Leapfrogging Possibilities For Sustainable Consumption and ...

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Most African countries have yet to adopt policies for waste prevention such as the prevention of the generation of plastic waste. The specific challenge with plastic waste in the African context is their non-biodegradable nature and their penetration even to the remote rural parts of Africa in the form of cheap and in some cases free-of-charge thin and flimsy plastic bags. These bags end-up in farms hindering the deep rooting of planted crops and hindering natural conditioning and aeration as well as moisture balance. Besides, they may be eaten up by domestic animals chocking and killing them. These domestic animals in millions of rural households of Africa form the pillars of livelihood. In 2003, the year South Africa introduced a ban on thin plastic bags, it used 8 billion bags a year. Kenya uses 4000 tonnes of these plastic bags each month. In the urban areas it is common plastics litter everywhere and creating a situation for breeding of vectors and parasites aggravating an already worse health situation including worsening malaria, the number one killer of the continent. A significant increase in old electronic products imported to Africa has been observed during recent times. 500 tonnes used electronics 75% of which can be considered as e- waste are shipped to Nigeria on daily basis. There is no proper way of managing this waste in the continent and it is increasing rapidly due to stricter controls of such shipment to Asia. A large number of chemicals used during the manufacturing of tiny to large electronic aggregates are already part of the water, soil and air compartment of the natural environment in Africa. 2.3.1.5 Water and sanitation Although improved drinking water coverage in sub-Saharan Africa increased by 7% between 1990 and 2004 (from 47% to 55%), the actual number of people without access to improved drinking water sources increased by 60 million. This is a result of increased population growth. Current trends suggest that by 2015 the number of people with no access to proper water and sanitation service in sub-Saharan Africa will grow by a further 47 million. Current coverage of water supply and sanitation service in Africa is depicted in Figure 6. The water problem in Africa can be expressed both in the form of scarcity and pollution. Scarcity of water varies not only from country to country but also from place to place within countries. Women fetch water from long distances at least once a day in addition to shouldering the responsibility of raising kids, fetching firewood from even longer distances and cooking as well as housekeeping. Many surface waters passing through or in the vicinity of urban centres are polluted from industrial effluents or wastewater and municipal solid wastes. The tragedy is most of these waters are used as a source of drinking water downstream incurring innumerable health problems. 16
Figure 6: Water Supply and Sanitation Coverage in Africa 18 Different parts of Africa have different levels of access to improved drinking water and thus differ in terms of MDG target (Figure 7) 18 UNEP (2002c) 17
Page 1 and 2: Task Force “Cooperation with Afri
Page 3 and 4: 6.2.3 Lack of institutional capacit
Page 5 and 6: need to consider leapfrogging possi
Page 7 and 8: household and government level resu
Page 9 and 10: PART I - CONTEXTUAL DESCRIPTIION 2
Page 11 and 12: Table 1: Agricultural Indicators by
Page 13 and 14: The Reference scenario assumes cont
Page 15: primarily along waterways. Associat
Page 19 and 20: Figure 8: Malaria affected areas in
Page 21 and 22: Figure 9: Threatened and endangered
Page 23 and 24: 3.2 Current activities related to S
Page 25 and 26: the context-relevance of SCP to Afr
Page 27 and 28: PART II- SCP AND LEAPFROGGIING 4 Le
Page 29 and 30: African countries face the challeng
Page 31 and 32: Biofuel The development of large-sc
Page 33 and 34: To appreciate the significance of t
Page 35 and 36: deterring cattle thefts, The EU bee
Page 37 and 38: Solar-powered micro-enterprise buil
Page 39 and 40: 5 SCP Areas attractive for leapfrog
Page 41 and 42: 5.2.3 Biotechnology Development of
Page 43 and 44: Sanitation access Sanitation Techno
Page 45 and 46: Figure 12: Proportion of Children C
Page 47 and 48: programme is associated with the go
Page 49 and 50: 7.3.3 South-South Cooperation Coope
Page 51 and 52: this temptation of going for quick
Page 53 and 54: initiatives. The role of developmen
Page 55 and 56: http://www.uneca.org/csd/CSD4_Repor

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