EIA Study- Final Report-May 10 - UNDP
EIA Study- Final Report-May 10 - UNDP
EIA Study- Final Report-May 10 - UNDP
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<strong>UNDP</strong>/PAPP<br />
PROVISIONS OF CONSULTANCY SERVICE FOR THE<br />
DETAILED DESIGN FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF KHAN<br />
YOUNIS WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT IN GAZA STRIP<br />
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT<br />
MAY 2009<br />
FINAL REPORT<br />
13<strong>10</strong>076 R3 – V2
Environmental Impact Assessment<br />
Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant <strong>May</strong> 20<strong>10</strong><br />
TABLE OF CONTENT<br />
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…..……………………………………………………. ………9-17<br />
1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 19<br />
1.1. PREFACE..................................................................................................................... 19<br />
1.2. PROJECT SETTING ...................................................................................................... 19<br />
1.3. SCOPE OF <strong>EIA</strong> ............................................................................................................ 20<br />
1.4. NEED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ................................................. 20<br />
1.5. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES........................................................................................ 21<br />
2. REGULATORY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK....................................... 22<br />
2.1. APPLICABLE AND RELEVANT REGULATIONS ............................................................. 22<br />
2.1.1. Environmental Protection and Control.......................................................... 22<br />
2.1.2. Legal Framework for Environmental Assessment ........................................ 22<br />
2.1.2.1. Environmental Law........................................................................... 22<br />
2.1.2.2. Environmental Assessment Policy.................................................... 23<br />
2.1.3. Relevant Standards ........................................................................................ 24<br />
2.2. ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ................................................................................. 25<br />
2.2.1. Palestinian Water Authority (PWA)............................................................... 25<br />
2.2.2. Coastal Municipal water Utility (CMWU)..................................................... 26<br />
2.2.3. Environment Quality Authority (EQA) .......................................................... 26<br />
2.2.4. Ministry of Planning (MoP)........................................................................... 26<br />
2.2.5. Ministry of Local Government (MoLG)........................................................ 27<br />
2.2.6. Ministry of Agriculture (MoA)....................................................................... 27<br />
2.2.7. Ministry of Health (MoH) .............................................................................. 27<br />
2.2.8. Ministry of National Economy (MoNE)......................................................... 27<br />
2.2.9. Ministry of Finance (MoF) ............................................................................ 27<br />
3. STUDY PROCESS AND METHODS............................................................................... 28<br />
3.1. SCOPING & TERMS OF REFERENCE........................................................................... 28<br />
3.2. METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 29<br />
3.3. SITE VISITS AND STUDY AREA RECONNAISSANCE..................................................... 30<br />
3.4. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................. 32<br />
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AND ITS ALTERNATIVES.............................. 34<br />
4.1. PROJECT CONCEPT..................................................................................................... 34<br />
4.2. KHAN YOUNIS WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT (KY WWTP)............................... 35<br />
4.2.1. Background and Previous Considerations .................................................... 35<br />
4.2.2. Process Design Criteria and Considerations ................................................ 37<br />
4.2.2.1. Implementation Phases ..................................................................... 37<br />
4.2.2.2. Influx and Loads ............................................................................... 37<br />
4.2.2.3. Sludge Design Criteria...................................................................... 38<br />
4.2.3. Wastewater Treatment Processes .................................................................. 39<br />
4.2.3.1. Pretreatment ...................................................................................... 40<br />
4.2.3.2. Secondary Treatment (Activated Sludge) ......................................... 41<br />
4.2.3.3. Tertiary Treatment ............................................................................ 43<br />
4.2.3.4. Sludge Treatment .............................................................................. 44<br />
4.2.3.5. Noise and Odor Control .................................................................... 47<br />
4.3. INFILTRATION BASINS................................................................................................ 47<br />
4.4. EMERGENCY SEA OUTFALL ........................................................................................ 49<br />
4.5. INVESTMENT COST ..................................................................................................... 51<br />
SOGREAH/UG CONSULTANTS 0
Environmental Impact Assessment<br />
Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant <strong>May</strong> 20<strong>10</strong><br />
4.5.1. Capital Cost ................................................................................................... 51<br />
4.5.2. Operation and Maintenance Cost.................................................................. 51<br />
4.6. NO-ACTION ALTERNATIVE......................................................................................... 52<br />
5. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT (BASELINE CONDITIONS)....................................... 53<br />
5.1. PHYSICAL ASPECTS .................................................................................................... 53<br />
5.1.1. Topography and Physiographic..................................................................... 53<br />
5.1.2. Geology.......................................................................................................... 54<br />
5.1.3. Soil ................................................................................................................. 56<br />
5.1.4. Groundwater.................................................................................................. 56<br />
5.1.5. Surface Water ................................................................................................ 60<br />
5.1.6. Seawater Aspects ........................................................................................... 61<br />
5.1.7. Ambient Air Quality ....................................................................................... 61<br />
5.1.8. Noise Levels ................................................................................................... 67<br />
5.1.9. Metro-climatologically Conditions................................................................ 68<br />
5.1.9.1. Climate.............................................................................................. 68<br />
5.1.9.2. Temperature ...................................................................................... 68<br />
5.1.9.3. Humidity ........................................................................................... 68<br />
5.1.9.4. Wind.................................................................................................. 69<br />
5.1.9.5. Precipitation ...................................................................................... 69<br />
5.1.9.6. Evaporation ....................................................................................... 70<br />
5.1.<strong>10</strong>. Road and Transportation............................................................................... 70<br />
5.2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS....................................................................................... 71<br />
5.2.1. Population...................................................................................................... 71<br />
5.2.2. Employment ................................................................................................... 72<br />
5.2.3. Water Demand/ Supply .................................................................................. 73<br />
5.2.4. Domestic Water Infrastructure ...................................................................... 73<br />
5.2.5. Wastewater collection.................................................................................... 74<br />
5.2.6. Land Use and Urban Planning...................................................................... 74<br />
5.2.7. Development Plans/Activities ........................................................................ 76<br />
5.2.8. Cultural Heritage and Archaeological Resources......................................... 76<br />
5.2.9. Human Health Aspects................................................................................... 78<br />
5.2.<strong>10</strong>. Local Community Perception ........................................................................ 80<br />
5.3. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ...................................................................................... 83<br />
5.3.1. Fauna............................................................................................................. 83<br />
5.3.2. Flora .............................................................................................................. 84<br />
5.3.3. Significant Habitat......................................................................................... 86<br />
6. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS .............................................................. 87<br />
6.1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 87<br />
6.2. PHYSICAL IMPACTS (GROUNDWATER, MARINE ENVIRONMENT, SOIL, AIR QUALITY) 94<br />
6.2.1. Groundwater:................................................................................................. 94<br />
6.2.1.1. Impacts on Groundwater Quality:..................................................... 94<br />
6.2.1.2. Impacts on Water Quantity: .............................................................. 96<br />
6.2.1.3. Particle Tracking:.............................................................................. 98<br />
6.2.2. Coastal and Marine Environment (seawater quality): .................................. 99<br />
6.2.3. Soil ............................................................................................................... <strong>10</strong>0<br />
6.2.4. Air quality .................................................................................................... <strong>10</strong>1<br />
6.3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS..................................................................................... <strong>10</strong>5<br />
6.4. BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS .............................................................................................. <strong>10</strong>9<br />
6.5. TRANS-BOUNDARY IMPACTS..................................................................................... 1<strong>10</strong><br />
6.5.1. Potential Impacts on Water Environment.................................................... 1<strong>10</strong><br />
6.5.2. Potential Impacts on Ambient Air and Noise............................................... 111<br />
SOGREAH/UG CONSULTANTS 1
Environmental Impact Assessment<br />
Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant <strong>May</strong> 20<strong>10</strong><br />
6.6. THE IMPACT OF THE NO-ACTION TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT.............................. 112<br />
6.7. IMPACT SUMMERY.................................................................................................... 112<br />
7. EVALUATION OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ............................ 117<br />
7.1. EVALUATION METHODOLOGY.................................................................................. 117<br />
7.2. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................ 118<br />
7.2.1. Groundwater................................................................................................ 118<br />
7.2.2. Seawater and Marine Environment ............................................................. 119<br />
7.2.3. Soil ............................................................................................................... 119<br />
7.2.4. Aesthetic and Landscape Effect ................................................................... 120<br />
7.2.5. Air Quality ................................................................................................... 120<br />
7.3. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................... 122<br />
7.3.1. Loss of natural habitats ............................................................................... 122<br />
7.3.2. Deterioration of flora and fauna.................................................................. 122<br />
7.4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT........................................................................... 122<br />
7.4.1. Cultural Heritage and archaeological resources ........................................ 122<br />
7.4.2. Employment Opportunities .......................................................................... 123<br />
7.4.3. Public Health and Safety ............................................................................. 123<br />
7.4.4. Land use planning........................................................................................ 124<br />
7.4.5. Energy consumption..................................................................................... 124<br />
7.5. CONSTRUCTION WASTE DISPOSAL............................................................................ 124<br />
7.6. REUSE OF TREATED WASTEWATER AND SLUDGE..................................................... 125<br />
7.7. QUANTITATIVE SUMMARY OF IMPACTS ................................................................... 125<br />
8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................. 134<br />
8.1. SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES135<br />
8.2. RECOMMENDED MONITORING PLAN ....................................................................... 135<br />
8.3. RESPONSIBILITIES FOR MITIGATION AND MONITORING ........................................ 140<br />
8.3.1. Implementation of environmental mitigation measures............................... 141<br />
8.3.2. Environmental Monitoring........................................................................... 144<br />
8.4. INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING ........................ 145<br />
8.5. PUBLIC CONSULTATION ........................................................................................... 146<br />
8.6. EMP COST ESTIMATE AND SCHEDULE.................................................................... 148<br />
9. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................................... 150<br />
9.1. CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................... 150<br />
9.2. RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................ 151<br />
<strong>10</strong>. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 152<br />
11. ANEXES ...................................................................................................................... 153<br />
ANNEX 1 (NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS)<br />
ANNEX 2 (SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY)<br />
ANNEX 3 (PUBLIC HEARING WORKSHOP)<br />
ANNEX 4 (PHOTOS)<br />
ANNEX 5 (FACILITY SITE MAPS)<br />
ANNEX 6 (TERMS OF REFERENCE AND EQA APPROVAL)<br />
SOGREAH/UG CONSULTANTS 2
Environmental Impact Assessment<br />
Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant <strong>May</strong> 20<strong>10</strong><br />
LIST OF TABLES<br />
TABLE 4.1: TREATED WASTEWATER REQUIREMENT OF THE PROJECT ................. 37<br />
TABLE 4.2: THE INCOMING FLOWS FOR KY WWTP ...................................................... 38<br />
TABLE 4.3: THE DESIGN LOADS FOR KY WWTP. .......................................................... 38<br />
TABLE 4.4 COMPARISON OF SECONDARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES<br />
............................................................................................................................................... 39<br />
TABLE 4.5: OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS FOR BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT.<br />
............................................................................................................................................... 42<br />
TABLE 4.6: INFILTRATION RATES AND HYDRAULIC LOADS FOR AL FUKHARI SITE.<br />
............................................................................................................................................... 49<br />
TABLE 4.7: TOTAL CAPITALG COST OF KY WWTP PROJECT COMPONENTS.......... 51<br />
THE TOTAL OPERATING COST IS SUMMARIZED IN TABLE 4.8.................................. 51<br />
TABLE 4.8: TOTAL OPERATING COST OF KY WWTP PROJECT. .................................. 51<br />
TABLE 5.1: SUMMARY OF GWT MONITORING RESULTS............................................. 58<br />
TABLE 5.2: RESULT OF AIR QUALITY SURVEY (SOURCE: JICA KHAN YOUNIS REPORT,<br />
1997) .......................................................................................................................................... 62<br />
TABLE 5.3: SUMMARY OF THE MEASURED POLLUTANTS AT CRUSE AND IDLE MODES<br />
FOR THE CARS TESTED........................................................................................................ 66<br />
TABLE 5.4: TYPICAL CONCENTRATIONS OF THE EXHAUST GAS COMPOSITION FOR<br />
BOTH DIESEL AND GASOLINE ENGINES ......................................................................... 67<br />
TABLE 5.5: FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF NOISE LEVELS IN DECIBEL ........................ 68<br />
TABLE 5.6: FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY .................................. 68<br />
TABLE 5.7: FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF WIND SPEED IN M/S...................................... 69<br />
TABLE 5.8: AVERAGE YEARLY PRECIPITATION IN KHAN YOUNIS GOVERNORATE FROM<br />
1999-2009 (SOURCE: MOA, 2009).......................................................................................... 70<br />
TABLE 5.9: DAILY AVERAGE EVAPORATION RATE IN GAZA STATION IN MM/DAY70<br />
TABLE 5.<strong>10</strong> POPULATION DISTRIBUTION FOR KHAN YOUNIS GOVERNORATE.... 71<br />
TABLE 5.11: PREVALENCE OF INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN FROM<br />
KHAN YOUNIS GOVERNORATE, PALESTINE.................................................................. 79<br />
TABLE 5.12: PREVALENCE OF THE SEVEN INTESTINAL PARASITES BY AGE GROUP.<br />
............................................................................................................................................... 80<br />
TABLE 5.13 THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRES ...................................... 80<br />
TABLE 6.1 – PRELIMINARY MATRIX OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS93<br />
TABLE 6.2: NO3 PLUME DISTANCE FROM INFILTRATION BASINS............................ 96<br />
TABLE 6.3: TYPICAL NOISE EMISSIONS OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT ........... <strong>10</strong>3<br />
TABLE 6.4.: LATERAL GROUNDWATER FLOW ACROSS THE BORDERS OF THE<br />
INFILTRATION BASINS....................................................................................................... 111<br />
SOGREAH/UG CONSULTANTS 3
Environmental Impact Assessment<br />
Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant <strong>May</strong> 20<strong>10</strong><br />
TABLE 6.5.: IMPACT TYPES ON DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS OF THE<br />
PROJECT................................................................................................................................. 113<br />
TABLE 7.1. SEVERITY RATING MATRIX......................................................................... 118<br />
TABLE 7.2: QUANTITATIVE SUMMARY OF IMPACTS ................................................. 126<br />
TABLE 8.1: PROPOSED ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM ..................... 137<br />
TABLE 8.2: POTENTIAL IMPACTS, MITIGATION MEASURES AND INSTITUTIONAL<br />
RESPONSIBILITIES............................................................................................................... 144<br />
TABLE 8.3: PROPOSED TRAINING PROGRAM/PLAN.................................................... 145<br />
TABLE 8.4: PUBLIC CONSULTATION SCHEDULE AT VARIOUS PHASES ................ 147<br />
TABLE 8.5: ESTIMATED COST OF IMPLEMENTING THE EMP.................................... 148<br />
TABLE 8.6: PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE OF EMP............................... 149<br />
SOGREAH/UG CONSULTANTS 4
Environmental Impact Assessment<br />
Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant <strong>May</strong> 20<strong>10</strong><br />
LIST OF FIGURES<br />
FIGURE 2.1: INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK IN THE WATER SECTOR....................... 25<br />
FIGURE 3.1: PROPOSED LOCATION FOR KH KY WWTP................................................ 30<br />
FIGURE 3.2: RAFAH SOLID WASTE LANDFILL................................................................ 31<br />
FIGURE3.3: ELEVATED WATER STORAGE TANK IN AL FUKHARI FOR IRRIGATION; THE<br />
WATER SOURCE IS FROM GROUNDWATER WELLS LOCATED IN MURAJ AREA (ABOUT 4<br />
KM TO THE WEST)................................................................................................................. 32<br />
FIGURE3. 4: STORM WATER COLLECTION POND THAT CAN BE COVERED BY PLASTIC<br />
SHEET. ...................................................................................................................................... 32<br />
FIGURE 4.1: GENERAL LAYOUT OF KYKY WWTP ......................................................... 34<br />
FIGURE 4.2: KY WWTP LAYOUT......................................................................................... 36<br />
FIGURE 4.4: MURAJ INFILTRATION AREA ....................................................................... 47<br />
FIGURE 4.5: COASTAL INFILTRATION AREA (TEMPORARY LAGOONS) .................. 48<br />
FIGURE 4.6: RECENT PHOTO FOR KHUZA'A (AL FUKHARI) INFILTRATION AREA 48<br />
FIGURE 4.7: LOCATION OF KHUSA'A (AL FUKHARI) INFILTRATION AREA ............ 49<br />
FIGURE 4.8: THE ROUTE FOR THE EMERGENCY PIPE LINE......................................... 50<br />
FIGURE 4.9: LOCATION OF OLD AND EXISTING WASTEWATER PONDS(CMWU 2008).<br />
............................................................................................................................................... 52<br />
FIGURE 5.1: TOPOGRAPHIC MAP FOR KHAN YOUNIS AND RAFAH GOV................ 53<br />
FIGURE 5.2A: GEOLOGICAL SECTIONS PASSING THROUGH THE KHUZA'A AREA 54<br />
FIGURE 5.2B: GEOLOGICAL SECTIONS PASSING THROUGH THE KY WWTP.......... 54<br />
FIGURE 5.2C: 3D GEOLOGICAL PRESENTATION OF THE GAZA STRIP...................... 54<br />
FIGURE 5.3: SOIL MAP OF GAZA STRIP (PWA, 2003) ...................................................... 37<br />
FIGURE 5.4: AVERAGE GROUNDWATER TABLE LEVELS IN KHAN YOUNIS<br />
GOVERNORATE FOR YEAR 2007. ....................................................................................... 57<br />
FIGURE 5.5: LOCATION OF PILOT WELL B9-BH01 AT AL FUKHARI PROPOSED<br />
INFILTRATION BASIN AND THE PREVIOUS STUDIES BOREHOLE LOCATIONS..... 58<br />
FIGURE 5.6: AVERAGE NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS IN GROUNDWATER IN KHAN<br />
YOUNIS GOVERNORATE FOR YEAR 2007. ....................................................................... 59<br />
FIGURE 5.7: AVERAGE CHLORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN GROUNDWATER IN KHAN<br />
YOUNIS GOVERNORATE FOR YEAR 2007. ....................................................................... 60<br />
FIGURE 5.8: SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE (µG/M3) IN DIFFERENT<br />
LOCATIONS AND SEASONS IN GAZA STRIP.................................................................... 62<br />
FIGURE 5.9: SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF NOX (µG/M3) IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN<br />
GAZA STRIP............................................................................................................................. 64<br />
FIGURE 5.<strong>10</strong>: SEASONAL VARIATION OF LEAD CONCENTRATION (µG/M3) IN AIR<br />
SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM DIFFERENT LOCATIONS OF GAZA STRIP. ................ 65<br />
FIGURE 5.11: QUANTITY OF USED HYDROCARBONS IN GAZA STRIP. ..................... 65<br />
SOGREAH/UG CONSULTANTS 5
Environmental Impact Assessment<br />
Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant <strong>May</strong> 20<strong>10</strong><br />
FIGURE 5.12: WIND SPEED AVERAGE FOR YEAR 1997-2007 IN KM/H........................ 69<br />
FIGURE 5.13: KHAN YOUNIS MAP (PWA, 2007B)............................................................. 72<br />
FIGURE 5.14: REGIONAL PLAN FOR GAZA GOVERNORATES, (SOURCE: MOP, 2005)75<br />
FIGURE 5.15: OVERALL MAP FOR THE HISTORICAL SITES ATTRACTIONS IN THE GAZA<br />
STRIP......................................................................................................................................... 77<br />
SOURCE: MENA, MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS 1999............................. 77<br />
FIGURE 5.16: INDIVIDUAL FARMER'S AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN DUNMUS ......... 82<br />
FIGURE 5.17: AMOUNT OF WATER USED FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES IN CUBIC<br />
METERS PER MONTH............................................................................................................ 82<br />
FIGURE 5.18: SELECTION OF FAUNA AT THE SOUTHERN PART OF GAZA STRIP. . 84<br />
FIGURE 5.19: SELECTION OF FLORA AT THE SOUTHERN PART OF GAZA STRIP... 85<br />
FIGURE 6.1: 3D MODEL LAYOUT PRESENTATION ......................................................... 94<br />
FIGURE 6.2: NO3 PLUME DISTRIBUTION OVER DIFFERENT YEARS OF SIMULATION<br />
............................................................................................................................................... 95<br />
FIGURE (6.3A): SIMULATED WATER LEVEL ELEVATION YEAR 20<strong>10</strong> (+20M).......... 97<br />
FIGURE (6.3B): SIMULATED WATER LEVEL ELEVATION YEAR 2015 (+30M) ......... 97<br />
FIGURE (6.3C): SIMULATED WATER LEVEL ELEVATION YEAR 2018 (+35M) ......... 97<br />
FIGURE (6.3D): SIMULATED WATER LEVEL ELEVATION YEAR 2025 (>+50M)........ 97<br />
FIGURE 6.3: SIMULATED WATER LEVEL ELEVATION FOR YEAR 20<strong>10</strong>-2025........... 97<br />
FIGURE (6.4A): SIMULATED TRAVEL TIME YEAR 20<strong>10</strong> (800M WEST) ....................... 98<br />
FIGURE (6.4B): SIMULATED TRAVEL TIME YEAR 2015 (2.25KM WEST).................... 98<br />
FIGURE (6.4C): SIMULATED TRAVEL TIME YEAR 2018 (3KM WEST)......................... 99<br />
FIGURE (6.4D): SIMULATED TRAVEL TIME YEAR 2025 (3.75KM WEST) .................. 99<br />
FIGURE 6.4: SIMULATED TRAVEL TIME FOR YEAR 20<strong>10</strong>-2025.................................... 99<br />
FIGURE 6.5: WATER BALANCE ZONE AREA LOCATION ............................................ 1<strong>10</strong><br />
FIGURE 8.1: THE PROPOSED LOCATION OF THE MONITORING WELLS................. 139<br />
FIGURE 8.2: INSTITUTIONAL SETUP FRAME WORK.................................................... 140<br />
SOGREAH/UG CONSULTANTS 6
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Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant <strong>May</strong> 20<strong>10</strong><br />
List of Abbreviations<br />
AMSL<br />
ALMADINA<br />
consultants<br />
ARIJ<br />
BOD<br />
COD<br />
CAMP<br />
CEP<br />
CMWU<br />
d<br />
DEX<br />
DS<br />
EMCC<br />
EA<br />
<strong>EIA</strong><br />
EIS<br />
EMP<br />
EQA<br />
FC<br />
FEX<br />
km<br />
KY WWTP<br />
L<br />
LA<br />
MEnA<br />
MLSS<br />
mg<br />
MOA<br />
MOH<br />
MOL<br />
MOLG<br />
MoNE<br />
MOP<br />
MOTA<br />
O&M<br />
OPT<br />
PA<br />
PAHs<br />
PAPP<br />
PCBS<br />
PLC<br />
PWA<br />
SS<br />
TC<br />
TSS<br />
ToR<br />
UG<br />
<strong>UNDP</strong>/PAPP<br />
Above Mean Sea Level<br />
ALMADINA consultants – Environmental Management and<br />
Urban Planning<br />
Applied Research Institute of Jerusalem<br />
Biological Oxygen Demand<br />
Chemical Oxygen Demand<br />
Coastal Aquifer Management Program<br />
Center for Engineering and Planning<br />
Coastal Municipal Water Utility<br />
day<br />
Direct Execution Modility<br />
Dissolved Solids<br />
Engineering and Management Consulting Center<br />
Environmental Assessment<br />
Environmental Impact Assessment<br />
Environmental Impact Statement<br />
Environmental Management Plan<br />
Environmental Protection Authority<br />
Faecal Coliform<br />
Foreign Exchange<br />
kilometer<br />
Khan Younis Waste Water Treatment Plant<br />
liter<br />
Land Authority<br />
The Ministry of Environmental Affairs<br />
mixed liquor suspended solids<br />
milligram<br />
Ministry of Agriculture<br />
Ministry of Health<br />
Ministry of Labor<br />
Ministry of Local Government<br />
Ministry of National Economy<br />
Ministry of Planning<br />
Ministry of Tourism and Antiquates<br />
Operation and Maintenance<br />
Occupied Palestinian Territories<br />
Palestinian Authority<br />
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons<br />
Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian People<br />
Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics<br />
Palestinian Legislative Council<br />
Palestinian Water Authority<br />
Suspended Solids<br />
Total coliform<br />
Total Suspended Solids<br />
Terms of Reference<br />
UNIVERSAL Group for Engineering and Consulting<br />
The United Nations Development Programme/ Programme of<br />
Assistance to the Palestinian People<br />
SOGREAH/UG CONSULTANTS 7
Environmental Impact Assessment<br />
Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant <strong>May</strong> 20<strong>10</strong><br />
UNEP<br />
UV<br />
yr<br />
WHO<br />
The United Nations Environment Programme<br />
Ultraviolet<br />
year<br />
World Health Organization<br />
SOGREAH/UG CONSULTANTS 8
Environmental Impact Assessment<br />
Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant <strong>May</strong> 20<strong>10</strong><br />
Introduction:<br />
Existing situation:<br />
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY<br />
Khan Younis Governorate is located in the southern part of the Gaza Strip. Khan Younis City<br />
is considered as the second largest city of Gaza Strip and is currently inhabited by a population<br />
of 187,195 persons. Total population of Khan Younis Governorate is currently 281,276<br />
persons. At present, 60% of Khan Younis city’s population is served by the established public<br />
sewer collection system. In the year 2025, 83% of the population of Khan Younis city is<br />
expected to be served by piped sewage system in addition to 63% for the surrounding area.<br />
The remaining unconnected population disposes effluents to cesspits, which are emptied<br />
regularly by tanker vacuum trucks. Collected septage is then discharged to the sewer network<br />
through one of the existing manholes.<br />
At present, the Khan Younis area is not served by any wastewater treatment plant. Most of the<br />
collected wastewater is currently transported to Al Amal storm water lagoon then to the<br />
temporary wastewaer treatment western lagoons near the sea, which have been constructed in<br />
2008 in the western part of the city. About 9000 m 3 /day of partially treated wastewater is<br />
disposed to the sea.<br />
In Khan Younis Governorate, wastewater disposal is the main environmental issue that has<br />
created unsanitary conditions, groundwater contamination, odor and mosquito problems<br />
within the governorate, which causes nuisance to the residents and affects their health. This<br />
has led to the high concentration of nitrates in groundwater to levels far in excess of allowable<br />
concentration in drinking water and recommended by the World Health Organization. It also<br />
triggered the current situation to the spread of many diseases among the population, where<br />
many studies have proven links between these diseases to water pollution. As well as the<br />
current situation has caused much inconvenience to the population through the emission of<br />
odors and the spread of mosquitoes.<br />
Previous studies:<br />
The consultant reviewed the preliminary Environmental Assessment (EA) study which was<br />
carried out in 1997 for Khan Younis sewerage system during the preparation of KY sewerage<br />
Master Plan which was prepared by Pacific International Consultants from Japan. The<br />
preliminary study included a very good data about the baseline environmental/ social<br />
conditions in the project area, which is considered a basic data for updating. The study was<br />
very brief focusing on the overall elements of the master plan which is considered a very<br />
important step in developing the current <strong>EIA</strong> full study.<br />
The CEP/EMCC consultants conducted in 2008 a review study for wastewater system and<br />
loading in Khan Younis Governorate.<br />
A basic study in 2006 for developing the preliminary design for KY WWTP was prepared by<br />
PLANCENTER Consultants from Finland under the supervision of PWA.<br />
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ALMADINA Consultants prepared a study in 2006 for the preliminary selection/design of KY<br />
treated wastewater infiltration sites. The study concluded that Khuza'a (Al Fukhari site) is the<br />
best location for infiltrating the treated wastewater from KY WWTP.<br />
Initial Design report (SOGREAH-UG, 2009) which is prepared by the Consultant is<br />
considered the basic document for the preparation of this <strong>EIA</strong> study. A detailed review for all<br />
related projects and documents was done in addition to geotechnical investigation in order to<br />
finalize the infiltration site selection. The report presented the initial design details for the<br />
project elements.<br />
The consultant reviewed the <strong>EIA</strong> of the northern KY WWTP which was prepared in 2005. The<br />
study prepared by EMCC consultants Supported by Dorsch Consult from Germany. The study<br />
is dealing mostly with the similar project elements which are proposed in KY WWTP project.<br />
Description of Project Size, the Process, and Location:<br />
It is planned to establish Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant (KY WWTP) in the<br />
eastern part of the governorate within Al Fukhari area, which will treat the wastewater<br />
generated from the households of the town. The proposed KY WWTP will achieve a<br />
secondary level treatment. After that, the effluents will be discharged into infiltration basins<br />
for aquifer recharge, and to the sea in emergency case. KY WWTP will have a capacity of<br />
treating up to 44,000 m3 of raw sewage everyday, generated by the residents of the<br />
governorate in year 2025.<br />
KY WWTP project contains the following components:<br />
1. Review the design of pump station 8 and its main pressure line to the treatment plant,<br />
2. Wastewater treatment plant,<br />
3. The infiltration basins, and<br />
4. The pressure effluent and emergency line from the KY WWTP site to the infiltration basin<br />
and finally to the sea.<br />
KY WWTP will be located at a distance 600m from the nearest urban area and <strong>10</strong>m below its<br />
level. The major part of land to be used for the project is a public property, belonging to the<br />
Municipality of Khan Younis. Most of wastewater from will reach the proposed KY WWTP<br />
by pressure line. The wastewater treatment technology to be used at the KY WWTP is the<br />
activated sludge technology. The described wastewater treatment line is designed for a<br />
maximum daily flow of 26,000 m3/day in the first phase (2018) and 44,000 m3/day for the<br />
second phase (2025), and consists of following process units:<br />
• inlet works and flow metering<br />
• screening<br />
• grit and grease removal<br />
• biological treatment with nitrification denitrification process<br />
• final sedimentation<br />
• tertiary treatment by sand filtration and UV disinfection<br />
• outlet works with treated effluent pumping and flow metering.<br />
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The sludge treatment includes the following steps:<br />
• gravity thickening for concentration of biological excess sludge<br />
• natural dewatering in drying beds<br />
• stabilization by composting.<br />
The proposed treatment technique for KY WWTP will be based on the Activated Sludge<br />
Process. Biological treatment will be carried out on 2 identical parallel lines in Phase 1 and 4<br />
identical parallel lines in Phase 2. Activated sludge is suspension of microorganisms, both<br />
active and dead, in a wastewater consisting of entrapped and suspended colloidal and<br />
dissolved organic and inorganic materials. The activated sludge process is aerobic, biological<br />
process, which uses the metabolic reactions of microorganisms to attain an acceptable effluent<br />
quality by removing substances exerting an oxygen demand.<br />
The plant will treat wastewater to a level of BOD less than 20mg/l, SS less than 15mg/l,<br />
nitrogen less than 25mg/l and without pathogens. This level of treatment will comply with the<br />
national environmental regulation. This makes it safe for aquifer recharge, or discharge in the<br />
nature.<br />
Objectives of the <strong>EIA</strong> study:<br />
This study is an assessment of the environmental impacts and benefits of the KY WWTP<br />
Project and its ecological effects on the existing and the planned situation. The <strong>EIA</strong> study will<br />
be conducted in order to:<br />
1. Ensure that the project will not have irreversible negative impacts on the environment<br />
including: water, soil, air, ecology and socio-economic aspect,<br />
2. Identify both positive and negative impacts,<br />
3. Develop actions and measures to mitigate negative impacts,<br />
4. Make sure that all stakeholders concerned are aware of the project and their views and<br />
comments are taken into consideration to the maximum possible extent.<br />
The study team:<br />
A Joint Venture Consortium between SOGREAH Consultants from France and UNIVERSAL<br />
Group for Engineering and Consulting (UG), Gaza has been assigned for the Consultancy<br />
Services for the detailed design of Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant (KY WWTP).<br />
This assignment is part of the “Construction of KY WWTP Project” and financed through a<br />
grant from the Government of Japan. The Client of this project is United Nations<br />
Development program (<strong>UNDP</strong>) / Program of Assistance to the Palestinian People (PAPP). The<br />
Joint Venture Consultants have chosen ALMADINA Consultants team for supporting in the<br />
preparation of the Environmental Impact Assessment <strong>Study</strong>.<br />
Disclosure and Consultations:<br />
Public Consultations Prior to this <strong>EIA</strong><br />
A comprehensive public participation program was conducted through 1996 EA preliminary<br />
study. Governmental agencies, NGOs, community representatives, neighboring landowners,<br />
and other stakeholders were involved in the process. The consultation process was performed<br />
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by direct interviews, and public meetings. Most of the environmental issues, including<br />
wastewater reuse, sludge reuse, socioeconomics, aquifer water quality, were discussed in great<br />
details.<br />
Consultations during the EA process<br />
The public consultation during this <strong>EIA</strong> study was performed through direct interviews, filling<br />
questionnaires, and public meetings. The new project components were presented in front of<br />
them and their concerns were taken into consideration.<br />
Legal and Administrative Structures and requirements<br />
Palestinian Environmental Assessment Policy (PEAP)<br />
Based on the PEAP, this project (KY WWTP) was classified under the group of projects for<br />
which a Full EA is obligatory. The terms of reference were reviewed and approved by the<br />
Palestinian Environment Quality Authority (EQA).<br />
Potential Environmental Impacts and Benefits<br />
The following sections briefly summarize the significant environmental impacts and benefits<br />
of the proposed project.<br />
Impacts and Benefits at the KY WWTP Site:<br />
Construction<br />
As the KY WWTP site consists of barren land and no human settlements located at the site<br />
therefore, no potential environment impacts are expected during pre-construction phase.<br />
Around 116 dunums of land will be affected by the excavation activities and huge quantities<br />
of mainly clay soil will be removed from the site and may be transferred to other locations.<br />
These activities have significant, large scale and long-term impacts on the soil ecology. If this<br />
soil is not utilized for landscaping, during the wet season soil erosion will result at the site. On<br />
the other hand, if the excavated soil is haphazardly dumped, this will cover trees and will<br />
create unsightly scenes at the project site.<br />
Potential environmental impacts likely to occur during construction phase are:<br />
1. Pilling of huge amount of excavated material mainly clay soil.<br />
2. Nuisance to people in surrounding of site due to dust /noise /smoke generated by the<br />
movement of vehicles /machinery<br />
3. Pollution due to waste water and solid waste from the contractor’s camp<br />
4. Health and safety of workers at contractor’s camp which will be mitigated by proper<br />
training of contractor’s crew about First Aid and Health & Safety procedures; and<br />
5. Accident hazards for people and livestock at borrow pit and construction areas.<br />
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The construction activities at the KY WWTP site will have positive social economic effects<br />
due to the creation of temporary jobs provided that Palestinian contractors and workers are<br />
hired for the construction activities.<br />
Operation<br />
Operation and maintenance phase of KY WWTP may cause nuisance for surrounding<br />
communities, depending on the climatic conditions (wind direction, wind velocity).<br />
However, wind direction may not have direct effects on the surroundings, because it may<br />
change due to the season. The major potential environment impacts are related to<br />
• Grit and sludge disposal which could cause environmental pollution, odor from anaerobic<br />
conditions, vegetation problems, clogging of structures and piping, and groundwater<br />
pollution through leachate. and<br />
The operation of the KY WWTP will have long-term positive effects on employment.<br />
Permanent or temporary job opportunities will be created for skilled and unskilled workers<br />
directly at the site itself. In addition the application of treated sludge in agricultural activities is<br />
considered a potential positive benefit provided that internationally recognized standards are<br />
respected to mitigate against sanitary and health risks.<br />
Impacts and Benefits at the Infiltration Site:<br />
Construction<br />
Around 95 dunums of agricultural land will be affected by the excavation activities at Al<br />
Fukhari infiltration basins and huge quantities of mainly clay soil will be removed from the<br />
site and can be used for the drying beds at KY WWTP site. These activities have small scale<br />
impacts on the soil ecology.<br />
The construction traffic, especially the transfer of the huge amounts of clay soil partly through<br />
residential areas, will cause nuisance for the local population (noise, dust, exhaust fumes).<br />
Traffic jams seem to be of minor relevance, due to the low numbers of vehicles in the relevant<br />
areas.<br />
The construction activities at the Al Fukhari infiltration site will have positive social economic<br />
effects due to the creation of temporary jobs provided that Palestinian contractors and workers<br />
are hired for the construction activities.<br />
Operation<br />
Odor can be a problem and cause some discomfort to the families living around the site of<br />
infiltration basin, if not properly mitigated, during the operation phase of the infiltration.<br />
During the infiltration of treated waste water, the saturated thickness become more than 50m<br />
at the end of simulation (year 2025) which means that more than 40m dome depth (thickness)<br />
under the recharge basins. The impact of infiltrating treated wastewater in Khuza’a’ area on<br />
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the groundwater can be considered positive due to the fact that the current water resource in<br />
the area almost not exist due to limited saturated thickness and highly brackish water. After 15<br />
years of infiltration in the area, there will be a local aquifer existence with an average<br />
saturated thickness of more than 50m and extend in a radius of about 4km from the infiltration<br />
basins. The water quality will improve as well by diluting the existing brackish water. The<br />
infiltrated treated waste water will never reach any adjacent municipal well in the area<br />
according to the groundwater modeling results.<br />
The existing chloride concentration in groundwater located in vicinity of the infiltration basins<br />
is ranged from 2,000 to 4,000mg/L, Hence any added water with chloride less than the<br />
existing groundwater will certainly improve the groundwater salinity by dilution.<br />
The other main component to the groundwater quality is nitrate concentration. According to<br />
the model simulation until year 2025 taking into account all the infiltrated treated wastewater<br />
quantity and quality into account, the nitrate plume diameter was about 2.9 km. Long term<br />
simulation (year 2025) and the effect of the infiltrated wastewater move towards the<br />
Mediterranean sea because of the existence of pumping center in Khan Younis City, and it was<br />
clear that the inland distribution of plume towards the eastern border is less than the half<br />
distance of the NW direction due to absence of wells in the eastern side of the proposed<br />
infiltration basins and the plume edge doesn't reach the eastern border.<br />
The infiltrated treated wastewater can be used for irrigation purposes in the nearby agricultural<br />
areas, which can be considered as recovery area.<br />
When the infiltration ponds begin operating they will attract animals, especially open water<br />
and wetland species. New species, especially water and wetland species will inhabit the area<br />
and use it as shelter, food source and probably as breeding grounds.<br />
The necessary maintenance and monitoring activities at the infiltration site will create<br />
permanent jobs for local community.<br />
Impacts of the Emergency Sea Pipeline<br />
Construction<br />
The construction activities will cause temporary nuisance for the local population (noise, dust,<br />
exhaust fumes, accessibility). Traffic jams seem to be of minor relevance, due to the low<br />
numbers of vehicles in the relevant areas.<br />
Due to the disturbance caused by the construction activities wildlife species in the surrounding<br />
areas may migrate to other places or leave the place at least during the daily working hours<br />
when there is noise and dust from the construction site and the activities on the access roads.<br />
Still the construction activities of the pipeline will have positive social economic effects due to<br />
the creation of temporary jobs provided that Palestinian contractors and workers are hired for<br />
the construction activities.<br />
Operation<br />
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In case of emergency where operational difficulties may be experienced, the<br />
untreated/partially treated wastewater would need to be bypassed directly into the sea. This<br />
would produce adverse impacts on the seawater quality and fish and other biota during the<br />
period of the release and for a short period. This is considered a low significant impact due to<br />
the short time of disposal.<br />
Environmental Management Plan (EMP)<br />
The EMP will help the Executing Agency to address the adverse environmental impact of the<br />
project, enhance project benefits, and introduce standards of good environmental practice. The<br />
primary objectives of the EMP are to:<br />
1. Define the responsibilities of project proponents, contractors and other role players, and<br />
effectively communicate environmental issues among them.<br />
2. Facilitate the implementation of the mitigation measures identified in the <strong>EIA</strong> by providing<br />
the technical details of each project impact, and providing an implementation schedule.<br />
3. Define a monitoring mechanism and identify monitoring parameters to ensure that all<br />
mitigation measures are completely and effectively implemented.<br />
4. Identify training requirements at various levels and provide a plan for implementation.<br />
The Executing Agency of the Project construction is the <strong>UNDP</strong>. The executing agency may<br />
establish a Project Unit (PU) for following up the project implementation. The project will be<br />
implemented by the Project Unit, which will be overseen by a Project Steering Committee<br />
(PSC). Project Unit headed by Project Director/Manager, comprises the professional staff and<br />
supported by a team of consultants. It shall be responsible for overall co-ordination, planning,<br />
implementation and management of Project activities. CMWU will be the operator of the<br />
project assisted by consultants and contractors whenever needed.<br />
Mitigation measures:<br />
Pre-construction stage<br />
1. All the land allocated for construction of the proposed KY WWTP belongs to the<br />
Municipality of Khan Younis which has to be registered officially for Khan Younis<br />
Governorate Wastewater Treatment Plant.<br />
2. Private land acquisition is involved in this project at Al Fukhari infiltration site; accordingly<br />
the Ministry of Finanace and the Land Authority should compensate the owner and the<br />
framers and may be a resettlement plan is required.<br />
Construction stage<br />
The project will be executed through private contractors who will be responsible for<br />
implementation of environmental mitigation measures during the construction stage, while PU<br />
with the assistance of Environmental Consultant will supervise and monitor compliance of all<br />
those mitigation measures.<br />
1. Excavated clay soil will be removed from the site of infiltration and transferred to other<br />
locations. The clay may be used for covering the solid waste of Rafah Land fill and may be<br />
used also for agricultural purposes.<br />
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2. Where dust generation is high, surface treating or overlaying diversion tracks with shingle;<br />
where necessary, and subject to the availability of water, sprinkling water across diversion<br />
tracks at least twice a day.<br />
3. Ensuring that haul-trucks carrying asphalt-concrete mix and/or aggregate fill materials are<br />
kept covered with tarpaulin to help contain construction material being transported between<br />
sites.<br />
4. Construction activities will be limited to daylight hours in reaches along densely populated<br />
areas, to minimize the impact of noise generated by construction machinery.<br />
