building the american landscape - Univerza v Novi Gorici

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Building the American Landscape. Territories and Cities in the 19 th Century Transformation Abstract The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the essential trait of the concept of landscape, which developed in America throughout the 19 th century. The decades under examination, from the Independence of the United States (1776) and the end of the Civil War (1865), were analysed with the intention of providing a general view of the problems concerning the landscape and the major transformations of American landscapes, buildings and towns. The most important architectural, artistic, intellectual works realized throughout the nineteenth century are subjects of this intellectual history on American landscape. From the rural cemeteries to the first urban parks, the landscape became a symbol of identification of the nation. The fields were no longer intended only for agricultural practices, and after years of diffusion of horticulture, the territory was no longer interpreted as a symbol of Eden. The aesthetic writings and project considerations of the first landscape architects replaced the primitive demands for subsistence farming. This rapid revision of the landscape themes led to a major revolution in thought. The idea that the landscape was common property and that one day this property could be in danger was an exquisitely American concern. Nowadays it should be difficult to think the modern culture of landscape, the contemporary interest in preservation of natural spaces, and the contemporary approach to architecture without the work of the first American landscape architects. Key words American landscape, nature, wilderness, agriculture, plantation houses, grid, horticulture, utopian experiments, middle landscape, industrial towns, manifest destiny, West, frontier, landscape gardening, picturesque garden, urban planning, American mind, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson Downing, Alexander Jackson Davis, Frederick Law Olmsted, Frank Lloyd Wright.
Grajenje ameriške krajine Teritoriji in mesta v transformaciji 19. stoletja Povzetek Namen raziskave je pokazati bistveno značilnost koncepta krajine, ki se je razvil v Ameriki v teku 19. stoletju. Desetletje, od neodvisnosti Združenih držav (1776) do konca državljanske vojne (1865), je bilo analizirano z namenom zagotavljanja splošnega vpogleda na probleme vezane na krajino in veliko preobrazbo ameriških krajin, zgradb in mest. Najpomembnejša arhitekturna, umetniška, intelektualna dela realizirana tokom devetnajstega stoletja so predmet intelektualne zgodovine ameriške krajine. Od podeželskih pokopališč do prvih mestnih parkih, je krajina postala identifikacijski simbol naroda. Polja niso bila več namenjena izključno kmetijskim praksam, ozemlje pa, po letih širjenja vrtnarstva, ni predstavljalo več simbol raja. Estetski zapisi in obravnave projektov prvih krajinskih arhitektov so nadomestili primitivne zahteve samooskrbnega kmetijstva. Tako rapidna revizija krajinskih tem je povzročila veliko revolucijo misli. Ideja, da je krajina skupna last in da bi bila lahko nekega dne ta last v nevarnosti, je bila izključno ameriška skrb. Danes bi bilo težko zamisliti sodobno kulturo krajine in interes za ohranjanje naravnih okolij ter sodobnega pristopa k arhitekturi brez dela prvih ameriških krajinskih arhitektov. Ključne besede Ameriška krajina, narava, divjina, kmetijstvo, plantažne hiše, grid, vrtnarstva, utopični eksperimenti, srednja krajina, industrijska mesta, usoda, Zahod, meja, urejanje parkov, slikoviti vrt, urbanizem, ameriški um, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson Downing, Alexander Jackson Davis, Frederick Law Olmsted, Frank Lloyd Wright.
Page 1: UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
Page 6 and 7: The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1
Page 8 and 9: Introduction The purpose of this re
Page 10 and 11: of the issue of the landscape desig
Page 12 and 13: especially, during which the intere
Page 14 and 15: We have tried to do so by suggestin
Page 16 and 17: colonial settlements were never an
Page 18 and 19: continued. Under Governor Benjamin
Page 20 and 21: Nature, agriculture and the languag
Page 22 and 23: adopted by Jefferson as an architec
Page 24 and 25: as workshops. Downhill from the Mul
Page 26 and 27: assessments made with measurements
Page 28 and 29: Figure 2- Monticello West Elevation
Page 30 and 31: 780 THOMAS JEFFERSON'S MONTICELLO L
Page 32 and 33: Figure 8- Monticello: 3rd roundabou
Page 34 and 35: Figure 11- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
Page 36 and 37: Figure 12- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
Page 38 and 39: Agricultural America The English co
Page 40 and 41: which definitely contributed to the
Page 42 and 43: legal and commercial documents comp
Page 44 and 45: overlooking the garden and the road
Page 46 and 47: The structure was the result of the
Page 48 and 49: destroyed during the Civil War, bec
Page 50 and 51: would be turning backward to the Ke
Page 52 and 53: Jefferson, who considered himself a
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the world. Americans are the wester
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(1736‐1784), the founder of the s
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Tidy, mainly horizontal, board fenc
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which displayed hundreds of pieces
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landscapes and of the towns themsel
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Figure 14- Certifi ed copy (1808) o
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Figure 16- Origins of plantation ho
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Figure 19- Uncle Sam (Constancia) P
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Figures 21/21.1- The plantation lan
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Figure 24- Live Oaks along the entr
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Figure 26- Pricipal facade from the
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Figure 29- Plan Scheme of Poplar Fo
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Figure 33- Jefferson’s 1809 Popla
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Figure 35- Diagram of the south par
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Figure 37- Shaker Village, Berkshir
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Figure 41-Shaker Church Family Roun
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Figure 43- The snake fences in Yate
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However, a grid configuration exten
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The lands freed from the American I
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In the centre of the town there wer
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the garden towns and of the satelli
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and pastoral life. The “middle la
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a tree, and each "leaf" encloses do
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This idea of dedicating a circular
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Figure 45- The grid: Clarck County,
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Figure 47- The grid system (Land Su
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Figure 50- Frank Lloyd Wright, Broa
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Figure 52- The grid and the develop
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Figure 54- Frederick Law Olmsted, R
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Figure 56- Frank Lloyd Wright, Park
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Mumford’s search for the characte
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the “revelation” can also be se
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The old vestiges of the town admire
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At this point we should not be surp
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Economy was described by Charles No
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Among the 41 Fourier‐type communi
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He purchased 90 acres of land, but
