building the american landscape - Univerza v Novi Gorici

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Nature, agriculture and the language of “freedom” We hold these truths to be self‐evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. 7 Benjamin Franklin (1706‐1790), a protagonist in the years of the Revolution (1775‐ 1783), was one of the first Americans to be widely known in Europe. He lived in London as the representative of the colonies, in Paris as an American plenipotentiary minister; his affable, sincere manners and his genius made him immediately popular. He was to ironically nourish certain aspects of the mythology of American nature, making fun of his interlocutors, whilst at the same time favouring an exotic idea of the colonies. In 1765 in the London pages of The Public Advertiser 8 he was to reassure English readers, flaunting a certain humour, about improbable news coming from America: not simple literary inventions, but “one of the finest Spectacles in Nature”, alluding to the jumping whales and to cod hunting in the Niagara Falls. In 1773, the naturalist William Bartram (1739‐1823) started a long voyage in the Southern colonies, which lasted four years, and his discoveries and adventures are recorded in his book Travels Through North & South Carolina, Georgia, East & West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges, or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. Containing an Account of the Soil and Natural Productions of Those Regions; Together with Observations on the Manners of the Indians (1791). The publication (1791) is a botanical report, and at the same time one of the first contributions by American literature to the description of luxuriant sceneries, picturesque landscapes, ferocious animals and Native Americans intent on contemplating nature. The theme of the Native inhabitants was also dealt with by 7 Second sentence of the United States Declaration of Independence (1776) 8 FRANKLIN, Benjamin , “The Grand Leap of the Whale”, The Public Advertiser, May 22, 1765 14
Francois‐René de Chateaubriand (1768‐1848), who talked about it in three tales 9 inspired by his experiences in the forests of North America (1791). As in Bartram, here too, the inhabitants of the wild territories of the New World resembled the characters described by Rousseau 10 according to the taste of the Europeans of the time. The landscapes were also accurately described, and the visions of nature combined together and developed parallel to those of the ancient world 11 . In his scientific report of the voyage made to Latin America between 1799 and 1804 Le voyage aux regions equinoxiales du Nouveau Continent (1810‐1825), Alexander Von Humboldt (1769‐1859) described majestic landscapes, full of natural beauty, however, the Old Europe, with its baggage of antiquity and classicism, remained a frequent term of comparison, despite continuous and sincere denials: Between the tropics on the contrary, in the lower regions of both Indies, everything in nature appears new and marvellous. In the open plains, and amid the gloom of forests, almost all the remembrances of Europe are effaced; for it is the vegetation that determines the character of a landscape, and acts upon our imagination by its mass, the contrast of its forms, and the glow of its colours. 12 On the contrary, Thomas Jefferson (1743‐1826), one of the authors of the Declaration of Independence (1776) and third President of the United States (1801‐ 1809), did not limit himself to simple descriptions or idealizations. He was the first American to work as project designer to “build” the landscape in his estate of Monticello (1769‐1809) 13 [Figures 1‐12]. Numerous studies 14 have analyzed the various phases of the construction of the Monticello villa and the planning choices 9 Les Natchez (written between 1793 and 1799 but published only in 1826), Atala (1801) and René (1802) 10 See CUNLIFFE, Marcus, The Literature of the United States, Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1969 pp. 42‐43 (It. tr. Storia della letteratura americana, Torino, Einaudi, 1970, pp. 44‐45) 11 See DUBBINI, Renzo, Geografie dello sguardo. Visione e paesaggio in età moderna, Einaudi, Torino 1994, pp. 66‐80 12 HUMBOLDT Von, Alexander, Le voyage aux regions equinoxiales du Nouveau Continent, Paris, 1810‐1825 (English translation by Helen Maria Williams, Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent, [London, Longman, 1818] New York, AMS press, 1966, vol III, p. 354) 13 The Monticello estate is included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, together with the University of Virginia of Charlottesville (1817‐1826), another example of the interest in the relationship between architecture and the natural landscape. 14 See Bibliography. Here we only mention: BEISWANGER, William, Monticello in Measured Drawings, Charlottesville, Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, 1998; 15
Page 1: UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
Page 4 and 5: Building the American Landscape. Te
Page 6 and 7: The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1
Page 8 and 9: Introduction The purpose of this re
Page 10 and 11: of the issue of the landscape desig
Page 12 and 13: especially, during which the intere
Page 14 and 15: We have tried to do so by suggestin
Page 16 and 17: colonial settlements were never an
Page 18 and 19: continued. Under Governor Benjamin
Page 22 and 23: adopted by Jefferson as an architec
Page 24 and 25: as workshops. Downhill from the Mul
Page 26 and 27: assessments made with measurements
Page 28 and 29: Figure 2- Monticello West Elevation
Page 30 and 31: 780 THOMAS JEFFERSON'S MONTICELLO L
Page 32 and 33: Figure 8- Monticello: 3rd roundabou
Page 34 and 35: Figure 11- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
Page 36 and 37: Figure 12- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
Page 38 and 39: Agricultural America The English co
Page 40 and 41: which definitely contributed to the
Page 42 and 43: legal and commercial documents comp
Page 44 and 45: overlooking the garden and the road
Page 46 and 47: The structure was the result of the
Page 48 and 49: destroyed during the Civil War, bec
Page 50 and 51: would be turning backward to the Ke
Page 52 and 53: Jefferson, who considered himself a
Page 54 and 55: the world. Americans are the wester
Page 56 and 57: (1736‐1784), the founder of the s
Page 58 and 59: Tidy, mainly horizontal, board fenc
Page 60 and 61: which displayed hundreds of pieces
Page 62 and 63: landscapes and of the towns themsel
Page 64 and 65: Figure 14- Certifi ed copy (1808) o
Page 66 and 67: Figure 16- Origins of plantation ho
Page 68 and 69: Figure 19- Uncle Sam (Constancia) P
Page 71 and 72:
Figures 21/21.1- The plantation lan
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Figure 24- Live Oaks along the entr
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Figure 26- Pricipal facade from the
Page 77 and 78:
Figure 29- Plan Scheme of Poplar Fo
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 33- Jefferson’s 1809 Popla
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Figure 35- Diagram of the south par
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Figure 37- Shaker Village, Berkshir
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Figure 41-Shaker Church Family Roun
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Figure 43- The snake fences in Yate
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However, a grid configuration exten
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The lands freed from the American I
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In the centre of the town there wer
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the garden towns and of the satelli
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and pastoral life. The “middle la
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a tree, and each "leaf" encloses do
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This idea of dedicating a circular
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Figure 45- The grid: Clarck County,
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Figure 47- The grid system (Land Su
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 50- Frank Lloyd Wright, Broa
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Figure 52- The grid and the develop
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Figure 54- Frederick Law Olmsted, R
