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UNIT 2: TOURISM, HOSPITALITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT – IMPACTS AND SOLUTIONS 041 local inhabitants. The use of animals for souvenir manufacturing is internationally banned, but poaching still thrives everywhere. This will continue as long as skins, furs, horns, shells, tails, hoofs, tusks, claws and stuffed animals fetch high prices, and as long as adequate revenues from tourism do not filter down to the local population. All these impacts collectively affect the further growth and survival of animal species and, as with vegetation loss, contribute directly to global biodiversity loss. 1.3 Impacts of Tourism on Water Tourism is clearly not the only major source of water pollution; a host of other industries and authorities are, too. But tourism is different: clean rivers, coastlines and lakes, where people can bathe, swim, sail and fish are essential for good business. S E C T I O N 1 The Effects of Water Pollution • Poorly treated or untreated sewage released into water introduces pathogens, which are a human health hazard. Sewage in seawater is especially critical, since the salinity of the water inhibits the natural bacterial breakdown of the waste. • Cholera, typhoid, dysentery, hepatitis, and a variety of skin and eye diseases can be transmitted through contaminated water, fish and all other seafood. • Solid wastes and effluents dumped in deeper water are often washed up on the shore. This is not only unsightly and unhealthy: damage to aquatic life is inevitable. • Sewage and waste in water increase its nutrient levels, which can speed up euthrophication. Excessive plant growth affects the volume of dissolved oxygen, which in turn will reduce the growth and diversity of aquatic invertebrates and fish. • Oil spills from pleasure boats and ships can kill birds and all forms of aquatic life. • Heavy metal and chemical run-offs from tourist boats, marinas and other such facilities are toxic to aquatic life. Some of these chemicals are surprisingly stable in the environment; they can accumulate in the fatty tissues of aquatic animals and birds further up the food chain. • Erosion increases silting, which reduces the dissolved oxygen supply for animals and plants, and the amount of sunlight penetrating the water. • The removal of coral, live shells and other life forms from reefs for the making of tourist souvenirs causes the reef and a large section of the coastal ecology to die.
042 UNIT 2: TOURISM, HOSPITALITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT – IMPACTS AND SOLUTIONS 1.4 Other Related Issues Apart from the impacts on air, land and water, some important environment issues arise directly as a result of tourism: • Congestion and noise due to overcrowding, be it in urban areas, natural parks, visitor attractions or recreational waterways, can cause considerable stress both to the local environment and to its population. Traffic jams, long queues, delays in service delivery, noise, shortages of power, water and foods all increase environment impacts. • The seasonal characteristic of tourist arrivals leaves many facilities vacant for large portions of the year. This has serious consequences for businesses in terms of cash flow and facility maintenance. Poorly maintained facilities mean increased environment impacts. S E C T I O N 1
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sowing the seeds of change AN ENVIR
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ii Foreword It is with great pleasu
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PARTING THOUGHTS 211 “Expand your
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RESOURCES 213 The following is a li
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Our natural ecologies today are in
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