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the Shakers. After an 1842 visit to
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Settlements, such as Vineland (1861
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garden, much frequented, especially
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Several architects of the twentieth
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the unusual character of the place:
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Figure 57- Views of Community of Ec
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Figure 59- Right. Anaheim Plan and
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Figure 61- Sketch by Joseph Smith,
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Figure 63- Mormon town-planning. Bi
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The “middle landscape” Close me
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the large whitewashed factory>>. Th
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Despite the fact that the pastoral
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Industrial America One’s‐Self I
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of a nineteenth century company‐t
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A large number of works and investm
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designing and constructing the firs
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Schinkel posed the question which s
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All the works came to the astronomi
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Whereas, the agricultural and comme
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Furthermore, the Erie Canal was a p
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sailed downstream in 30. 180 Fulton
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on foot and on horseback animate th
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non‐existent places, such as rive
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Bridge is a good example of the ind
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job of Pony Express. They confirmed
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countryside” 196 . Moreover, the
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Figure 69- The industrial change of
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Figure 71- Birds’ eye view of New
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Figure 74- The map shows character
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Figure 76- Articifi al landscape of
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Figure 80- The natural landscape an
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Figure 82- Pioneer family in front
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Figure 85- Roads and fences in Wino
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Figure 87- John Augustus Roebling:T
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arrels of pork meat>>, often approv
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1845), he incited the United States
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Manifest Destiny began the period o
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First experiences of landscape gard
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In designs for a pleasure‐ground,
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By irony of fate, the first Preside
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construction, deriving from the bal
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was to be clarified during the firs
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Olmsted was particularly impressed
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The search for an ancient landscape
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country, enabled Hotchkiss to becom
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The prospects and developments of t
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Despite the fact that Loudon knew o
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At the same time, studies attempted
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compared to that of John Claudius L
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convinced many architects to dedica
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estricted to his theoretical works.
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architecture. Davis’ landscapes f
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Figure 89- Mount Airy Plantation (C
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Figure 91- Mount Vernon Plantation,
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Figure 93- Plan scheme of the Jeffe
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Figure 97- Thomas Jefferson-View of
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Figure 100- Henry Alexander Scammel
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Figure 102- Almerin Hotchkiss: Bell
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Figure 105- John Claudius Loudon’
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Figure 108- Above: Plan of a common
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Figure 113- Andrew Jackson Downing,
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Figure 115- The situation before Do
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Figure 118- Alexander Jackson Davis
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Landscape as a principle of urban p
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and did not come up to the expectat
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Vaux complemented Olmsted, he had a
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landscape designer could intensify
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of his two sons and of Charles Elio
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Figure 122- Right: Frederick Law Ol
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Figure 124- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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Figure 127- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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the true “line” of change. The
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Association, during the World’s C
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to its interpretation, which would
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means of transport allowed to come
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danger. This reasoning gave rise to
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The Wilderness and the frontier, de
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Figure 129- The Food of our Youth (
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Figure 132- “All the West going f
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Figure 134- A pile of American Biso
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conscience, to which the mass media
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Chronological Table -Events related
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‐J. Winkelmann: Alte Denkmäler d
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1821 ‐Canal Eire from Albany, NY,
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1846 ‐J. Roebling: Suspension bri
Page 302 and 303:
1872 ‐Yellowstone National Park:
Page 304 and 305:
DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, The Fruits
Page 306 and 307:
MORSE, F.B. Samuel, Lectures on the
Page 308 and 309:
WOODWARD, George Eveston and F.W.,
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O’SULLIVAN, John Louis, “Annexa
Page 312 and 313:
CIUCCI Giorgio, DAL CO Francesco, M
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Ingraham, Karl Kamrath, Elizabeth K
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dei timidi, introduzione di Gianni
Page 318 and 319:
PECK, Amelia (ed.), Alexander Jacks
Page 320 and 321:
TEYSSOT, George (ed.), The American
Page 322 and 323:
1997), Association of Collegiate Sc
Page 324 and 325:
SEGAL, Howard P., (review by) “Le
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