5. Enforcing the applicable standards to gaseous emissions generated by construction<br />
vehicles, equipment, and machinery.<br />
6. Pollution due to wastewater and solid waste from the contractor’s camp which will be<br />
mitigated by providing adequate arrangement for the safe disposal of wastewater and solid<br />
waste;<br />
7. Health and safety of workers at contractor’s camp which will be mitigated by proper<br />
training of contractor’s crew about First Aid and Health & Safety procedures; and<br />
8. Accident hazards for people and livestock at construction areas, which will be mitigated by<br />
regulating the procurement of the borrow material and fencing the construction sites.<br />
Operation stage<br />
Upon completion of the project, CMWU will operate and run the system and will also be<br />
responsible for implementation and monitoring of environmental mitigation measures during<br />
the operation stage. During the operation stage of the Project, wastewater will be treated in<br />
oxidation ponds. Treated effluent will be disposed of in Khuza'a infiltration basins and could<br />
be used for agricultural irrigation. The effluent must comply with the National Environmental<br />
Quality Standards for effluent disposal. CMWU will supervise and monitor compliance of all<br />
those mitigation measures.<br />
1. Regular cleaning of grit/floating material and proper storage in barrels and its disposal with<br />
municipal solid waste;<br />
2. Monitor the proliferation of fly/mosquito populations and use eco-enzymes/ BT for<br />
controlling them. Addition of chemicals like Calcium hypochlorite or chlorine.<br />
3. Fencing and planting trees, around the treatment plant and the infiltration basins.<br />
4. Proper training of workers on health and safety measures, and use of proper storage tanks<br />
and protective clothing.<br />
5. Safe disposal of sludge for agricultural reuse and/or sanitary land filling based on the<br />
sludge sampling and testing that will show whether dried material fulfills agricultural reuse<br />
requirements. However, if the toxic materials are found in the sludge, the operator will<br />
carry out its safe underground disposal;<br />
6. Installing capable standby electrical generator in case of energy shortages.<br />
7. Stop swimming and fishing in the area of discharging the effluent in emergency cases.<br />
Monitoring plan:<br />
The Environmental Monitoring plan sets out a framework for monitoring the environmental<br />
situation at all project sites. In order to ensure that the reality complies with the demands of<br />
the EMP environmental, monitoring should be carried out concerning the following aspects:<br />
1. Groundwater monitoring<br />
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2. Effluent Monitoring<br />
3. Seawater Monitoring (In outlet Point)<br />
4. Ambient Air Emission Monitoring<br />
5. Solid and Hazardous waste Monitoring<br />
6. Noise Level Monitoring<br />
7. Traffic Monitoring<br />
Monitoring activities will also cover the odor, mosquito and other nuisances that might be<br />
resulted at the plant site. This will ensure that all of the mitigation measures are within the safe<br />
limit and that they do not have environmental effects.<br />
A monitoring program has been prepared for the project. This program provides details<br />
regarding monitoring parameters, monitoring location, number of tests/ samples,<br />
method/equipment for testing, frequency and responsibility for monitoring and<br />
preliminary costs. Environmental Monitoring <strong>Report</strong>s will be prepared on monthly basis<br />
and complete record will be maintained at the site office. The environmental monitoring<br />
reports will be submitted to Environment Quality Authority (EQA) on quarterly basis.<br />
Capacity building:<br />
PU and CMWU staff does not currently have sufficient experience and capability for dealing<br />
either with implementation of environmental mitigation measures or monitoring of various<br />
environmental quality parameters. Hence they will require training and expertise assistance to<br />
perform the environmental management and monitoring and to implement the environmental<br />
monitoring plan. The environment specialist (consultant) will train the staff regarding record<br />
keeping procedures, sampling, testing, analysis and use of environmental monitoring<br />
equipments. They will also be briefed about prevailing environmental legislation and<br />
standards.<br />
Public consultation:<br />
General public, elected representatives, local community leaders including members of<br />
NGO’s, women groups were asked to state their current perceptions of priorities for<br />
improvements to the urban environmental infrastructure in their areas and about the likely<br />
impacts of the project during construction and operation phases. Field surveys, interviews<br />
were held in this connection at project preparation stage.<br />
The results of public consultation conducted in the area showed a strong agreement among the<br />
respondents that this project will improve their overall health and hygiene conditions and<br />
reduce risk of spread of water born diseases. However, they had the impression that there may<br />
be some adverse impacts on different environmental parameters during construction and<br />
operation of the infiltration basins at Al Fukhari area.<br />
During construction and operation of the Project, public consultation is planned as follows:<br />
1. Suggestions of the general public may be sought through press or other mass media<br />
whenever deemed necessary.<br />
2. Local NGOs, particularly working in the sector of environmental sanitation, will actively<br />
be involved in public representation.<br />
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3. Citizen community representatives of the concerned municipal councils will frequently be<br />
contacted on matters concerning the progress, adverse impacts and mitigation measures.<br />
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1. Introduction<br />
1.1. Preface<br />
The United Nations Development Programme/ Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian<br />
People (<strong>UNDP</strong>/PAPP), has received a grant from the "GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN" for the<br />
Construction of Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant (KY WWTP) in Gaza Strip, a part<br />
of which will be dedicated for the works for which the consultancy services "DETAILED<br />
DESIGN FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF KHAN YOUNIS WASTEWATER<br />
TREATMENT PLANT IN GAZA STRIP" including environmental impact assessment task.<br />
Khan Younis Governorate is located in the southern part of the Gaza Strip. Khan Younis City<br />
is considered as the second largest city of Gaza Strip and is currently inhabited by a population<br />
of 187,195 persons (PCBS, 2007). Total population of Khan Younis Governorate is about<br />
280,000 persons (PCBS, 2007).<br />
At present, 60% of Khan Younis city’s population is served by the new established public<br />
sewer collection system. In the year 2025, 83% of the population of Khan Younis city is<br />
expected to be served by piped sewage system in addition to 63% for the surrounding area.<br />
The remaining unconnected population disposes effluents to cesspits, which are emptied<br />
regularly by tanker vacuum trucks. Collected septage is then discharged to the sewer network<br />
through one of the existing manholes.<br />
The current wastewater discharge system is considered as temporary emergency system and<br />
the construction of a wastewater treatment plant is very urgent.<br />
The wastewater strategic development plan aims at constructing an extendable and phased<br />
wastewater treatment plant for Khan Younis governorate.<br />
1.2. Project Setting<br />
A Joint Venture Consortium between SOGREAH Consultants from France and UNIVERSAL<br />
Group for Engineering and Consulting (UG), Gaza has been assigned for the Consultancy<br />
Services for the detailed design of Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant (KY WWTP).<br />
This assignment is part of the “Construction of KY WWTP Project” and financed through a<br />
grant from the Government of Japan. The Client of this project is United Nations<br />
Development programme (<strong>UNDP</strong>) / Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian People<br />
(PAPP).<br />
The final output of the assignment is to produce a complete set of tender documents for KY<br />
WWTP, Phase 1. The assignment is divided in 6 tasks as follows:<br />
Task 1: Initial Design <strong>Report</strong>.<br />
Task 2: Topographical Survey and Geotechnical Investigation.<br />
Task 3: Preparation of Completed Detailed Design for KY WWTP.<br />
Task 4: Carrying out Environmental Impact Assessment <strong>Study</strong>.<br />
Task 5: Preparation of the Client’s Requirements.<br />
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Task 6: Preparation of tender documents for KY WWTP Phase 1.<br />
The Joint Venture Consultants have chosen ALMADINA Consultants team for supporting in<br />
the preparation of the Environmental Impact Assessment <strong>Study</strong>.<br />
1.3. Scope of <strong>EIA</strong><br />
The present report is the Environmental Impact Assessment <strong>Report</strong> and includes major results,<br />
conclusions and recommendations of the study’s fourth task.<br />
The scope of the <strong>EIA</strong> will describe various components of the environment of the area(s) to be<br />
affected or created by the alternatives under consideration. Data and analyses in the <strong>EIA</strong> will<br />
be commensurate with significance of the impact. The <strong>EIA</strong> will include discussions of direct<br />
effects and their significance; indirect effects and their significance; possible conflicts between<br />
the proposed action and land use plans, polices and controls for the areas concerned, and<br />
conservation potential of alternatives and mitigation measures. At the same time, the <strong>EIA</strong> will<br />
include urban quality; historic and cultural resources and the design of the built environment,<br />
including the reuse and conservation potential of various alternatives and mitigation measures;<br />
and means to mitigate adverse environmental impacts. For each significant adverse impact,<br />
the section will identify proposed mitigation measure(s).<br />
A number of studies have been conducted earlier, especially under West Bank and Gaza Water<br />
and Sanitation Project Phase II: Process Selection <strong>Report</strong> (PLANCENTER, 2005) and<br />
Preliminary Design for the KY WWTP of KY (PLANCENTER, 2006), and Review of<br />
wastewater flow and load projections for KY Governorate (CEP & EMCC, 2006).<br />
Environmental Assessment for North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project has<br />
been prepared by EMCC in 2005. A preliminary environmental assessment for KYKY WWTP<br />
was done by PACIFIC Consultant in 1996.<br />
After review of these studies, and taking into account latest official statistics for population<br />
number and growth rates, this <strong>Report</strong> for KY WWTP updates the environmental baseline data<br />
and provides assessment of environmental impacts and the required management and<br />
monitoring plan.<br />
1.4. Need for Environmental Impact Assessment<br />
Modern economic development strategies and programmes based on the use of natural<br />
resources and technology. Frequently, such activities involve purposeful changes and heavy<br />
burden on inherently complex environmental ecosystems. The changes, which consequently<br />
occur over time and space, are for the most part poorly understood and may often be<br />
unforeseen. During recent decades, public knowledge and concerns about the economy and the<br />
environment have changed significantly. It is now widely recognized that economic systems<br />
are inextricably linked to the environment and that human health and well-being depend on a<br />
healthy environment.<br />
<strong>EIA</strong> plays a central role in acquiring information on the social and environmental implications<br />
– including water resources implications – of development programmes and projects,<br />
identifying the measures necessary to protect the resource and related ecosystems and then<br />
ensuring that such measures are implemented. <strong>EIA</strong>s are concerned not only with impacts on<br />
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the natural environment but also with effects on the social environment. Hence, the <strong>EIA</strong><br />
touches the heart of the need for cross-sectoral integration involving project developers, water<br />
managers, decision-makers and the public, and provides a mechanism or tool to achieve the<br />
sustainable development aspect.<br />
1.5. Purpose and Objectives<br />
This study is an assessment of the environmental impacts and benefits of the KY WWTP<br />
Project and its ecological effects on the existing and the planned situation. The <strong>EIA</strong> study will<br />
be conducted in order to:<br />
1. Ensure that the project will not have irreversible negative impacts on the environment<br />
including: water, soil, air, ecology and socio-economic aspect,<br />
2. Identify both positive and negative impacts,<br />
3. Develop actions and measures to mitigate negative impacts,<br />
4. Make sure that all stakeholders concerned are aware of the project and their views and<br />
comments are taken into consideration to the maximum possible extent.<br />
The study should be considered as an aid to improve the decision making process as it seeks<br />
public opinion and external knowledge in order to ensure a maximum degree of fairness and<br />
balance in the final decision.<br />
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2. REGULATORY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK<br />
2.1. Applicable and Relevant Regulations<br />
The Palestinian Authority (PA) since its establishment in 1994 has worked hard to recover and<br />
improve the Palestinian environment and strive towards sustainable development. The PA has<br />
established the institutions that could deal with the challenges of building a new state and<br />
worked hard to build the capacity of the different ministries and agencies along with building<br />
the capacity of the human resources. Laws and legislations were also developed and endorsed<br />
to organize and manage the various sectors such as environment, water, wastewater, land use<br />
planning, etc. Palestinian legislative council PLC is the formal legislative body in Palestine.<br />
2.1.1. Environmental Protection and Control<br />
The PA has established a fair framework for environmental governance in the Palestinian<br />
context based on the principles of democracy, equity and social justice. In this direction, the<br />
Palestinian constitution stressed the value that the environment is a basic human right and the<br />
approved environmental Law 1999 stated that every Palestinian has the right to live in a clean<br />
environment.<br />
The PA has developed an environmental management model based on strategic guiding<br />
vision, management philosophy and approach on the global, regional and local levels, national<br />
environmental values, national environmental policies, <strong>EIA</strong> policy, and environmental strategy<br />
until 2015, and action plan focusing on the priorities in the first 3 years. Also, five lines of<br />
action have been defined including:<br />
1. Policy, planning, and Environmental multilateral agreements.<br />
2. Legal, regulatory and enforcement.<br />
3. Environmental protection including solid and liquid waste and industrial pollution<br />
management.<br />
4. Environmental resources management covering biodiversity, natural protected areas,<br />
desertification, and,<br />
5. Coastal zone protection.<br />
2.1.2. Legal Framework for Environmental Assessment<br />
2.1.2.1. Environmental Law<br />
The PA is acting actively in the field of water and wastewater management in terms of<br />
legislation, policies and strategies, seeking funds, design and implementation of several<br />
projects. The wastewater reuse is regulated by the 1999 Environmental law (Article 29) and by<br />
one of the policies of Palestinian Water Authority PWA. The Environmental law states: “The<br />
Ministry of Environmental Affairs MEnA, in coordination with the competent agencies, shall<br />
set standards and norms for collecting, treating, reusing, or disposing wastewater and storm<br />
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water in a sound manner, which comply with the preservation of the environment and public<br />
health”.<br />
2.1.2.2. Environmental Assessment Policy<br />
• Goals of the policy:<br />
Environmental Assessment policy shall implemented to support the sustainable economic and<br />
social development of the Palestinian people through assisting in the following goals:<br />
1. Ensuring an adequate standard of life in all its aspects, and not negatively affecting the<br />
basic needs, and the social, cultural and historical values of people as a result of<br />
development activities.<br />
2. Preserving the capacity of the natural environment to clean and sustain itself.<br />
3. Conserve biodiversity, landscapes and the sustainable sue of natural resources.<br />
4. Avoiding irreversible environmental damage, and minimizing reversible environmental<br />
damage from development activities.<br />
• Principles underlying the policy:<br />
1. The application of this policy must be transparent, equitable and effectively administered in<br />
order to encourage environmentally sound development.<br />
2. Environmental assessment must enhance development, by contributing to its environmental<br />
sustainability, not inhabit it.<br />
3. Environmental assessment should begin as early as possible since it means for both<br />
planning and evaluating development activities through all stages including<br />
decommissioning.<br />
4. Proponents of development activities should pay the cost of carrying out the environmental<br />
assessment studies. Preparation of studies and reports must be carries out by specialists<br />
qualified to carry the work.<br />
5. Environmental assessment should specify measures for mitigating potential impacts, and<br />
for environmental monitoring and management, throughout the life of the development<br />
activity.<br />
6. Environmental assessment should clearly identify who benefits from a project and who<br />
suffers the negative effects.<br />
7. In the absence of Palestinian standards, appropriate standards will be considered in EA<br />
studies and in the measures and conditions included in the environmental approval of the<br />
projects.<br />
8. Stakeholder consultation is an essential component of the EA policy.<br />
• Responsibility for implementation:<br />
In fulfilling its responsibility, the ministry (Environment Quality Authority EQA) shall:<br />
1. Ensure that the goals and principles of the policy are and reflected in the implementation of<br />
the policy.<br />
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2. Establish and manage the required implementation procedures.<br />
3. Provide advisory and technical guidance to individuals, organizations, agencies and<br />
proponents who are required to comply with or participate in implementing the policy.<br />
4. Produce guidelines and best management practices for complying with policy.<br />
5. Maintain a register for all activities currently being appraised under the policy.<br />
6. Establish procedures for, and ensure, the monitoring and follow-up of conditions attached<br />
to activity environmental approvals under the policy.<br />
7. Periodically evaluate the implementation of the policy and recommend adjustments or<br />
improvements to it.<br />
• Environmental assessment committee:<br />
a) An inter-agency environmental Assessment Committee consist of the following<br />
governmental agencies:<br />
1. Environmental Quality Authority (chair)<br />
2. Ministry of National Economy<br />
3. Ministry of Local Government<br />
4. Ministry of Transport<br />
5. Ministry of Agriculture<br />
6. Ministry of Health.<br />
7. Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities<br />
8. Ministry of Planning<br />
9. Palestinian Water Authority<br />
<strong>10</strong>. Palestinian Energy Authority<br />
Other agencies may be asked to join the committee as required to review the nature and<br />
location of individual projects.<br />
b) The EA committee shall undertake the following responsibilities according to its own<br />
procedures:<br />
1. Ensure adequate scoping of environmental assessment studies<br />
2. Prepare and approve terms of reference for environmental assessment study<br />
3. Review environmental assessment reports<br />
4. Recommend environmental decisions to the minister<br />
5. Assist the ministry to ensure compliance of the projects with environmental approvals<br />
conditions.<br />
2.1.3. Relevant Standards<br />
One of the most important standards related to construction of treatment plant is reuse of<br />
treated wastewater. The Palestinian standard for reuse of treated wastewater has been<br />
recognized and issued. Most of the ongoing and planed wastewater treatment projects are<br />
designed for reuse of treated wastewater.<br />
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Most of the ongoing and planed wastewater treatment projects are designed for reuse of<br />
treated wastewater, such as Al Bireh, Hebron, Salfit and Nablus treatment plants in the West<br />
Bank and Gaza Northern Governorate treatment plant.<br />
The relevant draft or adopted laws, standards and policies is given in the Annex 1 including:<br />
drinking water standard, air quality standard, noise standard, etc.<br />
2.2. Administrative Framework<br />
The organization of the PWA ensures clear separation between regulatory and delivery<br />
functions and emphasizes that PWA is the key regulator and guardian of the water resources<br />
(Figure 2.1).<br />
Cabinet of Ministries<br />
Decision making level<br />
National water council<br />
Palestinian Water Authority<br />
Regulatory level<br />
Water Utilities<br />
Service Delivery level<br />
Regional<br />
Water<br />
utilities<br />
Water user’s<br />
Associations<br />
Figure 2.1: Institutional framework in the water sector.<br />
2.2.1. Palestinian Water Authority (PWA)<br />
PWA was established by a president decree No. 90 for year 1995. The law No. 3, 2002 states<br />
that the PWA is the official body responsible for water resources in Palestine, whether surface<br />
or ground water and including sewage water.<br />
The main objectives:<br />
1. Seeking to achieve an administration much fit for water resource usage.<br />
2. Seeking to secure water through the best planning for investing and developing water<br />
resources<br />
3. Making water projects and supervising their implementation.<br />
4. Seeking to achieve highest level of coordination and cooperation between the PWA and<br />
related institutions.<br />
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Main tasks:<br />
1. To develop and reinforce water resources and seek for alternatives<br />
2. Building the central base for water information<br />
3. Issue licenses related to water and sewage water projects<br />
4. Prepare national water plans<br />
5. Support and develop water studies and researches<br />
6. Monitor water resources<br />
The PWA performs a lot of main programs and projects that aims at building and operate<br />
the Authority, develop water and sewage sectors, and perform other complementing<br />
activities related to PWA aims.<br />
2.2.2. Coastal Municipal water Utility (CMWU)<br />
This is supposed to be composed of an association of 19 municipalities in the Gaza Strip<br />
assuming the responsibility for the provision of water supply and sewerage services (operation<br />
and maintenance) to theses municipalities. This utility is supported by World Bank fund,<br />
currently by Gaza II project.<br />
CMWU aims to work with quality of water, to reduce the unaccounted water, to improve the<br />
management systems, all regarding water and wastewater for domestic and industrial use.<br />
2.2.3. Environment Quality Authority (EQA)<br />
Environment Quality Authority is responsible for environmental policies, strategies, and<br />
criteria to ensure ecological and environmental sound development for the surface water and<br />
ground water resources.<br />
Environmental issues were subjects of concern to the directorate of environmental planning<br />
from 1994-1998 as part of ministry of planning and international cooperation MOPIC. Then,<br />
the PA has established a ministry to be a focal point for the environmental affairs in August<br />
1998, to improve the environmental situation in Palestine called Ministry of Environmental<br />
Affairs MENA. This changed to Environment Quality Authority (EQA). The mission of<br />
EQA is to safeguard and protect the environment, control and limit the degradation of natural<br />
resources, combat desertification, prevent further pollution, enhance awareness and ensure<br />
environmentally sustainable development.<br />
This mission would be achieved by undertaking the next four roles: strategic planner,<br />
regulator, coordinator and monitor.<br />
2.2.4. Ministry of Planning (MoP)<br />
MoP holds a mandate regarding the coordination of international cooperation and national<br />
planning issues. Its directorate for physical Planning is responsible for overseeing the general<br />
policies, plans, and programs for spatial planning at the national and regional levels.<br />
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Ministry of planning MOP was established in 1994 at the establishment of the PA. Formerly<br />
it was the Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (MOPIC). MOP nowadays<br />
aims at physical and strategic planning for urban and rural areas, its work is on the national<br />
level and it works national development plans for medium and long term.<br />
The MOP includes different directorates that have different roles with respect to physical and<br />
strategic planning issues.<br />
2.2.5. Ministry of Local Government (MoLG)<br />
MoLG is responsible for local urban planning, organization of the operation of the systems via<br />
the municipality and participates in hearing regarding licensing. The MoLG is assigned the<br />
responsibility for the local government system, and put the definition of the structure of the<br />
local government, as well as the institutional arrangements and organizations at each level and<br />
the role and functions of each one.<br />
An intermediate level was introduced to coordinate the central government with the<br />
municipalities and villages called governorate. There are five governorates in the Gaza Strip,<br />
North, Gaza, Middle, Khan Younis and Rafah.<br />
2.2.6. Ministry of Agriculture (MoA)<br />
The main function of the MoA is the development of agriculture sector, which is the major<br />
water user in Palestine. There are eight directorates working with policies, planning and<br />
development. Also there are six department concerns the agriculture production, research,<br />
publicity, forestry, fisheries, veterinary services, plant protection, irrigation and administration<br />
and finance.<br />
The irrigation department deals with irrigation issue, need for water, quality demands …etc.<br />
The ministry of agriculture has been working since the establishment of the PA and continues<br />
its work which was started during the Israeli period 1967-1994. Its responsibility concerning<br />
the water resources is licensing water wells, data collection.<br />
2.2.7. Ministry of Health (MoH)<br />
MoH is responsible for public health aspects, water quality standards and the alleviation of<br />
water related health risks. In the Gaza Strip they do all the water quality testing.<br />
2.2.8. Ministry of National Economy (MoNE)<br />
MoNE is responsible for industrial wastewater effluent standards, reuse of industrial treated<br />
wastewater and public enquiries about water licenses.<br />
2.2.9. Ministry of Finance (MoF)<br />
Ministry of Finance holds a mandate for cost recovery and tariff issues.<br />
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3. STUDY PROCESS AND METHODS<br />
The environmental impact assessment is carried out in compliance to the requirements of<br />
Palestinian Environmental Assessment Policy. Based on that, KY WWTP is classified as<br />
category "A" that is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive<br />
and diverse. This type of projects requires full scale <strong>EIA</strong> and the implementation of a<br />
comprehensive Environmental Management Plan (EMP), which entails mitigation measures,<br />
institutional setup, monitoring plan, and training.<br />
3.1. Scoping & Terms of Reference<br />
The <strong>EIA</strong> study should cover, but not limited to, the following:<br />
1. Review the preliminary Environmental Assessment (EA) study carried out in 1997 for<br />
Khan Younis Sewerage system.<br />
2. Provide comprehensive description of KY WWTP project components including using<br />
maps at appropriate scales when necessary.<br />
3. Generate baseline data on relevant environmental characteristics of the project components<br />
area including description of physical environment, biological environment, and socioeconomic<br />
and cultural constrains. It should include information on any changes anticipated<br />
before the commencement of the construction phase.<br />
4. Outline and examine the pertinent regulations and standards governing environmental<br />
quality, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas, protection of water resources and<br />
pollution control, land use control and seawater pollution control at the national and local<br />
level.<br />
5. Identify and determine the potential positive and negative impacts, direct and indirect<br />
impacts, and immediate and long-term impacts. Identify impacts that are unavoidable or<br />
irreversible. The assessment of the potential impacts shall include, but not limited to,<br />
pollution of ground water aquifer and sea water, landscape impacts of excavations and<br />
construction, loss of nature features habitats and species by construction and operation, soil<br />
contamination impacts, odor substances, noise pollution, waste and sludge disposal, and<br />
socio-economic and cultural impacts.<br />
6. Prepare and develop management plan to mitigate the negative impacts, recommend<br />
feasible and cost effective measures to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to<br />
acceptable national level.<br />
7. Identify the institutional needs to implement the recommendations of the <strong>EIA</strong>.<br />
8. Prepare a detailed plan to monitor the implementation of the mitigation measures and the<br />
impacts of the project during the construction and operation of project.<br />
9. Carry out a workshop to obtain the views of local community and affected groups and<br />
keeping records of meetings and other activities communications, and comments.<br />
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3.2. Methodology<br />
The planned <strong>EIA</strong> will review the previous preliminary EA that was carried out in 1997 for<br />
Khan Younis sewerage system. Many issues have been changed since 1997 including:<br />
population forecast and distribution, Israeli settlements evacuation, land use changes,<br />
deterioration of economy, and political changes. The planned <strong>EIA</strong> will incorporate all these<br />
changes. The following steps briefly describe the consultants' methodology that is used in<br />
conducting the required <strong>EIA</strong>:<br />
Data Collection and Review:<br />
All data relevant to the proposed project, project site, related previous studies and reports will<br />
be first collected, reviewed and analyzed. This task will involve, but not limited to, the<br />
following sources:<br />
Stakeholders Consultation:<br />
Stakeholders' consultation is an essential part of any <strong>EIA</strong> study. The main objective of such<br />
consultation is to ensure that all concerned stakeholders are aware of the project and their<br />
views and comments are taken into consideration.<br />
Field Investigation:<br />
Field investigation and tests are needed to complete the missing data for the baseline<br />
environment.<br />
Baseline Environment:<br />
The baseline environment is used to set the reference to evaluate or predict the different<br />
impacts of the project activities. Data collection and field investigations are the main sources<br />
to establish the baseline environment. The baseline will include description of physical<br />
environment, biological environment, and socio-economic environment.<br />
Analysis of Alternatives:<br />
Alternatives to the proposed project and its components that have been evaluated in the<br />
planning and design phase will be further analyzed considering the environmental factors.<br />
Assessment of Project Impacts:<br />
The impact of the project will be evaluated for planning, construction, and operation stages.<br />
Identification of impacts will include positive and negative impacts, direct and indirect<br />
impacts, and immediate and long-term impacts, unavoidable or irreversible impacts. Transboundary<br />
issues will also be considered in the assessments of some of the relevant factors<br />
including water quality and air quality. The assessment of the potential impacts shall include,<br />
but not limited to, pollution of ground water aquifer and sea water, landscape impacts of<br />
excavations and construction, loss of nature features habitats and species by construction and<br />
operation, soil contamination impacts, odor substances, noise pollution, waste and sludge<br />
disposal, and socio-economic and cultural impacts.<br />
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Environmental Management Plan:<br />
The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is the mean by which the adverse impacts are<br />
mitigated and their implementation is monitored. The EMP for this project should include the<br />
following main components:<br />
• Mitigation plan to reduce or eliminate the negative impacts to acceptable levels;<br />
• Monitoring plan for the important parameters;<br />
• Institutional setup to assure the implementation of <strong>EIA</strong> recommendations;<br />
• Capacity building and training needs.<br />
3.3. Site Visits and <strong>Study</strong> Area Reconnaissance<br />
The <strong>EIA</strong> team has visited the site of the KY WWTP and the infiltration basin many times.<br />
These visits aim at collecting on site information and data with regard to urban development,<br />
water resources, land use, landscaping, soil, flora and fauna, and air quality.<br />
The proposed location of the KY WWTP site is located in a plain area with average ground<br />
level of about 53 m AMSL. The southwestern part of the KY WWTP has been used by Khan<br />
Younis Municipality for discharging the wastewater and septage. The KY WWTP site can be<br />
considered a rural and barren area. (Figure 3.1)<br />
Figure 3.1: Proposed location for KH KY WWTP.<br />
It is noticed that Rafah Municipality is still dumping the solid waste in Rafah landfill, which is<br />
located directly to the south-west of the KY WWTP. (Figure 3.2)<br />
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Figure 3.2: Rafah solid waste landfill.<br />
The Rafah solid waste landfill is situated in the southeast of the Gaza Strip, approximately 5<br />
km northeast of the destroyed Gaza Airport and 800 meters from the Gaza strip borderline.<br />
The landfill covers an area of approximately 33,000 m 2 (3.3 hectares or 33 dunums). The<br />
waste is not compacted and reaches a height of approximately 15-20 m above ground level.<br />
The landfill does not have a base lining, leachate control, or landfill gas collection systems.<br />
The nearest inhabited house is approximately 20 meters away, and larger settlements lie at a<br />
distance of about 800-1,500 meters.<br />
Leachate traces were observed on top of, at the side of and underneath the landfill. The water<br />
from the leachate appeared to evaporate quickly if exposed to the arid climate. Underneath the<br />
landfill, the leachate could actually enter the soil and subsequently the groundwater. Even<br />
though precipitation in this area (at 225 mm per annum) is low and evapo-transpiration is high,<br />
leachate collection should be implemented at the site considering the already precarious<br />
condition of the groundwater. (UNEP, 2009). The landfill can be a potential site for<br />
environmental hazards including negative environmental nuisances (mosquitoes, flies, odor,<br />
etc.).<br />
The southern part of Khan Younis Governorate including Khuza'a and Al Fukhari is suffering<br />
from groundwater scarcity and bad groundwater quality, due to that they closed all the<br />
agricultural and municipal wells that are located within the eastern part of the governorate.<br />
The main source for irrigated water in the eastern area is from the western groundwater wells<br />
which are located in Muraj area in addition to storm water harvesting ponds. (Figures 3.3, 3.4)<br />
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Figure3.3: Elevated water storage tank in Al Fukhari for irrigation; the water source is from groundwater wells<br />
located in Muraj area (about 4 km to the west).<br />
Figure3. 4: Storm water collection pond that can be covered by plastic sheet.<br />
3.4. Literature Review<br />
The consultant reviewed the preliminary EA study which was carried out in 1997 for Khan<br />
Younis sewerage system during the preparation of KY sewerage Master Plan which was<br />
prepared by Pacific International Consultants from Japan. The preliminary study included a<br />
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very good data about the baseline environmental/ social conditions in the project area, which<br />
is considered a basic data for updating. The study was very brief focusing on the overall<br />
elements of the master plan which is considered a very important step in developing the<br />
current <strong>EIA</strong> full study.<br />
The CEP/EMCC consultants conducted in 2008 a review study for wastewater system and<br />
loading in Khan Younis Governorate.<br />
A basic study in 2006 for developing the preliminary design for KY WWTP was prepared by<br />
PLANCENTER Consultants from Finland under the supervision of PWA.<br />
ALMADINA Consultants prepared a study in 2006 for the preliminary selection/design of KY<br />
treated wastewater infiltration sites. The study concluded that Khuza'a (Al Fukhari site) is the<br />
best location for infiltrating the treated wastewater from KY WWTP.<br />
Initial Design report (SOGREAH-UG, 2009) which is prepared by the Consultant is<br />
considered the basic document for the preparation of this <strong>EIA</strong> study. A detailed review for all<br />
related projects and documents was done in addition to geotechnical investigation in order to<br />
finalize the infiltration site selection. The report presented the initial design details for the<br />
project elements.<br />
The consultant reviewed the <strong>EIA</strong> of the northern KY WWTP which was prepared in 2005. The<br />
study prepared by EMCC consultants Supported by Dorsch Consult from Germany. The study<br />
is dealing mostly with the similar project elements which are proposed in KY WWTP project.<br />
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4. Description of the Project and its Alternatives<br />
This chapter is prepared based on the Initial Design <strong>Report</strong> which prepared by the Consultant,<br />
summarizing the important aspects for developing the <strong>EIA</strong> study.<br />
4.1. Project Concept<br />
Water resources are very limited in the Gaza Strip and they form a critical factor for the<br />
development of human life and the agricultural sector in the area. On one hand, the treatment<br />
of wastewater is necessary for the protection of ground water resources and, on the other hand,<br />
the reuse of treated effluent will increase the quantity of water available for irrigation. The<br />
main disposal for the final effluent of the reclaimed wastewater is aquifer recharge and reuse<br />
to irrigate the agricultural areas. Sludge is recommended to be used as soil conditioner.<br />
The Gaza Wastewater and Drainage Master Plan proposes 3 central wastewater treatment<br />
plants (KY WWTP) in the Gaza Strip, all to be located within the agricultural areas close to<br />
the eastern borders of the Gaza Strip. An activated sludge process with extended aeration will<br />
be the process for each plant enabling nitrogen removal. The southern KY WWTP will serve<br />
the Governorate of Khan Younis. Figure 4.1 provides a general layout of these components in<br />
relation to the location in Khan Younis Governorate and Gaza Strip.<br />
Figure 4.1: General layout of KYKY WWTP<br />
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KY WWTP project contains the following components:<br />
1. Review the design of pump station 8 and its main pressure line to the treatment<br />
plant,<br />
2. Wastewater treatment plant,<br />
3. The infiltration basins, and<br />
4. The pressure effluent and emergency line from the KY WWTP site to the<br />
infiltration basin and finally to the sea.<br />
4.2. Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant (KY WWTP)<br />
4.2.1. Background and Previous Considerations<br />
At present, nearly 60% of the population of Khan Younis city is temporarily served by the<br />
new established public sewerage collection system. But due to the absence of wastewater<br />
treatment plant, the collected wastewater is pumped to the existing main storm water box<br />
culvert, which in turn flows by gravity to a storm water infiltration pond located in the northwestern<br />
side of Khan Younis city.<br />
The municipal wastewater strategic development plan aims at constructing an extendable and<br />
phased sewage system in line with the available resources. Although the strategic plan of the<br />
project is to design and construct an extendable KY WWTP with effluent capacity for the year<br />
2025, the first phase of KY WWTP will be executed based on 2018 estimated capacity.<br />
The city of Khan Younis is divided into two catchment's zones, where the collected<br />
wastewater is drained by gravity to two main pumping stations (PS # 2 & PS # 3) located in<br />
the lowest points of the city center. Through pressure and conveyance pipelines, the effluent of<br />
these two pumping stations is raised to the main pumping station (PS # 8) located in the<br />
eastern part of the city. From Pumping Station # 8, the collected wastewater of Khan Younis<br />
city will be pumped to the proposed KY WWTP located in the eastern part of the Khan<br />
Younis Governorate.<br />
The proposed site of the KY WWTP is located south-east of Khan Younis city. The closest<br />
point of the permanent eastern site of KY WWTP is located far by around4 50 m from the<br />
eastern borders of the Gaza Strip in one of the sites’ corners, and by 750m in the other sites<br />
eastern corner. Khan Younis municipality owns the site of the KY WWTP. The available area<br />
for the proposed KY WWTP is 116 dunums (11.6 hectares). The shape of the site is long and<br />
narrow (670 meters X 170 meters). The major result of the design layout is that the planned<br />
facilities for Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the KY WWTP can be located within the available site<br />
area. (Figure 4.2)<br />
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Figure 4.2: KY WWTP layout.<br />
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4.2.2. Process Design Criteria and Considerations<br />
The treated water quality requirements are summarized in table 4.1 as defined in the<br />
Detailed Design <strong>Report</strong> (February, 20<strong>10</strong>) of the present assignment .<br />
Table 4.1: Treated wastewater requirement of the project<br />
Parameter Unit Required effluent quality for KY WWTP<br />
BOD5 mg/l < 20<br />
Suspended solids, SS mg/l < 15<br />
Total nitrogen mg/l < 25<br />
Ammonium nitrogen, NH4-N mg/l
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• Phase 1: Year 2018<br />
• Phase 2: Year 2025.<br />
4.2.2.2. Influx and Loads<br />
Table 4.2 summarizes the total KY WWTP incoming flows as considered in the Detailed<br />
Design.<br />
Table 4.2: The incoming flows for KY WWTP<br />
Parameter<br />
Unit<br />
Phase 1<br />
2018<br />
Phase 2<br />
2025<br />
Average daily flow m 3 /d 26656 44948<br />
Average hourly flow m 3 /h 1111 1873<br />
Peak coefficient 1.9 1.9<br />
Peak hourly flow m 3 /h 21<strong>10</strong> 3558<br />
Table 4.3 summarizes the total KY WWTP incoming loads as considered in the Detailed<br />
Design.<br />
Table 4.3: The design loads for KY WWTP.<br />
Parameter<br />
Unit<br />
Phase 1<br />
2018<br />
Phase 2<br />
2025<br />
BOD5 kg/d 14247 22399<br />
Total SS kg/d 19056 30486<br />
Total Nitrogen Kg/d 3358 5604<br />
Total Phosphorus kg/d 358 605<br />
4.2.2.3. Sludge Design Criteria<br />
Any sewage treatment plant will produce sludge as a by-product. The quantity and<br />
characteristics vary as a function of the selected sewage treatment process and the sludge<br />
treatment applied. The sludge treatment is selected on one side depending on the<br />
wastewater process and on the other side as a function of the method of final disposal of<br />
the sludge. This final disposal and the management of the sludge is therefore an<br />
important factor for the selection and the design of the sludge process. Generally, there<br />
are today three main options for sludge disposal:<br />
1. Reuse in agriculture as organic fertilizer,<br />
2. Incineration, and,<br />
3. Disposal at land fill.<br />
In the case of Khan Younis, the agricultural reuse option has been selected as the most<br />
appropriate solution:<br />
• Sewage treatment sludge is an excellent soil improver, due to its content of<br />
phosphorus and nitrogen and, in particular, due to the amendment of organic matter. It<br />
is a long-term environmentally sustainable solution for recycling of organic matter to<br />
the nature,<br />
• Due to absence of connected polluting industries in the project area, the heavy metals<br />
levels are expected to be well under the acceptable limits,<br />
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• Agricultural land is available in the project area for sludge spreading.<br />
A storage area must in most cases be implemented, since sludge application is possible<br />
only during certain periods of the year. The sludge should be well stabilized prior to<br />
reuse to minimize any health risk and assure farmer’s acceptability for sludge reuse.<br />
Sludge shall also have reasonable dry solids content so that the cost for transportation<br />
to the fields is limited.<br />
4.2.3. Wastewater Treatment Processes<br />
According to the Initial Detailed Design <strong>Study</strong> (SOGREAH-UG, 2009), the advantages<br />
and disadvantages of the suitable treatment processes are listed hereafter in table 4.4,<br />
allowing a comparison between them. A number of the described processes have been<br />
eliminated already at the stage of detailed design since they cannot meet the effluent<br />
requirements and only the remaining processes are compared.<br />
Table 4.4 Comparison of secondary wastewater treatment processes<br />
Process Advantages Disadvantages<br />
Activated Proven and reliable process.<br />
sludge<br />
Stable performances at variations<br />
in hydraulic load.<br />
Additional tertiary treatment required<br />
to meet effluent quality requirements.<br />
Relatively high land requirements.<br />
SBR Process<br />
Bio- aerated<br />
filters<br />
Moderate cost for the base<br />
process.<br />
The process is reliable under<br />
condition that the plant is<br />
properly operated and maintained.<br />
Low footprint of the structures.<br />
Compact process, easy to cover.<br />
Low footprint of the structures<br />
Modular design makes easy to<br />
adapt the process to incoming<br />
loads and flows.<br />
Quick restarting, therefore<br />
suitable to seasonal variations in<br />
Long start-up of the biological process.<br />
Additional tertiary treatment required<br />
to meet effluent quality requirements.<br />
The batch mode operation can provide<br />
problems when there are changes in<br />
pollutant or hydraulic loads.<br />
Over-dimensioning of aeration system<br />
required.<br />
Delicate process set-up and operation.<br />
Due to the mechanical and electric<br />
equipment in the plant and to the<br />
intensive treatment process, highly<br />
qualified staff is required for the<br />
operation.<br />
Additional tertiary treatment required<br />
to meet treatment requirements.<br />
High sludge production.<br />
Higher investment costs than for<br />
activated sludge (~30%)<br />
Need for primary sedimentation.<br />
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Process Advantages Disadvantages<br />
load.<br />
Sludge production more important and<br />
more difficult to treat.<br />
Modular construction and easy<br />
automation.<br />
Membrane<br />
bioreactors<br />
Very high treatment<br />
performances, also on fecal coli<br />
form.<br />
Uncertainty regarding real membrane<br />
life length and related replacement<br />
cost.<br />
No tertiary treatment required.<br />
Low sludge production.<br />
Compact process, easy to cover.<br />
Modular construction and easy<br />
automation.<br />
High energy demand (40 % higher<br />
than activated sludge).<br />
Need for regular membrane supply for<br />
replacement.<br />
Higher investment costs (50% higher<br />
activated sludge).<br />
High O&M costs<br />
The selected wastewater treatment biological process is Activated sludge and is designed<br />
for average daily flow of 26,656 m3/day in the first phase and 44,948 m3/day for the<br />
second phase, consisting of the following process units:<br />
• inlet works and flow metering<br />
• screening<br />
• grit and grease removal<br />
• biological treatment with nitrification denitrification process<br />
• final sedimentation<br />
• tertiary treatment by sand filtration and UV disinfection<br />
• outlet works with treated effluent pumping and flow metering.<br />
The sludge treatment includes the following steps:<br />
• gravity thickening for concentration of biological excess sludge<br />
• natural dewatering in drying beds<br />
• stabilization by composting.<br />
4.2.3.1. Pretreatment<br />
Inlet works and flow metering:<br />
Wastewater is conveyed to KY WWTP by two separate trunk lines: the first one comes<br />
from PS 8 and conveys wastewater from Khan Younis City to the treatment plant; the<br />
second one comes from the pumping station proposed in Khirbat Khuza’a and conveys<br />
effluent from the Eastern Villages to the treatment plant. Design of both of these<br />
pumping stations takes into account required head to assure gravity flow through the KY<br />
WWTP from inlet structure downstream secondary clarifiers. No additional lifting station<br />
is therefore needed at the KY WWTP inlet.<br />
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Both incoming trunk lines are connected to a wastewater inlet structure, situated in head<br />
of the pre-treatment.<br />
Screening:<br />
The purpose of the screening is to remove large particles that could clog or otherwise<br />
disturb the downstream facilities. Coarse screening is not needed at KY WWTP since PS<br />
8 is already equipped with 40 mm coarse screen and the PS to be implemented for<br />
transfer of Eastern Areas wastewater should also include coarse screening in order to<br />
protect the transfer pumps.<br />
Screenings are conveyed by belt conveyer or screw conveyer towards a screenings<br />
compactor and then deposited into a 20 m3 skip. When the skip is full, it is loaded on a<br />
truck and the screenings deposited on land fill.<br />
Grit and grease removal:<br />
The grit and grease removal is carried out in a combined longitudinal tank with two<br />
parallel lines in the first phase and three parallel lines in the second phase.<br />
An aeration device will ensure that grease, oil and scum float at the surface and will<br />
facilitate the separation of grit from organic matter and maintain the organic matter in<br />
suspension.<br />
Each line is provided with a traveling bridge which scrapes the grease at the surface and<br />
collects the grit at the bottom of the tank.<br />
The grease is evacuated towards a hopper where surplus water is removed and grease is<br />