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Figure 56- Frank Lloyd Wright, Park
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Mumford’s search for the characte
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the “revelation” can also be se
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The old vestiges of the town admire
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At this point we should not be surp
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Economy was described by Charles No
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Among the 41 Fourier‐type communi
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He purchased 90 acres of land, but
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the Shakers. After an 1842 visit to
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Settlements, such as Vineland (1861
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garden, much frequented, especially
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Several architects of the twentieth
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the unusual character of the place:
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Figure 57- Views of Community of Ec
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Figure 59- Right. Anaheim Plan and
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Figure 61- Sketch by Joseph Smith,
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Figure 63- Mormon town-planning. Bi
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The “middle landscape” Close me
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the large whitewashed factory>>. Th
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Despite the fact that the pastoral
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Industrial America One’s‐Self I
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of a nineteenth century company‐t
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A large number of works and investm
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designing and constructing the firs
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Schinkel posed the question which s
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All the works came to the astronomi
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Whereas, the agricultural and comme
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Furthermore, the Erie Canal was a p
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sailed downstream in 30. 180 Fulton
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on foot and on horseback animate th
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non‐existent places, such as rive
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Bridge is a good example of the ind
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job of Pony Express. They confirmed
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countryside” 196 . Moreover, the
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Figure 69- The industrial change of
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Figure 71- Birds’ eye view of New
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Figure 74- The map shows character
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Figure 76- Articifi al landscape of
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Figure 80- The natural landscape an
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Figure 82- Pioneer family in front
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Figure 85- Roads and fences in Wino
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Figure 87- John Augustus Roebling:T
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arrels of pork meat>>, often approv
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1845), he incited the United States
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Manifest Destiny began the period o
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First experiences of landscape gard
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In designs for a pleasure‐ground,
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By irony of fate, the first Preside
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construction, deriving from the bal
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was to be clarified during the firs
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Olmsted was particularly impressed
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The search for an ancient landscape
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country, enabled Hotchkiss to becom
Page 220 and 221:
The prospects and developments of t
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Despite the fact that Loudon knew o
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At the same time, studies attempted
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compared to that of John Claudius L
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convinced many architects to dedica
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estricted to his theoretical works.
Page 232 and 233:
architecture. Davis’ landscapes f
Page 234 and 235:
Figure 89- Mount Airy Plantation (C
Page 236 and 237:
Figure 91- Mount Vernon Plantation,
Page 238:
Figure 93- Plan scheme of the Jeffe
Page 241 and 242:
Figure 97- Thomas Jefferson-View of
Page 243 and 244:
Figure 100- Henry Alexander Scammel
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Figure 102- Almerin Hotchkiss: Bell
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Figure 105- John Claudius Loudon’
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Figure 108- Above: Plan of a common
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Figure 113- Andrew Jackson Downing,
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Figure 115- The situation before Do
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Figure 118- Alexander Jackson Davis
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Landscape as a principle of urban p
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and did not come up to the expectat
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Vaux complemented Olmsted, he had a
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landscape designer could intensify
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of his two sons and of Charles Elio
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Figure 122- Right: Frederick Law Ol
Page 270 and 271:
Figure 124- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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Figure 127- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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the true “line” of change. The
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Association, during the World’s C
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to its interpretation, which would
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means of transport allowed to come
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danger. This reasoning gave rise to
Page 284 and 285:
The Wilderness and the frontier, de
Page 286 and 287:
Figure 129- The Food of our Youth (
Page 288 and 289:
Figure 132- “All the West going f
Page 290 and 291:
Figure 134- A pile of American Biso
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conscience, to which the mass media
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Chronological Table -Events related
Page 296 and 297:
‐J. Winkelmann: Alte Denkmäler d
Page 298 and 299:
1821 ‐Canal Eire from Albany, NY,
Page 300 and 301:
1846 ‐J. Roebling: Suspension bri
Page 302 and 303:
1872 ‐Yellowstone National Park:
Page 304 and 305:
DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, The Fruits
Page 306 and 307:
MORSE, F.B. Samuel, Lectures on the
Page 308 and 309:
WOODWARD, George Eveston and F.W.,
Page 310 and 311:
O’SULLIVAN, John Louis, “Annexa
Page 312 and 313:
CIUCCI Giorgio, DAL CO Francesco, M
Page 314 and 315:
Ingraham, Karl Kamrath, Elizabeth K
Page 316 and 317:
dei timidi, introduzione di Gianni
Page 318 and 319:
PECK, Amelia (ed.), Alexander Jacks
Page 320 and 321:
TEYSSOT, George (ed.), The American
Page 322 and 323:
1997), Association of Collegiate Sc
Page 324 and 325:
SEGAL, Howard P., (review by) “Le
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