Fish and Aquatic Fauna of South China Sea Wetlands (Dr. Chavalit ...
Fish and Aquatic Fauna of South China Sea Wetlands (Dr. Chavalit ...
Fish and Aquatic Fauna of South China Sea Wetlands (Dr. Chavalit ...
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www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
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<strong>Fish</strong>es <strong>and</strong> aquatic fauna<br />
in the Tropical Wetl<strong>and</strong>s<br />
<strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Chavalit</strong> Vidthayanon<br />
Senior Freshwater Biologist<br />
WWF Thail<strong>and</strong>
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Outline<br />
•<strong>Fish</strong>es <strong>and</strong> aquatic fauna<br />
•Biogeographies <strong>and</strong> ecoregions<br />
•Biodiversity<br />
• Habitats <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong>scapes<br />
• Species<br />
•Value <strong>and</strong> services<br />
•Status <strong>and</strong> threats<br />
• Conservation<br />
•Dangerous wetl<strong>and</strong> fauna
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Fact Sheet <strong>of</strong> <strong>Fish</strong> important<br />
• Over 41% <strong>of</strong> World population living depend on<br />
freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> 50% living in estuaries <strong>and</strong><br />
coastal areas.<br />
• 90% <strong>of</strong> world’s freshwater fish product from Asia.<br />
• Over 90% <strong>of</strong> world’s fish protein come from tropicaltemperate<br />
coastal areas.<br />
• More than 50-75% <strong>of</strong> protein for SE Asian people come<br />
from aquatic living.<br />
• 80% <strong>of</strong> 60 millions people <strong>of</strong> Mekong basin depend on<br />
fishes<br />
• Over 50 millions people (>10% <strong>of</strong>) <strong>South</strong>east Asian<br />
depend on fisheries.<br />
• Over 0.5 million tonnes <strong>of</strong> aquatic fauna produced in<br />
the Mekong basinwide.
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
<strong>Fish</strong> Biodiversity<br />
ถิ่นอาศัย Habitat diversity<br />
หลากชนิด Species diversity<br />
วิถีการประมง<br />
Ethno-fishery diversity
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
World River basin<br />
Mississippi<br />
Amazon<br />
Ganges<br />
Nile<br />
Yangtze<br />
Mekong
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Freshwater Biogeographies<br />
Indian Subcontinent-<br />
Burma<br />
Indo-Chinese<br />
Sundaic<br />
•Malay Peninsula<br />
•Greater Sundaic<br />
Isl<strong>and</strong>s<br />
•Lesser Sunda<br />
•Wallacea<br />
Philippines
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Freshwater fish Ecoregion<br />
Salween 271,866,<br />
Mekong 805, 627 km 2<br />
Length 3,060, 4,500 km
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Indo-Pacific<br />
Marine biogeographies<br />
Hawaii<br />
Japan/East <strong>China</strong> <strong>Sea</strong><br />
Australia/New Zeal<strong>and</strong><br />
Indo-West Pacific<br />
<strong>South</strong> <strong>China</strong> <strong>Sea</strong><br />
Philippines <strong>Sea</strong>s<br />
Andaman <strong>Sea</strong><br />
Red <strong>Sea</strong>/Arabian <strong>Sea</strong><br />
GLOBAL 200 ECOREGIONS East Africa<br />
Indo-Australian Archipelagoes
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
<strong>South</strong>east Asian Freshwater<br />
fish Hotspots<br />
Salween basin<br />
Upper-Middle Mekong<br />
Chao Phraya basin<br />
Maeklong basin<br />
Tioman Isl.<br />
Borneo<br />
Lake Lanao <strong>and</strong><br />
the Philippines<br />
Lake Toba<br />
Freshwater <strong>Fish</strong> Important Areas from<br />
WCMC World Atlas <strong>of</strong> Biodiversity, 2002
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Mollusc diversity<br />
<strong>South</strong>/<strong>South</strong>east Asian<br />
Freshwater Shellfishes Hotspots<br />
WCMC World Atlas<br />
<strong>of</strong> Biodiversity, 2002<br />
Crab diversity
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
<strong>Fish</strong> <strong>and</strong> wetl<strong>and</strong> habitats<br />
• Freshwaters<br />
• Fluvial<br />
–Lacustrine<br />
• Estuaries<br />
–Mangroves<br />
–River mouth<br />