then transported to land fill by vacuum tank.<br />
The deposited grit is extracted by pumping or by air-lift towards a grit classifier. It is<br />
then conveyed to a 20 m 3 skip for evacuation to land fill.<br />
4.2.3.2. Secondary Treatment (Activated Sludge)<br />
Treatment principles:<br />
Biological treatment will be carried out on 2 identical parallel lines in Phase 1 and 4<br />
identical parallel lines in Phase 2.<br />
Activated sludge is suspension of microorganisms, both active and dead, in a wastewater<br />
consisting of entrapped and suspended colloidal and dissolved organic and inorganic<br />
materials. The activated sludge process is aerobic, biological process, which uses the<br />
metabolic reactions of microorganisms to attain an acceptable effluent quality by<br />
removing substances exerting an oxygen demand.<br />
In bio-aeration basins performed microbial floc particles are brought into contact with the<br />
organic components of the wastewater. Contents of the reactor basin are referred to as<br />
mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), and consist for the most part of microorganisms<br />
and inert and non-biodegradable matter. The overall reactions, occurring in the activated<br />
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sludge process are determined by the composite metabolism of the microorganisms in the<br />
activated sludge.<br />
Air is introduced into the system to satisfy the requirements of the activated sludge and<br />
to keep the activated sludge dispersed in the aeration liquor. Oxygen transfer to the<br />
activated sludge is accomplished by oxygen absorbed from diffused bubbles of air<br />
entrained in the mixed liquor. A fine bubble diffused air system consisting of diffusers<br />
that are submerged in the wastewater, header pipes, air mains and the blowers and<br />
appurtenances through which the air passes is foreseen.<br />
To reduce risks of sludge bulking, a contact zone will be provided at entry of each<br />
biological tank, where pre-treated effluent is mixed with recirculation sludge. In each<br />
zone, intimate blending of the mixed liquor will be performed by a submersible stirrer<br />
that can be adjusted and raised on a beam. The stirring power will be approximately 20<br />
W/m3. Contact zone volume is dimensioned for a retention time of <strong>10</strong> minutes for peak<br />
effluent flow + sludge recirculation flow.<br />
The biological tanks are of channel-flow type and are composed of an anoxic zone and an<br />
aerated zone. Reduction of carbonated pollution and nitrification is performed in the<br />
aerated zone. Partial denitrification (Nitrate nitrogen reduction) is also performed in this<br />
zone, using sequential aeration. However, denitrification needs to be completed in an<br />
anoxic zone in order to achieve the required Nitrate Nitrogen effluent discharge quality.<br />
Thus, an anoxic zone is implemented in head of the aerated zone and mixed liquor with<br />
high Nitrate concentration is recirculated from the aerated zone to the anoxic zone.<br />
Aeration system:<br />
Table 4.5 summarizes the corresponding oxygen requirements for biological treatment:<br />
Table 4.5: Oxygen requirements for biological wastewater treatment.<br />
Oxygen requirements<br />
Applied<br />
coefficient<br />
Phase 1 Phase 2<br />
Oxygen requirements for BOD<br />
removal<br />
0.65 9 434 kg O 2 /day 14789 kg O 2 /day<br />
Oxygen requirements for<br />
endogen respiration (sludge<br />
present in aerated zones)<br />
0.07 5909 kg O 2 /day 8864 kg O 2 /day<br />
Oxygen requirements for<br />
nitrification<br />
Oxygen liberation by<br />
denitrification<br />
Total daily oxygen<br />
requirements<br />
4.18 9400 kg O 2 /day 16042 kg O 2 /day<br />
2.8 - 5063 kg O 2 /day - 8667 kg O 2 /day<br />
19681 kg O 2 /day 3<strong>10</strong>29 kg O 2 /day<br />
Aeration time 14 h/day 14 h/day<br />
Peak coefficient 1.5 1.5<br />
Theoretical peak hourly 2<strong>10</strong>9 kg O 2 /h 3325 kg O 2 /h<br />
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Oxygen requirements<br />
oxygen requirement<br />
Applied<br />
coefficient<br />
Phase 1 Phase 2<br />
Due to the important water depth in the aeration tanks, surface aeration system is not<br />
applicable at KY WWTP, despite of their lower costs.<br />
The required oxygen will thus be introduced in the aeration tanks as fine bubbles of<br />
compressed air. The aeration system will consist of adjustable air diffusers mounted on<br />
headers. Air diffusers consist of tubes or domes covered by a perforated rubber<br />
membrane that resists microorganisms and various compounds contained in the<br />
wastewater.<br />
<strong>Final</strong> sedimentation:<br />
Prior to clarification, and to assure correct operating conditions in the clarification stage,<br />
a deglazing structure is provided for each clarifier. Its function is to allow the bubbles of<br />
gas trapped in the turbulent mixed liquor to escape in the open air and thus sludge<br />
sedimentation in the clarifier is not disturbed. Each deglazing structure will be fitted with<br />
a surface scraper and floating matter is conveyed to a common floating matter pit from<br />
where it is conveyed to sludge treatment by submersible pumps. Deglazing structures are<br />
located between each pair of secondary clarifiers. The final step in the reduction of BOD 5<br />
and suspended solids is a separation of activated sludge solids from the mixed liquor.<br />
Presence of the large volume of flocculated solids in the mixed liquor requires that<br />
special consideration should be given to the design of final sedimentation tank. An<br />
important function of the final sedimentation tank is to maintain the wastewater quality<br />
produced by the preceding unit processes and to remove and return sludge to the system.<br />
Four circular tanks with central feed are foreseen for the Phase 1 with additional four for<br />
the Phase 2. For sludge collection, the rotating bridge is used which rotates along the<br />
sides of the sedimentation tank. The bridge serves as the support for the sludge - removal<br />
system, which consists of a radial. Collected sludge is conveyed to a sludge pit. Since<br />
upstream of final sedimentation tanks aeration basins are located, and due to fact that<br />
large amount of solids may be lost in the effluent if design criteria are exceeded, effluent<br />
overflow rates are based on peak flow conditions.<br />
A surface scum and light sludge scraping device will trap floating matter, which is<br />
conveyed to the floating matter pit of the deglazing structure.<br />
4.2.3.3. Tertiary Treatment<br />
The requirements for treated water quality are below the concentrations achievable with<br />
secondary treatment. Tertiary treatment is therefore required, including the following<br />
process units:<br />
• rapid sand filtration<br />
• UV disinfection<br />
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Applied to secondary treated wastewater, sand filtration allows 50-80% reduction of<br />
suspended solids and 30 to 40% reduction of BOD 5 .<br />
The wastewater treated in the previous process units can meet all standards except for<br />
pathogens. Very good removal of nematodes eggs is achieved by tertiary sand filtration.<br />
However, for other pathogens, an additional treatment step is required in order to achieve<br />
full compliance.<br />
In case of KY WWTP disinfection by UV radiation is proposed, which does not create<br />
any byproducts. However, powerful UV lamps are required. In UV disinfection systems,<br />
the UV light is produced by germicidal lamps, which are submerged in an open channel.<br />
As the wastewater flow passes the UV lamps, the microorganisms are exposed to a lethal<br />
dose of UV energy. UV-rays penetrate through small particles and attack micro<br />
organisms at their DNA/RNA-core. This mechanism causes inability to replicate.<br />
4.2.3.4. Sludge Treatment<br />
Sludge balance:<br />
Sludge treatment works are designed for the following sludge production:<br />
• Sludge production – Phase 1................................11612 kg DS/day<br />
• Sludge production – Phase 2................................18202 kg DS/day<br />
• Excess sludge concentration ................................................8.5 g/l<br />
• Excess sludge volume – Phase 1................................ 1314 m3/day<br />
• Excess sludge volume – Phase 2................................ 2054 m3/day<br />
Gravity thickener:<br />
Thickening is the first stage in reducing the volume of the sludge. The thickening process<br />
usually corresponds to an increase in the concentration of the sludge collected in the final<br />
sedimentation tanks.<br />
Gravity thickeners are designed on the basis of hydraulic surface loading and solids<br />
loading. In order to minimize operating costs, no chemicals are added for sludge<br />
treatment at KY WWTP.<br />
Biological excess sludge enters the thickeners from above and thickener feeding is<br />
continuously. Thickeners are fitted with a centrally driven rotary mechanism with a<br />
diametric bridge.<br />
Scrapers positioned directly above the thickener floor transfer the deposited sludge to a<br />
central hopper from where it is recovered by gravity flow to the sludge pumping station.<br />
A vertically mounted picket fence is also attached to the rotary mechanism and enhances<br />
the release of interstitial water and gas contained in the sludge and allows therefore<br />
correct sludge settling and thickening conditions in the tank.<br />
Sludge drying:<br />
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Feeder pumps at a constant flow rate to the drying beds feed sludge from thickeners. The<br />
sludge will be placed on the drying beds in a 20 to 30 cm layer and allowed to dry<br />
following two principles:<br />
• Drainage trough the sludge mass and supporting sand: Drainage water is collected in<br />
under drainage system and returned to the water treatment line upstream biological<br />
treatment.<br />
• Evaporation from the surface exposed to the air.<br />
The layer of sludge spread is limited to about 30cm thickness, in order to avoid clogging<br />
of the top layer of sand. The total drying area is divided into individual beds. Distribution<br />
boxes are used to divert the thickened sludge flow into the selected drying bed. Splash<br />
plates are placed in the drying beds in front of the thickened sludge outlet in order to<br />
prevent erosion of the sand and to spread the sludge over the bed.<br />
After drying, sludge is spendable and can be removed from the drying beds by a front<br />
end loader. For KY WWTP, moisture content in dried sludge is estimated to about 40%<br />
after 15 days.<br />
Drainage water collected under the drying beds is conveyed by gravity to a return<br />
pumping station, from where it is pumped to the distribution chamber in head of<br />
biological treatment.<br />
For conditions in KY, it is considered that 80% of sludge moisture loss in drying stage is<br />
drained and 20% is evaporated. The recycling flow of drainage water is thus estimated to<br />
279 m3/d in Phase 1 and to 436 m3/d in Phase 2, which represents about 1% of KY<br />
WWTP inlet flow and could be neglected in terms of flows and loads.<br />
Sludge composting:<br />
After drying, the sludge produced in KY WWTP is stabilized and transformed by<br />
composting. The specific objectives of sludge stabilization include following actions:<br />
• Decompose sludge organics to stabilized humus.<br />
• Reduce the mass and volume of sludge.<br />
• Obtain a sanitized organic soil improvement agent.<br />
• Destroy/control pathogenic organisms.<br />
A mixture of dried sludge, fresh support agent and compost product will be composed<br />
using a front end loader. The mixture is than disposed on the open air composting area in<br />
shape of windrows. During fermentation phase, windrows are regularly returned in order<br />
to assure sufficient aeration, which is needed to provide oxygen for the biological<br />
oxidation and to allow evacuation of the steam released in the compost mass. After<br />
fermentation phase, a ripening and storage phase constitutes the last phase of<br />
composting. During this phase, degradation of organic matter is completed and the<br />
compost obtains the final agronomic value.<br />
The initial moisture content in dewatered sludge and the type of support agent determines<br />
the required quantities of support agent. In case of KY WWTP, where dried sludge will<br />
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have a DS content of about 40%, about two to three volumes of support agent are<br />
required. A wide range of organic support agents may be used: wood tips or shavings,<br />
sawdust, chopped straw, maize cobs, etc.; it is also possible to change support agent<br />
depending on local availability during the different seasons of the year.<br />
Figure 4.3, Illustrates the annual composting mass balance for KY WWTP Phase 1 and<br />
Phase 2:<br />
Other than the specific composting area, KY WWTP works will also be fitted with a<br />
mixture area and a support agent storage area, which is designed for support agent<br />
requirements for 2 weeks.<br />
Before implementation of sludge composting at KY WWTP, a market survey needs to be<br />
conducted in order to check possibility of marketing of the compost. Availability of an<br />
abundant, low-cost source of support agent close to the KY WWTP has also to be<br />
identified and checked for the long term. A wide range of organic support may be used.<br />
Figure 4.3.: Annual mass balance for sludge composting at KY WWTP (SOGEREAH-UG DD report 20<strong>10</strong>)<br />
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4.2.3.5. Noise and Odor Control<br />
Treatment by chemical scrubbers is still today the most performing and the most reliable<br />
process for odor removal at sewage treatment plants. We therefore would propose to<br />
retain a solution of chemical scrubber towers for the odor treatment at the KY WWTP.<br />
However, odor treatment requires covering of the odor generating parts of the KY<br />
WWTP (inlet structure, pre-treatment, sludge treatment) and involves high investment<br />
and operational costs.<br />
Taking into account the low available budget for the KY WWTP Phase 1 project<br />
implementation, minimization of project costs is an important issue. Therefore, it is<br />
proposed at this stage no special odor treatment for KY WWTP.<br />
This is also in accordance with the treatment process proposed for KY WWTP and<br />
especially with the sludge treatment on drying beds and on composting area, which<br />
represent an important surface area and are therefore uncovered.<br />
4.3. Infiltration Basins<br />
Infiltration basin will receive treated wastewater from KY WWTP and discharge it to the<br />
ground water. There were three proposed site alternatives to implement these infiltration<br />
basins.<br />
The first alternative is located in ex-settlements Muraj area, as stated by Land Authority;<br />
the majority of the proposed areas are privately owned. However, it is unoccupied and<br />
currently used as agricultural areas. The land use of these areas is under development by<br />
local authorities. The area elevation at the center of the specified land in Muraj is 65.15<br />
m above MSL and is located 6-7 km from KY WWTP site. (Figure 4.4)<br />
Figure 4.4: Muraj infiltration area<br />
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The second option is the coastal infiltration area near the sea beach. The area elevation<br />
ranges from 12m to 15m above MSL and is located 17 km from KY WWTP site. In<br />
addition, total area of this site is insufficient for infiltration of KY WWTP effluent<br />
volumes. (Figure 4.5)<br />
Figure 4.5: Coastal infiltration area (Temporary lagoons)<br />
Khuza'a (Al Fukhari) site is the third proposed location. Al Fukhari infiltration site has<br />
available top area of (97,000 m2) with a trapezoidal shape. The top soil consists of sandy<br />
silty clayey layer with thickness between 1 to 5m above clay layer with thickness<br />
between 2 to 3 m. Thus; infiltration basins can't be constructed directly on the ground.<br />
The clay layer will be excavated an removed from the site, then the basins will be<br />
backfilled by suitable soil with high hydraulic conductivity until reach the design level of<br />
each basin.<br />
Figure 4.6: Recent photo for Khuza'a (Al Fukhari) infiltration area<br />
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Figure 4.7: Location of Khusa'a (Al Fukhari) infiltration area<br />
This option is finally selected by the consultant and the client after the analysis of<br />
detailed geotechnical investigation. The infiltration rates and hydraulic loads for Al<br />
Fukhari site is shown in table 4.6. The loading cycle system that will be taken is to<br />
operate 2 days for flooding and 4 days for drying.<br />
Table 4.6: Infiltration rates and hydraulic loads for Al Fukhari site.<br />
year<br />
Average inflow Hydraulic load Infiltration rate<br />
(m3/day)<br />
(m3/m2/year)<br />
(m/day)<br />
20<strong>10</strong> 13,905 75 0.62<br />
2015 21,673 117 0.97<br />
2018 26,664 143 1.19<br />
The hydraulic load of Al Fukhari infiltration basins is sufficient until 2018 (Phase 1).<br />
After 2018, the infiltration area has to be extended to reach the same hydraulic load.<br />
4.4. Emergency Sea outfall<br />
According to the final report of KY WWTP-Geotechnical and Hydrological <strong>Study</strong> for the<br />
infiltration system (ALMADINA-Consultants, September 2006), and based on the<br />
Consultant joint meetings, discussion, and sites visits with <strong>UNDP</strong>, Land Authority and<br />
Khan Younis Municipality representatives, several scenarios for this pressure line routes<br />
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are jointly suggested. These routes were evaluated by the consultant technically upon the<br />
final selection of the infiltration site. The final route for the emergency pipe line is shown<br />
in figure 4.8 related to Khuza'a infiltration site.<br />
Figure 4.8: The route for the emergency pipe line<br />
The Emergency pipe line in this project is used to deliver treated sewage from the KY<br />
WWTP to the sea in emergency situations only. Such situations may occur when some of<br />
the infiltration basins are out of work for maintenance or in case that the infiltration<br />
basins are full of water for any reason (such as heavy rain events, etc.).<br />
The sea outfall is designed to deliver the treated wastewater at a point very close to the<br />
shore taking into account the following criteria:<br />
• Protecting the shore at the outfall location from erosion<br />
• Considering the aesthetic appearance of the outfall<br />
• Keeping the continuity of traffic on the shore around the outfall<br />
The design of the sea outfall is similar to several sea outfalls existing on the Gaza strip<br />
shore such as the sea outfall at Deir AL Balah shore. The difference of this design from<br />
other similar existing ones is that it's architectural appearance is more beautiful since it<br />
will be covered from the outside by especially selected rocks and its horizontal projection<br />
is selected to have a hexagonal shape. The level of treated wastewater inside this sea<br />
outfall will not rise more than 20 cm since it is open from the sea side. An energy breaker<br />
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wall is installed inside the sea outfall to prevent the erosion at its outlet to the sea. The<br />
treated wastewater will move around the energy breaking wall and move with a lower<br />
velocity towards a rip rap channel lined with rocks.<br />
4.5. Investment Cost<br />
4.5.1. Capital Cost<br />
Referred to the Detailed Design report (SOGREAH-UG 20<strong>10</strong>), the total investment cost<br />
estimations for the project components are summarized in table 4.7.<br />
Table 4.7: Total capitalg cost of KY WWTP project components.<br />
Project component<br />
FEX<br />
Amounts<br />
USD<br />
KY WWTP (phase 1) 6652242 13508354<br />
Effluent pressure line 0 7838800<br />
Infiltration basins 0 3834324<br />
TOTAL 6652242 EUR 25181478 USD<br />
Overall total in USD<br />
34494617 USD<br />
4.5.2. Operation and Maintenance Cost<br />
The total operating cost is summarized in table 4.8.<br />
Table 4.8: Total operating cost of KY WWTP project.<br />
Item<br />
Consumption<br />
(kwh/y)<br />
Energy<br />
Annual<br />
costs<br />
(USD/y)<br />
Staff<br />
number<br />
(person)<br />
Personnel<br />
Annual<br />
costs<br />
(USD/y)<br />
Maintenance<br />
annual<br />
cost<br />
(USD/y)<br />
Total<br />
annual cost<br />
(USD/y)<br />
KY WWTP 9360000 842400 42 282600 367500 1492500<br />
Effluent<br />
pumping and<br />
discharge<br />
<strong>10</strong>95000 98600 4 19800 126<strong>10</strong>0 244500<br />
TOTAL 94<strong>10</strong>00 46 302400 493600 1737000<br />
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4.6. No-Action Alternative<br />
After 2006, Khan Younis city residents initiated to connect their house connections to the<br />
wastewater network or mostly to the storm water network. Last year and just before the<br />
winter season (2007-2008), a propose construction of new retention basins in al Mawasi<br />
area (ex-Israeli settlements) as an emergency step as stage 1 in any case of disaster<br />
happen in Al Amal basin. And as further steps these basins will empty its quantity into<br />
the sea by constructing sea disposal pipe line (figure 4.9).<br />
Figure 4.9: Location of old and existing Wastewater ponds(CMWU 2008).<br />
At present, the Khan Younis area is not served by any wastewater treatment plant. Most<br />
of the collected wastewater is currently transported to the western lagoons, which have<br />
been constructed in 2008 in the western part of the city (close to the sea). The current<br />
wastewater discharge system is considered as temporary emergency system and the<br />
environmental situation is in danger including groundwater, soil and marine<br />
environment.<br />
The unconnected to sewerage system areas of Khan Younis Governorate especially the<br />
eastern villages are depending on the cesspits and or septic tanks for wastewater disposal.<br />
More than 30,000 units (cesspits) exist in Khan Younis Governorate according to the<br />
municipalities’ estimates. Where, part of the wastewater is left to percolate to the<br />
underground water table especially during the initial stage of the cesspits use, however a<br />
big portion of the collected wastewater is evacuated by suction trucks and disposed off<br />
finally to wastewater Lagoons or the closest manholes. This situation also contributes to<br />
several health and environmental impacts.<br />
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5. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT (BASELINE CONDITIONS)<br />
5.1. Physical Aspects<br />
5.1.1. Topography and Physiographic<br />
Gaza Strip topographical area is characterized by, elongated ridges and depressions, dry<br />
streambeds and shifting sand dunes. The ridges and depression generally extend in a<br />
NNE-SSW direction, parallel to the coastline. They are narrow and consist primarily of<br />
sandstone (Kurkar). In the south, these features are tending to be covered by sand dunes.<br />
Land surface elevation in the southern governorates of the Gaza Strip (Khan Younis and<br />
Rafah Gov.) is range from zero meter to about <strong>10</strong>0 m above mean sea level (AMSL). The<br />
ridges and depressions show considerable vertical relief, in some places up to 60 m.<br />
Surface elevations of individual ridges range between 20 m and 90 m AMSL. Two high<br />
ridges appear on the topography map in the southern Gaza strip (Figure 5.1). The<br />
northern ridge covers the area of<br />
Bani Suhaila, Abasan, and Khuza’a.<br />
The second ridge covers the southern<br />
eastern part of Rafah and occupied<br />
by the Gaza International Airport<br />
and the industrial zone. The ridges<br />
elevation reaches as high as 90<br />
meters above MSL. Between the two<br />
ridges, a depression area is known<br />
Alfukhari area and the proposed<br />
location of the KY WWTP. The<br />
elevation at the KY WWTP is<br />
around 53 meters above MSL. The<br />
proposed site is located in the<br />
southeast of Khan Younis City at<br />
about 1Km from the eastern border<br />
of Gaza Strip and 400m north of<br />
Sofa Crossing Point.<br />
Figure 5.1: Topographic Map for Khan<br />
Younis and Rafah Gov.<br />
Khuza'a site is a proposed location<br />
for infiltration basin. The area<br />
elevation ranges from +68m to +75m AMSL and is located 6 Km from KY WWTP site.<br />
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5.1.2. Geology<br />
Gaza aquifer is part of the regional coastal aquifer, which lies along the southeastern<br />
edge of the Mediterranean Sea and extends from the foothills of mountain Carmel<br />
southward to Gaza and northern Sinai. It is composed calcareous sandstone from the<br />
Pliocene-Pleistocene age, unconsolidated sands, and layers of clays. In the Gaza Strip,<br />
the aquifer extends about 15-20 km inland, where it overlies chalks from the Eocene and<br />
limestone or the Saqiye Group from the Miocene-Pliocene. The Saqiye Group is a 400 to<br />
<strong>10</strong>00m thick sequence of marls, marine shales, and clay stones.<br />
Approximately <strong>10</strong> to 15km inland from the coast, the Saqiye Group pinches out, and the<br />
coastal aquifer rests directly on Eocene chalks and classic sediments from the of<br />
Neogene.<br />
Figure 5.2a: Geological Sections Passing<br />
through the Khuza'a area<br />
Figure 5.2b: Geological Sections Passing<br />
through the KY WWTP<br />
Figure 5.2c: 3D Geological presentation of the Gaza Strip<br />
Near the coast in the Gaza Strip, clay layers subdivide the coastal aquifer into four<br />
separate sub-aquifers. They extend inland about 2 to 5 km, depending on location and<br />
depth. Further east, the marine clays pinch out and the coastal aquifer can be regarded as<br />
one hydro-geological unit. Within the Gaza Strip (figure 5.2c), the thickness of the<br />
Kurkar Group increases from east to west, and ranges from about 70 m near the Gaza<br />
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border to approximately 200 m at the coastline. Layers with a low permeability are found<br />
in the Kurkar group. These layers are more predominant closer to the coast.<br />
Inspection of geologic sections conducted by the Israeli Geologic Survey (IGS) in the<br />
southern Gaza Strip, as well as some available water wells logs from the Palestinian<br />
Water Authority revealed the presence of major geologic features in the study area.<br />
Figure 5.2 (a, b and c) presents a generalized two geological cross section of the coastal<br />
aquifer. The first section is covering some of the depression area in the locality of Al-<br />
Fukhari close to the proposed location of the KY WWTP. The second covers a strip from<br />
the locality of Khuza’a ridge. The first major feature is the presence of a geologic<br />
depression in Al-Fukhari area fanning for a radius of approximately 2 kilometers with a<br />
maximum depression depth of around 30 to 40 meters. This depression is filled by<br />
multiple layers of clayey and silty soils as well as some alluvial sands. This fact was<br />
confirmed by multiple boreholes logged in the KY WWTP and shallow boreholes loged<br />
for some buildings in the area. The Kurkar aquifer beneath these layers is very thin with<br />
a depth of around 20 meters. The second major feature revealed from these sections is the<br />
presence of a thick unsaturated Kurkar dry aquifer in the Khuza’a area. The thickness to<br />
the aquitard (Saqiye group) can reach to more than <strong>10</strong>0 meters in some places. Some<br />
farmers (oral communications) indicated that the aquifer in the area is almost dry, a fact<br />
they discovered when they were trying to dig illegal agricultural wells in the area. The<br />
sections indicate the presence of a low permeability loamy soil on the top of the Kurkar<br />
formation with varying depth.<br />
The geological characteristics of the area of the treatment plant, as investigated by<br />
ALMADINA-Consultants in the year 2006, show the presence of three major geological<br />
features.<br />
The first major geologic feature is the presence of a depression between the Khuza’a tilt<br />
and Eastern Rafah tilt following approximately the contour line of elevation 60. This<br />
depression is deeper than 25 meters in some areas. The depression is filled with several<br />
layers of various deposits of clayey soils, silty sand, silty clay, and fine to medium sands<br />
of alluvial sand origins. The depth of consecutive layers varies in depth from a fraction of<br />
a meter to few meters. It appears that the depression is located in the area bordered by the<br />
Khuza’a tilt from the north to the Eastern Rafah tilt from the South. Moreover, the<br />
depression borders the Khuza’a tilt from the east with lower depths. The report confirms<br />
the fact that the site of the wastewater treatment plant is located in the middle of the<br />
depression where the aquifer is thin and covered by a thick accumulation of various<br />
clayey and silty deposits.<br />
The second major geologic feature found from the field investigation is the presence of<br />
part of the Khuza tilt. This tilt is basically a thick kurkar formation extending for more<br />
than 25 meters, covered by a layer of loamy to silty clay layer of varying depth. The<br />
interesting feature is that the kurkar layer is found close to the ground surface. The top<br />
soil layer is thicker reaches a depth of around <strong>10</strong>m. It is very interesting to note though<br />
that in Khuza tilt, a layer of hummra, silty sand layer, of lower permeability is<br />
encountered. However, it is noticed that the thickness of the hummra layer is larger in the<br />
east (about 5 meters) and the thickness is lower as one goes to the west (thickness is<br />
ranged from 1 meter to 2 meters in). The thickness also decreases from the south to the<br />
north direction. It is anticipated therefore that the clay layers diminishes when it reaches<br />
that extent to the north. Common experience with similar Kurkar deposits indicates the<br />
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presence of hummra layers of various depths every 5-15 meters. This fact was confirmed<br />
from the deep borehole log done by the PWA (CAMP-8) to the north of the investigated<br />
area about 1 kilometer to the north where repetitive similar layers of hummra were<br />
encountered in a deep kurkar formation.<br />
5.1.3. Soil<br />
The soil in the Gaza Strip is composed mainly of three types, sands, clay and loess as<br />
shown in figure 5.3. The sandy soil is found along the coastline extending from south to<br />
outside the northern border of the Strip, at the form of sand dunes. The thickness of sand<br />
fluctuates from two meters to about 50m due to the hilly shape of the dunes.<br />
N<br />
W<br />
E<br />
S<br />
Soil.shp<br />
Dark brown / Silty Clay<br />
Loess soils<br />
Loessal sandy soil<br />
Sandy loess soil<br />
Sandy loess soil over loess<br />
Sandy regosols<br />
Figure 5.3: Soil map of Gaza<br />
Strip (PWA, 2003)<br />
<strong>10</strong> 0 <strong>10</strong> 20 Kilometers<br />
Soils of Khan Younis area are mostly loessial soils, and the ridges consist of sandstone<br />
(Kurkar). Sand dunes are found along the coast to the north, south and west of the area,<br />
and have high rainwater infiltration capacities. According to the geotechnical<br />
investigations, the subsoil in the (KY WWTP) site can be generally classified into seven<br />
layers from top to bottom: loess clay, loess hard clay, loess silty clayey sand, loess silt<br />
clay, brown clay, brown silt sand and yellowish calcareous sand.<br />
5.1.4. Groundwater<br />
Ground water is the most precious natural resource in the Gaza Governorates as it is the<br />
only source of water supply for domestic and agricultural use. Under natural conditions,<br />
groundwater flow in the Gaza Strip is towards the Mediterranean Sea, where it<br />
discharges to the sea. However, pumping over 50 years has significantly disturbed<br />
natural flow patterns. Large cone of depression have formed in the north and south where<br />
water levels are below mean sea level, including inflow of seawater towards the major<br />
pumping centers. In the northern-area of the Gaza Strip groundwater levels dropped by 8<br />
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meters between year 1935 and 1969. This drop is most apparent in the north due to<br />
extensive of groundwater exploitation at the eastern-northern border of the Gaza strip and<br />
due to Israeli activities between year 1948 and 1967. In all the Gaza Strip, between years<br />
1970 and 1993 groundwater levels dropped by almost 2 meters on average. This drop is<br />
most apparent in the south as a reflection of lower recharge from rainfall in this area. In<br />
the north, most wells exhibit a relatively slower drop in this period due to higher recharge<br />
rate. Depth to water level of the coastal aquifer varies between few meters in the low land<br />
area along the shoreline, and about 70 m along the eastern border.<br />
The groundwater elevation map for Khan Younis governorate is illustrated by figure 5.4.<br />
It shows sensitive area for groundwater depression where the groundwater level elevation<br />
drops more than 12m below mean sea level. This drop in the groundwater will led to<br />
lateral invasion of seawater due to pressure difference and direct contact with the aquifer,<br />
and also vertical invasion from deep saline water. This invasion laterally and vertically<br />
will affect the overall groundwater quality in the system.<br />
Figure 5.4: Average groundwater table levels in Khan Younis Governorate for year 2007.<br />
Water quality of the coastal aquifer underlying Gaza has deteriorated harshly. The main<br />
groundwater quality problems are elevated chloride and nitrate concentrations. In this<br />
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report the water quality is reviewed with respect to chloride and nitrate. For simplicity,<br />
the reference level over which the water is to be considered a source and under which the<br />
water is to be considered a sink is set as follows based on the World Health Organization<br />
drinking water guidelines:<br />
• 50 mg/l for NO3-<br />
• 250 mg/l for Cl-<br />
According to the geotechnical investigation which was done by IUGAZA lab in August<br />
2009 for the project purpose (figure 5.5), the ground water table was appeared during<br />
drilling at the end of clay at depth of 58m and rise by artesian pressure to 56.5 m below<br />
existing ground surface at Khuza'a (Al Fukhari) infiltration site at the pilot well F9-BH01<br />
(x=86485.3129 m, y=78842.1137m, z=66.457m). The water table is rising up by time as<br />
shown at table <strong>10</strong>. The water is salty the total dissolved solids TDS= 2380 ppm and<br />
chloride is 1300 ppm which is high and not suitable for irrigation plants or drinking. The<br />
unsaturated zone in the proposed infiltration area is about 68m, and the water level<br />
elevation is recorded at +<strong>10</strong>m AMSL with a very high chloride contents as well<br />
described later.<br />
Figure 5.5: Location of pilot well B9-BH01 at Al Fukhari proposed infiltration basin and the previous<br />
studies borehole locations.<br />
Table 5.1: Summary of GWT monitoring results<br />
Well No<br />
Well Elev. MSL<br />
(z, m)<br />
Ground Water<br />
Elevation below<br />
surface (m)<br />
GWT/year (MSL)<br />
F9-BH01 66.5 56.5 +<strong>10</strong>m / 2009<br />
BH26 74.2 68.2 +6m / 2006<br />
BH26 74.2 67.2 +7m / 2009<br />
Camp 8 81.75 77 +4.75m / 2003<br />
Camp 8 81.75 74.40 +7.35m / 2009<br />
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Nitrate:<br />
90 per cent of Gaza's water samples were found to contain nitrate concentrations that<br />
were between two and eight times higher than the limit recommended by the World<br />
Health Organization (WHO). Organic fertilizers and wastewater are the main causes of<br />
the nitrate contamination in the groundwater, followed by sewage sludge and artificial<br />
fertilizers. This was revealed by the isotope ratios of nitrogen (15N/14N) and oxygen<br />
(18O/16O) in the nitrate. Isotopes are variations of the same chemical element that have a<br />
different number of neutrons in their nuclei. 18O and 15N are stable, i.e. non-radioactive,<br />
isotopes that are heavier than "normal" oxygen (16O) or nitrogen (14N) and can therefore<br />
be measured using a mass spectrometer. The lower 15N nitrogen isotope values in the<br />
sewage sludge indicate that the nitrate in the Gaza groundwater comes primarily from<br />
manure used as fertilizer. Between 2001 and 2007 samples from 115 municipal wells and<br />
50 private wells have been taken on seven occasions. Nitrate concentrations of between<br />
31 and 452 milligrams per liter were detected. Only <strong>10</strong> of the 115 municipal wells<br />
examined were found to have a nitrate level below the WHO guideline value. The<br />
situation with the private wells was equally serious: apart from three, all the wells were<br />
found to have nitrate levels that were between five and seven times higher than the WHO<br />
recommendations.<br />
Figure 5.6: Average nitrate concentrations in groundwater in Khan Younis Governorate for year 2007.<br />
The nitrate concentration in the area surrounding both the wastewater treatment plant and<br />
the suggested infiltration basin exceed the level recommended by the WHO. As shown<br />
by the nitrate level groundwater in Khan Younis governorate, figure 5.6, it is more than<br />
<strong>10</strong>0 mg per liter.<br />
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Chloride:<br />
High levels of chloride in the groundwater cause high salinity in the water supply. Less<br />
than <strong>10</strong>% of the aquifer's yield is water meeting the WHO drinking standard (i.e. more<br />
than 250 mg/l). Some agricultural are currently reporting salinity levels of more than<br />
1200mg/l. Sources of high chloride content have been determined to be; seawater<br />
intrusion, lateral flow of brackish water from east in the middle and southern area and<br />
up-coning of the brine water from the base of the aquifer. The sudden rise in salinity is<br />
entirely consistent with entrainment of seawater wedges. The coastal aquifer holds<br />
approximately 5000 MCM of groundwater of different quality. However, only 1400<br />
MCM of this is “fresh water”, with chloride content of less than 500 mg/l. This fresh<br />
groundwater typically occurs in the form of lenses that float on the top of the brackish<br />
and/or saline ground water. That means that approximately 70% of the aquifer are<br />
brackish or saline water and only 30% are fresh water.<br />
Figure 5.7: Average chloride concentrations in groundwater in Khan Younis governorate for year 2007.<br />
The chloride level in the groundwater in Khan Younis governorate varies from less than<br />
250 mg per liter in some western areas to more than 1500 mg per liter in the eastern area,<br />
as shown by figure 5.7. However, the concentration in the groundwater beneath both the<br />
wastewater treatment plant and the infiltration basin in Khuza'a is more than 1500 mg /l.<br />
5.1.5. Surface Water<br />
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Three small Wadies (Gaza, Beit Hanon and Salqah) cross the Gaza Strip from east to<br />
west but have little water in winter and are dry in summer. Before 1976, flooding in the<br />
Gaza valley caused the closure of the main (North-South) Gaza highway for few days<br />
each year.<br />
Wadi Al Salqah which is crossing Deir Albalah city is the closest one for the KY<br />
WWTP, the estimated distance is more than 20 km to the north.<br />
5.1.6. Seawater Aspects<br />
In the last three decades, the shore of Gaza suffered from pollution as a result of either<br />
authorities or citizens behavior. Direct causes for polluting certain sites of the marine<br />
environment are very visible, and it is totally due to the huge quantities of the wastewater<br />
discharged into the sea. One can identify these sites bare eyed by observing the growing<br />
moss in them. The pollution is also indicated by the bad odor they release. The extent of<br />
seawater pollution varies according to the quantity and quality of pollutant. From the<br />
hygienic point of view, seawater and beach in Gaza city and the northern area suffers<br />
high degrees of pollution. The results of the microbiological and biochemical analysis<br />
which were carried out in the last five years in the Environmental and Rural Research<br />
center at the Islamic University of Gaza, show that more than 90% of seawater samples<br />
exceed the recommended values for bathing water according to the WHO standards in<br />
Gaza city and Northern. Additionally, levels of pollutants such as fecal coliform and<br />
fecal streptococci were found in excess of U.S. EPA standards. The worst seawater<br />
pollution was found in the central part of the Gaza Strip, where effluent from Gaza City<br />
is discharged. Rainfall and tides were major factors affecting water quality in the winter<br />
season.<br />
Some of the practices of some citizens cannot be ignored neither, such as bathing the<br />
domestic animals in the sea, bathing horses, donkeys. Dogs and goats are very common<br />
practices that one often can see when you go to the beach. Bathing animals is another<br />
source of pollution that impacts the marine biology and creates a public health hazard.<br />
The results showed that the average size of the organism was 1.38 mm in the polluted<br />
site and 0.67 mm in the free site. In summer the total coliform (TC) was more than 150<br />
tests per <strong>10</strong>0 g sediments and decreased in winter and reached less than 30 tests per <strong>10</strong>0 g<br />
sediments. The TC and organism size changed closer with increase or decrease of BOD5.<br />
In addition, the seasonal variation has significant effects on TC and size of Ammonia<br />
beccarii in both locations. <strong>Final</strong>ly, we can conclude that the size of Ammonia beccarii<br />
could be a good indicator for organic pollution level in comparison to total count.<br />
Through a comprehensive study carried out by Abdallaah et al. (2005), higher fecal<br />
indicators (both fecal coli forms and fecal streptococci) were obtained in sand rather than<br />
in water almost in all locations. The frequency of Salmonella and Vibrio isolation was<br />
also higher in sand than in water. The fecal coli forms count in sand ranged from 37 to<br />
13996, while it ranged from 37 to 4742 in seawater. Higher counts for fecal streptococci<br />
were recorded for both soil and seawater in a polluted location north Deir Elbalah. The<br />
count was 94566 and 8216 in soil and seawater, respectively.<br />
5.1.7. Ambient Air Quality<br />
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There is increasing evidence that human activities in general have substantially added to<br />
the amounts of harmful gases and particles to the atmosphere. The combustion of fuel in<br />
automobiles and trucks produces several pollutants such as: nitrogen oxides,<br />
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter. Emissions from an individual<br />
car are generally low compared to the smokestack, but the personal automobile is the<br />
single greatest polluter, as emissions from thousands of vehicles on the roads add up.<br />
Air quality data have been generated during this and other previous projects that include<br />
previous <strong>EIA</strong>s development, research projects, and environmental assessment conducted<br />
by UNEP. In this section air pollution data in the governorates of Gaza Strip are<br />
presented and analyzed. Pollutants presented are sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, lead,<br />
and hydrocarbons. The data is classified according to location and season.<br />
Sulfur Dioxide:<br />
Concentrations of sulfur dioxide in air samples from different areas of Gaza Strip (North<br />
Gaza, Gaza, Middle Zone, Khan Younis and Rafah) are presented in figure 5.8. Sulfur<br />
dioxide is produced as a result of burning petroleum products and from industrial<br />
activities. In addition, it comes from natural sources such as bio-degradation of organic<br />
wastes and bio-generation in liquid waste treatment plants. The concentration in Gaza<br />
city is the highest among the governorates. This might be explained by the fact that most<br />
of the industrial units are located in Gaza due to geographical and population<br />
distributions.<br />
[SO2]mg/m3<br />
250<br />
200<br />
150<br />
<strong>10</strong>0<br />
50<br />
w inter<br />
sipring<br />
summer<br />
autamn<br />
0<br />
North Gaza Gaza Middel zone Khan Younis. Rafah<br />
Location<br />
Figure 5.8: Seasonal variations of sulfur dioxide (µg/m3) in different locations and seasons in Gaza Strip.<br />
Regardless to the statistical differences a seasonal comparison of SO2 concentration<br />
among all locations shows that concentration winter is nearly the lowest among all<br />
seasons whereas the concentrations in the other seasons are nearly evenly.<br />
Air quality survey was conducted in the preliminary EA study in 1997. The survey was<br />
done for one week from Sunday to Saturday in June 1997 at the market point which is<br />
located in Khan Younis city center (the most polluted area in Khan Younis Governorate).<br />
The result is shown in table 5.2.<br />
Table 5.2: Result of Air Quality Survey (source: JICA Khan Younis report, 1997)<br />
Items of air<br />
quality<br />
Sun. Mon. Tue. Wed. Thu. Fri. Sat.<br />
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Sulfur dioxide<br />
SO2<br />
Suspended<br />
particle Matter<br />
(SPM)<br />
Carbon<br />
Monoxide<br />
(CO)<br />
Remark<br />
0.1-0.3<br />
0.2<br />
0.2-1.0<br />
0.5<br />
0-<strong>10</strong><br />
2<br />
0.1-0.3<br />
0.15<br />
0.1-0.5<br />
0.3<br />
0-<strong>10</strong><br />
2<br />
0.1-0.3<br />
0.17<br />
0.1-1.0<br />
0.4<br />
0-20<br />
4<br />
0.1-0.3<br />
0.17<br />
0.1-1.0<br />
0.4<br />
0-<strong>10</strong><br />
2<br />
0.1-0.3<br />
0.17<br />
0.2-0.4<br />
0.3<br />
0-<strong>10</strong><br />
1<br />
0.1-0.3<br />
0.15<br />
0.05-0.25<br />
0.15<br />
0-<strong>10</strong><br />
2<br />
0.1-0.3<br />
0.2<br />
0.05-0.25<br />
0.1<br />
Upper value: Range of measured value (PPM/1 hr average for SO2 and SPM and ppm/8 hr<br />
average for CO).<br />
Lower value: Daily average of measured values.<br />
0-5<br />
1<br />
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Some values of measured air quality are high, but they were not too large even it is<br />
located in the most crowded point in Khan Younes.<br />
Concentration of NOx in air samples of Gaza Strip:<br />
Seasonal concentrations of NOx in air samples collected from different locations in Gaza<br />
Strip are presented in figure 5.9. There is no exact general trend that characterized the<br />
ambient air concentrations of NOx. Similar to sulfur dioxide Gaza NOx concentrations<br />
are higher than other governorates, because Gaza location is more densely populated than<br />
other governorates and can emit NOx to the atmosphere due to fuel consumption<br />
transport or industrial activities. In addition, the application of organic fertilizers may<br />
result in ammonia emission which in turn may be oxidized to NOx in the atmosphere.<br />
60<br />
[NOx] µg/m 3<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
<strong>10</strong><br />
winter<br />
sipring<br />
summer<br />
autamn<br />
0<br />
North Gaza Gaza Middel zone Khan Younis. Rafah<br />
Location<br />
Figure 5.9: Seasonal variations of NOx (µg/m3) in different locations in Gaza Strip.<br />
Beyond the statistical variations, it can be seen that average concentrations in summer<br />
season was the highest among all season except Rafah which showed high average in<br />
spring. The lowest concentrations were in autumn.<br />
Concentration of lead in air samples of Gaza strip:<br />
Concentrations of lead in air samples collected from in different locations in Gaza strip<br />
are presented in figure 5.<strong>10</strong>. The highest value of Pb concentration reached nearly to 0.6<br />
µg/m3 in April in Gaza location which seemed the highest level in all locations beyond<br />
the unreasonable high concentrations found in January in Khan Younis location. It is<br />
obvious that concentration of lead in air samples collected from Gaza city is the highest<br />
among all locations. The concentration in the middle zone was also high and reached<br />
nearly 0.3µg/m3. These results may be explained by the fact that a lot of battery<br />
manufactures and recycling are relatively distributed in Gaza and middle zones.<br />
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[Pb] µg/M3<br />
0.45<br />
0.4<br />
0.35<br />
0.3<br />
0.25<br />
0.2<br />
0.15<br />
0.1<br />
0.05<br />
0<br />
winter<br />
sipring<br />
summer<br />
autamn<br />
North Gaza Gaza Middel zone Khan Younis Rafah<br />
location<br />
Figure 5.<strong>10</strong>: Seasonal variation of lead concentration (µg/m3) in air samples collected from different<br />
locations of Gaza Strip.<br />
Seasonal variations of lead concentrations in air samples collected from different<br />
locations in Gaza strip shows that concentration of lead was higher in summer season<br />
than one else. The lowest concentration was in winter season in some cases. It is not<br />
possible to measure these isotopes in Gaza. The explanation of these results is that high<br />
temperature in summer may result in evaporation of organic lead compounds (Tri, Tetra<br />
methyl lead) which may contribute to increase lead flux to the atmosphere. The low lead<br />
level in winter samples may be due to the precipitation of suspended lead particulate,<br />
and/or solubility of lead salts in rain water.<br />
Hydrocarbons used in Gaza Strip:<br />
The quantities of hydrocarbons used in different locations of Gaza Strip for three years<br />
(2003, 2004, and 2005) are presented in Figure 4. Quantities of hydrocarbons in Gaza<br />
Strip are presented in figure 5.11. It can be seen the highest quantity of used hydrocarbon<br />
was found in the Gaza zone. The lowest quantity was found in the north Gaza and Rafah<br />
governorate. The reason of these results is that the population density.<br />
Total consumption (L)<br />
12000000<br />
<strong>10</strong>000000<br />
8000000<br />
6000000<br />
4000000<br />
2000000<br />
0<br />
Y03<br />
2003<br />
Y04 2004<br />
Y05 2005<br />
North Gaza Gaza Midle.Zone Kh. Younis Rafah<br />
location<br />
Figure 5.11: Quantity of used hydrocarbons in Gaza Strip.<br />
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Traffic related Air Pollution:<br />
According to Palestinian environmental strategy, transportation sector contributes to 50%<br />
of air pollution in Gaza Strip. Motor vehicle problem is mainly caused by the high<br />
density of traffic, the long age of the cars, and lack of appropriate licensing systems. The<br />
problem is exacerbated by the bad conditions of the roads and lack of professional<br />
planning of the Palestinian cities.<br />
A group of 140 gasoline-fueled vehicles were tested for 4 gases in exhaust emissions<br />
during a project carried out by local Palestinian NGO. These gases were carbon<br />
monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons (HC), and oxygen O2. The air to<br />
fuel ratio (lambda) was measured also. The distribution of the vehicles was made to<br />
represent all models and car ages working in Gaza Strip. The collected samples has been<br />
critically reviewed and analyzed to examine the quality of data where it showed<br />
consistency, reproducibility, and high precession.<br />
Table 5.3. summarizes the measured pollutants at cruse and idle modes for the cars<br />
tested. It shows that the rate of emissions both CO and CO2 at the idle speed is lower<br />
than their emissions at the high cruise. The opposite situation is happening for O2 and<br />
HC emissions. Theoretically, the rate of emission of CO and HC is expected to decrease<br />
during cruising mode of operation. The increase of CO is on the expense of that of CO2<br />
and vice versa. In general, the pollutants emission in the idle mode is higher than cruising<br />
mode. During idling, most engines require rich mixtures to compensate for residual<br />
combustion products in the cylinder. Thus carbon monoxide emissions are high during<br />
