Wildlife in South China Sea Wetlands (Dr. Chavalit Vidthjayanond)
Wildlife in South China Sea Wetlands (Dr. Chavalit Vidthjayanond)
Wildlife in South China Sea Wetlands (Dr. Chavalit Vidthjayanond)
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www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
<strong>Wildlife</strong> <strong>in</strong> the Tropical<br />
<strong>Wetlands</strong><br />
<strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Chavalit</strong> Vidthayanon<br />
Senior Freshwater Biologist<br />
WWF Greatermekong Thailand
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
•Example of wetland wildlife cases<br />
• Freshwater dolph<strong>in</strong>s<br />
• Dugong<br />
• Wetland dependent mammals<br />
• Amphibians<br />
• Freshwater & <strong>Sea</strong> turtles<br />
• Aquatic reptiles
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Keystone-Flagship species<br />
samples<br />
Mekong bas<strong>in</strong>: Giant catfish, big fishes, Irrawaddi<br />
dolph<strong>in</strong><br />
Central pla<strong>in</strong>s: big fishes, st<strong>in</strong>grays, croc.<br />
Coastal : Cetacea, sharks and rays<br />
Peat swamp forests: Stenotopic fishes, croc.<br />
<strong>Sea</strong>grass beds: dugong, dolph<strong>in</strong>s, fishes<br />
Lagoon and Lake: Irrawaddi dolph<strong>in</strong>, sharks and rays
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
แหลงอาศัยของสัตวปา<br />
Critical Species and Habitats<br />
• Endangered aquatic mammals<br />
– Irrawaddi dolph<strong>in</strong> : Ma<strong>in</strong>streams, lagoons<br />
– Indo-Pacific humpback dolph<strong>in</strong>: Coastal waters<br />
– Smooth-coated otter: forested streams<br />
– Hairy-nosed otter: peatswamps<br />
– Dugong: seagrasses<br />
• Endangered aquatic Reptiles<br />
– จระเขน้ําจืด Siamese Crocodile: flooded forests<br />
– มานลาย Giant softshell turtle: river sand dunes<br />
– เตากระอาน Batagur baska: lowland rivers,<br />
estuaries
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
• Over 300 species of Migratory Birds<br />
• นกใกลสูญพันธุของโลก Globally threatened waterbirds<br />
– กระเรียน Eastern sarus crane<br />
– นางนวลแกลบทองดํา Black-bellied tern<br />
– นางนวลแกลบแมน้ํา Indian river tern<br />
– กระแตผียักษ Great thick-knee<br />
– Giant ibis<br />
– White-shouldered ibis<br />
• Endemic birds<br />
– Mekong wagtail<br />
– Mekong Bengal florican<br />
Mekong <strong>Wetlands</strong> as Bird Habitats and<br />
Bird<strong>in</strong>g Sites
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Globally<br />
Threatened<br />
Waterbirds
Wetland dependent mammals<br />
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Otter civet<br />
Flathead cat: Endangered<br />
Baycat: Endangered<br />
Giant otter<br />
Hairy-nosed otter
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Saola: EN<br />
Asian Rh<strong>in</strong>os: EN to Critical<br />
Asian Mega fauna<br />
Wild buffalos
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Asian Mega fauna<br />
ld’s deer<br />
Pere david’s deer<br />
Baras<strong>in</strong>ga<br />
Asian tapir
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Critically Endangered: CR<br />
Indoch<strong>in</strong>ese hogdeer<br />
Axis porc<strong>in</strong>us annamiticus
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Neotropic Ra<strong>in</strong><br />
Forest <strong>Wetlands</strong><br />
Congo<br />
Ra<strong>in</strong> Forest<br />
<strong>Wetlands</strong>
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
OKAVANGO SWAMP
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Quiz of the hour<br />
• Cetaceans is the closest relative to ???<br />
– Dugong<br />
– <strong>Sea</strong>ls<br />
– Pigs<br />
Me?<br />
Me?