• Marine
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Habitat diversity<br />
Lower Mekong <strong>and</strong> Gr<strong>and</strong> Lake
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Quiz <strong>of</strong> an hour<br />
How proportion <strong>of</strong> surface living<br />
freshwaters to global waters, if the<br />
latter is as a Bathtub???<br />
• Table spoon<br />
• Tea spoon<br />
• Cup <strong>of</strong> tea<br />
• Half cup <strong>of</strong> tea
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
• <strong>Fish</strong>es > 5000 species<br />
<strong>Aquatic</strong> Biodiversity<br />
in the <strong>South</strong>east Asia<br />
• Amphibians<br />
> 300 species<br />
• <strong>Aquatic</strong> reptiles >40 spp.<br />
• Molluscs<br />
> 350 spp.<br />
• Decapod crustaceans > 300<br />
spp.<br />
• <strong>Aquatic</strong> insect > 250 spp.<br />
• Zooplankton<br />
> 1000 spp.<br />
• Benthos > 1500 spp.<br />
• Waterplants<br />
> 400 spp.
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Species Diversity <strong>of</strong> Thai<br />
Freshwater Organism<br />
• <strong>Fish</strong>es 720 species<br />
• Phytoplankton 600 species<br />
• Waterplants & Algae 350 species<br />
• Zooplankton 300 species<br />
• Mollusc 180 species<br />
• Other invertebrates 100 species<br />
• Crabs & Shrimps 140 species<br />
• Amphibian 110 species<br />
• Reptiles 24 species
Freshwater 31.5%<br />
56 Families<br />
720 Species<br />
Totally ca. 2,800<br />
Marine 68.5%<br />
174 Families<br />
2,100 Species<br />
(11.45% <strong>of</strong> Global : 24,700 species)<br />
Overview on Thai <strong>Fish</strong> Diversity
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Clupeoids<br />
10<br />
17<br />
Puffers<br />
Rays<br />
10<br />
80<br />
400<br />
Perciforms, guaramies<br />
Carps, barbs <strong>and</strong> loaches<br />
Catfishes<br />
137<br />
16<br />
Swamp, spiny eels<br />
Freshwater <strong>Fish</strong> Diversity in Thail<strong>and</strong><br />
Other taxa<br />
50<br />
18 Orders<br />
56 Families<br />
720 species
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
<strong>Fish</strong> diversity in the Mekong Basin<br />
1,100 spp 91 families<br />
Rays 26 species / 8 family<br />
ตะเพียน สรอย (Cyprinids) 255 species<br />
ปลาหมู รากกลวย (Loaches) 172 species / 2 family<br />
ปลาหนัง (Catfishes) 150 species / 12 family<br />
อื่นๆ Other families 640 species / 67 family<br />
Threatened species 44
Species Composition by family <strong>of</strong><br />
Mekong <strong>Fish</strong>es<br />
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
ตะเพียน สรอย<br />
Cyprinidae Carps,<br />
barbs<br />
อื่นๆ Others<br />
86 วงศ<br />
Cobitidae<br />
รากกลวย<br />
Gobiidae<br />
บู<br />
Balitoridae<br />
คอ
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Salween composition<br />
ชนิดที่พบเฉพาะถิ่น 57-60 ชนิด<br />
ตะเพียน สรอย ขาว 60<br />
หมู คอ 30<br />
ปลาหนัง 45<br />
ปลาเสือ ชอน บู ฯลฯ 30<br />
อื่นๆ 25
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Carps, barbs, minnows
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
1 cm<br />
From 2 cm<br />
Over 20 endemic<br />
1 m
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Salween catfishes
0<br />
4000<br />
3000<br />
2000<br />
1000<br />
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
Megadiversity Countries <strong>of</strong> Freshwater fishes<br />
org<br />
600<br />
3200<br />
1400<br />
1100<br />
962 855 780 750 720 682<br />
Brazil<br />
Indonesia<br />
C hina<br />
Z aire<br />
Peru<br />
USA<br />
India<br />
Thail<strong>and</strong><br />
Tanzania<br />
Vietnam
720<br />
Ug<strong>and</strong>a<br />
Thail<strong>and</strong><br />
Bangladesh<br />
Vietnam<br />
Malaysia<br />
Sierra Leone<br />
10<br />
8<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Species/1000 km 2<br />
Lao PDR<br />
Burundi<br />
Malawi<br />
Cambodia<br />
209<br />
Species number<br />
361<br />
510<br />
530<br />
600 600<br />
260<br />
247<br />
117
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Shrimps 60 species<br />
7 species unknown from the Gr<strong>and</strong> Lake<br />
7 species occurred in Songkam basin<br />
Economic Caridina<br />
(2 cm)<br />
Macrobrachium spp.