the idling mode.<br />
Table 5.3: summary of the measured pollutants at cruse and idle modes for the cars tested<br />
Mode of<br />
Idling<br />
Operation CO, % CO 2 % O 2 , % HC, (PPM) Lambda<br />
Average 2.91 <strong>10</strong>.33 4.03 901.99 1.09<br />
Maximum 11.93 15.22 18.40 8330.00 2.01<br />
Minimum 0.00 2.06 0.02 4.00 0.71<br />
Mode of<br />
Cruising<br />
Operation CO, % CO, % CO, % CO, % CO, %<br />
Average 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43<br />
Maximum 12.17 12.17 12.17 12.17 12.17<br />
Minimum 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Project results indicated that most of tested cars exceeded carbon monoxide and<br />
hydrocarbons permissible emission limits. On the other hand, carbon dioxide emissions<br />
in the average are acceptable when compared with the emission limits. Pollutants<br />
measured were independent of the cars ages at both idle and cruise modes. This can be<br />
explained by two facts. First, most of the tested cars are older than the virtual car age of<br />
about <strong>10</strong> years. This made the emissions dependent on the mechanical status of the motor<br />
rather than the age of the motor. Secondly, the large diversity of models and makes of<br />
cars used in the study made the variation in emissions from different models<br />
overshadows the variation in emissions due to the cars age.<br />
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Diesel versus Gasoline Engine:<br />
Diesel engines are heavier and bulkier than gasoline engines. They operate with less<br />
highly refined fuel and consume less fuel per horsepower per hour. Gasoline engines and<br />
diesel engines produce similar materials in their exhaust although the relative proportions<br />
are different. Similar to the gasoline engine, the emission of diesel engines varies<br />
considerably depending on the operation mode. Gasoline engines emit fewer particulate<br />
matters in their exhaust than diesel engines, so the exhaust looks "cleaner." Table 5.4.<br />
shows typical concentrations of the exhaust gas composition for both diesel and gasoline<br />
engines.<br />
A diesel engine, running at the correct fuel-air ratios (0.04) would have oxygen<br />
concentration of 1.5% and carbon dioxide of 13.5% in the exhaust gas. When the engine<br />
operate at higher fuel-air ratio of 0.094, oxygen concentration is lowered to reach of 0.3<br />
%, a carbon dioxide concentration of <strong>10</strong>.2 %, and carbon monoxide would abruptly<br />
increase to reach 6% in the exhaust gas.<br />
Table 5.4: Typical concentrations of the exhaust gas composition for both diesel and gasoline engines<br />
Fuel Pollutant Idling Acceleration Cruising Deceleration<br />
Gasoline<br />
Carbon monoxide % 6.9 2.9 2.7 3.9<br />
Hydrocarbons, PPM 5300 1600 <strong>10</strong>00 <strong>10</strong>000<br />
Diesel<br />
Carbon monoxide % Trace 0.1 trace trace<br />
Hydrocarbons, PPM 400 200 <strong>10</strong>0 300<br />
Results of this work shows that the proper planning of road network would reduce the<br />
rate of gases emission from the vehicles during peak hours by more than 50% by the end<br />
of the year 2030. These emission reductions are reflected positively on both the local<br />
environment when carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are considered and the global<br />
environment when carbon dioxide emissions are considered. These results call for<br />
immediate interventions to bring innovative solutions of automobile emissions problem.<br />
The interventions might include; enforcing emission limits and regulations, maintenance<br />
plans of major highways, and corrective master planning of highway networks in and out<br />
of the Palestinian cities.<br />
5.1.8. Noise Levels<br />
The proposed project sites are located in open rural areas with no major industrial<br />
activities undertaken in the vicinity of the sites. Noise sources at the sites of the project<br />
due to human activities and natural sources. Sources include traffic noise which was<br />
negligible in the project sites due to low traffic volumes. The sound of the sea and winds<br />
were high and pronounced at the sea outfall and proposed second infiltration site.<br />
Baseline noise levels were measured during the period 1-4 of July 2009 in four locations<br />
of treatment plant site, proposed infiltration basins, and sea outfall. The average noise<br />
levels in the four locations are presented in table 5.5.<br />
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Table 5.5: Field measurements of noise levels in decibel<br />
Location Maximum Minimum Average<br />
Treatment plant site 52.1 33.2 40<br />
Proposed infiltration site 1 51.7 35.8 41<br />
Proposed infiltration site 2 49.5 33.6 43<br />
Sea outfall 64.8 36.9 57.6<br />
5.1.9. Metro-climatologically Conditions<br />
5.1.9.1. Climate<br />
The whole Gaza Strip is located in a transitional zone between the temperate<br />
Mediterranean climate to the west and north and the arid desert climate of the Negev and<br />
Sinai deserts to the east and south. As a result wastewater treatment plant, infiltration<br />
basins, and pressure line has a typical Semi-Arid Mediterranean climate, with long hot<br />
dry summer caused by eastward extension of the Azores high pressure and a mild wet<br />
winter resulted from a penetration of mid-latitude depressions accompanied by westerly<br />
wind moving eastward over the Mediterranean basin. The proximity of the<br />
Mediterranean Sea has a moderating effect on temperatures and promotes high humidity<br />
throughout the year. There are two well defined seasons: the wet season starting in<br />
October and extending into April, and the dry season from <strong>May</strong> to September. Peak<br />
months for rainfall are December and January. There is an abundance of sunshine in<br />
Khan Younis Governorate with an average radiation of 5000 – 7500 kcal/m 2 /day in the<br />
summer. The mean annual solar radiation amounts to 2200 J/cm 2 /day.<br />
5.1.9.2. Temperature<br />
The average daily mean temperature in Gaza Strip ranges from 25 o C in summer to 13 o C<br />
in winter, with the average daily maximum temperature range from 29 o C to 17 o C and the<br />
minimum temperature range from 21 o C to 9 o C, in summer and winter respectively.<br />
5.1.9.3. Humidity<br />
The daily relative humidity fluctuates between 65% in daytime and 85% at night in<br />
summer and between 60% and 80% respectively in winter. The relative humidity was<br />
measured during the period 1-4 of July 2009 in four locations of treatment plant site,<br />
proposed infiltration basins, and sea outfall. The average relative humidity in the four<br />
locations is presented in Table 5.6. below.<br />
Table 5.6: Field measurements of relative humidity<br />
Location Maximum Minimum Average<br />
Treatment plant site 64.7% 55.9% 60.3%<br />
Proposed infiltration site 1 (Khuza'a) 70.3% 55.7% 63%<br />
Proposed infiltration site 2 (Muraj) 74.6% 58.6% 66.6%<br />
Sea outfall 73.8% 68.2% 71.0%<br />
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5.1.9.4. Wind<br />
There is a considerable variation in the wind speed during the daytime, and the average<br />
maximum wind speed velocity is about 3.9 m/s. Storms can occur in winter when<br />
maximum wind speeds reach about 18 m/s. In winter the prevailing wind direction is SW<br />
with an average speed of 4.2 m/s and during summer the prevailing winds are from the<br />
NW sector (MEnA, 2001). The wind speed was measured during the period 1-4 of July<br />
2009 in four locations of treatment plant site, proposed infiltration basins, and sea outfall.<br />
The average wind speed in the four locations is presented in Table 5.7. below. Figure<br />
5.12 shows yearly average wind speed for the period 1997-2007. The average speed<br />
varies between 9 to 12 km/h during this period.<br />
Table 5.7: Field measurements of wind speed in m/s<br />
Location Maximum Minimum Average<br />
Treatment plant site 6.4 1.1 4.0<br />
Proposed infiltration site 1 (Khuza'a) 5.3 1.41 2.9<br />
Proposed infiltration site 2 (Muraj) 7.3 2.9 5.6<br />
Sea outfall 4.6 1.6 2.6<br />
Wind Speed (Km/h)<br />
14<br />
12<br />
<strong>10</strong><br />
8<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007<br />
Year<br />
Figure 5.12: Wind speed average for year 1997-2007 in km/h<br />
5.1.9.5. Precipitation<br />
The rainfall data of the Khan Younis is based on the data collected from the main two<br />
rain stations located in Khan Younis city and Khuza’a. Daily rainfall data are available<br />
for Khan Younis station since 1985 but for Khuza’a station since 1999.The average<br />
rainfall in Khan Younis governorate from 1999 to 2008 was 263.5 (mm/year) as an<br />
annual precipitation as shown in table 5.8.<br />
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Table 5.8: Average yearly precipitation in Khan Younis Governorate from 1999-2009 (source: MoA, 2009)<br />
Year<br />
Khan Younis station<br />
Khuza'a station<br />
(mm/ year)<br />
(mm/ year)<br />
1999/2000 191.80 142.20<br />
2000/2001 381.00 284.30<br />
2001/2002 311.70 258.50<br />
2002/2003 298.00 261.20<br />
2003/2004 204.40 184.00<br />
2004/2005 373.00 367.70<br />
2005/2006 270.5 214.0<br />
2006/2007 252 256.1<br />
2007/2008 178 137.8<br />
2008/2009 309 261.8<br />
Avg. yearly prec.<br />
276.94 236.69<br />
Approximated (Six years) Area of<br />
86.70 43.40<br />
Khan Younis (Km2)<br />
Annual Precipitation (mm/year) is 263.5 Approximated from last <strong>10</strong> years(1999-2008)<br />
5.1.9.6. Evaporation<br />
No direct evapo-transpiration measurements are available for Palestine. Typical<br />
evaporation rates for Khan Younis Governorate range from 2.1 mm/day in winter to 6.3<br />
mm/day in summer. Annual average pan evaporation rates in the Gaza Strip are about<br />
1900 mm/y.<br />
Monthly evaporation data has been obtained for the years1999-2005 from Gaza<br />
meteorological station. The data is presented in Table 5.9. The maximum evaporation<br />
rate is reached during summer months while minimum is during winter months<br />
Table 5.9: Daily average evaporation rate in Gaza station in mm/day<br />
YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC AVR<br />
1999 1.9 2.7 4.7 5.0 6.0 6.3 6.7 6.0 5.3 4.0 3.2 2.6 4.5<br />
2000 2.6 2.7 3.6 4.3 5.2 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.1 4.4 4.8 3.5 4.5<br />
2001 3.7 3.8 4.7 5.1 5.8 8.4 6.4 6.8 6.1 5.0 3.8 3.1 5.2<br />
2002 3.1 3.4 3.8 4.5 5.5 6.2 6.1 6.0 5.8 4.0 3.4 2.5 4.5<br />
2003 2.5 3.2 3.4 4.7 5.4 5.8 6.0 6.0 5.7 4.0 3.1 2.2 4.3<br />
2004 2.6 2.8 3.5 4.7 5.4 6.1 6.6 7.1 6.2 4.5 3.4 2.7 4.6<br />
2005 2.8 2.7 3.4 4.0 5.0 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.4 4.5 3.3 2.1 4.2<br />
AVR. 2.7 3.0 3.9 4.6 5.5 6.3 6.2 6.2 5.7 4.4 3.6 2.7 4.6<br />
5.1.<strong>10</strong>. Road and Transportation<br />
In this project, the project team did not conduct direct car counts on the local roads of<br />
project area. However, the project area can be considered a very low traffic rate area<br />
taking into consideration that it is mostly a rural/agricultural areas. Most of local roads<br />
within the project area are not paved.<br />
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The project will use a branched access from 12m width Sofa Road to the west-south KY<br />
WWTP site corner. The length of the new access road is about 550m. The access road is<br />
paved and has difference in elevation not exceeding 2.0m. The paved part of the road is<br />
narrow and will not be adequate for the KY WWTP. Therefore, it will be reconstructed.<br />
5.2. Socio-Economic Aspects<br />
5.2.1. Population<br />
Khan Younis Governorate is located in the southern part of Gaza Strip as shown in figure<br />
5.13. Its district capital is Khan Younis City. In 2007, About 280 thousand inhabitants<br />
are living in Khan Younis Governorate (table 5.<strong>10</strong>). The Khan Younis governorate<br />
consists of seven municipalities: Khan Younis, Bani Suhaila, Abasan El-Kabira, Abasan<br />
El-Saghira, Quarrara, Alfukhari and the Khuza’a as shown in figure 5.13.<br />
Table 5.<strong>10</strong> Population Distribution for Khan Younis Governorate<br />
Municipality Population Percentage<br />
Al Qarara 19,769 7.3%<br />
Khan Yunis Camp 37,705 13.9%<br />
Khan Yunis City 142,637 52.6%<br />
Bani Suheila 31,703 11.7%<br />
'Abasan al Jadida (as Saghira) 6,066 2.2%<br />
'Abasan al Kabira 18,413 6.8<br />
Khuza'a 9,147 3.4%<br />
Al Fukhkhari 5,539 2.0%<br />
Total 270,979 <strong>10</strong>0.0%<br />
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Figure 5.13: Khan Younis map (PWA, 2007b)<br />
5.2.2. Employment<br />
Khan Younis governorate registered the highest percentage of unemployment (38.8%) of<br />
the total labor forces (PCBS, 2008). The PCBS results showed that the highest<br />
percentage of unemployment concentrated among the youth at age group 15-29. The<br />
percentage registered for the age group 15-19; it reached 39.9% in Gaza Strip, followed<br />
by 20-24 age group it reached 47.1%, then 25-29 group, it reached 36.9% in Gaza Strip.<br />
The results showed that the lowest percentage of unemployment appeared among<br />
females who not complete any years of schooling. Whereas, the unemployment<br />
percentage reached 33.8% for those whom finished 13 years of schooling and above.<br />
While the lowest percentage among males registered for whom finished 13 years of<br />
schooling and above it reached 15.7% whereas the highest percentage registered for those<br />
who finished 1-6 years of schooling it reached 26.3%.<br />
Employed Persons:<br />
In Gaza Strip the results showed that there was an increase of those who are working in<br />
commerce, restaurants and hotels sector from 19.0% in 4th quarter 2007 to 22.2% in the<br />
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1 st quarter 2008, and a decrease in the percentage of those who worked at transportation,<br />
storage and communication sector from 7.9% to 6.2% at the same period.<br />
On the other hand the results showed that the percentage of employed persons at services<br />
and other branches sector reached 52.0% in Gaza Strip in the 1 st quarter 2008. In Gaza<br />
Strip the percentage of wage employees decreased from 62.5% to 58.5%, and the<br />
percentage of unpaid family members decreased from 12.4% to 11.3.4%, while the<br />
percentage of unpaid family workers increased from 22.7% to 27.3% at the same period.<br />
The results showed that the public sector employed 38.7% of total employment in Gaza<br />
Strip.<br />
Wages and Work Hours:<br />
The average value of the nominal daily net wage of the employees in Gaza Strip the<br />
nominal daily net wage of the employees decreased from 64.1 NIS in the 4th quarter<br />
2007 and 63.6 NIS in 1st quarter 2008, compared with 66.9 NIS in the 1st quarter 2007.<br />
The average weekly work hours in the in Gaza Strip increased from 38.2 work hour to<br />
40.2 work hours.<br />
5.2.3. Water Demand/ Supply<br />
Khan Younis governorate municipalities (Khan Younis, Bani Suhaila, Abasan Kabira,<br />
Abasan Jadidia, Khuza'a, and Qarara) and surrounding villages suffer from real shortage<br />
in water supply.<br />
Existing water resources are limited. There are many groundwater wells which serve the<br />
area in addition to water delivered from MEKOROT Israeli Water Company. The total<br />
amount abstracted from the existing wells is about 17 MCM/yr, and about 2.5 MCM/yr<br />
(280 m3/hr) from MEKOROT. Comparing this amount with the required amount for<br />
future consumption leads to the fact that a new source of water must be introduced in<br />
order to overcome the expected shortage of water supply in the coming few years.<br />
The estimated average per capita water consumption (the amount of water actually<br />
provided to individuals, after system losses) is below the WHO recommended guideline<br />
of 150 l/c/d), also recommended by PWA.<br />
Most of groundwater quality in Gaza strip including Khan Younes area does not meet the<br />
WHO guidelines for water suitable for human consumption. The extraction of<br />
groundwater currently exceeds the aquifer recharge rate, accordingly the groundwater<br />
level is falling and chloride concentration is increasing due to seawater intrusion. The<br />
uncontrolled discharge of untreated sewage onto the soil and the excessive use of<br />
fertilizers has further polluted groundwater resources and led to high levels in certain<br />
areas.<br />
5.2.4. Domestic Water Infrastructure<br />
The current water supply system comprises water wells, distribution water network and<br />
unused concrete tanks. Water is normally abstracted from wells and discharged directly<br />
into the network. The current water supply system does not allow the match between the<br />
water demand variations and the capacity of the wells pump hence during the peak<br />
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periods the wells pump cannot provide adequate pressures due to the high demand.<br />
Consequently, the water system operates divide the community into distribution zones<br />
where zone receives water part of the day. As a result of this distribution practice, the<br />
residents used to reserve storage facilities over their roofs to meet their demand during<br />
the periods of shut off water supply.<br />
5.2.5. Wastewater collection<br />
At present, 60% of Khan Younis city’s population is served by the new established<br />
public sewer collection system. In the year 2025, 83% of the population of Khan Younis<br />
city is expected to be served by piped sewage system in addition to 63% for the<br />
surrounding area which is currently have 0% connection. The remaining unconnected<br />
population disposes effluents to cesspits, which are emptied regularly by tanker vacuum<br />
trucks. Collected septage is then discharged to the sewer network through one of the<br />
existing manholes.<br />
5.2.6. Land Use and Urban Planning<br />
The land use map of Khan Younis as shown in figure 5.14 is based on the Regional Plan<br />
developed by Ministry of Planning (MoP 2005).<br />
Most of the populations in the southern part of Gaza (mainly Rafah and Khan Younis<br />
governorates) are living in very dense built-up areas with lack of basic facilities, services<br />
and infrastructures. The built-up areas include almost all areas used for human<br />
settlements, such as residential, commercial, industry, public and private service, public<br />
open space etc.<br />
<strong>Study</strong>ing the Regional Plan of Gaza Governorates 2005, Urban development areas are to<br />
include land for most of the required purposes; residential, manufacturing industry,<br />
commercial, public and private services, without further subdivision, which will be<br />
undertaken through local planning processes.<br />
The land as shown in figure 5.14 is scarce and the pressure on it is increasing rapidly for<br />
all kinds of uses; urban, industrial, and agricultural uses. Agricultural land occupies<br />
about 72 km 2 , which is about to 65% of the total area of the Khan Younis governorate. It<br />
is expected that future expansion will be for the domestic use only.<br />
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Power Plant<br />
Existing Treatment Site<br />
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New Regional Road<br />
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<br />
0 1.25 2.5 5 Km<br />
Sources :<br />
- MOP<br />
- MOT<br />
- MOLG<br />
- Base Map Based on<br />
Cairo Agreement Map, 1994<br />
Aerial Photos, 1996<br />
Palestinian Grid<br />
Plan Map 6<br />
Updated Regional Plan for Gaza Governorates<br />
Palestine 2005<br />
Palestinian National Authority<br />
Ministry of Planning<br />
Boundaries and names are not necessarily authorative<br />
Figure 5.14: Regional plan for Gaza Governorates, (source: MoP, 2005)<br />
Alfukhari area as part of the region is classified as agricultural area. Supporting Khan<br />
Younis city, urban development goes slowly as most of the population prefers the city<br />
life and try to get far from the boarders, because of the continuous invasions made by the<br />
Israelis.<br />
The land plots surrounding the proposed location of KY WWTP are privately owned<br />
lands by farmers living in the eastern Khan Younis area. The land plots vary in size from<br />
few donums to tens of donums. The area is primarily an open agricultural field, basically<br />
producing different types of crops and some fruit trees. Urban development is<br />
characterized with scattered buildings here and there as most of the farmers and land<br />
owners build their houses within their farms, it is close to their work and they guard their<br />
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properties. As a result the population density is very low in the area surrounding the KY<br />
WWTP.<br />
The overall site view is classified as fair view surrounding the site, landscaping quality<br />
show open field and gray color mixed between agricultural areas with brown field. And<br />
the topographic features are almost blain and minimum slopes characterized the<br />
surroundings.<br />
5.2.7. Development Plans/Activities<br />
The regional plan for Gaza Governorates proposed mostly the urban development to the<br />
east and protection in the west. This is due to protection natural resources including sand<br />
dunes and fresh groundwater and the dense agricultural area.<br />
KY WWTP for the southern governorates for khan Younis is proposed in the west with a<br />
number of regional and national projects. The Gaza airport which is implemented <strong>10</strong><br />
years ago is not operating at the moment due to the Israeli closure. The airport is located<br />
in the far southeast of Gaza strip. In addition to proposed Industrial Park and Free Trade<br />
Zone which are located adjacent to the airport in the southeast. The Regional plan is also<br />
proposed new rail way and new regional road go with region borders from the east.<br />
5.2.8. Cultural Heritage and Archaeological Resources<br />
The cultural heritage environment means the historical and/or geographical settings of a<br />
certain historical site or area which is essential to the understanding of the site/area and<br />
which enhance the identity and character of the site or area.<br />
The value of these historical monuments and is embodied in the material demonstration<br />
of its stones, structures often beneath the visible surface or other materials represents<br />
events and man behaviors theoretically or practically. It should be kept and maintained<br />
accurately in a way to reflect its harmony historically and geographically with their<br />
origins.<br />
Palestinian cultural heritage suffered tremendously from miserable negligence and<br />
consequent deterioration. During the first years of the Palestinian authority; there were<br />
some attempts to integrate these cultural objects in the overall development schemes in<br />
order to introduce cultural and economic benefit of their existence.<br />
The rich history of Gaza comes from its strategic location on the Mediterranean coast at<br />
the cross road between ancient civilizations. This location as a kind of trade corridor<br />
between southern Europe, Africa and Asia made it benefit or suffer from the important<br />
economic, cultural, scientific and military exchanges in these old civilizations.<br />
Consequently, archaeological sites are many and remnants rich. They represent various<br />
archaeological periods such as the Paranoiac, Hellenistic and Byzantine, and more recent<br />
historical periods such as the Mamluok and Ottoman. In terms of cultural heritage it is<br />
also important to include the remnants from our times, reflecting the geopolitical<br />
situation of Gaza in the Middle East conflicts of our century, both from the British<br />
Mandate Period, Egyptian Rule and the Israeli Occupation.<br />
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Roman Site<br />
Laqia Site<br />
Jabalya Mosiac Site<br />
Anthedon Site<br />
Gaza Old City<br />
El Montada Mosaic Site<br />
Tall Ajoul Site<br />
El Montar Hill<br />
Important Historical<br />
Triangle<br />
Tall Om Amer Site<br />
El Khader Monastry and<br />
Mosque<br />
Tall Rafah<br />
Khan-Yunis Castel<br />
‘Abassan Mosaic<br />
Targeted location<br />
Figure 5.15: Overall Map for the Historical sites Attractions in the Gaza Strip<br />
Source: MENA, Ministry of Environmental Affairs 1999<br />
The Archeological sites and historical buildings vary between monuments, mosaic sites,<br />
mosques, churches and others. Generally speaking, these sites and buildings are suffering<br />
from the absence of adequate legislation of preservation of antiquities and monumental<br />
buildings.<br />
These sites are located all over Gaza. Particularly; in the coastal zone they are<br />
concentrated in the Deir al-Balah area, on both sides of Wadi Gaza, and by the ancient<br />
port of Gaza City (Blakhiyah, later called by the Greek name Anthedon). Sites from our<br />
century are mainly found in the cities, especially in the old city of Gaza. Most of the sites<br />
were dug up during the British Mandate.<br />
• Abbasan al-Kabira Mosaic Site<br />
Abbasan al-Kabira Mosaic Site is the only archaeological site close to the proposed<br />
wastewater treatment plant KY WWTP. It is more han 2km far from the KY WWTP to<br />
the northwest located in the existing built-up area of Abbasan small municipality nearby.<br />
The site is from the Byzantine period. It includes 6x3 m Mosaic basement and some ruins<br />
of walls. It is located in the built up area of Abbasan. The site is (1.000 m2), consists of<br />
6x3 mosaic basement with plants, birds, geometric figures and Greek text (606 A.C),<br />
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with a rectangle building (Grand Temple) east-west the second part of the site is the<br />
temple of Khalil El Rahman (Ibrahim profit) with remittance of some marble columns.<br />
The site is excavated in the built up area and covered by a hall construction. It has no<br />
services, lacks infrastructure and is only served by a sub-road. The site is also a<br />
governmental land inside the built up area.<br />
5.2.9. Human Health Aspects<br />
The public health hazards resulting from wastewater collection, treatment and disposal<br />
have long been known. In Khan Younis governorate, traditional practices of household<br />
waste disposal combined with a largely inoperable wastewater collection and treatment<br />
system have contributed to the present situation where discharge of untreated wastewater<br />
is made into the sea and open areas. Human waste has many direct and indirect adverse<br />
consequences for human health. Most of these occur when water-related diseases are<br />
transmitted from ingestion or contact with contaminated water and food.<br />
Severely nitrate polluted area in the Gaza Strip is Khan Yunis city at which the<br />
maximum nitrate concentrations were recorded (more than 400 mg/l) The L-wells are<br />
located in Khan Yunis area where the use of cesspits is very common, as the area is not<br />
connected to the sewer system. Therefore, Khan Yunis area has a high-level of nitrate<br />
concentration in groundwater. Anthropogenic source which increased the amount of<br />
nitrate to harmful level is the waste materials especially from sites used for disposal of<br />
human sewage, industrial wastes, septic tanks which represent a major local source of<br />
nitrate contamination of ground water especially in Khan Younis area of Gaza Strip (Al<br />
Absi, 2008).<br />
Several cases of blue babies disease were reported in the last couple of years. A study<br />
done by Abu Maila, El-Nahal and Al-Agha (2004) investigated the seasonal variations in<br />
nitrate concentration. Nitrate was analyzed in <strong>10</strong>0 wells (47 agricultural and 53 domestic)<br />
in five governorates. The results showed that 90% of the tested wells have nitrate far<br />
beyond the allowed values set by the World Health Organization (WHO). The average<br />
concentration of nitrate in domestic wells is 128 mg/L in June-July and 118 mg/L in Jan-<br />
Feb, and for the agricultural wells, the average is <strong>10</strong>0 mg/L in June-July and 96 mg/L for<br />
Jan-Feb. The results suggest that the seasonal differences in nitrate concentrations of the<br />
domestic wells are slightly more observable than those of the agricultural wells. The<br />
environmental factors that control nitrate in groundwater are: a partially-confined aquifer,<br />
lack of a sewage system, population density, the presence of refugee camps, the presence<br />
of fertilizers and the annual rain. The variations in nitrate concentration of the domestic<br />
wells are not of considerable values. It is suggested that concrete policies in pollution<br />
control and/or prevention measures could be formulated upon better understanding of the<br />
environmental factors.<br />
A descriptive, cross-sectional and analytical study by Abu Naser, Ghbn, and Khoudary<br />
was carried out in 3 areas of the Gaza Strip, Palestine, in 2002, to determine the factors<br />
associated with high methaemoglobin (Met-Hb) levels in infants and the relationship<br />
with nitrate concentration in drinking water wells. The study found that the drinking<br />
water sources were likely to be the main factor for high levels of Met-Hb. Out of 338<br />
infants attending for vaccination, having supplemental feeding, use of boiled water and<br />
age 3–6 months were associated with high Met-Hb levels.<br />
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The highest mean Met-Hb level was in Khan-Younis, where the highest mean nitrate<br />
concentration was recorded in drinking water. The infants from Khan-Younis had the<br />
highest methaemoglobin level compared with other area of Gaza strip such as Jabalia and<br />
Gaza city. There was a similar pattern between the Met-Hb levels of the infants and the<br />
nitrate levels of drinking water in the different residential areas. Khan-Younis had the<br />
highest nitrate level in wells and the highest mean Met-Hb level among the infants living<br />
in that area (5.94%). It is found that 64.6% of the infants’ families in Khan-Younis used<br />
tap water. This explains the higher Met-Hb levels in infants from Khan-Younis. This is<br />
attributed to 2 main factors: first the high level of nitrates in the sources of water, second,<br />
the higher use of other sources or tap water in families from Khan-Younis. Symptoms<br />
of diarrhea were more common among infants with high Met-Hb levels. This finding<br />
agrees with a report of an infant of 8 weeks who became ill with symptoms of vomiting<br />
and diarrhea after their mother stopped breastfeeding and began feeding with formula<br />
reconstituted with water from the family’s private well.<br />
Prevalence of intestinal parasites was assessed in 1,370 children in Khan Younis<br />
Governorate was studied by El-Astal (2005). The age of the children ranged from 6 to 11<br />
yr. Stool samples were examined by direct smear, flotation, and sedimentation<br />
techniques. General prevalence of intestinal parasites was 32.4%. Ascaris lumbricoides<br />
was found to be the most common parasite (12.8%), followed by Giardia lamblia (8.0%),<br />
Entamoeba histolytica (7.0%), Entamoeba coli (3.6%), Trichuris trichiura (1.6%), and<br />
Hymenolepis nana (1.0%). Enterobius vermicularis was detected with the scotch tape<br />
preparation. Of the examined children, 20.9% were positive for E. vermicularis. The<br />
following tables show the Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in children from<br />
Khan Younis Governorate.<br />
Table 5.11: Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in children from Khan Younis Governorate,<br />
Palestine.<br />
No. of children Prevalence (%)<br />
Protozoa<br />
Giardia lamblia 1<strong>10</strong> 8.0<br />
Entamoeba histolytica 96 7.0<br />
Entamoeba coil 50 3.6<br />
Helminths<br />
Ascaris lumbricoides 176 12.8<br />
Enterobius vermicularis* 264 20.9<br />
Trichuris trichiura 22 1.6<br />
Hymenolepis nana 14 1.0<br />
* Scotch tape samples received from 1264 children.<br />
Source: El-Astal, 2005<br />
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Table 5.12: Prevalence of the seven intestinal parasites by age group.<br />
Enterobius vermicularis<br />
(N = 264)<br />
Ascaris lumbricoides<br />
(N = 176)<br />
Giardia lamblia<br />
(N = 1<strong>10</strong>)<br />
Entamoeba histolytica<br />
(N = 96)<br />
Entamoeba coil<br />
(N = 50)<br />
Trichuris trichiura<br />
(N = 22)<br />
Hymenolepis nana<br />
(N = 14)<br />
Source: El-Astal, 2005<br />
5.2.<strong>10</strong>. Local Community Perception<br />
Age group<br />
6-7 yr 8-9 year <strong>10</strong>-11 year<br />
No. % No. % No. %<br />
P value<br />
<strong>10</strong>4 39.4 <strong>10</strong>8 40.9 52 19.7 0.05<br />
30 27.3 48 43.6 32 29.1 >0.05<br />
22 22.9 44 45.8 30 31.3 >0.05<br />
12 24.0 22 44.0 16 32.0 >0.05<br />
4 18.2 12 54.5 6 37.3 >0.05<br />
6 42.8 4 28.6 4 28.6 >0.05<br />
The socio-economic team in cooperation with the <strong>EIA</strong> team prepared a questionnaire that<br />
measures the perception of local communities. This will give us perception of the local<br />
community with regard to the implementation of the project components.<br />
About 415 questionnaires were distributed at 46 local communities in all over Khan<br />
Younis governorate in the period from 17 to 24 August 2009. Only 335 of them respond<br />
to the questionnaire with a response rate of 85%.<br />
The total number of questionnaires and their distribution over the different areas were<br />
identified according to the two main following factors:<br />
• Total population of the local community<br />
• The distance from the local community to the project components (Treatment plan<br />
and the infiltration basin)<br />
Table 5.13 The distribution of the questionnaires<br />
Municipality<br />
Population<br />
Distance range<br />
to project area<br />
Sample size<br />
=0.1% of<br />
population (A)<br />
Distance<br />
Factor<br />
(B)<br />
Total Number of<br />
Questionnaires= (A x<br />
B)<br />
Number of<br />
Respondents<br />
Al Qarara 19,769 7-12km 20 1.4 28 27<br />
KhanYunis City<br />
and its Camp<br />
180,342 5-14km 180 1.1 198 152<br />
Bani Suheila 31,703 9km 32 1 32 <strong>10</strong><br />
'Abasan al Jadida<br />
(as Saghira)<br />
6,066 5-7km 6 2.2 13 13<br />
'Abasan al<br />
Kabira<br />
18,413 3-5km 18 3.8 68 68<br />
Khuza'a 9,147 2.5-3.5km 9 4.8 43 32<br />
Al Fukhkhari 5,539 1-3km 6 5.5 33 33<br />
Total 270,979 415 335<br />
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Five experienced field surveyors, two males and three females, hired to conduct the field<br />
survey in coordination with Khan Younis Municipality.<br />
The Questionnaire has 55 questions divided into six parts as follows:<br />
1. Socio-economic Aspects of the family<br />
2. Housing conditions including water sources at the community<br />
3. Wastewater facilities at the community<br />
4. Solid waste and public health issues<br />
5. Agricultural aspects and water consumption<br />
6. Acceptance of new treatment facilities and infiltration<br />
All gathered data were analyzed using the SPSS software. The results of the analysis<br />
showed that, the average age of the respondents is 38 years with 59% males and 41%<br />
females most of them are married. About 45% of the subjects are unemployed while only<br />
20% are working as labors in different sectors.<br />
Local communities' perception about Water, wastewater and related environmental<br />
problems:<br />
• Most of the homes (99%) are connected to the water-network; most of them (56%)<br />
have Municipal connections, while 18% get the water from private wells. 23% of the<br />
population has bad quality of water while 41% have moderate quality of water only<br />
6% of them have good drinking water quality.<br />
• Only 18% of the interviewed persons confirmed that their homes are connected<br />
wastewater network while 82% has not connected to any wastewater network.<br />
• About 96.5% of the respondents conformed that they are still using the cesspits near<br />
their homes as the main way for wastewater disposal.<br />
• About 90% of the population of Khan Younis is currently suffering from mosquitoes.<br />
The majority of the respondents are from Fukhari, Abasan, and Eastern part of Khan<br />
Younis City<br />
• About 97% of the population of Khan Younis is willing to connect their homes to a<br />
new and modern wastewater network.<br />
• About 85% of them are accepting the establishment of the new wastewater treatment<br />
plant to serve their communities.<br />
• The 15% who are accepting the constructions of new wastewater treatment plant have<br />
several conditions to accept; mostly the location should be far away from the<br />
residential areas.<br />
• About 28% of the respondents had previous knowledge about the construction of new<br />
KY WWTP with some details on its location, donors, and implementing agency, in the<br />
other hand 72% they have no idea about this project.<br />
Local communities' Perception about Solid waste and related environmental problems:<br />
• About 21.5% know about the existence of Solid waste landfill to the east of Khan<br />
Younis most of this percentage from who are living near the location of the landfill.<br />
While 78.5%, have no idea about the location of the landfill.<br />
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• Around 82.5% from the respondents are suffering from unacceptable odor coming<br />
mainly from solid waste and wastewater near their communities. The majority of<br />
these people are living in the eastern part of Khan Younis, Fukhari and Abasan.<br />
• About 71% of the population is suffering from dust from different sources.<br />
• The Majority of the population (95%) is suffering from flies because of solid waste,<br />
chicken farms and wastewater exited inside their residential areas. Because of that,<br />
78% of the population is suffering from increasing number of rats in their areas.<br />
Perceptions of local Farmers:<br />
Most of the farmers at Khan Younis Governorate owned small parcels of agricultural<br />
land. Around 86% of the farmers owned less than <strong>10</strong> dunums and 46.4% of them<br />
cultivated less than three dunums.<br />
Areas for Individual Farmer's Agricultural lands in Dunmus<br />
6.1-<strong>10</strong>.0d<br />
(14%)<br />
<strong>10</strong>.1-30d<br />
(12%)<br />
More than 30d<br />
(1%)<br />
Less than 3d<br />
(46%)<br />
3.1-6.0d<br />
(26%)<br />
Figure 5.16: Individual Farmer's Agricultural lands in Dunmus<br />
Around 56.8% of the farmers are using ground water for irrigation while 33.7% are<br />
cultivating rain-fed crops depending of rainfall for irrigation. Most of the farmers 96.7%<br />
are consuming less than <strong>10</strong>00 cubic meters per month 52.5% of them are consuming less<br />
than <strong>10</strong>0 cubic meters per month. Around 41% from the farmers are accepting to irrigate<br />
their farms (only the trees) by treated wastewater if it is within the standards and with no<br />
odor and no impact on their fields.<br />
201 to 400m 3<br />
(12%)<br />
Amount of Water used for Agricultural Purposes<br />
More than<br />
400m 3<br />
(18%)<br />
less than 50m 3<br />
(33%)<br />
<strong>10</strong>1 to 200m 3<br />
(18%)<br />
51 to <strong>10</strong>0m 3<br />
(20%)<br />
Figure 5.17: Amount of water used for agricultural purposes in cubic meters per month<br />
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Local communities' Perception about construction of infiltration basins and related<br />
environmental problems:<br />
The majority of local population (77.6%) has no objection for construction of infiltration<br />
basin in their areas. However, 40% of the respondents have learnt that infiltration of<br />
treated wastewater have negative environmental-health impacts on their families while<br />
46% of them confirmed that the recharge of treated wastewater into the ground water<br />
have positive impact on the ground water. It seems that the scale and the duration of<br />
treated wastewater at the infiltration basis are not clear to the local population. About<br />
45% learnt that the depth of treated wastewater at the infiltration basin will exceeds one<br />
meter only 13% know that it will be less than one meter, while 24% have no idea about<br />
the water depth.<br />
5.3. Biological Environment<br />
The geographical location of Palestine being between three major continents Africa, Asia<br />
and Europe as well as being on the Mediterranean gives its characteristics unmatched<br />
elsewhere in geophysical characteristics and climate. Such a variety resulted in a rich<br />
biodiversity that is rarely matched in other countries.<br />
According to a variety of resources, Palestine flora is composed of 2780 plant species<br />
belonging to 126 families. Rare species account to 27.8% and those classified as very<br />
rare accounts to 25.6%. This is considered to be high and is directly related to their<br />
habitat. Some of these habitats are relatively small and varied and thus the flora that<br />
occupies them is in turn varied and rare. Land based fauna include 730 species divided<br />
into 116 mammals, 511 birds, 96 reptiles and 7 amphibians.<br />
The open areas in the southern part of Gaza strip show flora and fauna common to semiarid<br />
desert regions. The previously rich variety of animal and plant species in the wider<br />
region however has been drastically reduced. Due to the already very high population<br />
density and the ongoing increase of the population the few remaining habitats in southern<br />
part of Gaza strip are reduced almost day by day.<br />
Generally speaking biodiversity is under a serious threat due to human activities<br />
disrupting the ecology of the land including the use of pesticides which is an ever<br />
increasing threat to biodiversity. The flora and fauna in the Gaza strip suffered severe<br />
impacts especially during the last nine years (2000-2009) due to the Israeli depletion and<br />
partly leveling of green areas and agricultural land. During this period, large areas of<br />
agricultural or horticultural land including agricultural wells and irrigation networks were<br />
destroyed in the whole Gaza strip.<br />
5.3.1. Fauna<br />
Because of its geographical position, the OPT has a vast variety of wildlife. There are an<br />
estimated 30,904 species (PCBS, 2005; ARIJ, 2006), of which 30,000 invertebrates, 427<br />
birds, 297 fish, 92 mammals, 81 reptiles and 7 amphibians (PCBS, 2005; ARIJ, 2006).<br />
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Mammals: Many species, which could be found in the area a few decades ago have<br />
disappeared nowadays due to increased population density, hunting, agricultural and<br />
residential expansion, use of chemical substances, and mechanical obstacles like fences<br />
between Israel and the Gaza Strip. Deer, Wolf, Porcupine, Red fox, Jackal, Striped,<br />
Hyaena and Wild Cat are examples for meanwhile extinguished mammal species. Most<br />
of the nowadays-recorded mammals are rodents.<br />
Birds: Bird species are recorded in the wider area. The populations of some species were<br />
severely diminished due to certain factors including the use of agrochemicals, hunting,<br />
and loss of habitats.<br />
Reptiles and Amphibians: Species have been reported in the southern part of Gaza strip.<br />
Arthropods: There is a great variety of insects in the area. Mainly due to the existing<br />
Rafah solid waste landfill; insects like cockroaches, beetles and flies are abundant,<br />
forming a rich food basis for predators like praying mantis, dragon flies and carnivore<br />
beetles. Beside insects, scorpions and spiders are very common in the area.<br />
Snails and slugs: are widespread all through the area.<br />
Domestic Animals: Apart from wildlife, many domestic animals like cows, sheep, goats,<br />
donkeys, horses, hens, etc. are commonly seen in the area.<br />
5.3.2. Flora<br />
Figure 5.18: Selection of Fauna at the southern part of Gaza Strip.<br />
The West Bank and the Gaza Strip contain 2076 species of plants (ARIJ, 2006). 1959<br />
species (in 115 families) are growing in the West Bank and 1290 species (in <strong>10</strong>5<br />
families) are growing in the Gaza Strip. Most of the endemic species growing in the Gaza<br />
Strip belong to the Papilionaceae family (13.3%). Examples of endemic species growing<br />
in the Gaza Strip are Erodium subintegrifolium (Geraniaceae), Iris atropurpurea<br />
(Iridaceae), Paronychia palaestina (Caryophyllaceae), and others, (Zohary and Michael,<br />
1966, 1972, 1978, 1986; Feinbrun-Dothan, Avinoam, 1991; Shmida, 2006).<br />
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Figure 5.19: Selection of Flora at the southern part of Gaza Strip.<br />
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Wild plant species: A wide range especially of wild shrub and flowering plant species<br />
can be found in areas that are not cultivated. However, no particularly protected or rare<br />
species have been identified during the surveys.<br />
Forest: in the whole Gaza Strip there is no land, which can be considered as a real forest<br />
area. This is because the soils are mostly sandy and the climate is unsuitable for forest<br />
plantation.<br />
Agricultural Crops: There are many agricultural plants and fruit tree species reported in<br />
the project area. Agriculture is based on irrigated or rainfed crops. In general, vegetables<br />
(including potato, tomato, eggplants, pepper, beans, etc.), citrus, fruits, almonds, and<br />
rainfed crops are commonly seen in Khan Younis Governorate.<br />
5.3.3. Significant Habitat<br />
According to the study team investigation, it is concluded that the project area has no<br />
significant habitats available.<br />
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6. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS<br />
6.1. Introduction<br />
The first attempt to assess the environmental impacts was done within the "Preliminary<br />
Environmental Assessment". The potential environmental impacts is prepared using the<br />
baseline data survey which conducted for this study, following the general<br />
recommendations for elaboration of the environmental impacts, using updated<br />
information and large amount of new data and taking into consideration all media and<br />
their interaction.<br />
In the feasibility study, Khan Younis Sewerage Master Plan, and the Gaza Strip<br />
Sewerage and Storm water Master Plan studies the site selection and the treatment<br />
process of KY WWTP was done. This was made upon the requirements of the<br />
National/Regional Planning Directives, constrains of the KY WWTP site and the<br />
project's investment and maintenance costs. Five treatment alternatives were considered<br />
for possible use at Khan Younis. They were: Activated Sludge Process, Sequential Batch<br />
Reactor (SBR), Bio Aerated filters, Membrane bio reactors, and Trickling Filters. This<br />
alternative treatment study was recently prepared by SOGREAH-UG Consultants as part<br />
of the initial detailed design <strong>Report</strong> for KY WWTP. It was proposed to apply Activated<br />
Sludge Process treatment process for the KY WWTP in Khan Younis. The<br />
implementation of the proposed project for the KY WWTP is planned to be in two<br />
stages. Due to that the current study will focus on the impact assessment of the<br />
implementation of the selected project in the selected location and technology compared<br />
with the case of no implementation of the project.<br />
In order to assess in more details possible impacts during construction, operation phase<br />
and post operation phase (closure) or some changes which are planned in the view of<br />
capacity or technology, of the sea out fall, infiltration basins, and the KY WWTP;<br />
following stages and activities have been taken in consideration:<br />
Construction stage:<br />
The following activities are planned in the construction phase:<br />
• Construction of the access roads;<br />
• Preparatory works at the location of the KY WWTP and excavation works;<br />
• Transport and disposal of surplus excavated material;<br />
• Construction of the structures of the KY WWTP and infiltration basins (civil works,<br />
use of heavy machinery and vehicles);<br />
• Disposal of construction waste;<br />
• Installation of the equipment;<br />
• Construction of accommodation facilities for the workers (water supply, sewerage,<br />
waste disposal).<br />
The following action are expected:<br />
1. Excavation<br />
2. Leveling<br />
3. Concrete work<br />
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4. Electromechanical work<br />
Operation stage:<br />
In this phase, the following activities are planned:<br />
• Treatment technology/ operation of the equipment for sewerage treatment and effluent<br />
production;<br />
• Operation of equipment for sludge production and treatment (digester, drying beds<br />
and biogas production);<br />
• Sludge disposal on temporary storage at KY WWTP site.<br />
• Effluent recharge in filtration basin<br />
The following actions will be carried out:<br />
1. Removal and Disposal of grit and Floating material<br />
2. Biological Unit operation<br />
3. Effluent discharge to infiltration basin<br />
4. Emergency discharge to the sea<br />
5. Sludge removal and treatment<br />
When identifying the potential impacts of a new project, such as the proposed KY<br />
WWTP, the environmental impacts expected must be measured against the existing<br />
baseline conditions. Also, impacts may be beneficial, and occasionally both where<br />
opposing interests or viewpoints exist.<br />
The consultant identified possible and expected impacts of the different project activities<br />
and action in the constriction and operational phases. The <strong>EIA</strong> team assesses short- and<br />
long-term impacts, including both direct and indirect impacts. Table 6.1 presents<br />
preliminary results indicating the potential impacts, positive and adverse, of different<br />
project activities on the key environmental parameters.<br />
In general, relatively limited adverse impact can be created in different project phases.<br />
However, building of a KY WWTP will have a positive environmental impact on the<br />
Khan Younis governorate. It is expected to produce a long-term improvement in public<br />
health of the citizens of Khan Younis as to significantly reduce a source of chronic water<br />
pollution of a valuable scarce groundwater resource. Specific impacts that are anticipated<br />
or forecasted are discussed in detail in this chapter.<br />
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Table 6.1 – Preliminary Matrix of Potential Environmental Impacts<br />
Construction Phase<br />
Operational Phase<br />
Environmental Items<br />
Excavation Leveling Concrete<br />
work<br />
Electromechanical<br />
work<br />
Removal/<br />
Disposal of<br />
grit, floating<br />
material<br />
Biological<br />
Unit<br />
operation<br />
Effluent<br />
discharge<br />
infiltration<br />
basin<br />
to<br />
Emergency<br />
discharge to<br />
the sea<br />
Sludge<br />
removal<br />
/treatment<br />
Effluent and<br />
sludge reuse<br />
I. Physical Impacts<br />
1. Groundwater<br />
● ●☺ ●☺<br />
2. Marine<br />
environmental<br />
3. Soil<br />
● ● ● ● ● ● ●☺<br />
4. Air quality<br />
● ● ●<br />
II. Socio-Economic Impacts<br />
1. Land use and urban<br />
planning<br />
2. Employment ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺<br />
3. Health and safety<br />
● ● ● ● ●☺<br />
4. Cultural heritage<br />
● ●<br />
III. Biological Impacts<br />
1. Flora<br />
● ● ● ☺<br />
2. Fauna<br />
● ● ☺<br />
3. Habitats<br />
● ● ☺<br />
Trans-boundary Impacts<br />
1. Water Environment<br />
● ●<br />
2. Air Environment<br />
●<br />
● Adverse Impact<br />
☺ Positive Impact<br />
●<br />
☺<br />
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6.2. Physical Impacts (groundwater, marine environment, soil, air quality)<br />
6.2.1. Groundwater:<br />
In order to test the aquifer response to the infiltrated treated wastewater quantity and<br />
quality, a three dimensional ground water model is used as a tool for impact presentation.<br />
The chosen model was Visual Modflow 4.2 and its integrated modules (MODFLOW,<br />
ZONE BUDEGET, MODPATH and MT3D). The used model is being calibrated for<br />
different years as described in previous studies carried out in year 2006 (ALMADINA<br />
report for PWA-Finland studies). The model has been updated to adequate the current<br />
situation as year 2008 which is the starting of model simulation.<br />
The model was prepared for prediction phase which will presents the future conditions in<br />
