building the american landscape - Univerza v Novi Gorici

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especially, during which the interests of urban and country developments prevailed over the more contemporary viewpoint of the landscape. One of the most important Italian contribution about this issue is the book La città americana, dalla guerra civile al New Deal (1973), related to Reps’ researches for various aspects but absolutely original in the hypothesis put forward. Infact this book proposes the analysis of city problems looking towards the capitalistic dialectic (a priori understood as the true American “tradition”) and omitting other developments. According to Giorgio Ciucci, Francesco Dal Co, Mario Manieri‐Elia and Manfredo Tafuri (the Italian authors of the book) the landscape was only a romantic interlude, part of progressive planning myth and basic element of agrarian ideology during 1930s. On the contrary our subject is the American landscape and his “tradition” during the frontier period in the culture of architectures, cities and territories. We want to show ad highlight how the landscape entered the American consciousness, how the wilderness entered the city, how nature and agriculture “built” interesting relationships with architectural and urban design. For these reasons when we talk about the analysis of the jeffersonian grid landscape we introduce the Wright’s project of Broadacre City offering a very different interpretation from that presented in La città americana. This research has arisen today from an academic interest in the landscape, in the relationship between man and nature, and follows once again in the direction of the studies by John Brinckerhoff Jackson, the author of some excellent books, which are little known in Europe and in Italy, and the critical attitude embodied by Lewis Mumford in The Brown Decades (1931). In the aforementioned publication Mumford compared culture and architectonical aspects in America, which was moving towards the ultimate frontier, and used symbolic figures to analyse the various events. We present similar roles, however, focus the reflection on the period from Independence (1776) to the Civil War (1861—65) and dwell on the ideas and the projects which have shaped the American landscape. For this very reason there will also be forays into more recent years and into projects known to the vast public of 6
architects. Furthermore, the symbolic events discussed in architectonic historiography, such as the classical influence of Thomas Jefferson’s architecture, Pierre Charles L’Enfant (1754‐1825) plan for Washington (1791), and the events which brought architecture right into the School of Chicago, to the Columbian Exhibition of 1893 and finally to the City Beautiful movement,(1870s‐1890s), all act as the background to a story, which goes off at a tangent to the story of the architectural and urban development of the main U.S. cities. Naturally, there are many examples we could have proposed to tell this brief history of the creation of the American landscape and of the development of the idea of nature. We have taken upon ourselves the responsibility of the choice, conscious that something has been left out, but aware of the necessity to do so in order to reconstruct an extensive and open‐minded vision, which does not hinge on specialized and technical aspects which, as Max Weber says, afflicts studies in the most varied fields in this day and age. The projects and events mentioned in this dissertation are often accompanied by a series of quotations from literature of the period. According to Walter Benjamin, these quotations do not protect the story, on the contrary, they purify it as they have the ability to tear the themes away from their original context and destroy the most obvious interpretation. In fact, they suddenly carry the reader into another world, a critical point in his reading, from which he will be able to draw similar or different conclusions from the author’s. We would like to think that different authors in distant moments wrote the pages of a great book which no‐one will manage to completely rewrite. To summarise, this research attempts to identify suitable tools with which to consider from a theoretical point of view the great architectural and landscape contributions by Frederick Law Olmsted and Frank Lloyd Wright, the most authentic, mature exponents of the relationship between man and nature. It wishes to tread the path of a tradition which embraces a long history with protagonists, such as Walt Whitman, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. 7
Page 1: UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
Page 4 and 5: Building the American Landscape. Te
Page 6 and 7: The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1
Page 8 and 9: Introduction The purpose of this re
Page 10 and 11: of the issue of the landscape desig
Page 14 and 15: We have tried to do so by suggestin
Page 16 and 17: colonial settlements were never an
Page 18 and 19: continued. Under Governor Benjamin
Page 20 and 21: Nature, agriculture and the languag
Page 22 and 23: adopted by Jefferson as an architec
Page 24 and 25: as workshops. Downhill from the Mul
Page 26 and 27: assessments made with measurements
Page 28 and 29: Figure 2- Monticello West Elevation
Page 30 and 31: 780 THOMAS JEFFERSON'S MONTICELLO L
Page 32 and 33: Figure 8- Monticello: 3rd roundabou
Page 34 and 35: Figure 11- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
Page 36 and 37: Figure 12- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
Page 38 and 39: Agricultural America The English co
Page 40 and 41: which definitely contributed to the
Page 42 and 43: legal and commercial documents comp
Page 44 and 45: overlooking the garden and the road
Page 46 and 47: The structure was the result of the
Page 48 and 49: destroyed during the Civil War, bec
Page 50 and 51: would be turning backward to the Ke
Page 52 and 53: Jefferson, who considered himself a
Page 54 and 55: the world. Americans are the wester
Page 56 and 57: (1736‐1784), the founder of the s
Page 58 and 59: Tidy, mainly horizontal, board fenc
Page 60 and 61: which displayed hundreds of pieces
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landscapes and of the towns themsel
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Figure 14- Certifi ed copy (1808) o
Page 66 and 67:
Figure 16- Origins of plantation ho
Page 68 and 69:
Figure 19- Uncle Sam (Constancia) P
Page 71 and 72:
Figures 21/21.1- The plantation lan
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Figure 24- Live Oaks along the entr
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Figure 26- Pricipal facade from the
Page 77 and 78:
Figure 29- Plan Scheme of Poplar Fo
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 33- Jefferson’s 1809 Popla
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Figure 35- Diagram of the south par
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Figure 37- Shaker Village, Berkshir
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Figure 41-Shaker Church Family Roun
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Figure 43- The snake fences in Yate
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However, a grid configuration exten
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The lands freed from the American I
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In the centre of the town there wer
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the garden towns and of the satelli
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and pastoral life. The “middle la
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a tree, and each "leaf" encloses do
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This idea of dedicating a circular