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Crabs<br />
over 200 ชนิด<br />
Paddy field crabs<br />
Parathelphusidae<br />
Woodl<strong>and</strong> crab<br />
Potamidae
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Freshwater molluscs<br />
over 50 spp.<br />
Local consumption<br />
<strong>and</strong> marketable as food<br />
Pearly Shells<br />
for h<strong>and</strong>icraft industry
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Marine habitats pr<strong>of</strong>iles<br />
หาดทรายและปาชายหาด<br />
S<strong>and</strong>y beaches<br />
ทะเลเปด<br />
Open seas<br />
ปาชายเลน<br />
Mangroves<br />
หญาทะเล<br />
<strong>Sea</strong>grass beds<br />
แนวปะการัง<br />
Coral, rocky reef
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Cnidaria 1000 ชนิด<br />
Thai <strong>and</strong> SEA. Marine fauna<br />
กบ 1 ชนิด<br />
Mammals 23 ชนิด<br />
Reptiles 38 ชนิด<br />
Echinoderms 250 ชนิด<br />
<strong>Fish</strong>es 2000 ชนิด<br />
อื่นๆ 3000 ชนิด<br />
Annelids 2500 ชนิด<br />
Crustacean 3500 ชนิด<br />
Mollusca 4000 ชนิด
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Number <strong>of</strong> <strong>Fish</strong> Taxa in Thail<strong>and</strong> / World<br />
Thail<strong>and</strong><br />
Global<br />
Orders 43 (76.66%) 60<br />
Families 225 (46.4%) 485<br />
Genera 808 (18.94%) 4,260<br />
Species 2,800 (11.45%) 24,700
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Marine fish diversity in Thail<strong>and</strong><br />
Tetraodontiformes<br />
8 Families<br />
80 species<br />
Other taxa<br />
34 Families<br />
260 species<br />
Clupeoids<br />
4 Families<br />
70 species<br />
Perciformes<br />
64 Families<br />
1,200 species<br />
Scorpaeniformes<br />
6 Families<br />
80 species<br />
Eels<br />
6 Families<br />
50 species<br />
Agnatha<br />
1 Family<br />
1 species<br />
<strong>Sea</strong> Catfishes<br />
2 Families<br />
30 species<br />
Sharks, rays<br />
34 Families<br />
150 species<br />
Flatfishes<br />
8 Families<br />
60 species
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
7 Order<br />
22 Families<br />
77 Species<br />
Thai Elasmobranch Diversity<br />
Chimeras<br />
1 Families<br />
1 Species<br />
5 Order<br />
13 Families<br />
72 Species
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Habitat-Species Diversity <strong>of</strong> Thai Elasmobranches<br />
Oceanic<br />
3 Families 11 spp.<br />
Freshwater<br />
2 Families 10 spp.<br />
Coastal<br />
26 Families 110 spp.<br />
Deep sea<br />
9 Families 18 spp.
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Indo-West Pacific<br />
1200-1799<br />
1800-2000+<br />
800-1199<br />
600-799
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Quiz <strong>of</strong> an hour<br />
• What animal phylum that we<br />
can see it from the space???