case of applying infiltration in the proposed location of Khuza’a’. The proposed area as<br />
surveyed is about 9.7 hectares, while the proposed infiltrated inflow quantities are<br />
assumed to be as presented in table 4.2.<br />
The following figures are a presentation of the model structure and parameters used to<br />
get the prediction impact of the infiltrated treated wastewater.<br />
Figure 6.1: 3D Model Layout Presentation<br />
6.2.1.1. Impacts on Groundwater Quality:<br />
As described earlier that the existing chloride concentration in the proposed infiltration<br />
area is ranged from 2,000 to 4,000mg/L, Hence any added water with chloride less than<br />
the existing groundwater will certainly improve the groundwater salinity by dilution.<br />
Groundwater chloride concentration will improve to the better and no needs to be<br />
checked through the model. Knowing that the chloride ion concentration is a<br />
conservative in which it flow on and mix with the groundwater and it is not affected by<br />
any degradation and/or adsorption processes. This means that the chloride concentration<br />
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plume of the treated infiltration wastewater will remain constant along the water path,<br />
except for dispersion and dilution in the distant parts of the infiltration water plume.<br />
The other main component to the groundwater quality is Nitrate. Running the model<br />
simulation till year 2025 taking into account all the infiltrated treated wastewater quantity<br />
and quality into account, figure 6.2 presents the plume outcome results which describe<br />
the spatial distribution of the infiltrated treated wastewater quality.<br />
Figure 6.2: NO3 Plume Distribution over different years of simulation<br />
Table 6.2 describe the plume spatial distribution distance from the infiltration basin area<br />
towards the Mediterranean Sea in the North West direction, inland towards the eastern<br />
border of the Gaza Strip in the South East direction, and towards Middle and Rafah<br />
Governorates. Long term simulation (year 2025) and the effect of the infiltrated<br />
wastewater move towards the Mediterranean Sea because of the existence of pumping<br />
center in Khan Younis City, and it is clear that the inland distribution of plume towards<br />
the eastern border is less than the half distance of the NW direction due to absence of<br />
wells in the eastern side of the proposed infiltration basins.<br />
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Table 6.2: NO3 Plume Distance from Infiltration Basins<br />
Year<br />
North West<br />
Towards the<br />
Sea<br />
Plume Distance from Infiltration Basins (m)<br />
South East North East<br />
Towards the Towards<br />
Border<br />
Middle<br />
South West<br />
Towards Rafah<br />
2011 1,000 650 1,000 1,<strong>10</strong>0<br />
2015 2,250 1,250 1,900 1,900<br />
2018 3,000 1,600 2,400 2,200<br />
2020 3,500 1,800 2,700 2,500<br />
2025 3,750 2,000 2,880 2,800<br />
The closest municipal well in the area is located at about 4.4Km in the north-west<br />
direction of the proposed infiltration area (Al Madina Riadea Well). Accordingly, the<br />
infiltrated water will not reach any municipal well until 2025.<br />
6.2.1.2. Impacts on Water Quantity:<br />
As field investigation presented earlier, the water level elevation is around <strong>10</strong>m AMSL<br />
and the saturated thickness of the aquifer is almost <strong>10</strong>m thick. During the infiltration of<br />
treated waste water, the saturated thickness become more than 50m at the end of<br />
simulation (year 2025) which means that more than 40m dome depth (thickness) under<br />
the recharge basins. Illustrative different maps of the simulated groundwater level<br />
elevation are shown in the following figures for different years (year 20<strong>10</strong>, 2015, 2018<br />
and 2025respectively as figure 6.3a, 6.3b, 6.3c and 6.3d).<br />
The impact of infiltrating treated wastewater in Al Fukhari Area on the groundwater can<br />
be considered positive due to the fact that the current water resource in the area almost<br />
not exist due to limited saturated thickness and highly brackish water. After 15 years of<br />
infiltration in the area, there will be a local aquifer existence with an average saturated<br />
thickness of more than 50m and extend in a radius of about 4km from the infiltration<br />
basins. The water quality will improve as well by diluting the existing brackish water.<br />
The infiltrated treated waste water will never reach any adjacent municipal well in the<br />
area as shown in previous figures.<br />
The infiltrated treated wastewater can be used for irrigation purposes in the nearby<br />
agricultural areas, which can be considered as recovery wells, knowing that the simulated<br />
figures presented are for spatial distribution and water level elevation without any kind of<br />
groundwater recovery, hence if a recovery wells is being considered, the plume will<br />
shrink as well as the water level elevation will drop from +50m AMSL based on the<br />
abstracted groundwater.<br />
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Figure (6.3a): Simulated Water Level Elevation<br />
Year 20<strong>10</strong> (+20m)<br />
Figure (6.3b): Simulated Water Level Elevation<br />
Year 2015 (+30m)<br />
Figure (6.3c): Simulated Water Level Elevation<br />
Year 2018 (+35m)<br />
Figure (6.3d): Simulated Water Level Elevation<br />
Year 2025 (>+50m)<br />
Figure 6.3: Simulated Water Level Elevation for year 20<strong>10</strong>-2025<br />
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6.2.1.3. Particle Tracking:<br />
It is expected that the infiltrated wastewater will raise the groundwater level and hence<br />
the groundwater flow direction is towards the sea, the predicted flow path lines is<br />
directed towards north-west direction. The groundwater path line was predicted using the<br />
advection model (MODPATH).<br />
The model has been tested against the particles travel time to know the shape of<br />
expansion of the treated waste water in the groundwater. The following figures show the<br />
expansion of the particle dispersion in the groundwater in different years (year 20<strong>10</strong>,<br />
2015, 2018 and 2025 respectively as figure 6.4a, 6.4b, 6.4c and 6.4d),<br />
Figure (6.4a): Simulated Travel Time Year 20<strong>10</strong><br />
(800m west)<br />
Figure (6.4b): Simulated Travel Time Year 2015<br />
(2.25Km west)<br />
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Figure (6.4c): Simulated Travel Time Year 2018<br />
(3Km west)<br />
Figure (6.4d): Simulated Travel Time Year 2025<br />
(3.75Km west)<br />
Figure 6.4: Simulated Travel Time for year 20<strong>10</strong>-2025<br />
6.2.2. Coastal and Marine Environment (seawater quality):<br />
The immediate and one of the most beneficial impacts of the new treatment plant's<br />
construction will be the cessation of the discharge of untreated or partially treated<br />
wastewater to the sea and Almawasi area. As a result, local environmental conditions<br />
will be improved which can be expected to benefit both the local population and local<br />
fishery resources.<br />
Construction and operation of the proposed treatment plant will make significant<br />
reductions in the existing nutrient loads from the untreated/partially treated wastewater<br />
discharge. Also, total and fecal coli forms counts will be reduced significantly. This will<br />
have a positive impact on bathing water quality and tourism.<br />
On the other hand, operational difficulties may be experienced at plant start-up or during<br />
periods when equipment malfunctions, particularly the equipment providing aeration to<br />
the complete mix and partial mix lagoons. Under these conditions, the lagoons would<br />
probably remain intact. The effluent discharged under these emergency conditions would<br />
still be an improvement over the existing condition where raw/partially treated sewage is<br />
discharged into the sea. the temporal wastewater discharge to the sea in case of<br />
emergency, will affect the seawater quality for short time.<br />
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6.2.3. Soil<br />
This section describes the range of potential soil quality impacts associated with the<br />
establishment and operation of Khan Younis wastewater treatment plant and the soil<br />
aquifer treatment system in Khuza’a. In both sites the soil varies from sandy to sandy<br />
loam in texture.<br />
• Construction Phase<br />
The most significant aspects in the construction phase of Khan Younis wastewater<br />
treatment plant and the infiltration basin concerning the soil impact are: Excavation<br />
works, road construction, ponds construction works. These will expose soils in the<br />
affected project areas leaving them vulnerable to erosion by surface run-off and wind.<br />
However, the flat topography of the proposed site would tend to reduce erosive surface<br />
flows. The overall threat could exist for the durations of construction works with the<br />
rainy season.<br />
On the other hand, the construction of the wastewater treatment plant will involve<br />
building large embankment structures on land, which will result in a loss of the option for<br />
alternative land use and thus represents an irreversible commitment of land resources.<br />
Besides, there is high possibility for soil pollution with substances due to leakages of<br />
fuels and oils from the heavy vehicles and machinery used for construction and due to<br />
applied chemicals during this phase.<br />
More than 157,000 m3 of soil will be lost by excavation during the construction of the<br />
wastewater treatment plant, additionally; more than 5<strong>10</strong>,000 m3 is expected to be lost by<br />
excavation during the construction of the infiltration basin in Al Fukhari. Besides, the<br />
land in Al Fukhari site is used for agriculture, so the vegetation cover will be lost.<br />
Vegetation is important since protect the soil from erosion by wind. Plant’s roots help to<br />
maintain soil structure and facilitate water infiltration. Huge quantities of sandy to sandy<br />
loam of soil, is expected to be removed from the site and transferred to other locations.<br />
Only small amount of the excavation soil may be used for leveling activities.<br />
• Operation Phase<br />
During the operation of the plant the production of sludge and the infiltration process are<br />
considered the significant aspects disturbing the quality of the soil. The treated sewage<br />
sludge has significant organic matter content and contains macronutrients and<br />
micronutrients essential for plant growth. However, it can also contain potential<br />
contaminants such as heavy metals, organic contaminants and pathogens. The main<br />
environmental concern about utilization of sewage sludge on land is the accumulation of<br />
heavy metals in soils and a possible contamination of the food chain. Most municipal<br />
wastes, sewage sludge in particular, contain high concentrations of mineral nutrients (N,<br />
P, Ca, etc.), but also toxic heavy metals. As heavy metals generally are much higher<br />
concentrated in sewage sludge than commonly found in soils, the concentration of<br />
extractable heavy metals in soils such as Cd, Zn, Cu and Ni can be increased by sludge<br />
application to soil. Moreover, the fine particle structure of pure sewage sludge sometimes<br />
causes problems during application to soil. The fine particles have a low water retention<br />
capacity and – beside the nutrient supply – do not improve the soil quality, especially of<br />
sandy soils, significantly.<br />
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The main concern during the operation phase of the soil aquifer treatment system<br />
(infiltration basin in Al Fukhari) is the expected decrease in infiltration rate of the soil.<br />
This is due to the development of a clogging layer or Schmutzdeck at the original ground<br />
surface of the basin or beneath the surface. Clogging may take place in the soil as a result<br />
of wastewater-soil interaction. During this interaction, physical, biological or chemical<br />
processes go on as described below:<br />
• Physical processes: these processes are expected to cause surface soil clogging.<br />
Organic and inorganic suspended solids are found to be the dominant factor in<br />
creating the surface clogging. As the wastewater starts to penetrate with total<br />
suspended solid between 15 to 35 mg/L, the suspended solids that are larger in size<br />
than the soil pores does not penetrate and accumulate at the surface by means of<br />
straining leading to formation of clogging layer or filter cake. Later on, solids small in<br />
size may be suspended in the percolating water are then retained in the filter cake,<br />
enhancing further resistance to water flow. This reduction in the suspended solids is<br />
expected to take place on the surface and down to <strong>10</strong>0 mm depth in the sandy soil<br />
profile.<br />
• Biological processes: the clogging layer produces by these process is well known as<br />
bio-film or biomass or in general as biological soil clogging. As the bacteria in the<br />
percolated wastewater is attached to the solid phase of the soil profile it start to grow<br />
and reproduce, at the interface of wastewater and soil phases, increasing the biomass<br />
and extra-cellular material. By which they link themselves to gather causing clogging.<br />
This not often takes place in sandy soil profile, if the system is operated under<br />
sufficient drying time<br />
• Chemical clogging processes include precipitation of calcium carbonates and<br />
phosphates and other solids and deposits in the soil. Algal growth during flooding of<br />
basins due to effluent content of N (25 mg/l). This will cause raising pH of effluent to<br />
high value as a result of CO2 consumption by algae and then leading to CaCO3<br />
precipitation. Such process rarely comes to pass in sandy soil.<br />
6.2.4. Air quality<br />
• Climate:<br />
Wastewater handling is considered a minor source of greenhouse gas emissions in many<br />
countries. The existence of Khan Younis KY WWTP will not have any negative effect<br />
on the microclimate of the area. The microclimate will be improved against the climate<br />
extremities (wind and storms), by planting trees in the neighborhood of the plant.<br />
Wastewater is treated to remove organic matter using biological processes in which<br />
microorganisms consume the organic matter for maintenance and growth.<br />
Microorganisms can perform this biodegradation process under aerobic or anaerobic<br />
conditions, the latter condition producing methane (CH4). During collection and<br />
treatment, wastewater may be accidentally or deliberately managed under anaerobic<br />
conditions. Untreated wastewater may also produce methane if contained under<br />
anaerobic conditions.<br />
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Fugitive emissions of this gas will contribute to the global climate change thus having<br />
negative impact. It is assumed that 0.065 kilograms of wastewater BOD5 are produced<br />
per day per capita and that 15 percent of wastewater BOD5 is an-aerobically digested<br />
(MCF). This proportion of BOD is then multiplied by an emission factor of 0.6 kg<br />
CH4/kg BOD5<br />
Estimated phase I CH4 Generation = (0.065) * (0.15) * (0.6) * (6300) = 36.855kg/day<br />
Estimated phase II CH4 Generation = (0.065) * (0.15) * (0.6) * (25500) = 149.175kg/day<br />
Both domestic and industrial wastewater may also be a source of nitrous oxide emissions.<br />
After processing, treated effluent may be discharged to a receiving water environment<br />
(e.g., river, lake, estuary, etc.), applied to soils, or disposed of below the surface. Nitrous<br />
oxide (N2O) may be generated during both nitrification and denitrification of the<br />
nitrogen present, usually in the form of urea, ammonia, and proteins. It is recommended<br />
to adopt a new overall emission factor (4 g N2O/person) to estimate N2O emissions from<br />
municipal KY WWTPs (activated sludge or secondary). This emission factor is based on<br />
the Czepiel emission factor multiplied by 1.25 to allow for co-discharged industrial<br />
nitrogen loadings. The nitrogen quantity associated with these emissions is calculated by<br />
multiplying the N2O emitted by (2 x 14)/44.<br />
Estimated phase I N2O Generation = (4) * (138 000) * ((2 x 14)/44) = 351 kg/year<br />
Estimated phase II N2O Generation = (4) * (438 000) * ((2 x 14)/44) = 1115 kg/year<br />
The calculated emissions of greenhouse gases from Khan Younis KY WWTP are<br />
considered to have negative impact on the global climate, but this impact is minimal<br />
when viewed against national or even regional emissions.<br />
• Noise<br />
The proposed project sites are located in open rural areas with no major industrial<br />
activities undertaken in the vicinity of the sites. Current noise sources at the sites of the<br />
project are merely due to natural sources. Man made sources include traffic noise which<br />
was negligible in the project sites due to low traffic volumes. The construction of the<br />
Khan Younis treatment plant will produce significant noise levels during the construction<br />
phase. During the operation phase, noise levels are not expected to exceed current<br />
baseline measurements.<br />
Construction activities will take place across the whole project components that include<br />
KY WWTP, infiltration basins, emergency overflow pipe, and sea outfall. In general, the<br />
impact of the construction will depend on;<br />
• The proximity of the construction activities to noise sensitive receivers (NSRs);<br />
• The specific heavy equipment deployed; and<br />
• The length of time over which the construction works are taken.<br />
Examining the project maps shows that the nearest NSRs lie at a distance exceeds 200<br />
meters from the KY WWTP, infiltration basins, and sea outfall. This makes the NSRs<br />
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unaffected by the noise generated by the construction equipments at these sites. This fact<br />
is not true for the emergency overflow pipe. The pipe will penetrate rural areas where<br />
residential houses are scattered along the road close to the pipeline.<br />
Typical noise emissions from various construction equipments that may be used at the<br />
project sites are summarized in table 6.3.<br />
Table 6.3: Typical noise emissions of construction equipment<br />
Equipment<br />
Typical sound pressure levels in dB(A) at given distance<br />
15 m 240m<br />
Air compressor 75-87 51-63<br />
Backhoe 71-92 47-69<br />
Compactor 72 48<br />
Concrete mixer 75-88 51-64<br />
Front loader 72-81 48-58<br />
Generator 72-82 48-58<br />
Grader 80-93 56-69<br />
Pumps 70-90 44-66<br />
Stone crusher 85-95 61-74<br />
Tractors, Dozers 78-95 54-74<br />
Trucks 83-93 59-69<br />
Concrete vibrators 68-81 44-57<br />
Effective noise management protocols would be implemented wherever applicable<br />
during construction and operating phases of the life of this project. Besides this protocol<br />
measures, construction work will be limited to day time periods, thus avoiding the night<br />
time which is the most noise sensitive. The following measures should be treated as a<br />
part of the project proposal which include:<br />
• planting of buffer trees and shrubs where appropriate;<br />
• locating noisy equipments as far as possible from NSRs;<br />
• orienting equipment with high directivity to emit noise away from NSRs;<br />
• switching off unnecessary or idle equipments;<br />
• fitting of noise mufflers to mobile equipments; and<br />
• preventive maintenance of equipment to minimize noise emissions.<br />
In the light of the prevailing low ambient noise levels in the area surrounding the project<br />
sites, it is inevitable that some noise disturbance will be experienced, particularly during<br />
the construction of the emergency sea outfall pipe. Such impacts, although temporary and<br />
therefore reversible, are assessed to be negative and low to moderate significance.<br />
• Odor<br />
Odor is defined as "the sensation resulting from stimulation of the human sense of<br />
smell." Odor is a sensitive subject because perception of odors is subjective. Our<br />
sensitivities and reactions to odors are influenced by personal preferences, opinions,<br />
experiences, and the varying sensitivities of our olfactory systems. Odors are a nuisance.<br />
The current state of knowledge suggests that it is possible for certain odorous emissions<br />
to have an impact on physical health. The most frequently reported symptoms attributed<br />
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to odors include headache, nausea, hoarseness, cough, nasal congestion, palpitations,<br />
shortness of breath, stress, drowsiness, alterations in mood, and eye, nose, and throat<br />
irritation.<br />
The process of wastewater collection, conveying or treatment has the potential to<br />
generate and release odors to the surrounding area. However, most odor problems occur<br />
in the collection system, in primary treatment facilities and in solids handling facilities.<br />
In most instances, the odors are generated as a result of an anaerobic or "septic"<br />
condition. Although there are many common odors associated with treatment plants, H2S<br />
is the most prevalent malodorous gas associated with domestic wastewater collection and<br />
treatment. The conditions leading to H2S formation usually favor the production of other<br />
odorous gases, such as ammonia and mercaptants, which may have considerably higher<br />
detectable odor thresholds, and consequently H2S may be an indicator of their presence.<br />
Exposure of receptors to levels of hydrogen sulfide above 5ppb can lead to odor<br />
nuisance. The Israeli ambient air quality standards limit hydrogen sulfide in urban areas<br />
to:<br />
0.161 ppb for exposure time of 30 minutes.<br />
0.01 ppb for exposure time of 24 hours.<br />
The process of Khan Younis wastewater treatment plant potential sources of foul Odor<br />
are the primary treatment facilities and solids handling facilities. The proposed<br />
wastewater treatment tanks are not expected to produce odors. This is due to the use of<br />
aeration process thus preventing septic conditions. The treatment plant site and proposed<br />
infiltration basins are located in rural agricultural area where manure is applied<br />
periodically for agricultural purposes. This fact makes any produced odor would not<br />
increase the background odor concentrations. The odor produced has low negative<br />
impact. Odor is expected to be produced at KY WWP pretreatment part in case of<br />
inappropriate handling of grit/grease removal<br />
• Air Quality Impacts<br />
This section addresses the proposed KY WWTP’s impact on air quality, both during<br />
construction and upon completion of the project. Air quality impacts can be classified as<br />
either direct or indirect. Direct air quality impacts result from emissions generated by<br />
stationary sources at a project or potential development site such as emissions from fuel<br />
burned at a site for driving any equipment at the site. Indirect air quality impacts result<br />
from emissions from offsite stationary sources and mobile sources generated by the<br />
project.<br />
• Construction Phase<br />
Construction activities related to the Proposed Project will result in limited short-term air<br />
quality impacts. There will be fugitive dust generated during the site preparation and<br />
construction phases of the Project. The potential impact from these fugitive dust<br />
emissions will be minimized by following the appropriate preventive measures listed in<br />
the mitigation section below. Vehicular emissions from construction equipment and<br />
construction worker vehicles are anticipated to have very minimal short-term impacts.<br />
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None of the short-term construction related impacts are expected to cause a tangible<br />
increase on air pollution of the area.<br />
• Operation Phase<br />
The only long term air quality impact that may be created by the Proposed Project results<br />
from the potential increase in project-related vehicular exhaust emissions. The primary<br />
pollutants associated with vehicular exhaust emissions are NOx and CO. The Proposed<br />
Project will not increase traffic volumes, reduce source-receptor distances or change<br />
other existing conditions to such a degree as to increase air pollutants emissions. No long<br />
term impacts to air quality are anticipated.<br />
Beside the proposed site for the new wastewater treatment plant there is an old site for<br />
Rafah solid waste landfill which is improperly managed, landfills can cause<br />
contamination through three different transfer paths: air, soil and water. Air transfer is<br />
caused by smoke and soot from landfill fires, as well as by ash and dust from the landfill<br />
surface and emissions of gases such as methane and carbon dioxide. Smoke and soot<br />
contain high amounts of PAHs, phenols, volatile organics such as benzene, and heavy<br />
metals. Except for the volatile components, these substances are also present in the ash<br />
blown over the neighboring territory, and may be found in contaminated dust on the<br />
landfills. During the UNEP field visits (UNEP, 2009), fires were visible at some<br />
landfills.<br />
According to UNEP (2009) the landfill fires are a hazardous aspect of air contamination.<br />
They initially cause irritation of the respiratory system and, if they persist, can lead to<br />
asphyxiation symptoms, chronic diseases, and cancer. Landfill fires are fed not only by<br />
solid fuels such as wood, paper and cardboard in the waste, but also by landfill gas<br />
(methane) that is produced under anaerobic conditions inside the landfill itself. Even with<br />
no oxygen access, fires may is molder inside the landfill for months or years. They often<br />
create hollow spaces underneath the surface, presenting an additional physical hazard to<br />
people and vehicles when they cave in. Outbreaks of gases such as carbon monoxide,<br />
methane, and hydrogen sulfide also represent a hazard for people working on such sites.<br />
Carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide can lead to asphyxiation symptoms while<br />
methane can lead to deflagration.<br />
6.3. Socio-Economic Impacts<br />
The impact during the construction phase<br />
Constructing phase of the proposed KY WWTP to the East of Al-Fukhari area could<br />
cause some psychological problems to the families living to the West and to the South of<br />
the site. This phase will have some temporary negative impact due to noise and dust.<br />
Using heavy machines during excavation and leveling will produce noise and dust that<br />
affect the public health of the local population within 2 km distance from the site. The<br />
movement of the machines from and to the site will also temporarily dust and noise.<br />
Dust particular emissions due to the construction of KY WWTP and infiltration basin<br />
will partially affect the agricultural production of the surrounding farms. Agricultural<br />
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production expected to be affected negatively by the dust, which might result of losing<br />
<strong>10</strong>% of the agricultural production for around <strong>10</strong>0 dunums surrounding the two sites.<br />
The construction of the infiltration ponds inside Al-Fukhari area will cause some<br />
discomfort to around 50 families living around the site. There will be some temporary<br />
negative impact due to noise and dust mainly during the excavation period.<br />
The construction of the emergency carrier pipe from the KY WWTP to the sea will have<br />
some temporary negative impact due to noise and obstruction of traffic and use of<br />
agricultural land during the construction stages but these are minimal negative impacts<br />
compared to the positive effects discussed above.<br />
During the construction of the emergency pipeline especially along the public roads<br />
there, is a great variety of potential health hazards by vehicle operation, activities of<br />
heavy machinery, open pits, and pedestrians crossing or passing by the construction sites<br />
or access roads.<br />
Due to the construction phase at the three component of the project it is expected<br />
temporarily traffic jam and traffic congestions at Alfukhari, Abasan, Bani Suhaila and<br />
Khan Younis city.<br />
Impacts at Full Operation of the KY WWTP and Infiltration Basin<br />
It is known that the ownership of the land proposed for the infiltration basin is owned and<br />
cultivated by one family at Al-Fukhari area. This family could loss its livelihood in case<br />
of construction the infiltration basin.<br />
Odor and mosquitoes can be a problem and cause some discomfort to around 150<br />
families living around the site of KY WWTP and Infiltration basin, if not properly<br />
mitigated, during the operation phase of the KY WWP and the infiltration. Mosquito<br />
larvae generally live in small, shallow water bodies where disturbance of the surface<br />
layer is uncommon. In the oxidation ponds treatment process, mixing vigorously. In the<br />
complete mix lagoon and also in the partial mix lagoons. These lagoons would not be<br />
suitable habitat for mosquito larvae. The polishing pond and the infiltration basins,<br />
however, may provide suitable habitat for mosquito breeding.<br />
The sludge produced by the new wastewater treatment plant will be air-dried on-site in<br />
sludge drying beds before moved to a sludge stockpile area. The sludge drying and<br />
stockpiling process will also allows flies, mosquitoes and other insects to breed. The<br />
impact of these insect vectors is not expected to be great.<br />
If sludge disposal to agricultural enterprises is carried out, sludge quality will need to be<br />
monitored to ensure that human health is protected. The absence of significant quantities<br />
of heavy metals or toxic compounds in KY WWT indicates that pathogens and<br />
nematodes will likely be the major health concern. The health impact is likely to be slight<br />
to non-existent if proper sludge stockpiling, handling and soil conditioning procedures<br />
are followed.<br />
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Social Economic Benefits of the Project<br />
It is expected that the Project will have positive impacts on the local populations during<br />
both construction and operation phases.<br />
During construction Phase<br />
The Project will create short-term construction jobs and incomes for local population,<br />
including poor people. The construction of the new KY WWTP, infiltration bond and<br />
emergency pipeline will have positive economic effect through employment generation.<br />
During the construction phase, services of local subcontractors will be use which will<br />
generate job opportunities for skilled and unskilled workers in addition to services of<br />
engineers and others. Around 120,000 working days will be generated during the<br />
construction phase.<br />
Economical benefits to local communities expected to increase through procurement of<br />
local construction materials from the local market.<br />
During project Operational Phase<br />
The Project will have economic, social and health and environment benefits to local<br />
communities. Economic benefits include creating more than <strong>10</strong>0 long-term employment<br />
opportunities and increasing incomes for population. Social benefits include comfort<br />
brought about through improvement of natural environment and scenes. Moreover, health<br />
and environmental benefits can be achieved through improvement of groundwater quality<br />
and reduction of sickness rate and death rate of the diseases due to groundwater<br />
pollution. It includes reduced health risks and reduced adverse effects on human health<br />
and associated loss of working time, medical costs and so on. All of the above will<br />
contribute to improving the living standards of the local people.<br />
Pumping of wastewater from all over Khan Younis Governorates to the new KY WWTP<br />
will make new lands available due after rehabilitation of the lake and Wastewater<br />
lagoons at Al-Amal and Al-Mawasi areas. The new empty areas can be used, if no<br />
sanitary and health hazards exist for commercial, agricultural and residential purposes.<br />
The current locations of the wastewater lagoons prevented the use of private land<br />
surrounding these lagoons for productive economic activities; agricultural commercial or<br />
industrial due to the high-risk hazard in these areas. The removal of Al-Mawasi and Al-<br />
Amal lagoons will lead to a great social and health improvement as this will reduce<br />
health risks and provide a better and cleaner living environment for people in these area.<br />
Improvement in the land blocks along the road connecting Khan Younis and the new KY<br />
WWTP are also true. Moreover, lands around the existing KY WWTP will also increase<br />
in price and commercial value of lands in Al-Mawasi and Al-Amal due to the removal of<br />
the wastewater lagoons.<br />
Under the current economic conditions, recovery of all costs, including capital costs for<br />
the project and additional sewerage investment is not affordable for average families.<br />
However the O&M cost during the operation of the project will be affordable as it would<br />
be within 4% of the average family income even if the current water services cost is<br />
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added. (this is estimated by the Consultant according to the existing tariff of<br />
water/sewerage in Gaza strip)<br />
A positive social effect is that the proposed site is far from any neighborhoods and thus<br />
will cause the least disruption to the quality of life of local residents.<br />
The produced treated wastewater can be considered as additional water resource and it is<br />
expected to be used in irrigating specific agricultural crops, which could improve the<br />
socio-economical situation in the project vicinity.<br />
The project will encourage the local governments at Al-Fukhari, Abasan, Bani Suhaila<br />
and Khan Younis to develop infrastructure including roads and lighting around the<br />
project components.<br />
Land use and urban planning:<br />
This section describes the potential land use and urban development impacts associated<br />
with the construction and operation of Khan Younis wastewater treatment plant KY<br />
WWTP and infiltration basin in Al Fukhari, land use and urban development are defined<br />
in the regional and local plans.<br />
The land use and urban development in the site of the project in both areas, KY WWTP<br />
location and the infiltration basin in Al Fukhari, would be consistent with the Regional<br />
Plan goals and objectives and the General Plan adopted by the Ministry of Local<br />
Government and the municipality to ensure the adequate provision of wastewater<br />
treatment services. The Project is responding to current and planned development needs<br />
on wastewater treatment in the Khan Younis governorate.<br />
This section will also describe the impacts to aesthetic resources that would result due to<br />
the construction and operation of the project.<br />
Construction and Operation Phase<br />
The most significant aspects in the construction phase of Khan Younis KY WWTP and<br />
the infiltration basin concerning land use and urban development impacts are:<br />
The surrounding area of KY WWTP is currently designated for agricultural use under the<br />
Regional Plan and Al Fukhari and Khuza’a General Plans. Polices and Regulations<br />
applied to the agricultural use focus on developing this sector to contribute to the local<br />
economy.<br />
The construction activities will affect the agriculture activities and vegetation<br />
surrounding the site, which may lead to disturbing the agriculture economy,<br />
The excavation during the construction of the wastewater treatment plant, will not affect<br />
the surrounding land because the site is planned for such purpose, while the excavation<br />
during the construction of the infiltration basin in Al Fukhari will lead to some changes<br />
of the surrounding land. The land in Al Fukhari site is used for agriculture, so the<br />
vegetation cover will be lost.<br />
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In addition, the significant impact to aesthetic resources due to the construction and<br />
operation of the project are:<br />
The surrounding of the KY WWTP has poor landscape quality, and the visual character<br />
of the site is not rich. The general view of the site will not be affected seriously due to<br />
the construction of KY WWTP.<br />
On the other hand, the site and its surrounding of the infiltration basin in Al Fukhari has<br />
scenic resources including trees and vegetation cover, and the construction of the<br />
infiltration basin will damage scenic resources and degrade visual character of the site<br />
and its surroundings.<br />
To conclude, there are no land use conflict anticipated, being that the proposed project is<br />
compatible with the use of Al Fukhari and Khuza'a general plans and the Regional plan<br />
for Gaza governorates. And the project development has little impact on the visual<br />
character of the infiltration basin site.<br />
Cultural heritage:<br />
This section describes the potential cultural heritage impacts associated with the<br />
construction and operation of Khan Younis KY WWTP and infiltration basin in Al<br />
Fukhari.<br />
The locations of cultural, archeological and historical resources are defined in the local<br />
and regional plans<br />
.<br />
No cultural resources have been identified within the Project area as a result of any<br />
cultural resource surveys. The closest cultural site is Abasan Mosaic location is<br />
identified in the Regional plan. The location of the KY WWTP and the infiltration basin<br />
in Al Fukhari is not in conflict with the historic site.<br />
In general, excavation and other construction-related activities could cause significant<br />
impacts to the scientific value of the historical resources, unique archaeological<br />
resources, or traditional cultural properties that may be in the Project area. But the<br />
construction of KY WWTP and infiltration basin in Al Fukhari will not cause adverse<br />
effects to historical resources, including unique archaeological resources.<br />
To conclude, construction and operation of the KY WWTP and infiltration basin will not<br />
adversely affect the historic resource located in Abasan. The site has been chosen to<br />
avoid historic resources defined in the regional plan and the general plans.<br />
6.4. Biological Impacts<br />
Flora:<br />
The biodiversity of the project area is not rich with forest tree species, shrubs and annual<br />
or seasonal grasses. In the neighboring farms olives, figs, grapes, peaches and apples are<br />
cultivated. During the construction phase of the treatment plant the plant cover at the site<br />
will be removed. During the operational phase of the KY WWTP, the discharged<br />
effluents will be infiltrated to the aquifer and could be used in irrigation of specified<br />
crops within the area.<br />
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Fauna:<br />
The fauna in the project area consists of birds, some rodents, and snakes. During the<br />
construction phase of the KY WWTP, these animals will be disturbed and their habitat<br />
affected. The physical existence of the plant might scare the birds from nesting around<br />
the site.<br />
Effluent of the KY WWTP will have a minor impact on the soil microorganisms,<br />
particularly beyond the immediate vicinity of the plant. In dry season, the plant effluents<br />
can become a water source for the wild animals and birds.<br />
6.5. Trans-boundary impacts<br />
6.5.1. Potential Impacts on Water Environment<br />
In order to study the lateral groundwater flow across the Gaza Strip borders, the model<br />
domain area is divided into 5 different zones as described in figure 6.5. Zone 1 represents<br />
the water balance outside Khan Younis and Rafah Governorates, while Zone 2 and 3 are<br />
presenting the water balance in Rafah and Khan Younis Governorate respectively. Zone<br />
4 presents the water balance around the infiltration basins with 500m radius and Zone 5<br />
is the Tran boundary zone between the infiltration basins and zone 1. This zone is 500m<br />
away from the infiltration basins and 2 Km wide.<br />
Figure 6.5: Water Balance Zone Area Location<br />
Table 6.4, presents the water volume across zone 5 in both direction. The results shows<br />
that the natural flow is from east to west and it is keeping its flow until the end of year<br />
2020, where afterwards (year 2025) the flow direction tries to become from west to the<br />
east by an amount of about 690 m3/d. This is expected if no action is taken to keep the<br />
groundwater inside the political border of the Gaza Strip and that by installing recovery<br />
and/or extraction wells at the upper and downstream of created dome of the infiltrated<br />
wastewater.<br />
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Table 6.4.: Lateral Groundwater Flow across the Borders of the Infiltration basins<br />
Time<br />
(year)<br />
Design<br />
flow<br />
(m 3 /d)<br />
Zone<br />
1 to 5<br />
(m 3 /d)<br />
Zone<br />
5 to 1<br />
(m 3 /d)<br />
Net flow<br />
(m 3 /d)<br />
Yearly<br />
Net flow<br />
(MCM)<br />
Transboundary<br />
Direction<br />
20<strong>10</strong> 19,848 1691.60 000.00 1691.60 617,434 East to West<br />
2015 31,488 1<strong>10</strong>8.40 000.00 1<strong>10</strong>8.40 404,566 East to West<br />
2018 38,952 0717.47 000.00 0717.47 261,877 East to West<br />
2020 46,944 0375.02 006.95 0368.07 134,346 East to West<br />
2025 66,480 00061.7 750.53 0688.83 251,423 West to East<br />
6.5.2. Potential Impacts on Ambient Air and Noise<br />
Trans boundary air pollution has become a global phenomenon with the advancement of<br />
knowledge concerning source receptor relationship. Atmospheric pollutants may be<br />
transported over long distances range from few meters to hundreds of meters away from<br />
their source. They cross-geopolitical boundaries and migrate across several geographic<br />
zones. Many trans boundary issues trace their origin to releases from specific sources<br />
impinging directly upon receptors in other jurisdictions.<br />
Although there exists a large number of bilateral and multilateral treaties, guidance<br />
documents, and memoranda of understanding on the subject of trans boundary<br />
environmental governance, there is a distinct paucity of published research in the area of<br />
trans boundary environmental assessment. Even in those areas where a well-developed<br />
institutional structure for performing trans boundary environmental assessment exists,<br />
there appear to be significant international legal obstacles to its implementation.<br />
Much of the air pollutants in Gaza Strip originate outside its borders especially from<br />
Israel. This is due to relatively small air pollutants emission compared to the emission<br />
volume of Israel industry. For example, it was estimated that air pollutants released by<br />
Israel in 1990 were 525,000 tons of carbon monoxide, 156,000 tons of nitrogen oxide,<br />
275,000 tons of sulfur oxide and 9.6 million tons of carbon dioxide. These amounts has<br />
been increased several folds 19 years later.<br />
For some time environmental assessment has taken place more or less independently<br />
within Israel and Palestine. The ongoing political conflict, combined with asymmetry in<br />
Israeli and Palestinian institutional capacities for environmental assessment, has further<br />
limited the independent integration of data and information by Israeli and Palestinian<br />
scientists on trans boundary environmental matters. Up to date no genuine assessment of<br />
trans boundary environmental matters – performed jointly by Israeli and Palestinian<br />
scientists – has occurred, and any trans boundary environmental assessment,<br />
cooperatively conducted, is rare.<br />
KY WWTP air pollution and odor may be transported across the eastern boundaries. At<br />
the project site, it is concluded that no long-term impacts to air quality are anticipated<br />
and none of the short-term construction related impacts are expected to cause a tangible<br />
increase on air pollution of the area. Considering odor, it is concluded that considering<br />
the characteristics of plant neighborhood the odor produced has negligible negative<br />
impact.<br />
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6.6. The Impact of the No-Action to the Proposed Project<br />
Establishment of the KY WWTP will have positive environmental impacts. It is unlikely<br />
that it will pollute the air, the soil, or contaminate the aquifers in the area. However, if<br />
the KY WWTP is not established, the wastewater from the septic tanks and the sewerage<br />
collection system will continue discharging raw sewage into the nature and this will exert<br />
negative effects on the local environment and continue to create health problems. The No<br />
Action Alternative would see the continued release of untreated sewage into Khan<br />
Younis area, exacerbating the deterioration of soil and water quality. This is due to the<br />
acceleration load of organic and inorganic substances, which are streaming to the sea and<br />
groundwater with the increasing wastewater flow. The existing living environmental<br />
problems will become more sever and may inhibit economic and social development of<br />
the area in the medium and long term:<br />
• Degradation of the environment and reverse negative developments<br />
• Depletion of the aquifer<br />
• Dramatic decrease of both quantity and quality of the groundwater<br />
• Degradation of the seawater bathing quality and marine biodiversity<br />
• Degradation of health situation and increase of water related diseases due to poor<br />
sanitation system.<br />
6.7. Impact Summery<br />
Table 6.5 summarize different impact types on the different environmental elements. In<br />
addition, the table present the characteristic of impacts (adverse or positive impact), the<br />
magnitude and duration. The analysis show the consequences on the environmental<br />
elements based on implementation the several project activities.<br />
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Table 6.5.: Impact types on different environmental elements of the project<br />
Type of<br />
Impact on<br />
Impact on Character Magnitude Duration Consequences<br />
Physical<br />
Impacts<br />
Groundwater B+<br />
After 15 years of infiltration<br />
in the area, there will be a<br />
local aquifer existence with<br />
an average saturated<br />
thickness of more than 50m<br />
and extend in a radius of<br />
about 4km from the<br />
infiltration basins.<br />
Long term during the<br />
project life<br />
The project will eliminate the use of cesspits for<br />
sewage disposal in most areas of Khan Younis. It<br />
will improve the ground water quality through.<br />
The infiltrated water will raise the groundwater<br />
level and decrease the groundwater cone of<br />
depression.<br />
The water quality will be improved as well by<br />
diluting the existing brackish water. The infiltrated<br />
treated waste water will never reach any adjacent<br />
municipal well in the area as shown in previous<br />
figures (indicate their no’s as the figure of no3<br />
plumes).<br />
Marine environmental A+<br />
About 9,000 m3 of partially<br />
treated sewage (The existing<br />
quantity discharged to the<br />
sea) will be stopped<br />
Long term during the<br />
project life<br />
The immediate, and one of the most beneficial<br />
impacts of the new treatment plant's construction<br />
will be the cessation of the discharge of untreated<br />
or partially treated wastewater to the sea and<br />
Almawasi area. As a result, local environmental<br />
conditions will be improved which can be<br />
expected to benefit both the local population and<br />
local fishery resources.<br />
A positive impact on bathing water quality and<br />
tourism.<br />
Soil B-<br />
The area of the KY WWTP<br />
is 116 dunums , and the<br />
infiltration basin is 97<br />
dunums<br />
Long term<br />
Removal of the top soil in the KY WWTP and<br />
infiltration sites. Soil will be degraded.<br />
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Type of<br />
Impact on<br />
Impact on Character Magnitude Duration Consequences<br />
Air quality C-<br />
The process of KY WWTP<br />
potential sources of foul<br />
Odor are the primary<br />
treatment facilities and<br />
solids handling facilities.<br />
The proposed wastewater<br />
treatment tanks are not<br />
expected to produce odors.<br />
There will be fugitive dust<br />
generated during the site<br />
preparation and construction<br />
phases of the Project.<br />
It is inevitable that some<br />
noise disturbance will be<br />
experienced, particularly<br />
during the construction of<br />
the emergency sea outfall<br />
pipe.<br />
Short term during the<br />
construction and<br />
Long term during the<br />
project life<br />
Temporary impacts on vegetation and the<br />
surrounding community (dust ) and odor emissions<br />
Socio-<br />
Economic<br />
Impacts<br />
Land use and urban<br />
planning<br />
B+/ C-<br />
About 97 dunums will be<br />
changed from agriculture<br />
purposes to the use as<br />
infiltration basin.<br />
Short term, during<br />
the construction<br />
period,<br />
Long term<br />
There are no land use conflicts anticipated in the<br />
KY WWTP site, the proposed site is compatible<br />
with the regional plan and the local plans.<br />
The project implementation will change partially<br />
the land use in the infiltration basin location.<br />
Employment A+<br />
More than 290,000 working<br />
days job opportunities.<br />
Long term<br />
This project will generate many job opportunities.<br />
Accordingly the socio economic situation an the<br />
living standards within the project vicinity will be<br />
improved.<br />
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Type of<br />
Impact on<br />
Impact on Character Magnitude Duration Consequences<br />
Health and safety B+<br />
All Khan Younis<br />
governorate inhabitants will<br />
be improved.<br />
Limited number of workers<br />
(15 -20) could be affected by<br />
some accidents and injuries<br />
Long term. Project<br />
life<br />
All of the people expected to have better health<br />
conditions expect limited number of the staff of<br />
the plant.<br />
Cultural heritage<br />
No expected<br />
Impacts<br />
The nearest historical site is<br />
more than 2km far from the<br />
KY WWTP.<br />
Long term<br />
The project implementation will not affect<br />
adversely the historical sites.<br />
Flora C-<br />
The area of the infiltration<br />
basin and The KY WWTP<br />
site will be excavated, so<br />
that the flora will be<br />
destroyed and the location of<br />
their habitats<br />
Short<br />
the<br />
period<br />
term, during<br />
construction<br />
The project is determined as low negative impacts<br />
on flora, and it will avoid the existence of listed<br />
and endangered species or their habitats.<br />
Biological<br />
Impacts<br />
Fauna C-<br />
The area of the infiltration<br />
basin and The KY WWTP<br />
site will be excavated, so<br />
that the fauna will be<br />
destroyed and the location of<br />
their habitats<br />
Short term, during<br />
the construction<br />
period,<br />
long term,<br />
The project is determined as low negative impacts<br />
on fauna, and it will avoid the existence of listed<br />
and endangered species or their habitats.<br />
The water ponds will attract new birds to the site<br />
and surroundings,<br />
Habitats C-<br />
The area of the infiltration<br />
basin) and the KY WWTP<br />
site will be excavated, so<br />
that the habitats for flora and<br />
fauna in the sites will be<br />
destroyed<br />
Short<br />
the<br />
period<br />
term, during<br />
construction<br />
The project is determined as low negative impacts<br />
on flora, and it will avoid the existence of listed<br />
and endangered species or their habitats.<br />
Planting the KY WWTP will create new habitats<br />
for fauna.<br />
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Type of<br />
Impact on<br />
Impact on Character Magnitude Duration Consequences<br />
Transboundary<br />
Impacts<br />
Water Environment C+<br />
Air Environment C-<br />
Groundwater model<br />
indicated that there will be<br />
no trans-boundary transport<br />