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Bryde’swhale<br />
Coastal cetaceans<br />
Indo-Pacific<br />
humpback dolph<strong>in</strong>
Freshwater dolph<strong>in</strong>s under threats<br />
Baiji, Yangtze<br />
dolph<strong>in</strong><br />
F<strong>in</strong>less<br />
porpoise<br />
Tucuxi<br />
Boto, Amazon<br />
River dolph<strong>in</strong><br />
Bhulan, Indus<br />
dolph<strong>in</strong><br />
Susu, Ganges<br />
dolph<strong>in</strong><br />
GLOBAL 200 ECOREGIONS<br />
Irrawaddy<br />
dolph<strong>in</strong>
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Ganges River dolph<strong>in</strong>,susu<br />
(Platanista gangetica gangetica)
Indus River dolph<strong>in</strong>, bhulan<br />
(Platanista gangetica m<strong>in</strong>or)
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Yangtze River dolph<strong>in</strong>, Baiji<br />
(Lipotes vexillifer) EX
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Yangze F<strong>in</strong>less Porpoise<br />
(Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Amazon River dolph<strong>in</strong>, Boto,<br />
(Inia geoffrensis)
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Irrawaddy dolph<strong>in</strong>, Pa Kha \<br />
(Orcaella brevirostris)
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Irrawaddi dolph<strong>in</strong> โลมาหัวบาตรครีบหลัง<br />
2.5 m/160kg<br />
Important <strong>in</strong>land populations<br />
Different species<br />
Food: Catfishes,<br />
fishes and squids<br />
Habitat: coastal to<br />
<strong>in</strong>ner river, up to 1,000<br />
km from the sea.<br />
Mandalay<br />
Chilika Lagoon<br />
Siphandon-Kratie<br />
Bangpakong<br />
Thale noi<br />
Mahakam R.
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Threats to dolph<strong>in</strong>s !<br />
• Intensive catch for Dolph<strong>in</strong>aria,<br />
Zoos and aquarium<br />
• International trade<br />
• Habitat lost<br />
• Pollution<br />
• By-catch dead<br />
• Over 90 dolph<strong>in</strong>aria <strong>in</strong> Asia<br />
• More than 50 dolph<strong>in</strong>s exported<br />
From Thailand, Indonesia (2003)
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
IUCN Red list of Freshwater Dolph<strong>in</strong>s<br />
Indus River dolph<strong>in</strong>: ENDANGERED (EN)<br />
Ganges River dolph<strong>in</strong>: ENDANGERED (EN)<br />
Irrawaddy dolph<strong>in</strong>/some populations: CRITICALLY<br />
ENDANGERED (CR) (DD)<br />
F<strong>in</strong>less porpoise: ENDANGERED (EN)<br />
Yangtze river dolph<strong>in</strong>: CRITICALLY ENDANGERED<br />
(CR/PE)<br />
Amazon river dolph<strong>in</strong>: VULNERABLE (VU)<br />
Tucuxi: Data deficient (DD)
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Laos-Cambodian Mekong<br />
Inner Gulf of Thailand<br />
Monkey Mea<br />
Aus.<br />
Value of cetaceans<br />
Chilika Lake India<br />
• Dolph<strong>in</strong>/whale watch<strong>in</strong>g<br />
tourism<br />
• Local tourism benefit
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
<strong>Sea</strong>grass specialist
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
<strong>Sea</strong>grass beds as fishes<br />
nurs<strong>in</strong>g ground and<br />
dugong habitats
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Dugongs farm seagrass – when dugongs are lost from<br />
an area it may decl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> habitat quality<br />
From Helene Marsh 23 Aug. 05 Dugong Conservation Workshop<br />
James Cook University Australia<br />
Dugong biology, ecology, populations and behaviour
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Area of occupancy: shallow<br />
coastal waters<br />
potentially > 125,800 km 2<br />
Critical habitat seagrass beds < 10m<br />
especially
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Threats to the dugong<br />
Gill nett<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Food/medic<strong>in</strong>e/artefacts<br />
for subsistence<br />
Boat strikes<br />
Agricultural<br />
pollution<br />
Coastal development
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
<strong>South</strong><br />
East Asia<br />
Uncerta<strong>in</strong> prospects<br />
Population size thousands ?<br />
% global range 45<br />
% of range believed decl<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g 19<br />