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
Introduction to Coastal Ecosystem<br />
org<br />
Coral reefs<br />
Rocky shores<br />
S<strong>and</strong>y Shores<br />
<strong>Sea</strong>grass beds<br />
Mangroves/estuaries<br />
Continental shelves
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Coral reef <strong>and</strong><br />
species diversity<br />
WCMC World Atlas<br />
<strong>of</strong> Biodiversity, 2002<br />
Coral reef<br />
hotspot in Crisis
Coral reefs<br />
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Over 25% (20,000)<br />
<strong>of</strong> all marine<br />
species are living<br />
here
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
4,000 fishes<br />
(2,000 in the <strong>South</strong>east Asian reefs)<br />
Over 900 <strong>of</strong> coral <strong>and</strong> relatives<br />
5,000 mollusc<br />
Over 10,000 other fauna <strong>and</strong><br />
flora
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Coral types<br />
Leaf<br />
Branched<br />
Gorgonians<br />
Massive
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Reef pr<strong>of</strong>ile
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Hotspot <strong>of</strong> coral diversity
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Reef fishes
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Reef Foodfishes
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Reef mollusks
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Rocky shores<br />
As outdoor classroom<br />
<strong>and</strong> supermarket for<br />
locals
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
หาดหิน Rocky shores<br />
zones
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Rocky shore fauna
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
•S<strong>and</strong>y Shores<br />
The most threatened<br />
wetl<strong>and</strong> habitat in<br />
tropical Asia
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
S<strong>and</strong>y Beach <strong>Fauna</strong>
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
•<strong>Sea</strong>grass beds
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Mangroves/estuaries
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Mangrove fishes<br />
Over 700 species in SEA
Gobies<br />
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
กระจัง<br />
mudskippers<br />
ปลาตีน
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Bio-indicator <strong>of</strong><br />
salinities
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Decapod<br />
crustaceans
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Crabs <strong>and</strong> shrimps in mangrove
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Molluscs
• Food security<br />
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
– Capture fisheries<br />
– Culture fisheries<br />
• Aquarium (Invasive)<br />
• Recreational<br />
– Game fishing (Invasive)<br />
– Diving, fish watching<br />
– Ecotourism<br />
Value <strong>of</strong> aquatic<br />
fauna<br />
• Phamaceutical<br />
– <strong>Fish</strong> liver oil<br />
– EPA, DHA<br />
– Traditional medicine<br />
• Feedmeal (Invasive)<br />
• Accessories <strong>and</strong> h<strong>and</strong>icraft<br />
• Hides
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Quiz <strong>of</strong> an hour<br />
• What wetl<strong>and</strong> animal is really<br />
most medical important???<br />
• Horseshoe crabs<br />
• Sharks<br />
• Jellyfishes<br />
• <strong>Sea</strong> cucumber
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Diving, <strong>Fish</strong>/Shark watching
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Game fishing
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Aquarium fishes
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
• Net fishing gears 17<br />
• Trapings 15<br />
• Large stationary 5<br />
• Small stationary 10<br />
• Hooks <strong>and</strong> lines 9<br />
• <strong>Fish</strong>ing lot 5<br />
• Small movable gears 15<br />
Ethno-fisheries diversity<br />
over 100 methods
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
From small to larger than 1000 m
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Over 20 fishing methods in one<br />
wetl<strong>and</strong>
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
<strong>Fish</strong>es <strong>and</strong> Livelihoods
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Biodiversity in the Markets <strong>and</strong><br />
Households <strong>of</strong> Mekong wetl<strong>and</strong>s<br />
Crabs 20 species<br />
Shrimps 25<br />
<strong>Aquatic</strong> insects 20<br />
Molluscs 35<br />
Amphibians 27<br />
Turtles <strong>and</strong> croc. 12<br />
Water snakes 5
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Over 30 species in<br />
1 wetl<strong>and</strong>
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
At least 30 edible<br />
aquatic insect<br />
Other invert.<br />
Hirudine leaches<br />
Odonata<br />
larvae<br />
Water beetle<br />
larvae<br />
Water Earthworms<br />
from the Songkram River<br />
exported to Taiwan<br />
for<br />
Traditional Chinese Medicine
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Marine & Estuarine shellfishes<br />
Over 200 Crustacean<br />
<strong>and</strong> 300 Mollusc species<br />
occurred in the Markets <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>South</strong>east Asia
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
• World record fishes<br />
• Endemism<br />
• Hotspots<br />
• Status <strong>and</strong> Threats<br />
• Conservation<br />
Status <strong>and</strong> Threats
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Quiz <strong>of</strong> an hour<br />
• What animal bearing the highest<br />
number <strong>of</strong> young in their brood???
