</strong> Setae<br />
Sitti and Fearing 2002 Northen and Turner, 2005<br />
Glassmaker<br />
et al., 2004<br />
Gorb, Peressadko et al.<br />
Arzt, Gorb, Spolenak, 2003, PNAS<br />
Setal density dependence<br />
on the body mass<br />
Geim et al., 2003<br />
Campolo, Jones, Fearing, 2003<br />
Yurdumakan et al.,<br />
2005<br />
Dependence <strong>of</strong> the hair density<br />
(terminal elements) <strong>of</strong> the<br />
attachment pads on the body mass<br />
in hairy pad systems <strong>of</strong><br />
representatives from diverse animal<br />
groups<br />
<strong>Outline</strong><br />
Experiment<br />
with the <strong>Structure</strong>d Polymer Surface<br />
Peressadko and Gorb, 2004, J. Adhesion<br />
• <strong>Functional</strong> morphology and biomechanics<br />
• An example: biological surfaces and interfaces<br />
• Biological attachment devices<br />
• Phenomenon <strong>of</strong> ceiling walk: Why morphology is so important?<br />
• Biomimetics<br />
9
Literature<br />
• W. Nachtigall (2001) Biomechanik. Grundlagen - Beispiele -<br />
Übungen (Taschenbuch). F. Vieweg & Sohn: Braunschweig.<br />
• S. Vogel (2003) Comparative Biomechanics: Life's Physical<br />
World. Princeton Univ. Press.<br />
• M. Scherge and S. N. Gorb (2001) Biological micro- and<br />
nanotribology. Springer: Berlin.<br />
10
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