for any pollutant through<br />
groundwater due to the<br />
infiltration at Al Fukhari<br />
site.<br />
Increase in groundwater<br />
storage.<br />
There will be fugitive dust<br />
generated during the site<br />
preparation and construction<br />
phases of the Project.<br />
Long term<br />
3 years during the<br />
construction phase.<br />
Regional increase in the groundwater level.<br />
At the project site, it is concluded that no longterm<br />
impacts to air quality are anticipated and<br />
none of the short-term construction related impacts<br />
are expected to cause a tangible increase on air<br />
pollution of the area.<br />
Considering odor, it is concluded that considering<br />
the characteristics of plant neighborhood the odor<br />
produced has negligible negative impact.<br />
A: Significant impact could be expected<br />
B: Less-than significant impact expected<br />
C: Low impact expected<br />
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7. EVALUATION OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES<br />
7.1. Evaluation Methodology<br />
The purpose of impact evaluation is to assign relative significance to the predicted<br />
impacts associated with the project, and thus determine the order in which impacts are<br />
to be avoided, mitigated or compensated. The following points summarized the main<br />
objectives of impact evaluation:<br />
• Distinguish between impacts that are of most concern (need to be avoided,<br />
mitigated or compensated) and those that are considered to be less important;<br />
• Organize measures of significance in a way that allows a comparison of alternative<br />
project proposals;<br />
• Facilitate the communication of results to the concerned public and to decisionmakers.<br />
This task cannot be undertaken by a single individual or experts.<br />
The evaluation process has been carried out in two stages. First, one should predict the<br />
nature of the impact itself, i.e., its magnitude, and then its relative value to the<br />
appropriate group. In the first stage, one relies on scientific and/or specialized<br />
knowledge. In the second stage, one is concerned with the relative values of the society<br />
or segments of it. This latter stage involves value judgments and is not necessarily based<br />
on scientific knowledge. However, these values should be based on a survey of<br />
constituencies in order to determine the preferences of the affected groups. Thus, value<br />
judgments form an integral part of assigning significance.<br />
Depending on the particular environmental component, evaluation of the significance of<br />
predicted impacts can be approached in different ways. For example, changes in air and<br />
water quality can be assessed against established quality and health standards, whereas<br />
changes in land use, flora and fauna, or scenic conditions are more difficult to evaluate.<br />
Key elements for assessing impact significance are:<br />
• Level of public concern (particularly over health and safety)<br />
• Scientific and professional judgment<br />
• Disturbance/disruption of valued ecological systems<br />
• degree of negative impact on social values and quality of life<br />
• Public perception versus the scientific/professional opinion of the risks/benefits<br />
involved<br />
The Impact rating is calculated as follows:<br />
Five questions are asked. A YES answer is valued as 1 and a NO answer is valued as 0.<br />
Calculation of the value (between 0 and 5) is done, which is the sum of YES answers<br />
among the following 5 questions. This is called the Impact rating.<br />
Questions that are asked:<br />
1. Is the aspect associated with any national legislation, regulations, authorizations or<br />
codes of practice? Or does the identified aspect involve the use of any hazardous,<br />
restricted or special substance?<br />
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2. Is the aspect of concern to stakeholders? I.e.<br />
• Employees<br />
• Neighbors<br />
• Shareholders<br />
• Local community<br />
3. Is the identified aspect or impact clearly associated with any of the more serious<br />
global environmental issues?<br />
4. Is the aspect identified is quantifiable, is the amount of use significant?<br />
5. Is the frequency of use of the identified aspect significant?<br />
Table 7.1 has been used to evaluate the severity. Severity rating values categorized<br />
based on experts discussion panel taking in consideration the following aspects:<br />
• The impact magnitude,<br />
• The frequency of occurrence impact,<br />
• Spatial impact extent, and<br />
• The probability of the impacts<br />
Table 7.1. Severity Rating Matrix<br />
Rating<br />
Severity<br />
0 No impact<br />
1 Negligible<br />
2 Minor (slight or short term)<br />
3 Moderate<br />
4 Major (irreversible or long term)<br />
5 Severe (permanent)<br />
In the Significance Factor column, multiplying the impact and severity ratings will<br />
indicate the Significance of the aspect.<br />
The significance test will generate a result between 0 and 25 for each of the identified<br />
aspects or impacts tested. Any aspect or impact with a value greater than or equal to 8 is<br />
‘notable’ and any aspect or impact with a value greater than or equal to 12 is<br />
‘significant’. Section 7.7 presented the finding of evaluation method applied in this<br />
study.<br />
7.2. Physical Environment<br />
7.2.1. Groundwater<br />
During operation of the KY WWTP, there is a possibility for pollution of the<br />
groundwater due to leakages of the system for sewage treatment and effluent<br />
production, leakages of the system for sludge production, and due to refueling of the<br />
vehicles and washing of the vehicles at the site. These impacts are assessed as negative<br />
with very low significance considering that the KY WWTP site is characterized with<br />
thick clay top layer.<br />
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On the other hand, operation of the KY WWTP will have large positive impact on the<br />
quality of the groundwater, as there will be no infiltration of wastewater into the<br />
groundwater by cesspits.<br />
Mitigation:<br />
1. The system for the treatment of the wastewater and effluent production should ensure<br />
minimization of leakages of wastewater to groundwater (connections between pipes<br />
and tanks should be water-tight);<br />
2. Refueling of vehicles and equipment on the site shall be strictly controlled; washing<br />
of vehicles and equipment on the site shall be restricted;<br />
3. the system for the sludge production should ensure minimization of leakages of<br />
sludge to groundwater (connections between pipes and tanks should be water-tight);<br />
4. All requirements for construction of the sludge drying beds, especially for providing<br />
water impermeable basis, efficient drainage system for leachate and flood protection<br />
structures must be respected;<br />
5. To provide water impermeable basis and flood protection structures on the location<br />
for the temporary disposal of the sludge with dangerous substances and<br />
measurements of leachate should be taken.<br />
7.2.2. Seawater and Marine Environment<br />
In case of emergency where operational difficulties may be experienced, the<br />
untreated/partially treated wastewater would need to be bypassed directly into the sea.<br />
This would produce adverse impacts on the seawater quality and fish and other biota<br />
during the period of the release and for a short period. This is considered a low<br />
significant impact due to the short time of disposal.<br />
Mitigation:<br />
1. Regular testing of the effluent wastewater to ensure better quality.<br />
2. Installing standby electrical generator in case of energy shortages<br />
3. Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection dose of the effluent should be increased during<br />
emergency cases in order to reduce pathogenic bacteria.<br />
4. Prevent fishing, swimming and recreation around the outfall. The prevented area<br />
should be identified according to regular testing of effluent and seawater quality.<br />
5. Maintaining equipment in good operating order.<br />
7.2.3. Soil<br />
Vegetation clearance, road construction, excavation works, and pond construction works<br />
will expose soils in the affected project areas leaving them vulnerable to erosion by<br />
surface run-off limited quantities of soil will be excavated during the construction phase<br />
of the treatment plant. If it coincides with the rainy season, this will cause soil erosion at<br />
the site. Leveling at the plant site can create soil disturbances, erosion problems and<br />
dusty conditions.<br />
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The reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation will improve the fertility of agricultural<br />
lands of the area. Nevertheless, when unsatisfactorily treated effluents are released,<br />
these might contaminate the soils.<br />
If the grease and sludge are not properly handled and managed, they can contaminate<br />
the nearby soils and create unsightly conditions.<br />
Mitigation:<br />
1. The staff of the plant will be trained for proper management of greases, to avoid soil<br />
contamination.<br />
2. Periodic tests will be done to assure the quality of effluent wastewater, to avoid<br />
partially treated wastewater to reach the soils.<br />
3. Excavated soil will be utilized for landscaping and then tree planting purposes.<br />
7.2.4. Aesthetic and Landscape Effect<br />
The KY WWTP will not have any significant impact on landscape as the plant itself will<br />
not be visible from any housing units, nor from most of the neighboring areas.<br />
Mitigation:<br />
1. Great care have to be given to the sea outfall and the infiltration basins general<br />
aesthetics and landscaping.<br />
2. Care have to be given to the KY WWT Plant’s general aesthetics: essentially it will<br />
be hidden from view by green vegetation, which will be kept neat and clean.<br />
3. The effluent wastewater of the KY WWTP will be utilized for planting trees at the<br />
KY WWTP site.<br />
7.2.5. Air Quality<br />
• Dust:<br />
It can be anticipated that a certain amount of air borne particulate matter (dust) will be<br />
generated by earth moving activities during pond construction and during off loading of<br />
marl. This situation will be worse during the dry season and during the afternoons when<br />
the winds are most prevalent. Air borne particulates may pose a hazard to residents in<br />
the vicinity or downwind of the construction site that suffer from upper respiratory tract<br />
problems. Otherwise it may only be a nuisance. The impact of dusting is short-term,<br />
lasting for the duration of the construction activity, but it may be severe if it causes<br />
significant health problems.<br />
Mitigation:<br />
1. Access roads and exposed ground should be regularly wetted in a manner that<br />
effectively keeps down the dust.<br />
2. Stockpiles of fine materials should be wetted or covered with tarp (sheet) during<br />
windy conditions.<br />
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3. Workers on the site should be issued with dust masks during dry and windy<br />
conditions.<br />
4. Unnecessary vehicular trips will be controlled.<br />
• Noise:<br />
The use of heavy equipment during site clearance and road construction works will<br />
inevitably generate noise but this should not be of any consequence to adjacent<br />
communities that are located sufficiently far away as to not be affected. The remoteness<br />
of the site should help to ameliorate noises.<br />
Mitigation:<br />
1. If necessary, local residents should be given notice of intended noisy activities so as<br />
to reduce degree of annoyances.<br />
2. Workers operating equipment that generates noise should be equipped with noise<br />
protection gear. Workers operating equipment generating noise levels greater than 80<br />
dBA continuously for 8 hours or more should use earmuffs. Workers experiencing<br />
prolonged noise levels of 70 – 80 dBA should wear earplugs.<br />
• Odor:<br />
Wastewater treatment plant carry a risk of odour nuisance if proper buffers between the<br />
treatment units and existing populations are not provided.<br />
Whereas one of the main sources causing odor is scum, overloading of the ponds will<br />
also result in odor problems because the treatment capacity will have been exceeded.<br />
Wind action on the ponds can also cause odors. Odor is best controlled by proper design<br />
and the nuisance risk is reduced by proper alignment of the ponds. The size of the ponds<br />
will result in some degree of wave action. The wind is the effective source of aeration<br />
through surface mixing, but too much wind action can disturb bottom sediments and<br />
also create an odor problem. The scum could be treated as a solid waste and could be<br />
taken to a Sanitary Landfill, after appropriate arrangements are made with the Solid<br />
Waste management Authority. Alternatively, the scum should be solar dried, stabilized<br />
and then disposed of or utilized as with the sludge.<br />
Mitigation:<br />
1. Ensure appropriate covering/ventilation of the pretreatment unit.<br />
2. Ensure appropriate handling and removal of grit/grease.<br />
3. Ensure proper sizing and alignment of the lagoons.<br />
4. Ensure scum is appropriately disposed of or properly stabilized.<br />
5. Monitor and ensure that influent sulphate levels (e.g. below 240 mg/l).<br />
6. Ensure that the pond series have adequate water flow and aeration to reduce the<br />
potential of odor formation.<br />
7. The perimeter of the proposed site will be vegetated with trees and plants of varying<br />
heights thereby forming a windbreaker.<br />
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7.3. Biological Environment<br />
7.3.1. Loss of natural habitats<br />
Approximately 20 hectares of land will be cleared of all vegetation. As previously<br />
discussed, the sections of the site proposed for construction are primarily exposed<br />
(open) grassland. As a result, there are no significantly important floral species or<br />
vegetation communities that would be negatively impacted by site clearance and<br />
construction practices.<br />
Similarly, negative impacts on avifauna, associated with the loss of onsite<br />
vegetation/habitat, are expected to be insignificant. As previously mentioned under,<br />
diverse and abundant avifauna does not use the project site for nesting, breeding or<br />
feeding.<br />
Mitigation:<br />
Tree planting will enhance biodiversity at the site. Trees will attract many bird species<br />
and other animal species.<br />
7.3.2. Deterioration of flora and fauna<br />
No rare, endangered or endemic terrestrial plant or fauna species were observed during<br />
the site visit and there was nothing untowardly special about the vegetation on the<br />
project site from either an ecological or commercial point of view. With this in mind,<br />
the proposed development will not have a significant negative impact on the vegetation<br />
observed at the site. There are no sensitive, nor any unusual species of fauna or flora in<br />
the site area; this area is indeed primarily devoted to agriculture.<br />
In general, the vegetation encountered at the nodes varied from agricultural crops to<br />
trees to herbs and shrubs and were of no significant importance. Care should be taken in<br />
assessing the area for pipe laying where large trees are encountered as the extent of their<br />
root system may pose a problem. In areas where large trees are encountered, the other<br />
side consisting of herbs and shrubs may prove to be more suitable for clearing.<br />
Mitigation:<br />
reduction of the number of trips and working time of vehicles on site and other<br />
measures will contribute in the mitigation of the impact on the species that are found at<br />
the vicinity of the plant.<br />
7.4. Socio-Economic Environment<br />
7.4.1. Cultural Heritage and archaeological resources<br />
The nearest historical site is more than 2km far from the KY WWTP. The project<br />
implementation will not affect adversely the historical sites. However, archaeological<br />
remains could be discovered during construction activities.<br />
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Mitigation:<br />
1. Monitoring of site excavations<br />
2. In case of finding information or signs about archeological sites, the concerned<br />
agency should be informed.<br />
7.4.2. Employment Opportunities<br />
Several categories of employees will be required during the construction phase. This<br />
will include skilled and unskilled labors, engineers, and a small number of other<br />
professionals. These levels of short-term employment would have a positive impact on<br />
the local economy and on regional unemployment. Moreover, the project operation<br />
will provide employment for several persons. This would represent a positive long-term<br />
significant impact.<br />
Mitigation:<br />
Not required.<br />
7.4.3. Public Health and Safety<br />
There is the possibility of mosquito/flies breeding in the open aeration ponds and<br />
channels of the KY WWTP, which can cause nuisance to the people during the summer<br />
months. Also possible accidents, drawings and injuries for residents and workers can be<br />
considered a significant negative impact.<br />
Occurrence of fire is not possible unless the biogas air release valves at the influent<br />
pressure line do not function properly and create explosive situations.<br />
On the other hand, the establishment of a treatment of wastewater will<br />
minimize/eliminate the spread of water related diseases, prevent risks of contamination<br />
of the soil and groundwater and contribute in the preservation of the quality of the<br />
environment.<br />
Mitigation:<br />
1. KY WWTP and infiltration ponds fencing is required.<br />
2. Proper training of workers, and use of proper protective clothing.<br />
3. A first aid station with trained staff, which is able to coordinate with local hospitals<br />
in case of emergencies<br />
4. Fire extinguishing equipment will be installed at the treatment plant. Actually, the<br />
treated effluents of the plant will be used in case of fire. In addition, chemical fire<br />
extinguishers will be made available at the project site.<br />
5. Usually mosquitoes do not travel more than 500m from their breeding sites. This will<br />
minimize the occurrence of nuisance for the residents. On the other hand, during the<br />
summer months some bio-enzymes will be used for suppressing the mosquito<br />
breeding.<br />
6. The biogas release valves will be checked and maintained periodically.<br />
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7.4.4. Land use planning<br />
The construction of a wastewater treatment plant will involve building large<br />
embankment structures on what is a green field site. This will result in a loss of the<br />
options for alternative land use and thus represents an irreversible commitment of land<br />
resources. Although the loss of optional uses for the land in the future is considered to<br />
be a negative impact, in this case the land is marginal in terms of alternative agricultural<br />
or residential use taking into consideration it is very closed to the eastern border and the<br />
impact is not considered significant.<br />
Mitigation:<br />
Not required.<br />
7.4.5. Energy consumption<br />
The incremental demand on electricity for KY WWTP should be within the affordable<br />
capacity of the local electrical system. The expansion of the electrical system if needed<br />
should therefore should not cause any supply shortages to local residents. However, this<br />
increased demand will commensurately increase the electrical utility's use of fossil fuel<br />
to generate that electricity, and thus the project will indirectly incur minor negative<br />
impacts associated with greenhouse emissions.<br />
Mitigation:<br />
1. Mitigation measures relate to improving energy management and conservation<br />
practices.<br />
2. Sub-meters and real-time energy monitoring equipment, timers, photoelectric cells,<br />
thermostats, etc. should be installed.<br />
3. Install translucent shades and fluorescent lighting.<br />
7.5. Construction waste disposal<br />
Solid waste generated during site preparation and construction work would include cut<br />
vegetation and typical construction waste (e.g. wasted concrete, steel, wooden<br />
scaffolding and forms, bags, waste earth materials, etc.). This waste would negatively<br />
impact the site and surrounding environment if not properly managed and disposed of at<br />
an approved dumpsite. Cleared vegetation burnt onsite would generate smoke, possibly<br />
impacting negatively on ambient air quality and human health. Vegetation and solid<br />
waste, if allowed to accumulate in drainage ways, could cause localized pooling and<br />
flooding. Pooling of water, in turn, would create conditions conducive to the breeding of<br />
nuisance and health-threatening pests such as mosquitoes. Poor construction waste<br />
management constitutes a short-term negative impact.<br />
Mitigation:<br />
1. A site waste management plan should be prepared by the contractor prior to<br />
commencement of construction works. This should include designation of<br />
appropriate waste storage areas, collection and removal schedule, identification of<br />
approved disposal site, and a system for supervision and monitoring.<br />
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2. Vegetation and combustible waste must not be burned on the site.<br />
3. Reusable inorganic waste (e.g. excavated sand/clay) should be stockpiled away from<br />
drainage features and used for in filling where necessary.<br />
4. Unusable construction waste, such as damaged pipes, formwork and other<br />
construction material, must be disposed of at an approved dumpsite.<br />
7.6. Reuse of treated wastewater and sludge<br />
The treated wastewater effluent from the KY WWTP is expected to meet the national<br />
requirements. The KY WWTP improvements have been designed to produce effluent<br />
quality that would comply with the effluent limits anticipated for crop irrigation.<br />
Implementation of the Project would result in enabling seasonal irrigation of agricultural<br />
lands with disinfected treated wastewater. Potential Impact of Sludge and irrigation by<br />
treated WW can be summarized as follow:<br />
• Potential pollution of the raw eaten crops<br />
• Children are often present on the farms and fallen fruit may be picked off the ground<br />
• labors and farmers at farms that are irrigated by treated wastewater or fertilized by<br />
sludge may be subjected to some danger pathogens.<br />
Mitigation:<br />
1. Specific regulation shall be followed to control the use of treated wastewater in<br />
irrigation according to the quality of treated wastewater and according to soil<br />
structure.<br />
2. No sludge to be used without sufficient treatment<br />
3. Public awareness program for the neighboring communities should be conducted<br />
4. Provide workers with appropriate protective clothing including rubber gloves, boots,<br />
long sleeved shirts and pants.<br />
5. train workers to wash hands and faces frequently with soap and water and make both<br />
available<br />
7.7. Quantitative Summary of Impacts<br />
The table bellow summarized the different impact types in the constriction and<br />
operational phases on various environmental elements.<br />
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Table 7.2: Quantitative Summary of Impacts<br />
Project phase<br />
Construction<br />
phase<br />
Project<br />
activity<br />
Excavation<br />
Aspects or<br />
impact<br />
identification<br />
Dust<br />
Vehicles<br />
emissions<br />
Soil<br />
disturbance<br />
Destruction<br />
of plant cover<br />
Disposal of<br />
excavated<br />
materials<br />
Noise<br />
Impact Description<br />
Contribute to air pollution directly<br />
and indirectly as synergists or<br />
carriers of other pollutants. Can<br />
affect Health and local ecosystem.<br />
Emissions of VOCs, NOx, SOx,<br />
CO2 and particulate matter to<br />
atmosphere and thus contribute to<br />
air pollution, greenhouse gas<br />
production and global warming.<br />
Heavy machinery used will cause<br />
soil compaction.<br />
Plant cover present at the site will<br />
be removed leading to increased<br />
soil erosion.<br />
The excavated material will be<br />
used for landscaping, construction<br />
and deep rooted tree planting<br />
Excessive or prolonged exposure<br />
to noise (typically more than 8 hrs<br />
above 85-90 decibels) leads to<br />
hearing loss, which is not the case<br />
here. This will affect the workers<br />
on site.<br />
Impact<br />
Rating(5)<br />
4<br />
4<br />
2<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
Severity<br />
Rating(5)<br />
2<br />
2<br />
4<br />
4<br />
4<br />
3<br />
Significance<br />
Factor (25)<br />
8<br />
8<br />
8<br />
4<br />
8<br />
9<br />
Mitigation Measures<br />
Spraying water<br />
during the excavation<br />
phase<br />
Reducing number of<br />
trips and frequency<br />
of operation of the<br />
vehicles<br />
Limiting the<br />
excavation area<br />
Tree planting and<br />
landscaping will take<br />
place, which will<br />
reduce soil erosion.<br />
Soil/clay reused for<br />
improving degraded<br />
agricultural soils.<br />
Reduction of the<br />
frequency of noisy<br />
operation<br />
Leveling<br />
Dust<br />
Contribute to air pollution directly<br />
and indirectly as synergists or<br />
carriers of other pollutants. It can<br />
2<br />
1<br />
2<br />
Spraying water while<br />
working<br />
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Project phase<br />
Project<br />
activity<br />
Concrete<br />
work<br />
Electromechanical<br />
work<br />
Aspects or<br />
impact<br />
identification<br />
Vehicle<br />
semissions<br />
Soil<br />
disturbance<br />
Solid waste<br />
disposal<br />
Workers'<br />
safety<br />
Noise<br />
Energy<br />
consumption<br />
Impact Description<br />
affect health and local ecosystem.<br />
Emissions of VOCs, NOx, SOx,<br />
CO2 and particulate matter to<br />
atmosphere and thus contribute to<br />
air pollution, greenhouse gas<br />
production and global warming.<br />
Heavy machinery used will cause<br />
soil compaction.<br />
Concrete waste, carton, bags,<br />
wood, trees…etc.<br />
Risk of accidents and injuries<br />
Excessive or prolonged exposure<br />
to noise (typically more than 8 hrs<br />
above 85-90 decibels) leads to<br />
hearing loss, which is not the case<br />
here. This will affect the workers<br />
on site.<br />
Combustion of fuel leads to<br />
emissions of VOCs, NOx, SOx,<br />
CO2 and thus air pollution,<br />
acidification, greenhouse gas<br />
production and global warming.<br />
Impact<br />
Rating(5)<br />
3<br />
1<br />
3<br />
1<br />
3<br />
4<br />
Severity<br />
Rating(5)<br />
1<br />
1<br />
4<br />
4<br />
2<br />
4<br />
Significance<br />
Factor (25)<br />
3<br />
1<br />
12<br />
4<br />
6<br />
16<br />
Mitigation Measures<br />
Reducing number of<br />
trips, and frequency<br />
of operation of the<br />
vehicles<br />
Limit leveling area.<br />
All waste amterial<br />
sould be transferred<br />
to approved dump<br />
site.<br />
Follow safty<br />
instructions, workers<br />
should wear proper<br />
clothing<br />
Reduction of the<br />
frequency of noisy<br />
operation<br />
Regular testing of the<br />
air quality, due to<br />
different kinds of<br />
emmisions<br />
Solid waste<br />
disposal<br />
Carton boxes, bags, metal,<br />
wood…etc.<br />
3<br />
4<br />
12<br />
All waste material<br />
sould be transferred<br />
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Project phase<br />
Operation<br />
Phase<br />
Project<br />
activity<br />
Removal and<br />
Disposal of<br />
grit and<br />
Floating<br />
material<br />
Aspects or<br />
impact<br />
identification<br />
Noise<br />
Soil and<br />
water<br />
pollution<br />
Workers'<br />
Health<br />
Impact Description<br />
Excess noise at the construction<br />
site cause disturbance on the<br />
wildlife<br />
Risk of soil and water pollution<br />
from trapped grease and oil, when<br />
these are piled openly.<br />
Risk of injury or transmission of<br />
disease to workers removing the<br />
grease and sand from the grease<br />
trap.<br />
Impact<br />
Rating(5)<br />
1<br />
3<br />
2<br />
Severity<br />
Rating(5)<br />
2<br />
4<br />
4<br />
Significance<br />
Factor (25)<br />
2<br />
12<br />
8<br />
Mitigation Measures<br />
to approved dump<br />
site.<br />
Minimize the<br />
unnecessary use of<br />
vehicles and<br />
equipment.<br />
Regular cleaning and<br />
proper storage in<br />
barrels and its<br />
disposal with<br />
municipal solid<br />
waste<br />
Proper training of<br />
workers, and use of<br />
proper storage tanks<br />
and protective<br />
clothing<br />
Operation of<br />
Biological<br />
Unit<br />
Soil and<br />
Water<br />
Pollution<br />
Risk of soil and water pollution<br />
from trapped grease and oil, when<br />
these are piled openly.<br />
- Regular lab test to<br />
assure proper<br />
performance of the<br />
plant<br />
- Avoidance of<br />
accidental runoff<br />
water intrusion from<br />
the manholes of<br />
network<br />
- Awareness for<br />
SOGREAH/UG CONSULTANTS 128<br />
2<br />
3<br />
6<br />
reducing the amounts<br />
of using oil and
Environmental Impact Assessment<br />
Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant <strong>May</strong> 20<strong>10</strong><br />
Project phase<br />
Project<br />
activity<br />
Aspects or<br />
impact<br />
identification<br />
Impact Description<br />
Impact<br />
Rating(5)<br />
Severity<br />
Rating(5)<br />
Significance<br />
Factor (25)<br />
Mitigation Measures<br />
grease.<br />
Energy<br />
consumptions<br />
Risk of the expansion of<br />
electricity, it should be within the<br />
affordable capacity of the system.<br />
4<br />
4<br />
16<br />
- Installation of<br />
energy monitoring<br />
equipments<br />
- Improving energy<br />
management and<br />
conservation<br />
practices.<br />
Effluent<br />
discharge to<br />
infiltration<br />
basin<br />
Mist<br />
emissions<br />
Workers'<br />
Health<br />
Soil pollution<br />
water<br />
pollution<br />
Risk for pathogenic/ diseases<br />
transport<br />
Risk of injury or transmission of<br />
disease to workers removing the<br />
grease and sand from the grease<br />
trap.<br />
Below standard treatment leads<br />
into soil resources contamination<br />
- Below standard treatment leads<br />
into water resources contamination<br />
2<br />
4<br />
2<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
6<br />
8<br />
6<br />
16<br />
Planting trees,<br />
around the treatment<br />
plant.<br />
Proper training of<br />
workers, and use of<br />
proper storage tanks<br />
and protective<br />
clothing<br />
Regular testing of the<br />
effluent wastewater<br />
to ensure better<br />
quality<br />
Regular testing of the<br />
effluent wastewater<br />
to ensure better<br />
quality<br />
Nuisance<br />
Risk of fly/mosquito breeding in<br />
the open ponds and drying beds<br />
that can cause nuisance to the<br />
2<br />
5<br />
<strong>10</strong><br />
Monitor the<br />
proliferation of<br />
fly/mosquito<br />
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Project phase<br />
Project<br />
activity<br />
Aspects or<br />
impact<br />
identification<br />
inhabitants.<br />
Impact Description<br />
Impact<br />
Rating(5)<br />
Severity<br />
Rating(5)<br />
Significance<br />
Factor (25)<br />
Mitigation Measures<br />
populations and use<br />
ecoenzymes/ BT for<br />
controlling them.<br />
Addition of<br />
chemicals like<br />
Calsuim hypochlorite<br />
or chlorine<br />
Health and<br />
safety<br />
Risk of injury or transmission of<br />
disease to workers removing the<br />
sand/sludge from the infiltration<br />
basins<br />
2<br />
4<br />
8<br />
Proper training of<br />
workers, and use of<br />
proper storage tanks<br />
and protective<br />
clothing<br />
Emergency Seawater If the final effluent contains certain 4<br />
2<br />
8 Regular testing of the<br />
discharge to quality bacteria like salmonella, it poses a<br />
effluent wastewater<br />
the sea<br />
risk to contaminate the receiving<br />
to ensure better<br />
stream and the food chain.<br />
quality.<br />
Installing standby<br />
electrical generator<br />
in case of energy<br />
shortages<br />
UV disinfection dose<br />
of the effluent could<br />
be increase during<br />
SOGREAH/UG CONSULTANTS<br />
emergency cases in<br />
130<br />
order to reduce<br />
pathogenic bacteria<br />
maintainng
Environmental Impact Assessment<br />
Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant <strong>May</strong> 20<strong>10</strong><br />
Project phase<br />
Project<br />
activity<br />
Aspects or<br />
impact<br />
identification<br />
Impact Description<br />
Impact<br />
Rating(5)<br />
Severity<br />
Rating(5)<br />
Significance<br />
Factor (25)<br />
Mitigation Measures<br />
operating order<br />
Sludge<br />
removal and<br />
treatment<br />
Marine<br />
ecology<br />
Aesthetic<br />
Odor<br />
Soil and land<br />
contaminatio<br />
n<br />
Risk of the discharge of waste to<br />
the sea,<br />
Risk of the discharge of waste to<br />
the sea<br />
Below standard treatment leads<br />
into soil and water resources<br />
contamination<br />
2<br />
1<br />
3<br />
3<br />
2<br />
3<br />
3<br />
3<br />
4<br />
3<br />
9<br />
9<br />
-Stop swimming and<br />
fishing in the area of<br />
discharge.<br />
-Monitoring to the<br />
sea water quality<br />
-Increase the<br />
disinfection dose<br />
Consider propriate<br />
landscape design to<br />
the sea outfall<br />
Regular monitoring<br />
is to be followed for<br />
emissions resulted<br />
from sludge removal.<br />
Specific regulation<br />
shall be followed to<br />
control odor,<br />
- Specific regulation<br />
shall be followed to<br />
control safe disposal<br />
or use of treated<br />
sludge in agricultural<br />
purposes.<br />
Ground<br />
Water<br />
Pollution<br />
Below standard treatment leads<br />
into soil and water resources<br />
contamination<br />
4<br />
2<br />
8<br />
- Specific regulation<br />
shall be followed to<br />
control safe disposal<br />
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Project phase<br />
Project<br />
activity<br />
Aspects or<br />
impact<br />
identification<br />
Impact Description<br />
Impact<br />
Rating(5)<br />
Severity<br />
Rating(5)<br />
Significance<br />
Factor (25)<br />
Mitigation Measures<br />
or use of treated<br />
sludge in agricultural<br />
purposes.<br />
Wastewater and<br />
sludge reuse<br />
Soil Pollution<br />
Below standard treatment leads<br />
into soil and water resources<br />
contamination<br />
3<br />
4<br />
12<br />
Specific regulation<br />
shall be followed to<br />
control the use of<br />
treated wastewater in<br />
irrigation.<br />
Wastewater<br />
Reuse<br />
Water<br />
Pollution<br />
Agriculture<br />
Crops<br />
Below standard treatment leads<br />
into soil and water resources<br />
contamination<br />
Below standard treatment leads<br />
into crops'/yields'<br />
contamination<br />
4<br />
3<br />
3<br />
4<br />
12<br />
12<br />
Specific regulation<br />
shall be followed to<br />
control the use of<br />
treated wastewater in<br />
irrigation.<br />
Specific regulation<br />
shall be followed to<br />
control the use of<br />
treated wastewater in<br />
irrigation.<br />
Health<br />
Risk of transmission of disease to<br />
farmers reusing treated wastewater<br />
for irrigation.<br />
2<br />
4<br />
8<br />
Advise the farmers<br />
not to plant<br />
vegetables that can<br />
be consumed in raw<br />
state.<br />
Sludge Reuse<br />
Soil Pollution<br />
Below standard treatment leads<br />
into soil and water resources<br />
3<br />
4<br />
12<br />
No sludge to be used<br />
without sufficient<br />
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Project phase<br />
Project<br />
activity<br />
Aspects or<br />
impact<br />
identification<br />
contamination<br />
Impact Description<br />
Impact<br />
Rating(5)<br />
Severity<br />
Rating(5)<br />
Significance<br />
Factor (25)<br />
Mitigation Measures<br />
treatment<br />
Water<br />
Pollution<br />
Agriculture<br />
Crops<br />
Health<br />
Marine<br />
ecology<br />
Aesthetic<br />
Below standard treatment leads<br />
into soil and water resources<br />
contamination<br />
Risk of contaminant of agriculture<br />
crops<br />
Risk of transmission of disease to<br />
farmers reusing treated wastewater<br />
for irrigation.<br />
Risk of the discharge of waste to<br />
the sea,<br />
Risk of the discharge of waste to<br />
the sea<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
2<br />
1<br />
4<br />
3<br />
3<br />
2<br />
3<br />
16<br />
9<br />
6<br />
4<br />
3<br />
No sludge to be used<br />
without sufficient<br />
treatment<br />
No sludge to be used<br />
without sufficient<br />
treatment<br />
Advise the farmers<br />
not to<br />
plant vegetables that<br />
can be consumed in<br />
raw state.<br />
-Stop swimming and<br />
fishing in the area of<br />
discharge.<br />
-Monitoring to the<br />
sea water quality<br />
-Increase the<br />
disinfection dose<br />
Consider appropriate<br />
landscape design to<br />
the sea outfall<br />
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8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN<br />
Environmental management/monitoring is essential for ensuring that identified<br />
impacts are maintained within the allowable levels, negative impacts are mitigated at<br />
an early stage (before they become a problem), and the expected project benefits are<br />
realized. Thus, the aim of an EMP is to assist in the systematic and prompt recognition<br />
of problems and the effective actions to correct them, and ultimately good<br />
environmental performance is achieved. A good understanding of environmental<br />
priorities and policies, proper management of the facility, knowledge of regulatory<br />
requirements and keeping up-to-date operational information are basic to good<br />
environmental performance.<br />
The EMP will help the Executing Agency and the concerned authorities to address the<br />
adverse environmental impact of the project, enhance project benefits, and introduce<br />
standards of good environmental practice.<br />
The primary objectives of the EMP are to:<br />
i. Define the responsibilities of project proponents, contractors and other role<br />
players, and effectively communicate environmental issues among them;<br />
ii. facilitate the implementation of the mitigation measures identified in the <strong>EIA</strong> by<br />
providing the technical details of each project impact, and providing an<br />
implementation schedule;<br />
iii. define a monitoring mechanism and identify monitoring parameters to ensure that<br />
all mitigation measures are completely and effectively implemented; and<br />
iv. identify training requirements at various levels and provide a plan for<br />
implementation.<br />
The social and environmental issues associated with this project include:<br />
1) Permanent acquisition about 21 hectares land for construction of the proposed KY<br />
WWTP and the infiltration basins.<br />
2) Appropriately locating temporary construction camps, asphalt plants, and waste<br />
disposal sites, and the environmental impact of operating these facilities.<br />
3) Regulating the procurement of borrow material, soil erosion during construction as<br />
well as in operation stage.<br />
4) Enhancing and maintaining avenue tree plantation along the outer boundary of the<br />
proposed site.<br />
5) Minimizing the impact on cultural sites or structures and community-owned assets<br />
during construction and operation.<br />
6) Ensuring traffic safety during construction and operation.<br />
7) Ensuring adequate methods of treated WW and sludge disposal.<br />
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8.1. Summary of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation measures<br />
As the KY WWTP site consists of barren land and no human settlements located at<br />
the site therefore, no potential environment impacts are expected during preconstruction<br />
phase.<br />
Potential environmental impacts likely to occur during construction phase are (i)<br />
nuisance to people in surrounding of site due to dust /noise /smoke generated by the<br />
movement of vehicles /machinery which will be mitigated by regular air testing,<br />
vehicle noise and smoke tests; (ii) pollution due to waste water and solid waste from<br />
the contractor’s camp which will be mitigated by providing adequate arrangement for<br />
the safe disposal of wastewater and solid waste; (iii) health and safety of workers at<br />
contractor’s camp which will be mitigated by proper training of contractor’s crew<br />
about First Aid and Health & Safety procedures; and (iv) accident hazards for people<br />
and livestock at borrow pit areas, which will be mitigated regulating the procurement<br />
of the borrow material.<br />
During operation and maintenance phase, potential environment impacts are related to<br />
(i) sludge disposal which could cause environmental pollution, odor from anaerobic<br />
conditions, vegetation problems, clogging of structures and piping, and groundwater<br />
pollution through leachate. This will be mitigated by its safe disposal for agricultural<br />
reuse and/or sanitary land filling based on the sludge sampling and testing that will<br />
show whether dried material fulfills agricultural reuse requirements. In this<br />
connection, the sludge will be transferred to the sludge drying beds which will be<br />
developed in the KY WWTP, with proper drainage provision. After drying, the treated<br />
sludge will be tested and based on its suitability for agricultural use; it could be sold<br />
out to the farmers/agriculturists. However, if the toxic materials are found in the<br />
sludge, the operator will carry out its safe underground disposal; and (ii) chance of<br />
accident at KY WWTP or health problem of operator staff and labor working at KY<br />
WWTP. To mitigate this impact, construction labor and staff will be trained on the<br />
handling/storage of material and the use of chemicals.<br />
8.2. Recommended Monitoring Plan<br />
Environmental monitoring is the timely and proper survey of the significant<br />
environmental impacts of a project during all project phases. Monitoring results help<br />
judge the success of mitigation measures in protecting the environment. They are also<br />
used to ensure compliance with environmental standards, and to identify necessary<br />
changes in the project design or operation.<br />
The Environmental Monitoring plan sets out a framework for monitoring the<br />
environmental situation at all project sites. In order to ensure that the reality complies<br />
with the demands of the EMP environmental, monitoring should be carried out<br />
concerning the following aspects:<br />
1. Groundwater monitoring<br />
2. Effluent Monitoring<br />
3. Seawater Monitoring (In outlet Point)<br />
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4. Ambient Air Emission Monitoring<br />
5. Solid and Hazardous waste Monitoring<br />
6. Noise Level Monitoring<br />
7. Traffic Monitoring<br />
A monitoring program has been prepared for the project. This program provides<br />
details regarding monitoring parameters, monitoring location, number of tests/<br />
samples, method/equipment for testing, frequency and responsibility for<br />
monitoring and preliminary costs. Environmental Monitoring <strong>Report</strong>s will be<br />
prepared on monthly basis and complete record will be maintained at the site<br />
office. The environmental monitoring reports will be submitted to Environment<br />
Quality Authority (EQA) on quarterly basis.<br />
Table 8.1outlines the monitoring protocols, parameters and frequencies required to be<br />
observed during the construction and operation of the KY WWTP project.<br />
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Table 8.1: Proposed Environmental Monitoring Program<br />
No. Monitoring<br />
parameter<br />
Monitoring location<br />
A. Construction Stage<br />
1 Dust - Construction Site<br />
- Contractor's Camp Site,<br />
- Nearest settlements outside<br />
the site boundary<br />
2 Noise a) Ambient<br />
- Construction Site<br />
- Nearest Settlements outside<br />
the site boundary<br />
b) At Source<br />
- Vehicle/ Equipment<br />
3 Vehicular<br />
Vehicles at the Construction<br />
Emissions<br />
Site<br />
- Smoke<br />
- CO<br />
B. Operation Stage<br />
4 Gaseous Emissions At the KY WWTP site<br />
Ambient Air<br />
- CH4<br />
- CO<br />
- NH3<br />
- H2S<br />
5 Groundwater<br />
Contamination<br />
- Water Level<br />
- pH<br />
- EC<br />
- Major anions<br />
- Major cations<br />
- From existing Boreholes<br />
around the Site<br />
- From proposed monitoring<br />
wells<br />
No. of<br />
samples<br />
1<br />
1<br />
4<br />
1<br />
3<br />
3<br />
3<br />
3<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
3<br />
6<br />
Method/ equipment<br />
Visually<br />
Visually<br />
Particulate Matter<br />
Measurement (PM <strong>10</strong>)<br />
Noise meter<br />
Gas analyzer/ detector<br />
Gas Analyzer/ Manual<br />
Observation<br />
From outsource<br />
Laboratory<br />
Standards/<br />
guidelines<br />
150 µg/m3<br />
Frequency<br />
Daily<br />
Daily<br />
Quarterly<br />
Responsibility<br />
PU<br />
National<br />
standards<br />
Annex 1 Weekly PU<br />
National<br />
standards<br />
Annex 1 Monthly PU<br />
National<br />
standards<br />
Annex 1<br />
Values<br />
observed at the<br />
start of the filling<br />
operation shall be<br />
taken as<br />
reference and<br />
compared<br />
Weekly<br />
Twice in year<br />
For heavy<br />
metals one a<br />
year<br />
Operator (CMWU),<br />
PWA, EQA<br />
Operator (CMWU),<br />
PWA, EQA<br />
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No. Monitoring<br />
parameter<br />
- Detergents<br />
- Heavy Metals<br />
(Arsenic, Barium,<br />
Cadmium, Lead,<br />
Mercury, Nickel<br />
- Fecal coliform<br />
6 Treated effluent<br />
- pH<br />
- BOD5<br />
- COD<br />
- No3<br />
- NH3/ NH4<br />
- Oil & Grease<br />
- TSS<br />
- TDS<br />
- Cl<br />
- Mg<br />
- SO4<br />
- SO3<br />
- heavy metals<br />
- Nematode egg<br />
- Fecal Coliform<br />
7 Treated Sludge<br />
- Nematode egg<br />
- Coliform<br />
- Arsenic<br />
- Cadmium<br />
- Chromium<br />
- Lead<br />
Monitoring location<br />
At the KY WWTP site<br />
At the infiltration site<br />
At the sea outfall*<br />
No. of<br />
samples<br />
Method/ equipment<br />
2 From outsource<br />
Laboratory<br />
At the KY WWTP site 1 From outsource<br />
Laboratory<br />
Standards/<br />
guidelines<br />
with national<br />
standards<br />
Annex 1<br />
Design criteria<br />
Design criteria<br />
national<br />
standards (Annex<br />
1)<br />
1 egg/<strong>10</strong>0gm<br />
1 MPN/<strong>10</strong>0 ml<br />
1 mg/kg<br />
20 mg/kg<br />
<strong>10</strong>00 mg/kg<br />
750 mg/kg<br />
Frequency<br />
Monthly<br />
For heavy<br />
metals one a<br />
year<br />
Every Batch<br />
Responsibility<br />
Operator (CMWU),<br />
PWA, EQA<br />
Operator (CMWU),<br />
PWA, EQA<br />
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Groundwater observation points:<br />
The effect of the infiltration of the treated wastewater should be subject to thorough monitoring<br />
for both water level and water quality in the aquifer. In order to make a suitable selection of the<br />
number and location of the observation points, the following selection criteria are used:<br />
1. The geographical distribution in relation to hydraulic stresses (the center and the extent of the<br />
water level mound).<br />
2. The half-life time of pathogenic bacteria.<br />
3. The extent and the variation of contaminant plume.<br />
500m<br />
350m<br />
200m<br />
Ground Water<br />
Monitoring Well<br />
Infiltration<br />
Basins<br />
200m<br />
Figure 8.1: The Proposed Location of the Monitoring Wells<br />
At the infiltration site, the observation points have to cover the deep part of the aquifer and the<br />
zone between the water table before infiltration and the water table after infiltration. Location of<br />
observation wells is shown in figure 8.1.<br />
At the North-West of the infiltration site 3 lines of observation wells should be considered:<br />
1. The line comprises of three observation wells located at 200 m radius from the Mid-Edge of<br />
infiltration basin for pathogens detection.<br />
2. The second line comprises of two wells located at 350 m radius from the edge of infiltration<br />
basin.<br />
3. In addition to that one observation well should be located at 500 m distance from the edge of<br />
infiltration basins.<br />
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4. Two other wells should be located at the upper stream of the infiltration basins at a distance of<br />
200 m<br />
8.3. Responsibilities for Mitigation and Monitoring<br />
The Executing Agency of the Project construction is the <strong>UNDP</strong>/PAPP and will be implemented<br />
by <strong>UNDP</strong>/PAPP through the Direct Execution (DEX) Modality. The executing agency may<br />
establish a Project Unit (PU) for following up the project implementation. The project will be<br />
implemented by the Project Unit, which will be overseen by a Project Steering Committee<br />
(PSC). Project Unit headed by Project Director/Manager, comprises the professional staff and<br />
supported by a team of consultants. It shall be responsible for overall co-ordination, planning,<br />
implementation and management of Project activities. CMWU will be the operator of the project<br />
assisted by consultants and contractors whenever needed.<br />
Project Steering Committee (PSC)<br />
(Representatives from relevant institutions, PWA, , EQA, MOH, MOA, MOL, MOTA, LA Khan younis Municipality)<br />
Consultant<br />
<strong>UNDP</strong>/PAPP<br />
(PU)(Project<br />
Implementation Unit)<br />
PWA<br />
(Regulator- owner)<br />
Construction Phase<br />
Consultants<br />
(-Construction<br />
management-<br />
Construction quality<br />
Control<br />
- Conduct capacity<br />
Building)<br />
Contractor<br />
(Construct the<br />
KY WWTP<br />
component)<br />
Consultant<br />
(- Assist in<br />
environmental<br />
monitoring, testing,<br />
and quality<br />
assurance<br />
- Conduct capacity<br />
building)<br />
CMWU (Operator)<br />
Operation Phase<br />
Contractor<br />
(responsible for<br />
operation,<br />
maintenance,<br />
monitoring, and<br />
quality control)<br />
Figure 8.2: Institutional Setup Frame Work<br />
The specific roles and responsibilities of different institutions/ agencies for implementation and<br />
monitoring of environmental mitigation measures in the construction and operation stages for the<br />
proposed KY WWTP are described hereunder:<br />
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8.3.1. Implementation of environmental mitigation measures<br />
I- Pre-construction Stage:<br />
Municipality of Khan Younis owned land of 11.6 hectares allocated to the Project for<br />
construction of the proposed KY WWTP. All the land allocated for construction of the proposed<br />
KY WWTP belongs to the Municipality of Khan Younis which has to be registered officially for<br />
Khan Younis Governorate Wastewater Treatment Plant. The KY WWTP site is barren and no<br />
human settlements exist on the municipality owned site. Accordingly, no land acquisition or<br />
resettlement plan is required at the KY WWTP site.<br />
On the other hand, about 9.4 hectares should be allocated for the infiltration basins at Al Fukhari<br />
area. The proposed land is a private ownership for one person and it is currently used by framers<br />
for vegetable cultivation. Private land acquisition is involved in this project; accordingly the<br />
Authority should compensate the owner and the framers and may be a resettlement plan is<br />
required<br />
II- Construction stage:<br />
The project will be executed through private contractors who will be responsible for<br />
implementation of environmental mitigation measures during the construction stage, while PU<br />
with the assistance of Environmental Consultant will supervise and monitor compliance of all<br />
those mitigation measures.<br />
The project site has no settlements located inside it. Site is clear of any encumbrances. All the<br />
material will be mobilized through the existing roads and proposed access roads will be reconstructed<br />
by the contractor.<br />
Topsoil Conservation:<br />
The Contractor will be responsible for regulating the procurement of borrow material and<br />
protecting topsoil from erosion by complying with the following measures in general and may be<br />