World record <strong>of</strong> <strong>Fish</strong>es<br />
Biggest<br />
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Himantura chaophraya 600 kg (3 m disc)<br />
Mekong giant catfish Pangasianodon gigas 350 kg (2.5 m)<br />
Wel Silurus glanis 330 kg (5m)<br />
Whale shark<br />
6-8 tonnes (12-15m)<br />
Smallest<br />
Dwarf goby Trimmatom nanus 10-11 mm<br />
Boraras micros (Thai endemic) 13.5 mm<br />
Paedocypris spp. 7 mm<br />
Smallest economic fish<br />
Sinarapan Mistichthys luzonensis 15 mm
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org
Fastest<br />
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Sailfish Istiophorus platypterus 70 km/h<br />
Smallest distribution<br />
Devil hole pubfish Cyprinodon diabolis 3x16 m Area<br />
Highest number egg laying<br />
Mola mola 300 million eggs<br />
Highest live bearing<br />
Whale shark 305 pups<br />
Highest venomous: poisonous<br />
Synancia horrida<br />
Lagocephalus lunaris<br />
Clearest body<br />
Siamese glass catfish
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Endemicity <strong>of</strong> Thai<br />
Freshwater <strong>Fish</strong>es<br />
72 endemic species <strong>of</strong> 15 Families<br />
(over 20 undescribed)<br />
Balitoridae 18 species<br />
Cyprinidae 17 spp.<br />
Catfishes 18 spp. (7 families)<br />
Osphronemidae 5 spp.<br />
Others 9 spp. <strong>of</strong> 5 families<br />
Nonn Panitwong
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Thai Important Endemism<br />
Area <strong>of</strong> <strong>Fish</strong>es<br />
(over 5 endemic spp.)<br />
Chiangmai-upper Ping<br />
basin: 9 species<br />
Nan River basin<br />
15 spp.<br />
Phu Khieu Range<br />
> 4 spp.<br />
Nonn Panitwong<br />
Western forest complex<br />
(WEFCOM)-Maeklong<br />
basin: 24 spp.
* 1 Mae Hongson<br />
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
* Pitsanulok<br />
3<br />
* syntopic species<br />
4 Phu Khieu<br />
Cave fishes in <strong>South</strong>east Asia<br />
Over 25 species<br />
occurred<br />
2 Kanchanaburi<br />
Species % <strong>of</strong> global species<br />
• <strong>China</strong> 15 18<br />
• Mexico 10 12<br />
• Thail<strong>and</strong> 9 11<br />
• Brazil 7 8<br />
• USA 6 7<br />
Nonn Panitwong<br />
Nonn Panitwong
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
<strong>Fish</strong> Endemic <strong>and</strong> Diversity in the Mekong<br />
riparian countries<br />
• Lao PDR 110 <strong>of</strong> 518 species<br />
• Yunnan Mekong 31 <strong>of</strong> 162 species<br />
• Thail<strong>and</strong> 9 <strong>of</strong> 359 species<br />
• Cambodia 6 <strong>of</strong> 505 species<br />
• Vietnam 5 <strong>of</strong> 510 species
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
(Mekong Endemic species)<br />
ca. 310<br />
Boraras micros Kottelat & Vidthayanon, 1993<br />
Recent new taxa<br />
บูแคระ Brachygobius mekongensis เสือดํา N<strong>and</strong>us oxyrhynchus<br />
Larson & Vidthayanon, 2000 Ng, Vidthayanon & Ng, 1996<br />
Schistura kaysonei Vidtahyanon & Jaruthanin, 2003<br />
cavefish<br />
new<br />
พบชนิดใหมปละ 10 ชนิด<br />
With over 10 new species<br />
reported from the basinwide<br />
annually !!