% range decl<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g/ unknown 100<br />
% range gill nets 91-100<br />
% range human settlement 100<br />
% range harvested food/ medic<strong>in</strong>e/ artefacts 89-99<br />
Threat score<br />
High
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
High risk of ext<strong>in</strong>ction<br />
Indian region<br />
Population size thousands<br />
% global range 3<br />
% of range believed decl<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g 97<br />
% range decl<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g/ unknown 100<br />
% range gill nets 97<br />
% range human settlement 100<br />
% range harvested food/ medic<strong>in</strong>e/<br />
97<br />
artefacts<br />
Threat score<br />
Very High<br />
No
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Threats from human settlement <strong>in</strong> the<br />
dugong’s range<br />
from World Resource Institute<br />
Food security is an issue <strong>in</strong> much of the range
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Quiz of the hour<br />
• Which animal that is cous<strong>in</strong> of Dugong, Manatees<br />
and <strong>Sea</strong> cows ???<br />
• Cattles<br />
• Elephants<br />
• Hippos
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Crocodilians<br />
True Wetland reptiles<br />
Global 22 species. All CITES List<br />
8 spp. In Asian wetlands<br />
Farmed over 10 species, annually over<br />
10 million crocs consumed.<br />
Control mammal and fish<br />
populations, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g their carrions<br />
Mostly tropical, 3 subtropical and temperate
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Temperate croc.<br />
Ch<strong>in</strong>ese alligator<br />
Depended on wetland biodiversity: Forest-waters<br />
Invert.-Amphibians-Fishes-Mammals/Birds
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
<strong>South</strong>east Asian Crocs<br />
Indo-Pacific Crocodile Crocodylus<br />
porosus widest distribution<br />
Siamese croc.<br />
Crocodylus siamensis<br />
False gharial<br />
Tomistoma schelegeli
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Other wetland depended<br />
reptiles
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Coastal <strong>Sea</strong>snakes<br />
Consumed <strong>in</strong><br />
Philipp<strong>in</strong>es and<br />
Ok<strong>in</strong>awa as food<br />
and traditional<br />
medic<strong>in</strong>e
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
FreshwaterTurtles<br />
14 Spp <strong>in</strong> Redlist<br />
2 CR <strong>in</strong> S-SEA<br />
Trionycidae<br />
Platysternidae<br />
Bataguridae<br />
Testud<strong>in</strong>idae<br />
35 Spp <strong>in</strong> Redlist<br />
9 CR <strong>in</strong> S-SEA<br />
9 Spp <strong>in</strong> Redlist<br />
1 CR <strong>in</strong> S-SEA
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
SEA. Turtles<br />
Endemic Countries<br />
Viet Nam<br />
Myanmar
Critical<br />
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
Callagur org borneensis SEA<br />
Ma<strong>in</strong> threats<br />
<strong>Wildlife</strong> pet trade: Japan,EU<br />
Critical<br />
Delicacy: Ch<strong>in</strong>a, VN<br />
Wetland lost: All<br />
Critical<br />
Chitra chitra TH<br />
Heosemys depressa Myanmar
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Quiz of the hour<br />
• Who is the only one tetrapod that<br />
feed ma<strong>in</strong>ly on sponges??<br />
• Why some sea turtle species died<br />
for rubbish plastic bag eat<strong>in</strong>g??
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
<strong>Sea</strong> Turtle<br />
2 families 8 species<br />
Indo-Pacific<br />
Leatherback turtle<br />
Green sea turtle<br />
Olive ridley turtle<br />
Loggerhead turtle<br />
Hawksbill sea turtle<br />
Flatback turtle<br />
Atlantic<br />
Black sea turtle<br />
Kemp’s ridley turtle
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
<strong>Sea</strong> turtle Fact Sheet<br />
Survival rate of adults 1 pair from 5000 eggs<br />
Males hatched from lower 28 C<br />
Journey for over 3000 km annually<br />
Over 1000 m dives<br />
One of the largest liv<strong>in</strong>g reptile : Leatherback 2.6 m/ 916 kg<br />
Orig<strong>in</strong>ated from Cretaceus; 130 mya.<br />
Recent species came for 60-10 mys.
