building the american landscape - Univerza v Novi Gorici

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continued. Under Governor Benjamin Fletcher, three‐fourths of the land in New York was granted to about thirty people. He gave a friend a half million acres for a token annual payment of 30 shillings. […] The colonies, it seems, were societies of contending classes ‐ a fact obscured by the emphasis, in traditional histories, on the external struggle against England, the unity of colonists in the Revolution. The country, therefore, was not "born free" but born slave and free, servant and master, tenant and landlord, poor and rich. 6 The myth of the Atlantic coast as a place of shelter, where land to be cultivated could be found and social conflicts could be solved, appears more complex and well‐structured than it appears at first sight. When the Pilgrim Fathers arrived in 1620 on the Mayflower, the colonial experiment was at its second attempt. After the foundation of Jamestown in Virginia in 1607, the first black slaves had already been put ashore in 1619 by a Dutch ship, in what had become the first English settlement on American soil. However, immediately after the first half of the eighteenth century, the ideas of equality and the language of freedom found ample approval, at least from an ideal point of view, in the first English colonies. On the basis of these new convictions, and with the idea and the symbol of a Nation to be built, intellectuals and influential individuals were able to unite many people in the fight against their original motherland, perceived by most as a distant, tyrannical power. The years immediately after the Declaration of Independence (1776) were those that ignited the engine of the melting pot, without, however, putting an immediate end to slavery and inequality. These were the years in which a relationship of nonsubjection to Europe was defined and in which the land of the new continent was idealized, on the basis of political independence and under the symbol of hope. The past, however, was not immediately repudiated and put aside in favour of the future. The idealization of American nature surely has European roots and appeal. Think how the primitive aspects of the idea of the noble savage, so dear to 6 ZINN, Howard, A people’s History of the United States, New York, Harper&Row, 1980 [quotation translated by the author] (Italian translation by Erica Mannucci, Storia del popolo americano, dal 1492 a oggi, Milano, il Saggiatore, 2010, pp. 39‐41) 12
Rousseau, and the Arcadian simplicity offered by life in the New World inspired American intellectuals. However, American life was also made up of contradictions. Contemplation of the beauty of the natural environment could also take place without renouncing mundane finery and courtly architectural evocations of a mythological past. Many settlements of the plantations in the Deep South were born in this spirit. Nature could also be exploited for agricultural production by means of buildings, which served above all as distinctive landmarks. The idea of a bucolic America totally dedicated to agriculture soon clashed with the evolution of technology, which burst into the wilderness, giving rise to the epic of the frontier and of the Wild West. 13
Page 1: UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
Page 4 and 5: Building the American Landscape. Te
Page 6 and 7: The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1
Page 8 and 9: Introduction The purpose of this re
Page 10 and 11: of the issue of the landscape desig
Page 12 and 13: especially, during which the intere
Page 14 and 15: We have tried to do so by suggestin
Page 16 and 17: colonial settlements were never an
Page 20 and 21: Nature, agriculture and the languag
Page 22 and 23: adopted by Jefferson as an architec
Page 24 and 25: as workshops. Downhill from the Mul
Page 26 and 27: assessments made with measurements
Page 28 and 29: Figure 2- Monticello West Elevation
Page 30 and 31: 780 THOMAS JEFFERSON'S MONTICELLO L
Page 32 and 33: Figure 8- Monticello: 3rd roundabou
Page 34 and 35: Figure 11- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
Page 36 and 37: Figure 12- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
Page 38 and 39: Agricultural America The English co
Page 40 and 41: which definitely contributed to the
Page 42 and 43: legal and commercial documents comp
Page 44 and 45: overlooking the garden and the road
Page 46 and 47: The structure was the result of the
Page 48 and 49: destroyed during the Civil War, bec
Page 50 and 51: would be turning backward to the Ke
Page 52 and 53: Jefferson, who considered himself a
Page 54 and 55: the world. Americans are the wester
Page 56 and 57: (1736‐1784), the founder of the s
Page 58 and 59: Tidy, mainly horizontal, board fenc
Page 60 and 61: which displayed hundreds of pieces
Page 62 and 63: landscapes and of the towns themsel
Page 64 and 65: Figure 14- Certifi ed copy (1808) o
Page 66 and 67: Figure 16- Origins of plantation ho
Page 68 and 69:
Figure 19- Uncle Sam (Constancia) P
Page 71 and 72:
Figures 21/21.1- The plantation lan
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Figure 24- Live Oaks along the entr
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Figure 26- Pricipal facade from the
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Figure 29- Plan Scheme of Poplar Fo
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Figure 33- Jefferson’s 1809 Popla
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Figure 35- Diagram of the south par
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Figure 37- Shaker Village, Berkshir
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Figure 41-Shaker Church Family Roun
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Figure 43- The snake fences in Yate
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However, a grid configuration exten
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The lands freed from the American I
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In the centre of the town there wer
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the garden towns and of the satelli
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and pastoral life. The “middle la
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a tree, and each "leaf" encloses do
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This idea of dedicating a circular
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Figure 45- The grid: Clarck County,
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Figure 47- The grid system (Land Su
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 50- Frank Lloyd Wright, Broa
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Figure 52- The grid and the develop
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Figure 54- Frederick Law Olmsted, R
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Figure 56- Frank Lloyd Wright, Park
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Mumford’s search for the characte
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the “revelation” can also be se
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The old vestiges of the town admire
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At this point we should not be surp
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Economy was described by Charles No
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Among the 41 Fourier‐type communi