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Salween endemic<br />
Over > 30 Lake Inle endemic<br />
Photos by Kampol U.<br />
Photos by Nonn P.<br />
2species<br />
Riverine
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
River Endemicity<br />
100<br />
90<br />
80<br />
70<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
> 30%<br />
สาละวิน<br />
170/31.6%<br />
เจาพระยา<br />
383/7.6<br />
แมโขง 1030/<br />
29.8<br />
แมกลอง 237/<br />
9.2<br />
เฉพาะถิ่น<br />
Salween Mekong Maeklong
Ecological Factors that Render Species Vulnerable to<br />
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Extinction<br />
• Limited geographical distributions (incl.<br />
micro- endemism)<br />
• Disjunct distributions<br />
• Habitat specificity (e.g., coral-dwelling,<br />
caves, highl<strong>and</strong>s, peats etc.)<br />
• Loss <strong>of</strong> “living micro-habitat,” coadapted,<br />
preys, mutualist, or otherwise<br />
symbiotic species<br />
Modified from WCC 2004: Extinction in the <strong>Sea</strong>: Leveraging Emerging Science<br />
to Transform Marine Conservation (Braughtigam & Fowler, 2004)
Modified from WCC 2004: Extinction in the <strong>Sea</strong>: Leveraging Emerging Science to Transform<br />
Marine Conservation (Braughtigam & Fowler, 2004)<br />
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Vulnerability <strong>of</strong> fish extinction<br />
• Sharks, Rays & Big <strong>Fish</strong>es have the<br />
biological characteristics <strong>of</strong> umbrella<br />
species:<br />
– mostly are slow-growing,<br />
– late-maturing,<br />
– long-lived,<br />
– Long or short migratory<br />
– Breeding aggregation<br />
– have few, well-developed young, <strong>and</strong>,<br />
therefore, are<br />
– very vulnerable to fisheries.
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Extrinsic Factors that Render Species Vulnerable to<br />
Extinction<br />
• Habitat destruction (by destructive<br />
developments)<br />
• Pollution<br />
• Habitat shifts <strong>and</strong> other ecosystem effects<br />
• Over-exploitation, incl. indirect fishing<br />
mortality<br />
• Climate change<br />
• Invasive species effects<br />
Modified from WCC 2004: Extinction in the <strong>Sea</strong>: Leveraging Emerging Science<br />
to Transform Marine Conservation (Braughtigam & Fowler, 2004)
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
WWF Living Planet Report 2004
Modified from WCC www. 2004: Extinction in the <strong>Sea</strong>: Leveraging Emerging Science to Transform<br />
Marine Conservation (Braughtigam & Fowler, 2004)<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Causes <strong>of</strong> Marine Extinctions<br />
Many populations suffered from<br />
combined impacts<br />
Exploitation: 55%<br />
Habitat loss: 37%<br />
Invasive species: 2%<br />
Other (climate change, pollution,<br />
disease): 6%
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Coral Reef <strong>Fish</strong>es: Vulnerable <strong>and</strong> Threatened<br />
• 80-90% <strong>of</strong> coral reef fishes<br />
exhibit more than one intrinsic<br />
vulnerability trait<br />
• Many coral reef fishes are<br />
exploited for food <strong>and</strong> trade<br />
• Many fishes are suspected to<br />
be threatened with extinction,<br />
but formal assessment work is<br />
impeded by:<br />
– knowledge gaps<br />
– dispersed or unutilized data<br />
– declining capacity<br />
Modified from WCC 2004: Extinction in the <strong>Sea</strong>: Leveraging Emerging Science to Transform Marine<br />
Conservation (Braughtigam & Fowler, 2004)
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Routes <strong>and</strong> expansion <strong>of</strong> Live<br />
Reef <strong>Fish</strong> Trade
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org Refuting the Assumptions<br />
Little difference in extinction risk among taxa<br />
Extinction vulnerability (σ/r)<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
0<br />
mammals birds fishes butterflies<br />
Fagan et al 2001 Ecology Letts 4:132-138<br />
Modified from WCC 2004: Extinction in the <strong>Sea</strong>: Leveraging Emerging Science to<br />