specified for different project components in bill of quantities and the tender specifications:<br />
1. The excavation of earth fill (if required) will be limited to an approximate depth of 50 cm.<br />
2. Where deep ditching is to be carried out, the top 1 m layer of the ditching area will be stripped<br />
and stockpiled. The ditch will initially be filled with scrap material from construction and then<br />
leveled with the stockpiled topsoil.<br />
3. Excavated earthwork will be utilized for embankment and construction of access roads.<br />
4. Project site will be landscaped to avoid creating hazards for people and livestock.<br />
Management of Project Facilities:<br />
The contractor will be responsible for managing the operation of the construction campsite so as<br />
to minimize the impact of construction activities on ambient air; ensure adequate provisions for<br />
waste disposal, and protect the health and safety of construction workers:<br />
The impact of construction activities on ambient air will be minimized by:<br />
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1. Where dust generation is high, surface treating or overlaying diversion tracks with shingle;<br />
where necessary, and subject to the availability of water, sprinkling water across diversion<br />
tracks at least twice a day.<br />
2. Ensuring that haul-trucks carrying asphalt-concrete mix and/or aggregate fill materials are<br />
kept covered with tarpaulin to help contain construction material being transported between<br />
sites.<br />
3. Enforcing the applicable standards to gaseous emissions generated by construction vehicles,<br />
equipment, and machinery.<br />
The contractor will carry out the following activities to manage the disposal of construction<br />
waste:<br />
1. Wastewater effluent from contractors’ workshops and equipment washing yards will be<br />
passed through gravel/sand beds to remove oil/grease contaminants before discharging it.<br />
2. Construction workforces will be trained in the storage and handling of materials and<br />
chemicals that can potentially cause soil contamination.<br />
3. Solid waste generated during construction and at campsites will be properly treated and safely<br />
disposed of only in demarcated waste disposal sites approved by the supervision consultant.<br />
The Contractor will be required to adopt good engineering practices to minimize safety and<br />
health hazards among its workers as well as the local population. Mitigation measures will<br />
include the following:<br />
1. Complying with safety precautions for construction workers as per the Labor Law.<br />
2. Training of workers in construction safety procedures, equipping all construction workers<br />
with hard boots, helmets, gloves, and protective masks, and monitoring their proper and<br />
sustained usage.<br />
Protection of Cultural and Community-Owned Assets<br />
The key issues that will arise during the construction phase in this regard include the impact of<br />
construction activities on local community resources, the impact of noise generated by<br />
construction machinery, and any chance discovery of historical importance. The Contractor will<br />
carry out the following activities to mitigate these impacts:<br />
1. Construction activities will be limited to daylight hours in reaches along densely populated<br />
areas, to minimize the impact of noise generated by construction machinery.<br />
2. Guidelines will be established to minimize the wastage of water during construction<br />
operations and at camp sites.<br />
3. The Contractor will be required to maintain close liaison with local communities to ensure<br />
that conflicts, if any, related to the utilization of water for project purposes are resolved<br />
quickly.<br />
4. Construction camp staff will be trained to identify and report possible archaeological<br />
discoveries to the contractor.<br />
5. Any discovery of archaeological artifacts will be reported to the Ministry of Archaeology and<br />
Tourism.<br />
Pedestrian and Traffic Safety<br />
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The Contractor will carry out the following activities to ensure pedestrian and traffic safety<br />
during construction:<br />
1. All necessary measures will be taken to ensure the safety of traffic during construction,<br />
including barricades (including signs, pavement markings, flags, and lights) erected.<br />
2. Construction vehicles, machinery and equipment will remain confined within their designated<br />
areas of movement.<br />
3. The Contractor will be required to ensure that construction work does not hinder local<br />
people’s access to the main streets.<br />
4. Constructing temporary ramps and diversion routes will facilitate pedestrians and livestock<br />
when crossing the highway.<br />
III- Operation and Maintenance Stage:<br />
Upon completion of the project, CMWU will operate and run the system and will also be<br />
responsible for implementation and monitoring of environmental mitigation measures during the<br />
operation stage. Treated effluent will be disposed in Al Fukhari infiltration basins and could be<br />
used for agricultural irrigation purposes.<br />
The overall potential environmental impacts, mitigation measures and institutional<br />
responsibilities are summarized in table 8.2.<br />
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Table 8.2: Potential impacts, mitigation measures and institutional responsibilities<br />
Project Stage Project Activity Potential Environmental<br />
Impacts<br />
Pre-construction<br />
stage<br />
Land<br />
Acquisition<br />
And<br />
resettlement<br />
Private land acquisition is<br />
involved in this project;<br />
about 9.5 hectares are<br />
required for the infiltration<br />
basins.<br />
Proposed Mitigation<br />
Measures<br />
KY WWTP will be<br />
constructed on state<br />
owned land so no<br />
Compensation of<br />
land is required.<br />
The Authority should<br />
compensate the owner and<br />
the framers at the infiltration<br />
basins and may be a<br />
resettlement plan is required.<br />
Institutional<br />
Responsibilities<br />
LA, PWA,<br />
MOLG, MOF<br />
and Khan<br />
Younis<br />
Municipality<br />
Construction<br />
stage<br />
Movement of<br />
Vehicles /<br />
Machinery<br />
Nuisance to people in<br />
surrounding of site due to<br />
Dust / Noise / Smoke.<br />
- Regular Air Testing<br />
-Vehicle Noise & Smoke<br />
Tests.<br />
PU<br />
Contractor’s<br />
Camp<br />
Pollution due to<br />
Wastewater and Solid<br />
Waste.<br />
- Safe disposal of<br />
wastewater and solid waste.<br />
Contractor/ PU<br />
Contractor’s<br />
Camp<br />
Health & safety of workers<br />
can be affected.<br />
-Training of Contractor’s<br />
crew about First Aid and<br />
Health & Safety procedures.<br />
PU<br />
Operation /<br />
maintenance stage<br />
Borrow pits<br />
Treated effluent<br />
and Sludge<br />
disposal<br />
Accident hazards for people<br />
and livestock.<br />
-Environmental pollution<br />
- Odor emission<br />
- Mosquitoes<br />
- Vegetation problems<br />
- Clogged structures and<br />
piping.<br />
-Regulating the procurement<br />
of the borrow material.<br />
- Adequate monitoring.<br />
Contractor/ PU<br />
Operator<br />
(CMWU),<br />
PWA, EQA<br />
Working of<br />
operator’s Staff<br />
& labor on KY<br />
WWTP Site<br />
Any chance of accident at<br />
KY WWTP or health<br />
problem of workers.<br />
- Construction force will be<br />
trained on the project of<br />
storage, handling and<br />
material and use of<br />
chemicals.<br />
Operator<br />
(CMWU),<br />
PWA, EQA<br />
8.3.2. Environmental Monitoring<br />
The environmental monitoring plan to be enforced during construction will be implemented by<br />
PU with possible assistance of Consultants. The PU staff will be trained by the Consultants to<br />
perform the environmental monitoring functions during the operation stage. Consultant/Resident<br />
Engineer are being engaged to train PU Staff during construction and meantime period. EQA<br />
may externally monitor various project related activities in order to ensure that the project<br />
operations are in compliance with the requirements of applicable National Environmental<br />
Legislation.<br />
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8.4. Institutional Development and Environmental Training<br />
PU and CMWU staff does not currently have sufficient experience and capability for dealing<br />
either with implementation of environmental mitigation measures or monitoring of various<br />
environmental quality parameters. Hence they will require training and expertise assistance to<br />
perform the environmental management and monitoring and to implement the environmental<br />
monitoring plan. The environment specialist (consultant) will train the staff regarding record<br />
keeping procedures, sampling, testing, analysis and use of environmental monitoring<br />
equipments. They will also be briefed about prevailing environmental legislation and standards.<br />
The proposed training program for different staff with their field of training is given in table 8.3<br />
in addition to on-the-job training by the environmental consultants.<br />
Table 8.3: Proposed Training Program/Plan<br />
Sr.<br />
No.<br />
1<br />
2<br />
Persons to be<br />
Trained<br />
Top Management of<br />
PU<br />
Environmental<br />
monitoring Staff<br />
Duration Subject/Course Trainer<br />
5 days/Year<br />
8 days/ year<br />
3 Construction Staff 6 days/ year<br />
4<br />
Operation and<br />
Maintenance<br />
Staff<br />
6 days/ year<br />
5 Laboratory Staff 8 days/ year<br />
-Awareness about Environmental<br />
Management.<br />
-Legal requirements<br />
- National environmental standards.<br />
-Awareness about Environmental<br />
Management.<br />
-Environmental Aspects<br />
identification<br />
- Legal requirements and its<br />
application to environmental<br />
aspects.<br />
- Operational control of KY<br />
WWTP.<br />
- Environment Monitoring.<br />
- National environmental standards.<br />
- Occupational Health & Safety<br />
- Emergency preparedness<br />
- Awareness about Environmental<br />
Management<br />
- Work instructions for<br />
Maintenance & operation of KY<br />
WWTP.<br />
-Occupational Health & Safety<br />
-Sampling and analytical<br />
Procedures.<br />
-Handling and storage of chemicals.<br />
Environmental<br />
consultant<br />
Environmental<br />
consultant<br />
Environmental<br />
consultant<br />
Environmental<br />
consultant<br />
Environmental<br />
consultant<br />
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8.5. Public Consultation<br />
Local community perception with regard to the implementation of the project components is<br />
carried out in Khan younis governorate. This gave the perception of the general public about this<br />
project which gave an overall positive results (Annex 2).<br />
The results of public hearing/consultation (Annex 3) conducted in the area showed a strong<br />
agreement among the attendees (official stakeholders representatives, general public, local<br />
community leaders including members of NGO’s, women groups) that this project will improve<br />
their overall health and hygiene conditions and reduce risk of spread of water born diseases.<br />
However, they had the impression that may be some adverse impacts on different environmental<br />
parameters during construction and operation stages of the project. Table 8.4 shows the proposed<br />
public consultation schedule at various phases of the Project.<br />
During construction and operation of the project, public consultation is planned as follows:<br />
1. Suggestions of the general public may be sought through press or other mass media whenever<br />
deemed necessary.<br />
2. Local NGOs, particularly working in the sector of environmental sanitation, will actively be<br />
involved in public representation.<br />
3. Citizen Community Board (CCB) of the concerned municipal councils will frequently be<br />
contacted on matters concerning the progress, adverse impacts and mitigation measures.<br />
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Table 8.4: Public Consultation Schedule at Various Phases<br />
Project Stage Stake- Holders Type of<br />
Consultation<br />
Preconstruction<br />
Public<br />
Meetings/<br />
Representatives, Structured<br />
stage<br />
NGOs,<br />
Interviews<br />
Residents of the<br />
City<br />
Topics of Consultation<br />
Problem areas in sewerage<br />
system, existing waste<br />
water disposal facilities,<br />
demand and supply<br />
situation, operation and<br />
maintenance efficiency<br />
and design requirements of<br />
KY WWTP, etc. , impacts<br />
and measures to overcome<br />
these impacts.<br />
Frequency of<br />
Consultation<br />
Once at the end of<br />
final detailed design<br />
stage.<br />
Affected Persons,<br />
Residents of<br />
Nearby<br />
Villages<br />
Meetings/<br />
Structured<br />
Interviews<br />
People’s perception about<br />
the wastewater disposal,<br />
nature and extent of<br />
wastewater’s effects on<br />
their lives, livelihood,<br />
environment, etc.; and<br />
measures to minimize<br />
these effects.<br />
Once before<br />
undertaking the<br />
implementation of<br />
KY WWTP. Several<br />
residents were<br />
interviewed. Treated<br />
waste water is<br />
acceptable for<br />
agricultural purposes.<br />
There will not be<br />
contamination of<br />
ground water, Water<br />
borne diseases will<br />
decrease.<br />
Construction<br />
stage<br />
Operation /<br />
maintenance<br />
stage<br />
Public<br />
Representatives/<br />
officials/ Affected<br />
Persons<br />
Officials/<br />
Representatives of<br />
NGOs<br />
Formal Meetings<br />
Formal Meetings<br />
Disturbance to the people<br />
living and working around<br />
KY WWTP site, measures<br />
to minimize the<br />
disturbance, environmental<br />
nuisance,<br />
public safety measures,<br />
etc.<br />
Evaluation of disposal<br />
methods, environmental<br />
hazards, mitigation<br />
measures, involvement of<br />
NGOs, public safety<br />
measures, etc.<br />
Every two months<br />
during the<br />
construction phase.<br />
Quarterly meetings<br />
during the O&M<br />
phase.<br />
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8.6. EMP Cost Estimate and Schedule<br />
The cost of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is divided into several parts to reflect<br />
the different phases of the project and the requirements of each phase.<br />
Table 8.5 lists the main components of EMP and the related estimated costs. The cost of EMP<br />
includes the costs of the capacity building, public consultation and the quality control<br />
requirements for the construction period (2 years) and 5 years of operation. Other items of<br />
mitigation measure, which are not listed in the table, shall be considered in the contractors'<br />
contracts.<br />
Table 8.5: Estimated cost of implementing the EMP.<br />
Item Unit Quantity Unit cost $US Construction<br />
phase US$<br />
Environmental consultant<br />
to be hired for training:<br />
-Top management staff.<br />
- Project management staff<br />
- Construction staff<br />
- Operation and<br />
maintenance staff<br />
- Laboratory staff.<br />
Local Environmental<br />
specialist is to be hired to<br />
ensure compliance with the<br />
environmental management<br />
plan<br />
Quality test for influent /<br />
effluent and aquifer<br />
monitoring<br />
Operatio<br />
n phase<br />
US$<br />
days 30 300 3,000 6,000<br />
yearly 7 4000 8,000 20,000<br />
Yearly 5 50,000 250,000<br />
Construction of wells 7 wells 7 6,000 42,000<br />
Environmental auditing, yearly 4 4,000 16,000<br />
Public consultation workshop 6 1,000 2,000 4,000<br />
Air quality monitoring Yearly 7 3,000 6,000 15,000<br />
(noise, odor, dust)<br />
Miscellaneous yearly 7 4,000 8,000 20,000<br />
Sub-total 69,000 331,000<br />
Total 400,000<br />
A schedule for the implementation of the various activities of the Environmental Management<br />
Plan is prepared and shows the duration of the activities and timing of the proposed periodic<br />
assessments as shown in Table 8.6.<br />
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Table 8.6: Proposed implementation schedule of EMP.<br />
Item<br />
Pre-construction/<br />
construction phase<br />
5 years of the operation phase<br />
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7<br />
Meeting with public<br />
X<br />
representatives<br />
Meeting with affected persons X<br />
2 meetings with public<br />
representatives<br />
X X<br />
2 meetings with officials X X<br />
Top management staff<br />
X<br />
Environmental Monitoring X<br />
staff<br />
Construction staff<br />
X<br />
Operation and maintenance<br />
X<br />
staff<br />
Laboratory staff<br />
X<br />
Ensuring compliance with EMP X X X X X X X<br />
Environmental auditing X X X X<br />
Air quality monitoring X X X X X X X<br />
Water quality monitoring X X X X X<br />
Public<br />
consultation<br />
Capacity<br />
building<br />
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9. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS<br />
9.1. Conclusions<br />
Through the full assessment and evaluation of all environmental concerns of KY WWTP project<br />
it can concluded that the establishment of the KY WWTP in Al-Fukhari area will bring a net<br />
ecological, economic, social and health benefits for the Khan Younis governorate and its<br />
inhabitants. It will achieve at least a secondary level treatment for the wastewater generated at<br />
household level. On the other hand, some of the project components are envisaged to have a<br />
temporary or short term negative impacts depending on the different phases and components of<br />
the project. These impacts were discussed in great details in this report. Some of the<br />
environmental issues of special concern are summarized below.<br />
Water resources and water quality: during all phases, the project will have positive impacts on<br />
the water balance in the aquifer as it will contribute 9 to 15 MCM of reusable water per year to<br />
the aquifer recharge in phase 1 and phase 2 respectively. Regarding groundwater quality, the<br />
infiltrated water has chloride concentration of drinking water (
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Socio-economic: The construction phase will have positive effects on employment. During the<br />
construction phase, services of local subcontractors will be used which will generate job<br />
opportunities for skilled and unskilled workers in addition to professional services of engineers<br />
and others. Transferring treated wastewater for the KY WWTP will provide additional land at<br />
AL Mawasi area due to the removal of the existing wastewater collection ponds. This land must<br />
be tested for contaminants, and then rehabilitated. The construction work will have positive<br />
economic effect through employment generation and use of Palestinian contractors for<br />
construction activities. The construction of the project especially at Al Fukhari infiltration site<br />
will cause some discomfort to the families around the site. Odor and mosquitoes can be a<br />
problem if not properly mitigated for.<br />
9.2. Recommendations<br />
In order to alleviate the expected negative impacts and to make the project environmentally<br />
sounder, an EMP was prepared, and it includes: the mitigation plan; the necessary institutional<br />
setup; the monitoring and enforcement requirements; and the capacity building requirements. All<br />
the recommendations/ mitigations mentioned in the study should be financed, and incorporated<br />
in the construction and supervision contracts. The the main recommendations to mitigate the<br />
negative impacts of the project is presented in the environmental statement section.<br />
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<strong>10</strong>. REFERENCES<br />
1. Abu Maila, Y. , El-Nahal, I. ,and Al-Agha, M. R. (2004). Seasonal variations and mechanisms of<br />
groundwater nitrate pollution in the Gaza Strip. Environmental Geology, vol. 47, no1, pp. 84-90 .<br />
Springer Berlin / Heidelberg.<br />
2. Abu Naser, A.A. Ghbn, N. and Khoudary R. (2007). Relation of nitrate contamination of groundwater<br />
with methaemoglobin level among infants in Gaza. WHO- Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal,<br />
Volume 13 No. 5 September - October, 2007.<br />
3. Al Absi Awni (2008). Nitrate contamination of ground water and Methemoglobinemia in Gaza Strip.<br />
Al-Aqsa Unversity.<br />
4. ALMADINA-Consultants, (2006), khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant Infiltration System -<br />
Geotechnical and Hydrological <strong>Study</strong><br />
5. Applied Research Institute (ARIJ, 2006) Status of the Environment in Palestine, Jerusalem Palestine.<br />
6. Baalousha, H. (2008). Analysis of Nitrate Occurrence And Distribution in Groundwater in The Gaza<br />
Strip Using Major Ion Chemistry. Global NEST Journal, Vol <strong>10</strong>, No 3, pp 337-349.<br />
7. CEP & EMCC, (2008). Review of wastewater flow and load projections for KY Governorate<br />
8. CMWU, 2008: Hydrogeological Assessment for the Causes of Groundwater Level Rise and Seepage<br />
in Al Mawasi Area (Khan Younis)<br />
9. El-Astal, Zakaria (2005). Survey of Intestinal Parasites Among Children in Khan Younis Governorate,<br />
Gaza Strip, Palestinian Authority. Comparative Parasitology 72(1):116-117. 2005 doi: <strong>10</strong>.1654/4172.<br />
<strong>10</strong>. EMCC-Dorsch Consult, (2005), Environmental Assessment for North (Beit Lahia) Gaza Emergency<br />
Sewage Treatment Plant<br />
11. Environment Quality Authority (EQA) (1999), Environmental law 1999 - Article 29. Gaza Palestine.<br />
12. JICA Khan Younis report, (1997), The <strong>Study</strong> on Sewerage Development Plan in the Area of khan<br />
Younis<br />
13. Metcalf and Eddy, Inc, (2000), Integrated aquifer management plan: <strong>Final</strong> report. Gaza Coastal<br />
Aquifer Management Program, (CAMP) <strong>Final</strong> report.<br />
14. Ministry of Environmental Affairs (MENA 1999), the Palestinian Environment Strategy. Gaza<br />
Palestine<br />
15. Ministry of Planning, (MoP, 2005), the Regional plan for Gaza Governorates. Palestine<br />
16. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics: PCBS (2007), Statistical Brief. Ramallah Palestine<br />
17. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics: PCBS (2008), Statistical Brief. Ramallah Palestine<br />
18. PLANCENTER, (2005), Preliminary Design for the KY WWTP of KY. Palestine<br />
19. SOGREAH-UG, (2009), Detailed Design for Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant, Initial Design<br />
<strong>Report</strong>.<br />
20. SOGREAH-UG, (2009), Detailed Design for Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant, Detail<br />
Design <strong>Report</strong>.<br />
21. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP, 2009), environmental Assessment of the Gaza Strip.<br />
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11. ANEXES<br />
ANNEX 1 (NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS)<br />
ANNEX 2 (SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY)<br />
ANNEX 3 (PUBLIC HEARING WORKSHOP)<br />
ANNEX 4 (PHOTOS)<br />
ANNEX 5 (FACILITY SITE MAPS)<br />
ANNEX 6 (TERMS OF REFERENCE AND EQA APPROVAL)<br />
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Annex 1 (National Environnemental Standards)<br />
1. Palestinian Standards for Treated Wastewater (table 1 and table 2)<br />
2. Palestinian Standard for Ambient Air Quality (table 3)<br />
3. Palestinian Standard for Outdoor Noise (table 4)<br />
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:<br />
جدول رقم (1):<br />
الاشتراطات القياسية الفلسطينية للمياه العادمة المعالجة آحد أقصى ما لم يذآر خلاف ذلك<br />
الخاصية<br />
ملجم/لتر<br />
ما لم يذآر غير ذلك<br />
تصريف إلى<br />
بعد<br />
البحار على<br />
تغذية الخزان الجوفي<br />
بالترشيح<br />
ري<br />
أعلاف جافة<br />
ري<br />
أعلاف خضراء<br />
ري حدائق ملاعب و<br />
متنزهات<br />
ري محاصيل صناعية و<br />
حبوب<br />
ري أشجار حرجية و<br />
غابات<br />
ري أشجار حمضيات<br />
ري أشجار زيتون<br />
ري أشجار لوزيات<br />
500 متر<br />
45<br />
45<br />
45<br />
60<br />
60<br />
40<br />
45<br />
60<br />
40<br />
60<br />
الأآسجين الممتص حيويا BOD5<br />
150<br />
150<br />
150<br />
200<br />
200<br />
150<br />
150<br />
200<br />
150<br />
200<br />
الأآسجين الممتص آيميائياً COD<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
1<br />
1<br />
الأآسجين المذاب DO<br />
أآثر من<br />
أآثر من<br />
أآثر من<br />
أآثر من<br />
أآثر من<br />
أآثر من<br />
أآثر من<br />
أآثر من<br />
أآثر من<br />
أآثر من<br />
1500<br />
1500<br />
1500<br />
1500<br />
1500<br />
1200<br />
1500<br />
1500<br />
1500<br />
-<br />
المواد الذائبة الكليةTDS<br />
40<br />
40<br />
40<br />
50<br />
50<br />
30<br />
40<br />
50<br />
50<br />
60<br />
المواد الصلبة العالقة الكلية TSS<br />
9 -6<br />
9 -6<br />
9 -6<br />
9 -6<br />
9 -6<br />
9 -6<br />
9 -6<br />
9 -6<br />
9 -6<br />
9 -6<br />
الرقم الهيدروجيني pH<br />
خالية<br />
خ الية<br />
خالية<br />
خالية<br />
خالية<br />
خالية<br />
خالية<br />
خالية<br />
خالية<br />
خالية<br />
اللون (PCU) Color<br />
5<br />
5<br />
5<br />
5<br />
5<br />
5<br />
5<br />
5<br />
0<br />
<strong>10</strong><br />
الزيوت والشحوم Fat Oil &Greas<br />
0.002<br />
0.002<br />
0.002<br />
0.002<br />
0.002<br />
0.002<br />
0.002<br />
0.002<br />
0.002<br />
1<br />
الفينول Phenol<br />
15<br />
15<br />
15<br />
15<br />
15<br />
15<br />
15<br />
15<br />
5<br />
25<br />
المنظفات الصناعية MBAS<br />
50<br />
50<br />
50<br />
50<br />
50<br />
50<br />
50<br />
50<br />
15<br />
25<br />
النترات–نيتروجين (N) NO3<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
50<br />
-<br />
-<br />
<strong>10</strong><br />
5<br />
الأمونيوم–نيتروجين (N) NH4<br />
50<br />
50<br />
50<br />
50<br />
50<br />
50<br />
50<br />
50<br />
<strong>10</strong><br />
<strong>10</strong><br />
النتروجين العضوي.نيتروجين<br />
O.K.N<br />
30<br />
30<br />
30<br />
30<br />
30<br />
30<br />
30<br />
30<br />
15<br />
5<br />
الفوسفات-فسفور (P) PO4<br />
400<br />
600<br />
400<br />
500<br />
500<br />
350<br />
500<br />
500<br />
600<br />
-<br />
الكلوريد Cl<br />
500<br />
500<br />
500<br />
500<br />
500<br />
500<br />
500<br />
500<br />
<strong>10</strong>00<br />
<strong>10</strong>00<br />
الكبريتات SO4<br />
200<br />
200<br />
200<br />
200<br />
200<br />
200<br />
200<br />
200<br />
230<br />
-<br />
الصوديوم Na<br />
60<br />
60<br />
60<br />
60<br />
60<br />
60<br />
60<br />
60<br />
150<br />
-<br />
الماغنسيوم Mg<br />
400<br />
400<br />
400<br />
400<br />
400<br />
400<br />
400<br />
400<br />
400<br />
-<br />
الكالسيوم Ca<br />
9<br />
9<br />
9<br />
9<br />
9<br />
<strong>10</strong><br />
9<br />
9<br />
9<br />
-<br />
نسبة ادمصاص الصوديوم SAR<br />
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الخاصية<br />
ملجم/لتر<br />
ما لم يذآر غير ذلك<br />
تصريف إلى<br />
على بعد<br />
البحار<br />
تغذية الخزان<br />
الجوفي بالترشيح<br />
ري<br />
أعلاف جافة<br />
ري<br />
أعلاف خضراء<br />
ري حدائق ملاعب<br />
و متنزهات<br />
ري محاصيل ناعية<br />
و حبوب<br />
ري أشجار حرجية<br />
و غابات<br />
ري أشجار<br />
حمضيات<br />
ري أشجار زيتون<br />
ري أشجار لوزيات<br />
500 متر<br />
5<br />
0.1<br />
0.2<br />
5<br />
0.2<br />
0.2<br />
1<br />
0.02<br />
0.01<br />
2<br />
0.05<br />
0.1<br />
0.001<br />
0.05<br />
0.7<br />
<strong>10</strong>00<br />
5<br />
0.1<br />
0.2<br />
5<br />
0.2<br />
0.2<br />
1<br />
0.02<br />
0.01<br />
2<br />
0.05<br />
0.1<br />
0.001<br />
0.05<br />
0.7<br />
<strong>10</strong>00<br />
5<br />
0.1<br />
0.2<br />
5<br />
0.2<br />
0.2<br />
1<br />
0.02<br />
0.01<br />
2<br />
0.05<br />
0.1<br />
0.001<br />
0.05<br />
0.7<br />
<strong>10</strong>00<br />
5<br />
0.1<br />
0.2<br />
5<br />
0.2<br />
0.2<br />
1<br />
0.02<br />
0.01<br />
2<br />
0.05<br />
0.1<br />
0.001<br />
0.05<br />
0.7<br />
<strong>10</strong>00<br />
5<br />
0.1<br />
0.2<br />
5<br />
0.2<br />
0.2<br />
1<br />
0.02<br />
0.01<br />
2<br />
0.05<br />
0.1<br />
0.001<br />
0.05<br />
0.7<br />
<strong>10</strong>00<br />
5<br />
0.1<br />
0.2<br />
5<br />
0.2<br />
0.2<br />
0.1<br />
0.02<br />
0.01<br />
2<br />
0.05<br />
0.1<br />
0.001<br />
0.05<br />
0.7<br />
200<br />
5<br />
0.1<br />
0.2<br />
5<br />
0.2<br />
0.2<br />
1<br />
0.02<br />
0.01<br />
2<br />
0.05<br />
0.1<br />
0.001<br />
0.05<br />
0.7<br />
<strong>10</strong>00<br />
5<br />
0.1<br />
0.2<br />
5<br />
0.2<br />
0.2<br />
1<br />
0.02<br />
0.01<br />
2<br />
0.05<br />
0.1<br />
0.001<br />
0.05<br />
0.7<br />
<strong>10</strong>00<br />
1<br />
0.05<br />
0.2<br />
2<br />
0.2<br />
0.2<br />
0.1<br />
0.02<br />
0.01<br />
5<br />
0.1<br />
0.05<br />
0.001<br />
0.05<br />
1<br />
<strong>10</strong>00<br />
5<br />
0.05<br />
0.2<br />
2<br />
0.2<br />
0.2<br />
0.1<br />
0.02<br />
0.01<br />
5<br />
0.1<br />
0.5<br />
0.001<br />
1<br />
2<br />
50000<br />
Al<br />
Ar<br />
النحاس Cu<br />
Fe<br />
Mn<br />
Ni<br />
Pb<br />
Se<br />
Cd<br />
الزنك Zn<br />
السيانيد CN<br />
Cr<br />
Hg<br />
Co<br />
B<br />
لألمنيوم<br />
الزرنيخ<br />
الحديد<br />
المنغنيز<br />
النيكل<br />
الرصاص<br />
السيلينيوم<br />
الكادميوم<br />
الكروم<br />
الزئبق<br />
آوبالت<br />
البورون<br />
بكتيريا القولون البرازية<br />
Faecal Coliform (CFU/<strong>10</strong>0ml)<br />
الجراثيم الممرضة Pathogens<br />
الأميبا و الجارديا<br />
خالية<br />
خالية<br />
خالية<br />
خالية<br />
خالية<br />
خالية<br />
خالية<br />
خالية<br />
خالية<br />
خالية<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
خالية<br />
خالية<br />
خالية<br />
Amoeba & Gardia (Cyst/L)<br />
الديدان الدائرية النيماتودا<br />
Nematodes (Eggs/L)<br />
أقل من 1<br />
أقل من 1<br />
أقل من 1<br />
أقل من 1<br />
أقل من 1<br />
أقل من 1<br />
أقل من 1<br />
أقل من 1<br />
أقل من 1<br />
أقل من 1<br />
(-) : غير محددة<br />
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(2) الجدول رقم<br />
مراقبة نوعية المياه العادمة<br />
الرقم<br />
الخاصية<br />
الفحوصات الميكروبيولوجية<br />
التحري عن جراثيم القولون و القولون البرازية<br />
تكرارية العينات<br />
عينة<br />
فترة التقييم*<br />
3 شهور<br />
أسبوعين /<br />
-1<br />
التحري عن الجراثيم الممرضة<br />
عينة أسبوعين<br />
عينة<br />
في حالة ظهور نتيجة أي عينة إيجابية يتم أخذ<br />
عينتين إضافيتين بفارق يومين بينهما، و إذا آانت<br />
نتائج هذه العينات إيجابية يتم إيقاف استعمال المياه<br />
للري لحين زوال التلوث.<br />
/ / صيفاً**<br />
/ شهر / شتاءً***<br />
الفحوصات البيولوجية<br />
- التحري عن الديدان المعوية و الأوليات<br />
الفحوصات الكيميائية<br />
الفحوصات الروتينية<br />
الفحوصات الخاصة بالعناصر النادرة و الثقيلة<br />
عينة<br />
عينة<br />
عينة<br />
سنة<br />
سنة<br />
سنة<br />
/ شهرين<br />
/ شهر<br />
/ سنة<br />
-2<br />
-3<br />
(*)<br />
(**) صيفاً:<br />
(***) شتاءً:<br />
فترة التقييم: تعتمد الفترة السابقة لمرحلة التقييم أساساً للحكم على نوعية المياه.<br />
الفترة من بداية شهر أيار و حتى نهاية شهر تشرين أول.<br />
الفترة من بداية شهر تشرين ثاني و حتى نهاية شهر نيسان.<br />
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- الاشتراطات القياسية:<br />
يشترط ألا تزيد تراآيز الملوثات في الهواء المحيط عما هو محدد في الجدول رقم (3).<br />
(3)<br />
الملوث<br />
جدول رقم<br />
الزمن المأخوذ<br />
الحد الأقصى المسموح به<br />
150µg/m 3<br />
24 ساعة PM <strong>10</strong><br />
70µg/m 3<br />
30,000µg/m 3<br />
CO<br />
<strong>10</strong>,000µg/m 3<br />
8 ساعات 1µg/m 3<br />
3<br />
0.5µg/m 3<br />
400µg/m 3<br />
200µg/m 3 24<br />
NO 2<br />
<strong>10</strong>0µg/m 3<br />
200µg/m 3<br />
O3<br />
120µg/m 3<br />
8 ساعات<br />
الأوزون<br />
350µg/m 3<br />
250µg/m 3 24<br />
SO 2<br />
60µg/m 3<br />
الدقائق العالقة<br />
أول أآسيد الكربون<br />
Pb<br />
الرصاص الكلي<br />
ثاني أآسيد النيتروجين<br />
ثاني أآسيد الكبريت<br />
سنوي<br />
ساعة<br />
شهور<br />
سنوي<br />
ساعة<br />
ساعة<br />
سنوي<br />
ساعة<br />
ساعة<br />
ساعة<br />
سنوي<br />
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- الاشتراطات القياسية:<br />
يشترط ألا تزيد شدة الضوضاء في البيئة الخارجية عما هو محدد في الجدول رقم (4).<br />
جدول رقم (4)<br />
معايير شدة الضوضاء في المناطق المختلفة للبيئة الخارجية<br />
نوع المنطقة<br />
الحد الأقصى نهارا<br />
7 صباحاً—8 مساءاً<br />
الحد الأقصى ليلا<br />
8 مساءاً-7 صباحاً<br />
(dB)<br />
30<br />
40<br />
45<br />
50<br />
65<br />
75<br />
(dB)<br />
40<br />
50<br />
55<br />
65<br />
75<br />
85<br />
*<br />
مناطق سكنية ريفية، مناطق استجمام،<br />
مدارس، مستشفيات<br />
مناطق سكنية عادية<br />
مناطق سكنية بها بعض الورش والأعمال التجارية أو<br />
على طريق عام<br />
مناطق تجارية<br />
مناطق صناعية<br />
حفلات، مهرجانات<br />
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Annex 2 (Socio-economic survey)<br />
1. Questionnaire<br />
2. Total number of respondents to the local communities perceptions<br />
SOGREAH/UG CONSULTANTS 160
لا)<br />
لا)<br />
Environmental Impact Assessment<br />
Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant<br />
استبيان خاص<br />
بسكان المناطق المحيطة بمشروع انشاء محطة معالجة المياه العادمة في<br />
محافظة خانيونس<br />
القسم الأول:<br />
معلومات عامة<br />
-1<br />
-2<br />
-3<br />
-4<br />
-5<br />
6- الجنس<br />
-7<br />
-8<br />
رقم الاستمارة<br />
(اختياري)<br />
الاسم الجمعة 7)السبت التاريخ<br />
3)الثلاثاء 4)الأربعاء 5)الخميس 1)الأحد 2)الاثنين اليوم/التاريخ عبسان الكبيرة<br />
2) عبسان الجديدة مدينة خانيونس مكان السكن 6)غير ذلك حدد---<br />
5)بني سهيلا العمر:<br />
أنثى<br />
ذآر<br />
3) غير ذلك<br />
متزوج/ة أعزب-عز باء<br />
الحالة الاجتماعية: 5) غير ذلك<br />
بدون موظف مزارع المهنة الحالية<br />
2) غير لاجئ<br />
لاجئ 9- وضع اللجوء: بكالوريوس وأعلى<br />
دبلوم متوسط ثانوي ابتدائي أو إعدادي <strong>10</strong>- المستوى التعليمي:1) أمي 4) ضعيف جدا<br />
متوسط<br />
آيف تصف الوضع الاقتصادي للأسرة؟ 1) جيد 12 ما هو متوسط الدخل الشهري لأسرتكم (بالشيكل):<br />
4) خزاعة<br />
(6<br />
(4<br />
(6<br />
(3<br />
(2<br />
(3<br />
(5 (4<br />
(3 ضعيف<br />
(2 ___________<br />
(2<br />
(2<br />
-----------------------<br />
(1<br />
__________<br />
(1<br />
(1<br />
1) عامل<br />
(1<br />
(2<br />
-11<br />
(2<br />
القسم الثاني: أوضاع السكن:<br />
13- طبيعة سكنك الحالي؟1) بيت ريفي من طابق واحد<br />
14- ملكية السكن...........؟<br />
2) شقة في عمارة من عدة طوابق<br />
بيت مخيم<br />
(2<br />
بيت ملك 1)<br />
15- عدد أفراد الأسرة المقيمين في نفس المنزل/العمارة؟<br />
ايجار 3) غير ذلك<br />
2<br />
16- هل المنزل متصل بشبكة الكهرباء؟ 1)<br />
نعم<br />
(3<br />
17- هل المنزل متصل بشبكة مياه؟<br />
نعم لا)<br />
18- مصدر مياه الشرب لافراد الاسرة<br />
مياه بلدية مياه ميكوروت<br />
بئر مياه خاص<br />
4) شراء مياه معالجة<br />
5) غير ذلك اذآره<br />
2<br />
(2<br />
(1<br />
(1<br />
19- آيف تصف نوعية مياه الشرب التي تصل منزلك<br />
مقبولة<br />
1)ممتازة<br />
4) سيئة 5) سيئة للغاية<br />
(2 جيدة (3<br />
2<br />
20- هل يوجد في المنطقة أمراض لها علاقة بتلوث المياه أو نقصها 1)<br />
نعم<br />
21- إذا آانت الاجابة نعم حدد نوع المرض؟---------------------------------------<br />
22- قيمة الفاتورة الشهرية للمياه لمنزلك؟<br />
(1 30 شيكل (2 50-40 شيكل (3 60-50 شيكل (4<br />
اآثر من 60 شيكل حدد<br />
SOGREAH/UG CONSULTANTS 161
لا)<br />
لا)<br />
لا)<br />
لا)<br />
لا)<br />
لا)<br />
لا)<br />
لا)<br />
لا)<br />
لا)<br />
Environmental Impact Assessment<br />
Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant<br />
القسم الثالث: شبكة الصرف الصحي<br />
2<br />
23- هل يوجد في منطقتكم شبكة صرف صحي؟ ( 1<br />
نعم<br />
3) لا أعلم<br />
24- اذا آانت الاجابة لا فما هي الطرق المستخدمة في تصريف المياه العادمة<br />
1) حفر امتصاصية 2) طرحها في الشارع لا اعلم<br />
(3<br />
2<br />
25- هل تعاني من مشاآل متعلقة بانتشار البعوض؟ 1)<br />
نعم<br />
2<br />
26- هل ترحب بشبك منزلك بشبكة صرف صحي جديدة و متطورة؟ 1)<br />
نعم<br />
3) لا أعلم<br />
2<br />
27- هل ترحب باقامة محطة لمعالجة مياه الصرف الصحي لخدمة هذه المنطقة؟ 1)<br />
نعم<br />
3) لا أعلم<br />
28- اذا آانت الاجابة لا ما هي شروطكم لاقامة مثل هذا المشروع -------------------<br />
29- اذا آانت الاجابة لا ما هي شروطكم لاقامة مثل هذا المشروع -------------------<br />
2<br />
31- هل سمعت عن مشاريع للصرف الصحي ستقام في هذه المنطقة 1)<br />
نعم<br />
32- إذا آانت الاجابة نعم ما هي أهم المعلومات لديك حول هذا الموضوع مثل<br />
القسم الرابع: النفايات الصلبة<br />
)<br />
الموقع, المساحة, الخ)<br />
2<br />
33- هل تعلم بوجود مكب للنفايات الصلبة قريب من منطقة سكناك؟ 1)<br />
نعم<br />
(4<br />
(3<br />
34- اذا آانت الاجابة نعم آم يبعد المكب عن منزلك؟<br />
اقل من <strong>10</strong>00متر من 2000-<strong>10</strong>00متر<br />
من 3000-2000 متر<br />
اآثر من 4000-3000 متر<br />
(2<br />
(1<br />
2<br />
35- هل تعاني من روائح آريهة خلال هذا العام او العام الماضي؟ 1)<br />
نعم<br />
(2<br />
(1<br />
36- اذا آانت الاجابة نعم ما هو مصدر تلك الروائح<br />
مكب النفايات مصانع مياه مجاري<br />
4) غير ذلك حدد<br />
(3<br />
2<br />
37- هل تعاني من مشاآل غبار في المنطقة؟ 1)<br />
نعم<br />
38- اذا آانت الاجابة نعم حدد ما هو مصدر ذلك الغبار -------------------------------<br />
2<br />
39- هل تعاني من مشاآل انتشار الذباب في هذه المنطقة؟ 1)<br />
نعم<br />
40- اذا آانت الاجابة نعم حدد ما هو مصدر انتشار الذباب<br />
-------------------------------<br />
2<br />
41- هل تعاني من مشاآل انتشار الفئران و القوارض في هذه المنطقة؟ 1)<br />
نعم<br />
42- اذا آانت الاجابة نعم حدد ما هو مصدر انتشار الفئران و القوارض<br />
--------------------------<br />
---------- دونم<br />
القسم الخامس الزراعة :<br />
43- ما هي مساحة الارض التي تقوم بزراعتها<br />
44- ما هي أنواع المزروعات التي قمتم بزراعتها خلال هذا العام -------------<br />
SOGREAH/UG CONSULTANTS 162
لا)<br />
لا)<br />
Environmental Impact Assessment<br />
Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant<br />
(2<br />
45- ما هو مصدر المياه المستخدم في الزراعة؟ آبار جوفية 1)<br />
مياه أمطار مجمعة<br />
مياه صرف صحي معالجة<br />
4) غير ذلك حدد-----<br />
(3<br />
46- آم آوب تستهلك شهرياً للزراعة؟ --------------------------<br />
47- آم يكلف سعر الكوب لري المزروعات؟<br />
----------------<br />
2<br />
(1<br />
-48<br />
هل تعلم بأن مياه الصرف الصحي المعالجة تستخدم في ري المزروعات<br />
نعم<br />
2<br />
(1<br />
49- اذا آنت مزاعاً: و توفر في هذه المنطقة مياه معالجة و صالحة لرى المزروعات وبأسعار منخفضة هل تقبل بذلك؟<br />
نعم لا) 3) لا أعلم<br />
50- اذا آانت الاجابة لا ما هي شروطكم لقبول تلك المياه لاستخدامهتا في الزراعة ----------------<br />
2<br />
(1<br />
51<br />
القسم السادس : حقن المياه للخزان الجوفي:<br />
- هل ترحب باقامة حوض لترشيح المياه المعالجة وحقنها للخزان الجوفي في منطقتكم<br />
نعم لا) 3) لا أعلم<br />
2<br />
52- هل يوجد آثار سلبية لحقن المياه المعالجة؟ 1)<br />
نعم<br />
3) لا أعلم<br />
2<br />
(1<br />
53- هل تعتقد بأن حقن المياه المعالجة حسب المعايير سيساهم في تحسين المخزون الجوفي للمياه<br />
3) لا اعلم<br />
لا)<br />
نعم<br />
54- هل تعتقد بأن أحواض ترشيح المياه تكون فيها المياه عميقة (أآثر من<br />
3) لا اعلم<br />
لا)<br />
نعم<br />
1 متر)؟<br />
2<br />
2<br />
(1<br />
(1<br />
55- رغبنا في إجراء مقابلة أخرى مكملة لهذه المقابلة، هل تسمحوا لنا بذلك؟<br />
لا)<br />
نعم<br />
رقم التلفون أو الجوال:__________________<br />
وقت خروج الباحث للمنزل:<br />
الدقيقة<br />
الساعة<br />
ملاحظات الباحث/ة:<br />
.............................................................................................................................................................<br />
.............................................................................................................................................................<br />
.........................................................................................................................................................<br />
SOGREAH/UG CONSULTANTS 163
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Total number of respondents to the local communities perceptions<br />
Municipality Community Number of Respondents<br />
KhanYounis City Center 11<br />
Muasi 12<br />
Sater 11<br />
AlKateba 2<br />
AlMahata 7<br />
Al-Amal <strong>10</strong><br />
KhanYounis Camp 14<br />
Shiekh Nasser 8<br />
Baten El-Sameen 8<br />
Joret Al-Loot 5<br />
Qezan Abu Rashwan 14<br />
Qezan Al-Najar 13<br />
Al-Manara 13<br />
Al-Salam 13<br />
Qa’a AlQureen / Ma’an 11<br />
Total Number of Questionnairs at KhanYounis 152<br />
Al-Qarara North Al-Qarara 13<br />
South Al-qarara 14<br />
Total Number of Questionnairs at Al-Qarara 27<br />
Al-Fukhari Europian Hospital area 7<br />
Al-Umor 23<br />
Municipality area 2<br />
Abu Hadeed 1<br />
Total Number of Questionnairs at Al-Fukhari 33<br />
Abassan Al-Kabeera Abu Daka 13<br />
Abu Sabha 2<br />
Abu Salah 2<br />
Abu Tabash 2<br />
Abu Ta’ema 15<br />
Abu Tear 2<br />
Abu Zarefa 2<br />
Abu Amer 3<br />
Al-Shwaf 2<br />
Qdeah 6<br />
Al-Faraheen 6<br />
Wadi Saber 13<br />
Total Number of Questionnairs at Abassan Al-Kabeera 68<br />
Abssan Al-Jadeda Abu Anza 5<br />
Daghma 4<br />
Al-A’safeer 4<br />
Total Number of Questionnairs at Abassan Al-Jadeda 13<br />
Khuza’a Abu Rida 5<br />
El-Qra 2<br />
Al-Najar 5<br />
Abu Erjela 5<br />
Radwan 4<br />
Rook 4<br />
Sadah 4<br />
El-A’leat 3<br />
Total Number of Questionnaires at Khuza’a 32<br />
Bai Suhila <strong>10</strong><br />
Total Number of Questionnaires at KhanYounis<br />
Governorate is<br />
335<br />
SOGREAH/UG CONSULTANTS 164
Environmental Impact Assessment<br />
Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant<br />
Annex 3 (Public Hearing workshop)<br />
SOGREAH/UG CONSULTANTS 165
Environmental Impact Assessment<br />
Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant<br />
Provision of consultancy Services for the Detailed Design for the<br />
Construction of Khan Younis<br />
Waste Water Treatment Plant in Khan Younis – (KYWWTP)<br />
Conclusions of the final workshop (Public Hearing)<br />
Environmental Impact Assessment of KY WWTP<br />
Date: Wednesday 30/12/2009<br />
Time: 9:00 - 13:30<br />
Place: Khan Younis Municipality – Assembly Room<br />
SOGREAH/UG CONSULTANTS 166
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TABLE OF CONTENTS:<br />
1. Agenda<br />
2. List of participants<br />
3. Summary and conclusions<br />
4. Workshops’ Power Point Presentations<br />
5. Executive summary in Arabic<br />
6. Photos of the workshop<br />
SOGREAH/UG CONSULTANTS 167
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1. Agenda<br />
Date: Wednesday 30/12/2009<br />
Time: 9:00 - 13:30<br />
Place: Khan Younis Municipality – Assembly Room<br />
TIME TOPIC NAME/ TITLE Organization<br />
9:00 - 9:30 Registration All<br />
9:30 – <strong>10</strong>:00 Clients/ Stakeholders/ Partners<br />
9:30 - 9:40 Mr. Sufian Abu Samra Ministry of Local Government (MoLG)<br />
9:40 - 9:45 Mr. Mohammad Jawad Al-Farah (<strong>May</strong>or of Khan Youis Municipalities<br />
Khn Younis)<br />
Opening/ Welcoming words<br />
9:45 - 9:50 Mr. Ahmed Yaqubi (D.G of Water Resources Palestinian Water Authority (PWA)<br />
Planning)<br />
9:50 - 9:55 Mr. Farid Ashour Coastal Municipal Water Utility (CMWU)<br />
9:55 – <strong>10</strong>:00<br />
Mr. Ashraf Abu Shamala (Project Manager) United Nations Development Program (<strong>UNDP</strong>)<br />
<strong>10</strong>:00 – 11:25 <strong>EIA</strong> Results <strong>EIA</strong> team<br />
<strong>10</strong>:00 – <strong>10</strong>:15 Project Description Dr. Fahed Rabah<br />
(Deputy Project Manager)<br />
<strong>10</strong>:15 – <strong>10</strong>:35 Environmental Impact Identification Prof. Samir Afifi (<strong>EIA</strong> team leader)<br />
SOGREAH-UG Consultants<br />
<strong>10</strong>:35 – <strong>10</strong>:50 Environmental Impacts on<br />
Groundwater<br />
Dr. Thaer Abu Shbak (Soil and Water quality<br />
Expert)<br />
<strong>10</strong>:50 – 11:<strong>10</strong> Break<br />
11:<strong>10</strong> – 11:25 Impacts Evaluation and management Prof. Samir Afifi (<strong>EIA</strong> team leader)<br />
SOGREAH-UG Consultants<br />
Plan<br />
11:25 – 12:25 Discussion and conclusions<br />
12:25 – 13:30 Lunch<br />
SOGREAH/UG CONSULTANTS 168
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2. List of Participants<br />
NO. Name Organization Telephone Mobile E-Mail<br />
Mr. Mohammad Al Fara <strong>May</strong>or, Khan Younis Municipality<br />
1 Mr. Issa Ali Al-Nashar Rafah Municipality 2145170 0599601336 -<br />
2 Mr. Ali Barhoum<br />
Rafah Municipality<br />
2145170 0599815<strong>10</strong>0 -<br />
3 Mr. Samir Barhoom<br />
Rafah Municipality<br />
2145170 0599726096 -<br />
4 Mr. Raed Daboor Khan Younis Municipality - 0599377401 -<br />
5 Mr. Yassin M. Al-Astal Khan Younis Municipality - 0599362166 -<br />
6 Mr. Abd Allah Ahmed Jouda - 2075879 0599264315 Jouda12345@hotmail.com<br />
7 Mr. Mohammed Ayoub Radi Khan Younis Municipality 2554142 0599368648 Radimohammad@hotmail.com<br />
8 Eng. Mounis Faris CARE International - 0599402079 fmounis@hotmail.com<br />
9 Mr. Mohammed Lafi CARE International - 0598935498 mohlafi@yahoo.com<br />
<strong>10</strong> Eng. Mahmoud Abo Haya<br />
Khan Younis Municipality<br />
- 0599722201 -<br />
11 Mr. Ebrahim Naji Al Astal<br />
Khan Younis Municipality<br />
- 0599198443 -<br />
12 Eng. Ashraf Abo Shamalah <strong>UNDP</strong> - 0599606792 -<br />
13 Eng. Mohy Al Deen Al Farra Ministry of Local Government - 599526344 mohyfarra@yahoo.com<br />
14 Mr. Zohdy Al-Greez Ministry of Local Government - 0599834395 -<br />
15<br />
Eng. Sufian A. Samra<br />
Ministry of Local Government - - -<br />
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NO. Name Organization Telephone Mobile E-Mail<br />
16 Eng. Bha’a Al-Agha Environment Quality Authority - 0599254783 Bahaa.alagha@gmail.com<br />
17 Mr. Tarik Yousef Amour<br />
18 Mr. Iyad Muhanna<br />
Al-Fukhari Association for Rural<br />
Development<br />
Preventive Medicine / Ministry of<br />
Health<br />
2069065 0599301750 -<br />
2070076 0599614615 -<br />
19 Eng. Majed M. Ghannam CMWU - 0599267<strong>10</strong>5 M-ghannam@cmwu.ps<br />
20 Mr. Raed Khalaf Allah Journal of Palestine - 0599669715 -<br />
21 Mr. Abd Al-Rauf Asfour Municipality of New Abasan - 0599408049 -<br />
22 Mr. Abdel-Rahman Shaath Khan Younis Municipality - 0599790978 -<br />
23 Eng. Saadi Ali Palestinian Water Authority - - -<br />
24 Eng. Sami Hamdan Palestinian Water Authority - - -<br />
25 Majdoulin Al-Dahdouh ICRC - 0598943934 -<br />
26 Eng. Ghassan Al-Qishawi G.V.C - 0599834099 gqishami@yahoo.com<br />
27 Dr. Mohammed Alwan Islamic University - 0599150066 -<br />
28 Mr. Bilal Al-Shmali Civil Defense - 0598944521 -<br />
29 Mr. Basim Ismaeel Braika<br />
Neighborhood committees Baten Al-<br />
Sameen<br />
- 0598267099 -<br />
30 Mr. Yassin Zuhair Usrof Khan Younis Municipality - - -<br />
31 Dr. Fahad Rabah Universal Group 2825557 - frabah@hotmail.com<br />
32 Eng. Kamal Muammar Khan Younis Municipality 2071331 0599815525 Kamalm-v62@yahoo.com<br />
33 Eng. Farid Shaban CMWU/Rafah - 0599189905 faridshaban@hotmail.com<br />
34 Eng. Abdel Fattah Abu Musa Chairman of Khan Younis camp - 0599988435 aabomosa@gmail.com<br />
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NO. Name Organization Telephone Mobile E-Mail<br />
35 Eng. Salem Salim Abu Amr<br />
District<br />
Institute of Water / Al-Azhar<br />
University<br />
- 0599832708 sabuamr@hotmail.com<br />
36 Eng. Zeidan Abu Zuhri UNRWA 2887899 0599461493 z.abuzuhri@unrwa.org<br />
37 Eng. Yahya Mohi-Din al-Astal UNRWA - 0599418859 Yahya_maldeen@yahoo.com<br />
38 Ms. Wissal Bassam Jouda Culture and Free Thought - 05993779<strong>10</strong> -<br />
39 Mr. Suhail Ramadan Shubair Chairman of the district Jouret Allut 2052224 0599063085 -<br />
40 Mr. Abdel-Halim Abu Samra Palestinian Center for Human Rights 206<strong>10</strong>25 0599608803 -<br />
41 Eng. Hatem Abu Al-Tayef Khan Younis Municipality - - hatemtayef@yahoo.com<br />
42 Mr. Jihad Suleiman Al-Amour Al-Fukhari Municipality 2068194 0599365779 -<br />
43 Mr. Shadi Nayef Abu Namous Center Martyrs Khan Younis - 0599537371 -<br />
44 Eng. Ahmed Kullab Palestinian Water Authority - 0599267124 Ahmed_kullab@hotmail.com<br />
45 Eng. Zuhdi Salah UNRWA 2887358 0599815448 z.salah@unrwa.org<br />
46 Dr. Khamis Jawdat Al. Najjar Legislative Council 2051322 0599605544 najarkh@yahoo.com<br />
47 Dr. Riad Ali Abu Shamala Member of the Municipal Council - - -<br />
48 Ms. Iman Abdul Rahim Akil UNICEF 2862400 0599259809 eaqeel@unicef.org<br />
49 Mr. Mustafa Salman al-Shawaf Municipality of Abasan Al Kabira 2073505 0599469666 -<br />
50 Eng. Yehya Abu-Obaid CMWU 2141222 0599170915 y.obaid@cmwu.ps<br />
51 Mr. Basim Shorrab - - 0599378797 basemsh@gmail.com<br />
52 Mr. Wesam Al-Sharkawi<br />
Preventive Medicine / Ministry of<br />
Health<br />
- 0599065048 Wes_bsb@hotmail.com<br />
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NO. Name Organization Telephone Mobile E-Mail<br />
53 Eng. Farid Ashour CMWU - 0599189260 fsashour@cmwu.ps<br />
54 Mr. Nizar Ayesh<br />
55 Eng. Fuad Al-Amoudi<br />
President of the Pharmacists<br />
Syndicate<br />
President of the Engineers<br />
Association Khan Younis<br />
2536844 0599709324 -<br />
- 0598885047 -<br />
56 Mr. Ahmed Al-Yacoubi Palestinian Water Authority - 0599425726 ahmedyagubi@hotmail.com<br />
57 Eng. Ashraf Abu Amsha ICRC - 0599607534 -<br />
58 Eng. Mahmoud Riad Suleiman GVC – PAG - 0599061413 Mahmoud.sulyman@yahoo.com<br />
59 Dr. Noman Alwan Islamic University - 0599926028 -<br />
60 Mr. Ahmed Sobhi Zo'rob<br />
Chairman of the Committee Mawasi<br />
neighborhood<br />
- 0599619763 -<br />
61 Eng. Youssef Haj Yousif Khan Younis Municipality 2079331 0599815541 -<br />
62 Dr. Ahmed Abu Foul Islamic University - 0598924156 afoul@iugaza.edu<br />
63 Mr. Ibrahim Khalaf Allah<br />
64 Mr. Mohamed Zakaria al-Agha<br />
65 Dr. Youssef Abu <strong>May</strong>la<br />
66 Mr. Awad Taher al-Astal<br />
Agriculture Department of Khan<br />
Younis<br />
Director of the Municipality of Khan<br />
Younis<br />
Al-Azhar University / Institute of<br />
Water and Environment<br />
Assembly of the Commonwealth<br />
sons Astal Charity<br />
2051<strong>10</strong>2 0599885822 -<br />
2054451 - -<br />
2832912 0599704465 abumayla@gawab.com<br />
2065194 0598096433 -<br />
67 Eng. Ismail Ahmed Al-Shawaf Khuzaa Municipality 2084077 0599742782 Shwf62@hotmail.com<br />
68 Dr. Samir Afifi Al-MADINA Consultants 2131506 - safifi@iugaza.edu<br />
69 Dr. Hassan Hamouda University of Palestine - 0599467643 h.hamouda@up.edu<br />
70 Dr. Ali Tayeh University of Palestine 2840454 0599880412 Al2007.i@hotmail.com<br />
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NO. Name Organization Telephone Mobile E-Mail<br />
71 Eng. Amin Mohamed Hassanein Khan Younis Municipality - 0599815540 Eng.amen@hotmail.com<br />
72 Ms. <strong>May</strong>a Al-Farra<br />
The Palestinian Center for Organic<br />
Agriculture<br />
2053677 0599623645 Pocaa2003@hotmail.com<br />
73 Mr. Saed Ibrahim Al-Tartory Islamic University - 0599993358 startory@iugaza.edu<br />
74 Dr. Osama Mohammed Shahin Al-MADINA Consultants - 0599722474 ushahin@hotmail.com<br />
75 Eng. Mahmoud Jadallah OXFAM - 0599773017 Eng.m.jadallah@hotmail.com<br />
76 Mr. Abd Elkader Alreqb Khan Younis Municipality 207<strong>10</strong>88 0599413440 -<br />
77 Dr. Khalid Qahman Al-MADINA Consultants 2883219 - Kqahman@gmail.com<br />
78 Dr. Thaer Abu Shabak Al-MADINA Consultants 2883219 - -<br />
79 Eng. Tayseer Mushtaha Al-MADINA Consultants 2883219 - -<br />
80 Eng. Shady Skaik Al-MADINA Consultants 2883219 0599307007 Shady_eng79@hotmail.com<br />
81 Ms. Afaf al-Khalidi Save the Children - Palestine 2848705 0599884413 pscf@palnet.com<br />
82 Mr. Essam El-Din Abu-Dakka Retired government employee 2073820 0598866138 -<br />
83 Mr. Emad Mohsin Association of Palestinian farmers - 0599738866 Imad_mohsin@hotmail.com<br />
84 Mr. Saeb Lqan<br />
Municipality of Khan Younis (press<br />
release)<br />
2054451 0599481754 Saebpress@hotmail.com<br />
85 Dr. Mohammed A. Muammar Nasser Hospital 206<strong>10</strong>26 0599384140 Faris.org@hotmail.com<br />
86 Dr. Samir Motaweh UNRWA Khan Younis 205<strong>10</strong>61 0599413752 -<br />
87 Eng. Nihad Al-Khatib CMWU 2881446 0599267<strong>10</strong>6 Nehad8@hotmail.com<br />
88 Eng. Mahmoud Shatat CMWU/KFW 2881446 0599330224 mshatat@kfw.cmwu.ps<br />
89 Mr. Mohammed Odeh Al-Agha<br />
The Office of the Legislative Council<br />
- Khan Younis<br />
2079020 0599481347 plckhy@yahoo.com<br />
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NO. Name Organization Telephone Mobile E-Mail<br />
90 Mr. Mohammed Yasin Al-Astal Islamic University 205<strong>10</strong>93 0599111420 Mohamed.astal@yahoo.com<br />
91 Mr. Abd Al-Rahim Abadleh Municipality Al-Qrara 2070388 0599405570 -<br />
92 Mr. Tarek Abdel-Aziz Zakout Al-Haq Center - 0599051490 -<br />
93 Mr. Ghareeb Saed Al-Sonwar Center of Al-Mezan - 0599461678 -<br />
94 Ms. Iman Al-Husseini <strong>UNDP</strong> 2822167 - -<br />
95 Ms. Rima Abu Medin <strong>UNDP</strong> 2822167 0548174039 -<br />
96 Dr. Fouad Daoud Gmasi The Ministry of Health 2801323 0599415891 Fouadj12@live.com<br />
97 Mr. Osama Jaber Kuhail<br />
Head of contractors association in<br />
Gaza governorates<br />
2823199 0599435363 Hkhk-76@hotmail.com<br />
98 Eng. Tayseer Aziz CCC 2823199 0599480221 -<br />
99 Mr. Kamal Al-Nagar Municipality Khuzaa - 0599408354 -<br />
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3. Summary and Conclusions of the Public Hearing<br />
3.1 Introduction<br />