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He purchased 90 acres of land, but
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the Shakers. After an 1842 visit to
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Settlements, such as Vineland (1861
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garden, much frequented, especially
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Several architects of the twentieth
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the unusual character of the place:
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Figure 57- Views of Community of Ec
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Figure 59- Right. Anaheim Plan and
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Figure 61- Sketch by Joseph Smith,
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Figure 63- Mormon town-planning. Bi
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The “middle landscape” Close me
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the large whitewashed factory>>. Th
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Despite the fact that the pastoral
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Industrial America One’s‐Self I
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of a nineteenth century company‐t
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A large number of works and investm
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designing and constructing the firs
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Schinkel posed the question which s
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All the works came to the astronomi
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Whereas, the agricultural and comme
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Furthermore, the Erie Canal was a p
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sailed downstream in 30. 180 Fulton
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on foot and on horseback animate th
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non‐existent places, such as rive
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Bridge is a good example of the ind
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job of Pony Express. They confirmed
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countryside” 196 . Moreover, the
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Figure 69- The industrial change of
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Figure 71- Birds’ eye view of New
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Figure 74- The map shows character
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Figure 76- Articifi al landscape of
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Figure 80- The natural landscape an
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Figure 82- Pioneer family in front
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Figure 85- Roads and fences in Wino
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Figure 87- John Augustus Roebling:T
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arrels of pork meat>>, often approv
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1845), he incited the United States
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Manifest Destiny began the period o
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First experiences of landscape gard
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In designs for a pleasure‐ground,
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By irony of fate, the first Preside
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construction, deriving from the bal
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was to be clarified during the firs
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Olmsted was particularly impressed
Page 216 and 217:
The search for an ancient landscape
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country, enabled Hotchkiss to becom
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The prospects and developments of t
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Despite the fact that Loudon knew o
Page 224 and 225:
At the same time, studies attempted
Page 226 and 227:
compared to that of John Claudius L
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convinced many architects to dedica
Page 230 and 231:
estricted to his theoretical works.
Page 232 and 233:
architecture. Davis’ landscapes f
Page 234 and 235:
Figure 89- Mount Airy Plantation (C
Page 236 and 237:
Figure 91- Mount Vernon Plantation,
Page 238:
Figure 93- Plan scheme of the Jeffe
Page 241 and 242:
Figure 97- Thomas Jefferson-View of
Page 243 and 244:
Figure 100- Henry Alexander Scammel
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Figure 102- Almerin Hotchkiss: Bell
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Figure 105- John Claudius Loudon’
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Figure 108- Above: Plan of a common
Page 252 and 253:
Figure 113- Andrew Jackson Downing,
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Figure 115- The situation before Do
Page 256 and 257:
Figure 118- Alexander Jackson Davis
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Landscape as a principle of urban p
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and did not come up to the expectat
Page 262 and 263:
Vaux complemented Olmsted, he had a
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landscape designer could intensify
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of his two sons and of Charles Elio
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Figure 122- Right: Frederick Law Ol
Page 270 and 271:
Figure 124- Frederick Law Olmsted,
Page 272 and 273:
Figure 127- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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the true “line” of change. The
Page 276 and 277:
Association, during the World’s C
Page 278 and 279:
to its interpretation, which would
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means of transport allowed to come
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danger. This reasoning gave rise to
Page 284 and 285:
The Wilderness and the frontier, de
Page 286 and 287:
Figure 129- The Food of our Youth (
Page 288 and 289:
Figure 132- “All the West going f
Page 290 and 291:
Figure 134- A pile of American Biso
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conscience, to which the mass media
Page 294 and 295:
Chronological Table -Events related
Page 296 and 297:
‐J. Winkelmann: Alte Denkmäler d
Page 298 and 299:
1821 ‐Canal Eire from Albany, NY,
Page 300 and 301:
1846 ‐J. Roebling: Suspension bri
Page 302 and 303:
1872 ‐Yellowstone National Park:
Page 304 and 305:
DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, The Fruits
Page 306 and 307:
MORSE, F.B. Samuel, Lectures on the
Page 308 and 309:
WOODWARD, George Eveston and F.W.,
Page 310 and 311:
O’SULLIVAN, John Louis, “Annexa
Page 312 and 313:
CIUCCI Giorgio, DAL CO Francesco, M
Page 314 and 315:
Ingraham, Karl Kamrath, Elizabeth K
Page 316 and 317:
dei timidi, introduzione di Gianni
Page 318 and 319:
PECK, Amelia (ed.), Alexander Jacks
Page 320 and 321:
TEYSSOT, George (ed.), The American
Page 322 and 323:
1997), Association of Collegiate Sc
Page 324 and 325:
SEGAL, Howard P., (review by) “Le
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