Transform Marine Conservation (Braughtigam & Fowler, 2004)
Thai Hotspot Areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>Fish</strong> Diversity<br />
(over 80 spp. occurred) Under Threats<br />
Inl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mekong basin<br />
WEFCOM<br />
Bueng Borapet<br />
Salween-Pai basins<br />
Ranong to Tapi<br />
Khao Luang<br />
Bala-Hala, Peat<br />
Marine-Estuarine<br />
Bangpakong<br />
Chantaburi<br />
Hin Krud to Chumporn<br />
Lake Songkla<br />
Surin-Similan Isl.<br />
Losin Isl.<br />
Severely<br />
Partially
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
The IUCN Red List uses NINE categories. All taxa (except<br />
micro-organisms) can be placed in one <strong>of</strong> these categories:<br />
The 2001<br />
IUCN<br />
Categories<br />
Extinct (EX)<br />
Extinct in the Wild (EW)<br />
Critically Endangered (CR)<br />
Endangered (EN)<br />
Vulnerable (VU)<br />
Near Threatened (NT)<br />
Least Concern (LC)<br />
Data Deficient (DD)<br />
Not Evaluated (NE)
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Nature <strong>of</strong> the Red List Criteria<br />
A<br />
CRITERIA<br />
Population<br />
reduction<br />
THREATENED<br />
CATEGORIES<br />
B<br />
Restricted<br />
geographic range<br />
Critically Endangered (CR)<br />
C<br />
Small population<br />
size & decline<br />
Quantitative<br />
thresholds<br />
Endangered (EN)<br />
D<br />
E<br />
Very small or<br />
restricted<br />
population<br />
Quantitative<br />
analysis<br />
Vulnerable (VU)
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Known as Balantiocheilos melanopterus<br />
previously from Thail<strong>and</strong> to Borneo, Sumatra<br />
2004 Red List Assessment<br />
CR A1acd<br />
EW in Thail<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> waiting reconfirm<br />
from Cambodia<br />
Much reduced in Borneo <strong>and</strong> Sumatra<br />
> 80%<br />
Recently proven as n. sp.<br />
Balantiocheilos ambusticauda<br />
restricted to mainl<strong>and</strong> Indochinese<br />
Recent Red List C<strong>and</strong>idate<br />
CR (PE)
www.<br />
Sub-criterion wwfthai. A1<br />
org<br />
Observed, estimated,<br />
inferred or suspected past<br />
decline where causes <strong>of</strong><br />
decline are understood,<br />
AND are reversible, AND<br />
have now ceased<br />
≥ 50% Vulnerable<br />
≥ 70% Endangered<br />
≥ 90% Critically Endangered<br />
Present<br />
Last 10 years or 3 generations<br />
(whichever is longer)<br />
Sub-criterion A2<br />
Observed, estimated,<br />
inferred or suspected past<br />
decline where causes <strong>of</strong><br />
decline may not be<br />
understood, OR may not<br />
be reversible, OR may<br />
not have ceased<br />
Sub-criterion A3-4<br />
Present<br />
Last 10 years or 3 generations<br />
(whichever is longer)<br />
≥ 30% Vulnerable<br />
≥ 50% Endangered<br />
≥ 80% Critically Endangered
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Points to remember: CR EN VU<br />
• extent <strong>of</strong> occurrence, EOO
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Criterion C<br />
Based on population size <strong>of</strong>:<br />
< 250<br />
mature individuals<br />
CR<br />
< 2,500<br />
mature individuals<br />
EN<br />
< 10,000<br />
mature individuals<br />
VU<br />
AND either sub-criteria C1 or C2…
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Highly endemism/exploited areas<br />
Inlecypris auropurpurea<br />
Danio erythromicron<br />
Over 10 endemic cypriniforms<br />
Photos by Kampol U.<br />
Myanmar<br />
Microrasbora rubescens<br />
Sawbwa resplendens<br />
Yunnanilus brevis<br />
Henicorhynchus lu
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Highly endemism/exploited areas<br />
Lake Lanao, Philippines<br />
18 Threatened species<br />
with 13 CR or even Ex<br />
From Redlist.org<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>Fish</strong>base.org
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Highly endemism/exploited areas<br />
Upper Nan basin<br />
11 Endemic<br />
cypriniforms
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Extinct<br />