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
เตาตะนุ Green sea turtle<br />
Chelonia mydas<br />
Diet: seagrass
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
เตาหัวคอน<br />
Loggerhead turtle<br />
Caretta caretta<br />
Diet: shellfishes
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Hawksbill sea turtle<br />
Eretmochelys imbricata<br />
Diet: sponges<br />
“Only one tetrapod<br />
species who feed on<br />
Sponges”
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
เตาหญา<br />
Olive ridley turtle<br />
Lepidochelys olivacea<br />
Diet: fishes and<br />
shellfishes
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
orgArribada<br />
Mass nest<strong>in</strong>g of 40,000<br />
Olive Ridley <strong>in</strong> Costa Rica
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Arribada sites of <strong>Sea</strong> turtles
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
เตามะเฟอง Leatherback turtle<br />
Dermochelys coriacea<br />
Diet: jellyfishes<br />
By Songpol Tippayawong WWF TH
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
เตาหญาแคริบเบียน<br />
Lepidochelys kempi<br />
เตาหลังแบน<br />
Natator depressa
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
<strong>Sea</strong> turtle Critical habitats<br />
Open seas<br />
Nurs<strong>in</strong>g (the Lost years) /feed<strong>in</strong>g Migration<br />
Coral reefs<br />
feed<strong>in</strong>g/mat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>Sea</strong>grass beds feed<strong>in</strong>g/mat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Sandy beaches-Forests Nest<strong>in</strong>g
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
By Songpol Tippayawong WWF TH<br />
<strong>Sea</strong> turtle species<br />
nest<strong>in</strong>g diversity<br />
WCMC World Atlas<br />
of Biodiversity, 2002
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Global Utilization<br />
USA, Grand Cayman : meat, hides , Ecotourism<br />
Mexico: meat, hides , eggs, Ecotourism<br />
Costa Rica: meat, hides , eggs, Ecotourism<br />
Japan: tortoise shell, meat, hides<br />
Vietnam: meat, hides , eggs, tortoise shell<br />
Indonesia: meat, hides , eggs, tortoise shell<br />
Philipp<strong>in</strong>es: meat, hides , eggs, tortoise shell<br />
Malaysia: meat, hides , tortoise shell, Ecotourism<br />
Thailand: hides, eggs, tortoise shell, Ecotourism
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Amphibians<br />
Anura<br />
Caecilian<br />
168 spp<br />
5067 spp.<br />
EX 32 spp.<br />
The best bio-<strong>in</strong>dicator<br />
of global climate and<br />
environmental changes<br />
EX 2 spp.<br />
Salamanders<br />
508 spp.
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Asian Endemic<br />
salamanders<br />
Japanese Giant<br />
Vietnamese fire<br />
Ch<strong>in</strong>ese Shanj<strong>in</strong>g
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Anura<br />
4 Families<br />
Ranidae<br />
Microhylidae<br />
Bufonidae<br />
Rhacophoridae
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Only 1 sp. In<br />
brackish waters
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Diversity areas of Amphibians<br />
Low diversity<br />
High diversity<br />
Highest diversity
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Ma<strong>in</strong> threats to Amphibians<br />
Over 150 spp. threatened
www.<br />
Data Deficient wwfthai.<br />
1294 org<br />
EX 35<br />
CR 427<br />
Save 2199<br />
IUCN Red<br />
Data of<br />
Amphibian<br />
EN 761<br />
VU 668 Near<br />
threatened 359<br />
6000<br />
5000<br />
Threatened 1672<br />
4000<br />
3000<br />
Costa Rica cloud forest golden toad<br />
: Ext<strong>in</strong>ct by Climate Change + fungal disease<br />
2000<br />
1000<br />
0<br />
168 55<br />
Frogs, toad Salamander Caecilian
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Other use of Amphibians<br />
Pets<br />
Traditional medic<strong>in</strong>es
www.<br />
wwfthai. แหลงอาหาร Food from wetland fauna<br />
org
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
Exploited 800,000-1,000,000 snakes<br />
annually from the Grand Lake<br />
7 species<br />
from 3 families<br />
Water snakes<br />
Utilization<br />
• Meat<br />
• Hides<br />
• Feedmeal for<br />
crocodile farms<br />
• Exported to<br />
Ch<strong>in</strong>a (whole)<br />
Thailand (hides)
Thanks<br />
www.<br />
wwfthai.<br />
org<br />
See me next session<br />
Nonn Panitwong
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