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Figure 45- The grid: Clarck County,
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Figure 47- The grid system (Land Su
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 50- Frank Lloyd Wright, Broa
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Figure 52- The grid and the develop
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Figure 54- Frederick Law Olmsted, R
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Figure 56- Frank Lloyd Wright, Park
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Mumford’s search for the characte
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the “revelation” can also be se
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The old vestiges of the town admire
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At this point we should not be surp
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Economy was described by Charles No
Page 125 and 126:
Among the 41 Fourier‐type communi
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He purchased 90 acres of land, but
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the Shakers. After an 1842 visit to
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Settlements, such as Vineland (1861
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garden, much frequented, especially
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Several architects of the twentieth
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the unusual character of the place:
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Figure 57- Views of Community of Ec
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Figure 59- Right. Anaheim Plan and
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Figure 61- Sketch by Joseph Smith,
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Figure 63- Mormon town-planning. Bi
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The “middle landscape” Close me
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the large whitewashed factory>>. Th
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Despite the fact that the pastoral
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Industrial America One’s‐Self I
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of a nineteenth century company‐t
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A large number of works and investm
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designing and constructing the firs
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Schinkel posed the question which s
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All the works came to the astronomi
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Whereas, the agricultural and comme
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Furthermore, the Erie Canal was a p
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sailed downstream in 30. 180 Fulton
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on foot and on horseback animate th
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non‐existent places, such as rive
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Bridge is a good example of the ind
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job of Pony Express. They confirmed
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countryside” 196 . Moreover, the
Page 182 and 183:
Figure 69- The industrial change of
Page 184 and 185:
Figure 71- Birds’ eye view of New
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Figure 74- The map shows character
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Figure 76- Articifi al landscape of
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Figure 80- The natural landscape an
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Figure 82- Pioneer family in front
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Figure 85- Roads and fences in Wino
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Figure 87- John Augustus Roebling:T
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arrels of pork meat>>, often approv
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1845), he incited the United States
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Manifest Destiny began the period o
Page 204 and 205:
First experiences of landscape gard
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In designs for a pleasure‐ground,
Page 208 and 209:
By irony of fate, the first Preside
Page 210 and 211:
construction, deriving from the bal
Page 212 and 213:
was to be clarified during the firs
Page 214 and 215:
Olmsted was particularly impressed
Page 216 and 217:
The search for an ancient landscape
Page 218 and 219:
country, enabled Hotchkiss to becom
Page 220 and 221:
The prospects and developments of t
Page 222 and 223:
Despite the fact that Loudon knew o
Page 224 and 225:
At the same time, studies attempted
Page 226 and 227:
compared to that of John Claudius L
Page 228 and 229:
convinced many architects to dedica
Page 230 and 231:
estricted to his theoretical works.
Page 232 and 233:
architecture. Davis’ landscapes f
Page 234 and 235:
Figure 89- Mount Airy Plantation (C
Page 236 and 237:
Figure 91- Mount Vernon Plantation,
Page 238:
Figure 93- Plan scheme of the Jeffe
Page 241 and 242:
Figure 97- Thomas Jefferson-View of
Page 243 and 244:
Figure 100- Henry Alexander Scammel
Page 245 and 246:
Figure 102- Almerin Hotchkiss: Bell
Page 247 and 248:
Figure 105- John Claudius Loudon’
Page 249:
Figure 108- Above: Plan of a common
Page 252 and 253:
Figure 113- Andrew Jackson Downing,
Page 254 and 255:
Figure 115- The situation before Do
Page 256 and 257:
Figure 118- Alexander Jackson Davis
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Landscape as a principle of urban p
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and did not come up to the expectat
Page 262 and 263:
Vaux complemented Olmsted, he had a
Page 264 and 265:
landscape designer could intensify
Page 266 and 267:
of his two sons and of Charles Elio
Page 268 and 269:
Figure 122- Right: Frederick Law Ol
Page 270 and 271:
Figure 124- Frederick Law Olmsted,
Page 272 and 273:
Figure 127- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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the true “line” of change. The
Page 276 and 277:
Association, during the World’s C
Page 278 and 279:
to its interpretation, which would
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means of transport allowed to come
Page 282 and 283:
danger. This reasoning gave rise to
Page 284 and 285:
The Wilderness and the frontier, de
Page 286 and 287:
Figure 129- The Food of our Youth (
Page 288 and 289:
Figure 132- “All the West going f
Page 290 and 291:
Figure 134- A pile of American Biso
Page 292 and 293:
conscience, to which the mass media
Page 294 and 295:
Chronological Table -Events related
Page 296 and 297:
‐J. Winkelmann: Alte Denkmäler d
Page 298 and 299:
1821 ‐Canal Eire from Albany, NY,
Page 300 and 301:
1846 ‐J. Roebling: Suspension bri
Page 302 and 303:
1872 ‐Yellowstone National Park:
Page 304 and 305:
DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, The Fruits
Page 306 and 307:
MORSE, F.B. Samuel, Lectures on the
Page 308 and 309:
WOODWARD, George Eveston and F.W.,
Page 310 and 311:
O’SULLIVAN, John Louis, “Annexa
Page 312 and 313:
CIUCCI Giorgio, DAL CO Francesco, M
Page 314 and 315:
Ingraham, Karl Kamrath, Elizabeth K
Page 316 and 317:
dei timidi, introduzione di Gianni
Page 318 and 319:
PECK, Amelia (ed.), Alexander Jacks
Page 320 and 321:
TEYSSOT, George (ed.), The American
Page 322 and 323:
1997), Association of Collegiate Sc
Page 324 and 325:
SEGAL, Howard P., (review by) “Le
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