Platytropius siamensis<br />
Possibly Extinct<br />
Balantiocheilos melanopterus<br />
Datnioides pulcher
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Critically Endangered<br />
Pristis microdon<br />
Yasuhikotakia sidthimunki<br />
Laubuca mouhoti
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Critically Endangered<br />
Mekong giant catfish<br />
Aaptosyax grypus<br />
Pangasianodon gigas<br />
Betta simplex
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Threatening Status <strong>of</strong> Thai<br />
<strong>Fish</strong>es<br />
• IUCN (2004: 73 spp.)<br />
– 1 EW<br />
– 3 Critical<br />
– 12 Endangered<br />
– 22 Vulnerables<br />
– 12 Near Threatened<br />
– 12 Lower Risk<br />
– 11 Data Deficient<br />
• Thai OEPP (1998: 224 spp.)<br />
– 3 Extinct<br />
– 29 Endangered<br />
– 155 Vulnerables<br />
– 4 Threatened in the wild<br />
– 33 Data Deficient<br />
Recent Evaluated: 269<br />
spp.<br />
1 Extinct, 2 Extirpated<br />
17 Critical<br />
41 Endangered<br />
155 Vulnerable<br />
21 Near Threatened<br />
32 Data Deficient<br />
11 Threatened in situ
Alien species v.s. Biodiversity in<br />
Wetl<strong>and</strong>s<br />
Exotic species: Imported for any purpose;<br />
mainly contribute economic or social<br />
benefit.<br />
Alien species: Species which occurred in<br />
natural habitats.<br />
Escapee; accidentally spread in<br />
habitats but not establish.<br />
Flourished; established population in<br />
habitat(s).
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Impact <strong>of</strong> alien species<br />
• Positive or benefit.<br />
– Food security<br />
– Ornamental<br />
– Public health<br />
• Negative impact<br />
– Invasive alien species<br />
• Predatory<br />
• Competitor to native species<br />
• Disease, parasite transmition<br />
• Habitat disturbance<br />
• Agricultural (aquaculture) paste<br />
• Genetic pollution or erosion
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Invasive Alien cases<br />
Major Invasive<br />
Lake Victoria: Nile perch<br />
New Zeal<strong>and</strong>: trouts, salmons<br />
Australia: Chinese/common carps<br />
Lake Lanao, Philippines: tilapias, goby<br />
USA: sea lamprey, snakeheads,<br />
catfishes, lion fish<br />
Thail<strong>and</strong>: sucker catfishes, African<br />
walking catfish
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
S.E.A Invasive Alien Species<br />
Sucker catfishes<br />
Apple snail<br />
Pomacea spp.<br />
American bullfrog<br />
Chinese s<strong>of</strong>tshell
Over 80% species extinction<br />
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
1969<br />
Alien impact<br />
Others<br />
Endemic cichlids<br />
Biomass in<br />
Lake Victoria<br />
Alien Nile perch<br />
1988<br />
Others
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
– Local Participatory Conservation<br />
– Promotion <strong>of</strong> Responsible <strong>Fish</strong>eries<br />
SEA. Wetl<strong>and</strong>s<br />
Biodiversity<br />
Conservation<br />
– Marine Protection Areas <strong>and</strong> <strong>Fish</strong>ing Reserve Zones<br />
– Integrated River Basin Management<br />
– Ecotourism Promotion with Code <strong>of</strong> Conduct<br />
– Priority Species Assessment<br />
– National/Trans-boundary Conservation Action Plan<br />
– Public Awareness<br />
– Advocacy to Policy Makers<br />
– Capacity Building in all levels
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Dangerous Wetl<strong>and</strong> <strong>Fauna</strong><br />
• Traumatogenic<br />
–Biting<br />
–Cutting<br />
–Spearing<br />
• Venomous<br />
• Poisonous
Traumatogenic<br />
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Biting<br />
Cutting<br />
Spearing
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Venomous
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Venomous
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Venomous fishes
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Tetraodotoxin<br />
Poisonous<br />
Ciguatera toxin
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Thank for your attention
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