After performing the Environmental Impact Assessment study, <strong>EIA</strong>, and issuing its draft report, a<br />
main <strong>EIA</strong> workshop has been conducted on 30 Dec. 2009 to present and discuss the <strong>EIA</strong><br />
methodologies, <strong>EIA</strong> impacts, findings, outputs and recommendations and to obtain the view and<br />
comments of professionals and the community different affected groups.<br />
On 22 Dec. 2009, invitations have been distributed to a wide discipline of officials, professionals,<br />
community leaders and affected groups seeking their attendance and participation in the <strong>EIA</strong><br />
workshop.<br />
The <strong>EIA</strong> Public Hearing Workshop was managed and organized by <strong>UNDP</strong>/PAPP (the client), JV<br />
consultant SOGREAH & UG (the consultant) in cooperation with the project’s counterparts.<br />
3.2 Workshop objectives:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Reviewing the environmental significance of Khan Younis Waste Water Treatment Plant<br />
Project to whole community; main impacts and challenges.<br />
Presenting and reviewing the main components of KY WWTP.<br />
Presenting and discussing the draft final results of the Environmental Impact Assessment<br />
study (<strong>EIA</strong>) and the main contents of the <strong>EIA</strong>.<br />
Presenting the <strong>EIA</strong> methodologies, different environmental impacts, findings and outputs.<br />
Presenting mitigation measures, environmental management plan and informing the<br />
different stakeholders about the <strong>EIA</strong> conclusions and recommendations.<br />
Listening to the opinions and comments of the stakeholders to incorporate them in the final<br />
<strong>EIA</strong> report.<br />
Enhance the community participation and obtaining the view of the community, their<br />
comments, concerns and recommendations.<br />
3.3 Workshop Proceedings:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
A brief Introductory welcome and words introduced by the general director of MoLG, Khan<br />
Younis <strong>May</strong>or, PWA’s and CMWU’s representatives and <strong>UNDP</strong> project Manager thanking<br />
the Government of Japan (GOJ) for their kind role and generous contributions to assist the<br />
Palestinian people and appreciating <strong>UNDP</strong> role and efforts to implement KY WWTP. The<br />
introducers reviewed the environmental significance of KY WWTP to whole community,<br />
the current dire environmental status due to absence of functional WWTP, project<br />
challenges and appealed and asked the GOJ and <strong>UNDP</strong> to work in allocating the addition<br />
fund required to accelerate constructing a complete and functional waste water treatment<br />
plant.<br />
The <strong>EIA</strong>’s team presented and reviewed the main components of KY WWTP; the main<br />
contents of the <strong>EIA</strong> study; presented in details the <strong>EIA</strong> methodologies, findings, different<br />
environmental impacts and outputs; mitigation measures, environmental management plan<br />
and recommendations.<br />
An open and free discussion session was succeeded to obtain the view of community<br />
members and participants, their comments, feedback, concerns and recommendations, which<br />
proceeded by positive and valuable contributions and successfully ended by a conclusion<br />
and closure of the workshop.<br />
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3.4 Workshop Opening:<br />
Prof. Samir Afifi, JV consultant Sogreah & UG<br />
Prof. Afifi started the meeting by welcoming the attendees and presenting the objective of the <strong>EIA</strong> Public<br />
Hearing Workshop.<br />
Eng. Sufian A. Samra, MoLG<br />
Mr. Abu Samra addressed the importance of the KY WWTP project. Mr. Abu Samra manifested that Khan<br />
Younis Governorate is still exposed for long-term to serious environmental impacts due to absence of<br />
functional sewage systems and functional waste water treatment plant. He indicated that Khan Younis is<br />
still living under minimum sanitary infrastructural needs and the congestion of the population led to<br />
ground water pollution generated from the large number of the existing cesspits and sewage wells, which<br />
constitute serious source of hygienic pollution that affecting the population’s health.<br />
He illustrated that despite hard efforts pursued in the past years; different obstacles have<br />
prevented the implementation of KY WWTP, such as the obstacles that prevented the earlier<br />
implementation of it through a previous contribution of the Government of Japan since 1998.<br />
Due to such obstacles over the past years; the environmental impacts continued to escalate to<br />
serious levels, and he called to consolidate all possible efforts to support and implement this very<br />
vital and strategic project for the benefit of the whole community.<br />
Mr. Mohammad Al Fara, the <strong>May</strong>or of Khan Younis Municipality<br />
Mr. Al-Farra declared that the establishment of the treatment plant is a dream of two hundred thousand<br />
inhabitants of the city of Khan Younis which will serve as well the seven municipalities of Khan Younis<br />
governorate, as it is expected to serve half a million of people in the year 2025.<br />
He presented a brief narrative relevant to historical status of the sewage disposal system in Khan<br />
Younis Governorate, current environmental conditions, facts, latest development of the sewage<br />
disposal system up to the current progress of KY WWTP project which executed by <strong>UNDP</strong>;<br />
appreciating the Government of Japan and <strong>UNDP</strong> roles for their support to the Palestinian people<br />
and the residents of Khan Younis in particular. He also expressed his thanks for the former mayors for<br />
their efforts to initiate and implement part of the sewage networks, secure the required land of the<br />
treatment plant and working to secure required funds.<br />
He presented the dire environmental impacts and the serious health conditions that Khan Younis<br />
is currently passing through due to absence of functional waster water treatment plant, lack of<br />
financial resources and lack of construction materials due to crossings closure, which put the<br />
sanitary system and conditions in Khan Younis under emergency conditions.<br />
He presented at the same time the environmental and the socio-economical benefits of the project<br />
to the whole community, and called the Palestinian Government and all concerned authorities to fulfill<br />
their responsibilities, stand by the municipality and work on developing contingency plans to protect the<br />
residents of Khan Yunis from the environmental risks till constructing the main strategic and permanent<br />
KY WWTP. He called as well all potential donors to pursue efforts to allocate additional fund<br />
needed to assist Khan Younis residents.<br />
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Mr. Ahmed Yaqubi, PWA<br />
Mr. Yaqubi introduced the environmental necessity of having a functional WWTP to alleviate the<br />
environmental impacts, to protect the ground water resources and to diminish the pollution of the<br />
ground water and drinkable water in Khan Younis area, shedding that serious indicators are<br />
pointing toward a close imminent of a humanitarian catastrophe in case of delaying or not<br />
implementing KY WWTP.<br />
Eng. Farid Ashour, CMWU<br />
Mr. Ashour presented a brief clarification concerning the current serious problems of the waste<br />
water sector in Khan Younis area and the efforts done to implement emergency and temporary<br />
solutions to aid the residents and municipalities to overcome the harsh conditions generated due<br />
to the closure of the Gaza crossings and the lack of the construction materials, calling for a quick<br />
implementation of a permanent and effective solution by constructing KY WWTP.<br />
Eng. Ashraf A. Shamala, <strong>UNDP</strong><br />
Mr. Abu Shamala introduced firstly that <strong>UNDP</strong> is thanking the Government of Japan for their<br />
continuous and mark able support to help the Palestinian people and appreciating the GOJ role in<br />
allocating a generous fund to implement KY WWTP. The counterparts’ mutual efforts in<br />
supporting the project activities have been thanked and highly appreciated. Up to date progress of<br />
KYWWTP has been briefed along with the project main challenges; shedding that the project’s<br />
ownership is belonging to the whole community and called for more involvement and<br />
participation of the community and the whole concerned authorities to support implementing a<br />
functional and environmentally sound project and operating it in a sustainable basis, and called to<br />
consolidate all efforts to work in securing the additional fund required.<br />
3.5 Workshop Presentations:<br />
Following the introductory welcome and words, the <strong>EIA</strong> team started a power point presentation comprises<br />
of four sessions explained the main components of KY WWTP; the main contents of the <strong>EIA</strong> study,<br />
details the <strong>EIA</strong> methodologies, findings, different environmental negative and positive impacts<br />
such as physical impacts, socio-economical impacts, biological impacts, trans-boundary impacts,<br />
potential impacts, impacts on ground water and water resources, mitigation measures,<br />
environmental management plan and recommendations.<br />
3.5.1 Introductory Session - <strong>EIA</strong> <strong>Study</strong> Contents<br />
Presented by: Prof. Samir Afifi, Sogreah & UG<br />
Prof. Afifi presented in brief the <strong>EIA</strong> study contents which is composed of 9 chapters including the<br />
institutional/legal framework; methodology, project description; baseline conditions; impact assessment;<br />
impact evaluation; management plan and the study conclusions.<br />
3.5.2 Session 1- Project Description<br />
Presented by: Dr. Fahed Rabah, Sogreah & UG<br />
Dr. Rabah explained the project location, components, capacity and number of beneficiaries, treatment<br />
process and technology, project phases and effluent criteria. The project will include: WWTP; infiltration<br />
basins; Effluent and emergency pressure line to the infiltration basins and sea outfall. The proposed<br />
technology for wastewater treatment is basically aerobic treatment using activated sludge method<br />
(oxidation ditches).<br />
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3.5.3 Session 2 - Environmental impacts of the project<br />
Presented by Prof. Samir Afifi, Sogreah & UG<br />
Prof. Afifi presented the study outputs related to the different expected impacts of the project in the<br />
construction and operation phases. He presented introduction concerning the existing environmental<br />
conditions, <strong>EIA</strong> methodology, baseline environmental conditions including physical, socio-economical and<br />
biological environment. He presented as well the different environmental negative and positive<br />
impacts such as physical impacts, socio-economical impacts, biological impacts, trans-boundary<br />
impacts. Through out the presentation, he also clarified that the project itself is an environmental<br />
project. Due to that the negative impacts of this project are not major and the overall impact of this project<br />
is very positive on the environment and public health.<br />
3.5.4 Session 3 - Environmental impacts of the project on groundwater<br />
Presented by: Dr. Thaer A. Shbak, Sogreah & UG<br />
Dr. Abu Shbak introduced an introduction explaining that the location of the infiltration basins was<br />
selected according to extensive geotechnical and hydro geological investigations carried out previously and<br />
during the detailed design phase of KY WWTP project.<br />
He presented as well that the hydro geological status at Khan Younis Governorate, the infiltration capacity<br />
and the ground water modeling setup. The impact assessment is done based on groundwater model for flow<br />
and transport aspect. He illustrated the expected impacts of the project on groundwater quantity and<br />
quality, whereas the model showed that the overall impact on the ground water aquifer is very positive due<br />
to the infiltration of treated wastewater, where as the local aquifer at Al Fukhari area will be improved in<br />
terms of quantity and quality. It is predicted that after 15 years of infiltration the groundwater level will rise<br />
up to more than 30 m under the infiltration basins.<br />
3.5.5 Session 4- Impact Evaluation, Environmental Management Plan, Recommendations and<br />
conclusion:<br />
Presented by: Prof. Samir Afifi, Sogreah & UG<br />
Prof. Afifi briefed the impact evaluation methodology, the evaluation process and summary of significant<br />
impacts. He also presented the proposed environmental management plan including the mitigation<br />
measures; environmental monitoring plan, the required institutional setup, recommendations and<br />
conclusion.<br />
3.6 Workshop Open Discussions:<br />
Prof. Samir Afifi opened the floor for attendees’ free comments and discussion. The open discussion<br />
session lasted for one hour and 30 minutes aimed to obtain the view of community members and<br />
participants, their comments, feedback, worries, concerns and recommendations. Many effective<br />
contributions were introduced by many interveners, characterized by positive attitude and high sense of<br />
responsibility. Some professional contributions and comments have been introduced by some professional<br />
interveners concerning the biological treatment; the treatment process and the <strong>EIA</strong> contents and<br />
methodologies. Many effective and positive contributions were reflected by other interveners emphasizing<br />
on the vital necessity and importance of KY WWTP project to the whole community of Khan Younis<br />
Governorate, calling to accelerate constructing KY WWTP, Phase I, to improve the current dire<br />
environmental and health conditions and to enable diminishing the related widely spread water-born<br />
diseases. At the same time, calling the officials and the concerned authorities and institutions to take the<br />
<strong>EIA</strong> recommendations and the environmental management plan into serious concern to have an<br />
environmentally sound and sustainable project. Some interveners asked about the implementation program<br />
of the construction phase under the current circumstances; especially in relevance to security requirements<br />
and coordination needed to enter the permanent eastern site of KY WWTP, lack of construction materials<br />
and lack of financial resources; appealing and calling <strong>UNDP</strong> to work in securing the additional fund<br />
required to construct the necessary components of KY WWTP, Phase I, to have it a functional and<br />
operational one.<br />
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Interventions and Discussions of Round 1:<br />
1. Abdelkader Al Reqb (<strong>May</strong>or of Bani Suhaila Municipality):<br />
He mentioned that Khan Younis region lives in environmental and health tragedy, and that<br />
groundwater is not suitable for domestic use and called to accelerated implementation of the project as<br />
it considered a vital and important need for the whole population, since the project would help<br />
alleviate the diseases prevalent among many of the population and to save their lives. He also called to<br />
accelerate implementing sewage systems in the eastern villages to alleviate the harsh environmental<br />
conditions of the residents of the eastern villages.<br />
2. Mohammed Al-Astal: (Khan Younis Municipality)<br />
It is not worth to pump and dispose the treated waste water to the sea, while we are in bad need for<br />
such quantities of treated waste water to be used for the agricultural purposes.<br />
3. Mohamed Lafi (CARE International Organization)<br />
He intervened by few questions:<br />
• When the project will be implemented and the time frame needed to implement KY WWTP, Phase I?<br />
• How the construction materials can be available and secured for the construction phase under the<br />
current circumstances of closure and restrictions of importing construction materials?<br />
• How the treatment plant will be operated and energy provided under current conditions of electricity<br />
shortage and cut?<br />
• Is there a plan for establishing a power plant and using sludge to generate the needed electricity?<br />
4. Ahmed Zo'orob (Leader of Al-Mawasi local Community Committee)<br />
He intervened by some notes and comments,<br />
• Highlighted the suffering of the people of Al-Mawasi regarding water pollution due to the<br />
existing western waste water lagoons.<br />
• Al-Mawasi wells become contaminated and trees started to dry up.<br />
• Al-Mawasi area is considered the food basket of the Gaza Strip.<br />
• Residents of Al Mawasi are suffering and they have fear of flooding of the existing lagoons<br />
on their farms and homes.<br />
• There are negative impacts of pumping the sewage into the sea creating sea water pollution<br />
and affecting the marine environment.<br />
• If there is a line to the sea we hope to be in the sea 200 meters far from the shoreline.<br />
• He called to start the project as soon as possible.<br />
5. Eng. Abdel Fattah Abu Musa (Leader of Khan Younis Camp Community Committee)<br />
He intervened by some notes and comments,<br />
• This project is strategic and very important for the whole residents of Khan Younis.<br />
• Khan Younis camp, and Al–Amal district are suffering from the problem of sanitation due to absence of<br />
treatment plant.<br />
• There are about 12,000 cesspits at the camp and Al –Amal district.<br />
• Some households have to dig two cesspits to overcome disposing their waster water due to the cesspits<br />
floods, and some residents have to evacuate their cesspits once every three days.<br />
• There is a serious fear and risk of the collapse of the existing sewage lagoon at Al - Amal district.<br />
• Appeal to all to accelerate the implementation of this very vital and important project.<br />
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6. Dr. Khamis -Najjar (Member of the Legislative Council)<br />
Thanked all who contributed to this project with several observations:<br />
• Gaza Strip experts are planning very well, but when implementation started the application will not be as it<br />
was planned. Implementation should be as planned.<br />
• Calling for the creation of jobs for the people of the region and priority should be given to them.<br />
• Provide alternative routes and have a clear plan for it during the implementation period.<br />
• Emphasized that water shall be sprayed in the routes during the implementation processes and he hoped that<br />
water is available to do so!<br />
• What to do with the vaccination of diseases if it is not available?<br />
• What is the alternative solution in case of power cuts and how the accessibility to the eastern site can be<br />
guaranteed?<br />
7. Dr. Jameel Mottawa'a (UNRWA-Khan Younis – Community Leader)<br />
• He wondered that there could be some voices against this very vital and important environmental project! He<br />
proposed to form a committee to advocate this project (to support the project implementation).<br />
8. Esam Abu-Dakka (Retired Legal Advisor of Khan Younis Municipality - Resident of Abassan Al<br />
Kabira Town).<br />
• There are many problems related to the waste water systems and the treatment plant prevented implementing<br />
it previously.<br />
• Wonder when the project will be implemented? And called for supporting it.<br />
• It time to plan and work to end the sanitation problems of Bani Suhaila city and the eastern villages and to<br />
work in parallel to establish sewage networks.<br />
• Emphasized that the project shall include and serve the residents of the eastern villages.<br />
9. Eng. Bahaa Al-Agha (Environment Quality Authority).<br />
• Technically, there was a study of environmental impact assessment for the project in 1997, why it is being<br />
carried out and repeated again?<br />
• For Treatment / the method used is the Oxidation Ditches they need a high cost and high technology which<br />
fits the developed and stabled situations.<br />
• And wondering how to overcome the problems of power cuts due to the siege?<br />
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Answers and Replies on Iterventions of Round 1<br />
Prof. Samir Afifi, Sogreah & UG<br />
• All possible efforts will be done to proceed and accelerate the implementation of the very vital project, and to<br />
secure the additional fund required.<br />
• The local community involvement and support is needed for successful implementation and operation of the<br />
project.<br />
• The carrier pressure line will be used to transfer the treated waste water to the infiltration area and in case of<br />
emergency cases to the sea. The strategic objective of treating the waste water is to be used finally for<br />
infiltration to enhance the ground water aquifer and or to be used for the agricultural purposes.<br />
• To ensure successful implementation of plans, the implementation and operation plans of the local authorities<br />
need to be followed by the Legislative Council and relevant governmental institutions.<br />
• It's true, that there was a preliminary EA study in the year 1997, but today we have a different site and<br />
different design, accordingly a more comprehensive <strong>EIA</strong> study is needed.<br />
• Concerning the treatment process and technology, the land in the Gaza Strip is very limited. Due to that<br />
appropriate technology of activated sludge was selected because of its high efficiency in removing the<br />
organic compounds and nitrogen removal and need less area of land in comparison to other technologies, and<br />
the selected technology is in a line with the Palestinian sewerage master plan. If we want to minimize the site<br />
area needed to be establish the treatment plant, a high sophisticated technology will be needed and thus the<br />
construction and operation cost will relatively be high.<br />
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Dr. Fahed Rabah, Sogreah & UG<br />
• The effluent criteria of the treated waste water to be used for infiltration and irrigation of agriculture can<br />
be achieved by using a modern technology like the Oxidation Ditches; which is considered one of the<br />
best biological treatment options. Its main advantage is the generation of small quantities of sludge with<br />
more stabilized sludge, which leads for very low odor problem.<br />
Eng. Ashraf Abu Shamala (<strong>UNDP</strong>)<br />
• The detailed design is planned to be accomplished in February 20<strong>10</strong> and planned to be succeeded by the<br />
tendering processes required for launching the construction stage of KY WWTP, Phase I, which will be<br />
constructed by international and local contractors, and the construction phase is envisaged to start in<br />
July- August 20<strong>10</strong>.<br />
• The plan is to have a comprehensive waste water treatment plant constructed with its all necessary<br />
components to be a functional one, where the project’s total cost is estimated by around $ 50 million.<br />
The available amount is $ 14.83 million, funded by the Government of Japan, and by that there is a<br />
deficit of the whole budget required for constructing KY WWTP, Phase I, estimated of around $ 35<br />
million and there is a need for the intervention of all concerned parties and authorities to secure the<br />
required additional fund. <strong>UNDP</strong> on its part will make all possible efforts required for the resources<br />
mobilization, and planning to approach the Gulf States through a forthcoming mission trying to get the<br />
required additional fund.<br />
Mr. Mohammad Al Fara (<strong>May</strong>or of Khan Younis)<br />
• Emphasized the formation of a supporting committee to support the project implementation.<br />
• And concerning the implementation phase, all are realizing that the general conditions in the Gaza Strip<br />
are very difficult and anxieties are real and we hope that the project will be implemented as soon as<br />
possible, and we are wishing all success.<br />
Interventions and Discussions of Round 2:<br />
<strong>10</strong>. M. Mustafa Shawaf (<strong>May</strong>or of Abasan Al Kabiera)<br />
• In the Arabic <strong>EIA</strong> executive summary which distributed in the Workshop, it's noted that not all areas of<br />
Khan Younis Governorate will be connected to the treatment plant during the project’s period, and this<br />
indicates that there are some areas wouldn’t be served in the first 8 years of the operation phase.<br />
• And he requested from the consultant to prepare a typical design of the cesspits to be distributed to<br />
citizens in case of delaying or postponing the project.<br />
11. Osamah Kuhail ( Head of Gaza Contractor’s Union)<br />
• He appreciated the conduction of this important workshop and stressed that it is important and necessary<br />
to conduct similar workshops for other different projects.<br />
• Concerning idea of the international tendering and hiring international contractors /from our experience<br />
we believe that these international parties send not more than one or two engineers to follow up the<br />
project and the rest of work is done by local actors.<br />
• He proposed to split the project implementation activities into several parts to give more chance for the<br />
local contractors, and at the same time, this process will make the completion of the project faster.<br />
12. Eng. Zeidan Abu Zuhri (UNRWA)<br />
• Any <strong>EIA</strong> study of any project shall include the environmental impacts that could be generated in case of<br />
not implementing the project, as this was not presented.<br />
• Called the political decision makers to support <strong>UNDP</strong> to secure the required additional fund.<br />
• Recommend to include a chapter for public or community participation in order to hear the community<br />
concerns and to facilitate the implementation processes.<br />
13. Bilal Al Shamali (Civil Defense)<br />
• The project is very positive and I did not notice any negative impacts. However, in work plans and in<br />
case of project failure or stopping the implementation at a specific step, there should be an alternative.<br />
• Is Khan Younis Municipality will continue the project activities or will neglect the residents suffer and<br />
complaints.<br />
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14. Eng. Zuhdi Salah (UNRWA)<br />
• Appreciated all efforts and thanks all concerned parties, and mentioned that it is an ambitious plan to<br />
construct a treatment plant in the southern area.<br />
• What is the depth of the aquifer in the project’s area to illustrate the impact of infiltrating the treated<br />
waste water on the ground water, simulation may be used.<br />
• If you use treated water for agriculture, it must be used for non-eatable crops and it shall depend on<br />
BOD and as per the pollutants.<br />
• A study for sludge re-use should be implemented as fertilizers, or sludge incineration may be used.<br />
• Is it possible to implement the project in the current conditions?<br />
15. Eng. Yehya Abu Obeid (CMWU)<br />
• There is a sea water intrusion at the western side of the aquifer.<br />
• As shown by the presented ground water modeling, the infiltration of the treated wastewater will<br />
increase ground water level/pressure. Accordingly is there a possibility to make the infiltration basins to<br />
prevent the sea water intrusion?<br />
• He believed that the project was possible in the previous periods to be implemented in different stages if<br />
it was supported by government, and called the government and all concerned authorities to secure the<br />
required financial resources.<br />
• Concerning the land acquisition, the government was unable to provide the required land for setting up<br />
such a project. In such cases there must be local and community support for these projects.<br />
• Concerning the regional scheme - Is there a possibility to extend the project to include all the southern<br />
area of the Gaza Strip?<br />
• He mentioned that the infiltration basins are positive approach and efficient in removing pollutants and<br />
is there a need to implement the rapid sand filtration in the treatment plant. Recovery wells may be used<br />
instead of rapid sand filter units.<br />
16. Iman Aqeel (UNICEF)<br />
• The sewerage network in Khan Younis is incomplete and this part must be taken into consideration and<br />
account by the concerned authorities, and the work of the networks and the treatment plant shall go on<br />
parallel.<br />
17. Eng. Farid Ashour (CMWU)<br />
• Is the treated water can be used in drip irrigation for agriculture.<br />
• <strong>Study</strong> the impact of the treated wastewater on the soil of agriculture land.<br />
• Concerning impact evaluation (multiplying the impact rate and the size of the impact) asked if this<br />
formula is developed by the consultant or it is international model.<br />
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18. Mohammed Muammar (Nasser Hospital)<br />
• If the project is not implemented what will happen and what will be the environmental impacts? Do not<br />
forget the incident of Om Al Nasser near North Gaza WWTP!!<br />
• It was a difficult decision to dispose the sewage to the temporary western lagoon and to the sea.<br />
However if it was not done like that, Khan Younis town could be flooded by waste water.<br />
• All Khan Younis residents, community groups and leaders, legislative council and government are all<br />
responsible and guilty for delaying implementing this important project up to date.<br />
• The project is excellent, and asked how the costs of the project will be financed?<br />
• How and where the excavated soil produced during the construction phase will be transferred? How the<br />
smell will be treated?<br />
• Emphasized on the necessity of infiltrating the treated waste water and to re-use it in agriculture,<br />
especially as there are water wells in the eastern area are very limited and the available wells are very<br />
saline.<br />
• Asked about the route of the effluent pressure line to the sea and its location to minimize impacts.<br />
Answers and Replies on Iterventions of Round 2<br />
Dr. Samir Afifi, Sogreah & UG<br />
• Due to the workshop’s limited time, we are not able to display all <strong>EIA</strong> study different details in our<br />
presentation. However and concerning the no action alternative and the community participation issues<br />
are considered and included in the <strong>EIA</strong> report in details.<br />
• A part of the public hearing/ consultation was undertaken through social survey by getting response on<br />
335 questionnaires. The overall response was positive concerning the implementation of KY WWTP.<br />
• Through out the <strong>EIA</strong> study, there is a management and monitoring plan and the relevant proposed<br />
steering committee have to follow-up the implementation of the management plan.<br />
• Concerning the high salinity in the KhanYounis Governorate, it has two sources, sea water intrusion at<br />
the western side and the lateral saline flow towards the aquifer from the eastern side.<br />
• The Plant design is flexible, which is based on phases and the plant can be extended.<br />
• As shown in the presentation and according to the ground water modeling, the ground groundwater<br />
level will raise, which will increase the ground water storativity.<br />
• It was illustrated that the ground water depth under the infiltration basin is around 78 m, and according<br />
to ground water modeling the ground water quality will be improved as the salinity of infiltrated treated<br />
waste water will be less than the salinity of the existing ground water.<br />
• Reference to the geotechnical investigation, thick clay layers was found in Muraj area and the<br />
possibility for infiltrating treated wastewater in the western side will not be feasible. The ground water<br />
depth in the western areas located close to the sea is shallow and close to the municipal wells.<br />
• Concerning expanding the sewerage networks it is not recommended to expand the networks without<br />
implementing the first phase of the treatment plant to avoid more environmental consequences.<br />
• The calculation of impact evaluation is based on a well known method which is included in many<br />
references.<br />
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Eng. Ashraf Abu Shamala<br />
• This workshop is a part of the <strong>EIA</strong> study and it is one of the important actions taken to assure public<br />
hearing and community participation.<br />
• KY WWTP is an extendable treatment plant designed for flow and loads for the year 2025 taking into<br />
consideration the population’s growth rate. KY WTP will be implanted into phases, where in the year<br />
2025, 83% of the households of Khan Younis City and 64% of the households of the surrounding<br />
localities are expected to be connected to sewage networks.<br />
• The project will be implemented by international and local contractors, and the project will be split into<br />
packages reference to available resources. Both international and local contractors will be engaged to<br />
construct the different components as appropriate, and it will be a benefit for local contractors to<br />
exchange knowledge and codes of practice in constructing such sophisticated project, which needs<br />
relevant experienced international contractor/s, especially in the treatment processes, AIC and relevant<br />
electro mechanical fields.<br />
• Similar successful modality of engaging international and local consultants is currently implemented in<br />
the current contract of the detailed design phase of KY WWTP by engaging SOGREAH consultants;<br />
French International consultant and Universal Group; local Palestinian consultant.<br />
• <strong>UNDP</strong> will make all possible coordination and efforts to facilitate entering the construction materials<br />
needed for implementing the project.<br />
• Concerning the land acquisition, called all concerned parties and authorities to finalize acquiring the<br />
land required for the infiltration basins, especially as the construction phase is planned to be launched<br />
after finalizing the detailed design. .<br />
Dr. Fahed Rabah, Sogreah & UG<br />
• The Land of the proposed plant is currently a property of Khan Younis Municipality, and there is<br />
possibility for land extension if it is needed and the plant is an extendable treatment plant.<br />
• The rapid sand filter is a one of the treatment processes needed to reduce BOD, and suspended solids in<br />
order to meet the specified effluent criteria in order to be used for infiltration and irrigation purposes. At<br />
the same moment UV disinfection will be used at last stages to ensure that microbiological contents are<br />
meeting the specified effluent criteria.<br />
• According to the ground water modeling, the infiltrated treated waste water will be extended in a spatial<br />
manner with average diameter of about 7 km, and after 15 years it will not reach the closest municipal<br />
water well. Accordingly recovery wells for mitigation measures are not required. However for<br />
agricultural purposes; recovery wells scheme can be established in future reference to available financial<br />
resources.<br />
• Mitigation measures have been taken into account in the detailed design to alleviate the odor, such as<br />
covering the inlet and grit removal units, in addition to selecting aerobic treatment process to minimize<br />
the odor.<br />
• The detailed design is including treating the sludge, and the sludge will be composted. Thee compost<br />
can be distributed to farmers as soil conditioner.<br />
• Different scenarios of the route of the effluent pressure line have been developed and thoroughly<br />
discussed with the client and the counterparts taking into consideration all relevant aspects to minimize<br />
the environmental impacts.<br />
Prof Samir Afifi, Sogreah & UG<br />
• Concerning the treatment technology is based on aerobic treatment process, aiming to minimize<br />
nuisance to community regarding odor emissions. However, in case of mal-function or overloading of<br />
the treatment plant, the odor emissions can happen due to anaerobic conditions especially if the depth of<br />
waste water is more than 4 meters.<br />
• Concerning the excavated soil, there is a great need for the excavated clay soil; which could be used in<br />
covering Rafah solid waste landfill, which is located beside the permanent eastern site of KY WWTP,<br />
and also could be used for agricultural purposes.<br />
• The supporting committee is encouraged to support and enhance all efforts to secure the additional fund<br />
required to implementing the project.<br />
Interventions and Discussions of Round 3:<br />
19. Tayseer Aziz (Contractor’s Union)<br />
• Notes that the industrial waste has not been addressed, and it shall be taken into consideration in special<br />
treatment.<br />
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• Asked about the proper treatment process to minimize odor emission, is aerobic or anaerobic. Why the<br />
project is not designed to be anaerobic. There is a problem in the Gaza WWTP related to odor.<br />
20. Yehya Al-Astal (UNRWA)<br />
• Appreciated the hard efforts done up to date to accelerate the project and thanked all concerned parties.<br />
• Proposed to distribute the study to professionals and to appoint a local coordinator for the project to<br />
accelerate its implementation.<br />
21. Issa al-Nashar (<strong>May</strong>or, Municipality of Rafah)<br />
• Despite that Khan Younis Municipality has many old trails to have a sewerage system, and having a<br />
master plan, but it is unfortunate city due to not implementing comprehensive sewage networks and<br />
treatment plan, which has been stopped in the past few times due to different obstacles and reasons .<br />
• Asks if there is approval of Israeli concerned authorities on the permanent eastern site of KY WWTP,<br />
and if the accessibility is granted to enter it.<br />
Answers and Replies on Iterventions of Round 3<br />
Eng. Ashraf Abu Shamala (<strong>UNDP</strong>)<br />
• The closest point of the permanent eastern site of KY WWTP is located far by around 450 m from the<br />
eastern borders of the Gaza Strip in one of the sites’ corners, and by 750 m in the other sites eastern<br />
corner. Relevant clauses of Oslo Agreement concerning construction close to borders have been<br />
reviewed.<br />
• <strong>UNDP</strong> had carried out several successful security coordination for the detailed design’s working team to<br />
access KY WWTP eastern site and to perform relevant activities. The topographical survey,<br />
geotechnical investigations and the <strong>EIA</strong> on-site activities have been carried out successfully.<br />
Dr. Fahed Al Rabah, Sogreah & UG<br />
• Anaerobic treatment process is effective to remove organic materials at the primary stage, however it<br />
has odor problem which is not preferred and was not selected for KY WWTP. Anaerobic treatment<br />
process shall be followed by aerobic process to achieve sufficient removal of organic and suspended<br />
matters. The aerobic treatment is considered the most successful and appropriate treatment for the urban<br />
areas and this method globally applied.<br />
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Dr. Samir Al-Afifi, Sogreah & UG<br />
3.7 Closing:<br />
• Concerning the sludge treatment and reuse, the concerned authorities are enhanced to develop or<br />
improve the national pertinent regulations to enable using it efficiently in the agricultural sector.<br />
Prof. Afifi concluded that KY WWTP project is very important and vital project for Khan Younis governorate as it will<br />
improve the environmental situation and the public health aspects, especially as it classified as and environmental<br />
project. He assured that all comments raised by the attendees will be considered and adopted in the final report of the<br />
<strong>EIA</strong> study, and it is very important to include the <strong>EIA</strong> mitigation measures in the detailed design and the relevant<br />
tender documents in order to implement the project efficiently.<br />
The Workshop Adjourned at 13:30.<br />
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4. Workshops’ Power Point Presentations<br />
Introductory Session:<br />
Dr. Samir Afifi,,, <strong>EIA</strong> team leader<br />
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Session 1:<br />
Dr. Fahed Rabah ,,, Deputy Project Manager<br />
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Session 2:<br />
Dr. Samir Afifi,,, <strong>EIA</strong> team leader<br />
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Session 3:<br />
Dr. Thaer Abu Shbak,,,<br />
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Session 4:<br />
Dr. Samir Afifi,,, <strong>EIA</strong> team leader<br />
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مقدمة<br />
5. Executive summary in Arabic (distributed for the workshop<br />
attendees)<br />
:<br />
لمشروع<br />
ملخص دراسة تقييم الاثر البيئي<br />
إنشاء محطة معالجة المياه العادمة في خانيونس<br />
تقع محافظة خانيونس في الجزء الجنوبي من قطاع غزة ويبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 295 الف نسمة ،<br />
ويوجد في المحافظة 7 بلديات وهي خانيونس ، بني سهيلا ، عبسان الكبيرة ، عبسان الجديدة ،<br />
خزاعة ، الفخاري والقرارة. و تعتبر مدينة خانيونس هي المدينة الأآبر في المحافظة والثانية في<br />
قطاع غزة حيث يسكنها حوالي 195 الف نسمة.<br />
تشكل طريقة التخلص من مياه الصرف الصحي في محافظة خانيونس مشكلة آبيرة تلقي بظلالها<br />
السلبية على وضع البيئة والصحة العامة وتهدد الثروات الطبيعية. و ظلت أزمة الصرف الصحي<br />
تتفاقم في المحافظة بالرغم من الجهود المتواصلة التي بذلت لانشاء نظام صرف صحي يخدم غالبية<br />
سكان المحافظة والذي أعيق تنفيذه لأسباب متعددة. وبعد إخلاء المستوطنات الإسرائيلية من<br />
المستوطنين عام 2005 بدأت فرص الإعمار وإصلاح البنية التحتية المهدمة تصبح أآثر<br />
حيث تقدمت الحكومة اليابانية في نهاية عام بمنحة آريمة لإنشاء محطة معالجة المياه<br />
العادمة في خانيونس والتي تقدر قيمتها ب 14.83 مليون دولار وذلك من خلال برنامج الأمم<br />
أن تساهم السلطة الفلسطينية بتقديم التصاميم التفصيلية للمشروع<br />
المتحدة الإنمائي<br />
والتي لم تنفذ في حينه نتيجة لعجز التمويل. وفي نهاية عام وبعد موافقة الحكومة اليابانية<br />
على إقتطاع تكاليف إجراء التصاميم التفصيلية من الميزانية المرصودة ، تم البدء في العمل عليها<br />
من خلال برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي في خطوة متقدمة لإنشاء محطة معالجة المياه<br />
العادمة في خان يونس، وحصل التحالف الإستشاري والمكون من شرآة SOGREAH الفرنسية<br />
عطاء تصميم المشروع<br />
و المجموعة العالمية للهندسة والإستشارات<br />
والتي تعتبر دراسة تقييم الآثر البيئي للمشروع جزء من هذا العطاء.<br />
الوضع القائم:<br />
واقعية ،<br />
2007<br />
2005<br />
(<strong>UNDP</strong>)<br />
Group) (Universal على<br />
(<strong>UNDP</strong>) على<br />
تؤآد التقارير الصادرة عن جهات مختلفة بأن منطقة خانيونس تعد من أآثر المناطق التي تعاني من<br />
مشاآل مياه الصرف الصحي على مستوى مناطق قطاع غزة ، نظراً لحاجتها الحيوية لاستكمال<br />
المشاريع الخاصة بتجميع و معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي.<br />
في الوقت الحالي يعتبر غالبية سكان محافظة خانيونس غير متصلين بشبكة صرف صحي ، حيث<br />
يتم تصريف المياه العادمة عبر حفر امتصاصية والتي يقدر عددها بحوالي 30 الف حفرة<br />
إمتصاصية. عند امتلائها يتم سحب المياه العادمة منها بواسطة شاحنات تفريغ لتصل في النهاية الى<br />
الشبكة القائمة من خلال احد مناهل شبكة الصرف الصحي الواقعة في بعض احياء مدينة خانيونس<br />
والتي تم إنشاءها في السنوات الأخيرة.<br />
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%40<br />
يقدر حاليا عدد السكان المتصلين بشبكة الصرف الصحي ب من إجمالي سكان المحافظة ، و<br />
من المتوقع ان يتصل بالشبكة حوالي من سكان مدينة خانيونس في العام 2025 و حوالي<br />
من باقي سكان المحافظة.<br />
%83<br />
%63<br />
حتى الان لم تخدم منطقة خانيونس بأي محطة آاملة لمعالجة مياه الصرف الصحي. مع العلم ان<br />
اغلب مياه الصرف الصحي المجمعة من مدينة خانيونس تنقل الى برآة ترشيح مياه الأمطار الواقعة<br />
شمال حي الأمل و من ثم تحول إلى المحطة المؤقتة لمعالجة مياه الصرف الصحي القريبة من البحر<br />
والتي تقع في الجزء الغربي للمدينة في منطقة المواصي. حيث يتم تصريف مياه الصرف الصحي<br />
المعالجة جزئيا من هذه البرك الى البحر وتقدر الكمية التي يتم تصريفها بحوالي 9000 م3/يوميا.<br />
يعتبر التخلص من مياه الصرف الصحي بالطريقة الحالية في محافظة خانيونس مصدرا آبيرا<br />
للتلوث البيئي الذي يخلق وضعا غير صحي على مستوى المحافظة، حيث ترتب على ذلك تلوث<br />
المياه و التربة. وقد أدى ذلك إلى ارتفاع نسبة ترآيز املاح النترات في المياه الجوفية إلى معدلات<br />
تفوق بكثير الترآيز المسموح به في مياه الشرب والموصى به من قبل منظمة الصحة العالمية. آما<br />
ادى الوضع الحالي الى انتشار الكثير من الأمراض بين سكان المحافظة حيث اثبتت آثير من<br />
الدراسات ارتباط هذه الأمراض بتلوث المياه. وآذلك تسبب الوضع الحالي بكثير من الازعاج<br />
للسكان من خلال انبعاث الروائح الكريهة وانتشار البعوض.<br />
وصف المشروع:<br />
سيتم انشاء محطة مياه الصرف الصحي لمحافظة خانيونس ضمن موقع خاص يقع بالقرب من حدود<br />
المحافظة الشرقية. وسيعالج هذا المشروع المياه العادمة التي تنتج من المحافظة ، وسينتج عن<br />
المحطة مستوى متقدم من المياه المعالجة ومن ثم سيتم نقلها الى احواض لترشيحها للمياه الجوفية.<br />
وفي حالة الطوارئ سيتم الضخ الى البحر لفترات محدودة جدا.<br />
سيتم تصميم محطة معالجة متكاملة تخدم المحافظة للعام 2025 و سيتم تنفيذها على مرحلتين:<br />
الاولى لاستيعاب تدفق يومي بمعدل حتى العام<br />
حتى العام<br />
3<br />
، 2018 والثانية بمعدل 44000 م<br />
3<br />
26000 م<br />
.2025<br />
.1<br />
.2<br />
.3<br />
.4<br />
يحتوي المشروع على المكونات التالية:<br />
التصميم التفصيلي لمحطة معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي.<br />
التصميم التفصيلي لاحواض ترشيح المياه المعالجة للخزان الجوفي.<br />
تصميم الخط الناقل من محطة معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي الي احواض الترشيح و خط<br />
الطوارئ المؤدي إلى البحر.<br />
انشاء المرحلة الأولى من محطة معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي شاملة احواض الترشيح<br />
وخط النقل والطوارئ.<br />
تبعد محطة مياه الصرف الصحي حوالي 1 آيلومتر عن اقرب منطقة سكنية مع العلم بوجود بعض<br />
مساآن للمزارعين في المنطقة الزراعية القريبة ، ومكب للنفايات الصلبة خاص بمحافظة رفح.<br />
وتعود ملكية الارض التي ستقع عليها محطة معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي الى بلدية خانيونس.<br />
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معظم المياه العادمة التي ستصل المحطة ستنقل عبر خطوط ضخ ، والتقنية المقترح استخدامها في<br />
عملية المعالجة هي طريقة الحماة المنشطة sludge) (Activated والتي تعتبر من افضل الطرق<br />
التكنولوجية المستخدمة في عمليات المعالجة.<br />
،BOD<br />
) (TN والخلو من<br />
سيتم تصميم المحطة لتعالج المياه العادمة حتى تصل الى مستوى اقل من 20ملجم/لتر من<br />
و15 ملجم/لتر من المواد العالقة ،(SS) واقل من لتر من النيتروجين<br />
الميكروبات والطفيليات ، بما يتوافق مع الانظمة البيئية الفلسطينية ، مما يجعل المياه المعالجة مقبولة<br />
لتغذية الخزان الجوفي و ري بعض انواع المحاصيل.<br />
اهداف دراسة تقييم الاثر البيئي:<br />
25 ملجم/<br />
تعتبر هذه الدراسة تقييما للاثار البيئية السلبية والإيجابية التي تنتج عن انشاء هذا المشروع ،<br />
وتتلخص اهداف هذه الدراسة في التالي:<br />
التأآد من ان هذا المشروع لن يؤثر سلبيا على البيئة بجوانبها الاجتماعية والاقتصادية ،<br />
الطبيعية والحيوية.<br />
تحديد وتقييم اهم الاثار الناتجة سواء الايجابية او السلبية.<br />
تطوير ووضع الاحتياطات اللازمة لتقليل الاثار السلبية.<br />
التأآد بان آل الجهات المعنية حكومية ، غير حكومية او سكان محليين على معرفة<br />
بالمشروع ، وان وجهة نظرهم وملاحظاتهم تؤخذ بالحسبان في إتخاذ القرارات ذات العلاقة<br />
بتنفيذ المشروع.<br />
.1<br />
.2<br />
.3<br />
.4<br />
التاثيرات والمنافع البيئية المتوقعة:<br />
يعد المشروع مشروعا بيئيا يهدف للمحافظة علي البيئة و الصحة العامة والحد من الآثار السلبية<br />
الناتجة عن الصرف غير الصحي للمياة العادمة ، حيث تعتبر المشاآل البيئية و الأمراض السائدة و<br />
المرتبطة بصورة مباشرة أو غير مباشرة بالصرف الصحي في محافظة خانيونس من أعلى<br />
المعدلات في القطاع.<br />
1. المنافع والتأثيرات المحتملة في موقع المحطة:<br />
مرحلة الانشاء:<br />
تقدر مساحة الأرض المخصصة للمحطة ب115 دونم و تقع في ارض خالية ولا يوجد أي تجمعات<br />
سكنية قريبة منها. سيتعرض هذا الموقع لاعمال الحفر والإنشاء حيث سيتم ازالة وترحيل آميات من<br />
التربة تتكون غالبيتها من الطين. واذا توزعت هذه التربة بشكل عشوائي فسيؤدي ذلك الى تغطية<br />
الاشجار المجاورة بالغبار. بالمقابل يمكن استخدام التربة المزالة لزيادة خصوبة الأراضي الزراعية<br />
الرملية وآذلك تغطية مكب النفايات الصلبة المجاور لموقع المحطة.<br />
سيتم وضع برامج خاصة بمعالجة الآثار السلبية أو تخفيفها آما هو موضح بصورة مختصرة في<br />
خطة الادارة البيئية.<br />
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سيكون لنشاطات البناء في موقع المحطة تأثيرات اقتصادية و اجتماعية ايحابية ناتجة عن خلق<br />
فرص عمل مؤقتة لسكان المنطقة المجاورة للمشروع بشكل خاص وسكان المحافظة بشكل عام.<br />
مرحلة التشغيل:<br />
بالنسبة لمرحلة عمل وتشغيل و صيانة محطة المعالجة قد يحدث ازعاج مؤقت ومحدود جدا<br />
للتجمعات السكنية القريبة وذلك تبعا لحرآة الرياح الشرقية خلال ساعات الليل فقط. ومع ذلك فان<br />
تاثيرات الرائحة ستكون طفيفة وذلك لان الرياح السائدة التي تهب في المنطقة تاتي من الجهة الغربية<br />
، والمنطقة المحيطة بالمحطة غير آهلة بالسكان ، اضافة إلى ان النظام المقترح في المعالجة<br />
لايحتوي على احواض معالجة لاهوائية و التي تكون عادة هي المصدر الرئيسي لإنبعاث الروائح.<br />
بالمقابل سيكون أثناء فترة تشغيل المحطة تاثيرات بيئية وصحية ايجابية على المدى الطويل لجميع<br />
سكان المحافظة ، اضافة الى ان المحطة ستوفر آميات من المياه والحمأة المعالجة التي يمكن<br />
استخدامها في الانشطة الزراعية بشرط استخدامها حسب المعايير المعتمدة ، آذلك ستوفر اعمال<br />
تشغيل وصيانة المحطة فرص عمل دائمة و مؤقتة سواء للمتخصصين او العمال.<br />
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2. التاثيرات والمنافع في موقع احواض الترشيح الى المياه الجوفية<br />
مرحلة الانشاء:<br />
تقدر مساحة الأرض المقترحة لأحواض الترشيح بحوالي 95 دونم و تقع في ارض زراعية في<br />
منطقة الفخاري. سيتعرض هذا الموقع لاعمال الحفر حيث سيتم ازالة وترحيل آميات من التربة<br />
تتكون غالبيتها من الطين. حيث يمكن استخدام التربة المزالة لزيادة خصوبة الأراضي الزراعية<br />
الرملية وآذلك تغطية مكب النفايات الصلبة المجاور لموقع المحطة.<br />
سيتسبب مرور وسائل النقل اثناء الحفرونقل التربة من خلال المناطق السكنية في ازعاج<br />
المواطنين ) ضوضاء، غبار، دخان عادم السيارات) والتي يجب اخذ الإجراءات التخفيفية الكافية<br />
للحد منها.<br />
سيكون لنشاطات الإنشاء في موقع احواض الترشيح تاثيرات اقتصادية واجتماعية ايجابية نتيجة<br />
لتوفر فرص عمل للمواطنين المجاوريين للمشروع.<br />
مرحلة التشغيل:<br />
يتوافق ترشيح المياه المعالجة للخزان الجوفي في منطقة الفخاري مع الإستراتيجية المائية الفلسطينية<br />
في ظل عدم توفر مصدر آاف للمياه ، خاصة وأن المياه الجوفية في المنطقة الشرقية محدودة جدا<br />
وتعاني من إرتفاع شديد في مستوى الملوحة ، حيث يتراوح ترآيز املاح الكلوريد في المياه الجوفية<br />
التي تقع بالقرب من احواض الترشيح بين 2000 ملج/لتر، لذلك فان اضافة المياه المعالجة<br />
للخزان الجوفي سوف تقلل من ملوحة المياه الجوفية وتؤدي إلى تحسين نوعيتها.<br />
1500 و<br />
من المتوقع انه بعد 15 سنة من الترشيح في المنطقة سيكون هناك خزان جوفي محلي، بسمك اآثر<br />
من 50 م تحت منطقة احواض الترشيح ويمتد بقطر وحسب نتائج النموذج الرياضي الذي<br />
اعتمدت عليه الدراسة فان المياه المعالجة التي يتم ترشيحها لن تصل الى أي من آبار البلديات<br />
المجاورة التي تستخدم للإستهلاك المنزلي. وبالتالي ستوفر احواض الترشيح زيادة في المياه الجوفية<br />
في المنطقة التي يمكن ان تستعمل في ري الاراضي الزراعية القريبة بعد ضخها عبر الآبار<br />
وتحسين الإنتاج الزراعي.<br />
7 آم.<br />
من المتوقع بعد تشغيل احواض الترشيح ايجاد بيئة حيوية جديدة للكائنات الحية وخصوصا الطيور<br />
التي ستجد لها مكان ملاءم للحياة ، إضافة الى ما سبق ستوفر أعمال التشغيل و الصيانة والمراقبة<br />
في موقع احواض الترشيح وظائف دائمة و مؤقتة للسكان المحليين.<br />
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3. الاثر الناتج عن خط انابيب البحر الطارئ:<br />
مرحلة الانشاء:<br />
سيتم إنشاء خط ضغط رئيسي بطول 18 آم وقطر 80سم لنقل المياه المعالجة من المحطة إلى<br />
احواض الترشيح والى البحر في حالة الطوارئ. ستتسبب نشاطات الحفر والترآيب لخط الضخ<br />
بإزعاج مؤقت للمواطنين في منطقة العمل (ضوضاء ، غبار، دخان عادم) ويمكن ان تظهر حالات<br />
ازدحام مرورية بسيطة بسبب حرآة المرآبات. آذلك فان انشاء خط الانابيب سيكون له اثار ايجابية<br />
وذلك نتيجة لخلق فرص عمل جديدة.<br />
مرحلة التشغيل:<br />
سيتم ضخ المياه المعالجة جزئيا في حالة الطوارئ الى البحر حين يكون هناك اعطال رئيسية في<br />
محطة المعالجة مما يتعذر ضخ الناتج إلى احواض الترشيح. ومن المتوقع ان ينتج عن ذلك تاثيرات<br />
سلبية مؤقتة على نوعية مياه البحر والحياة البحرية خلال فترة الضخ الطارئة.<br />
خطة الادارة البيئية وتقليل الآثار البيئية:<br />
من خلال هذه الدراسة تم اقتراح خطة للادارة البيئية والمراقبة والتي ستساعد الجهات المنفذة<br />
والمشغلة للمشروع على تقليل التاثيرات السلبية من خلال تنفيذ الإجراءات التخفيفية المقترحة.<br />
سيؤدي تنفيذ هذه الخطة الى زيادة ايجابيات المشروع ومنافعه وتتلخص خطة المراقبة البيئية<br />
المقترحة في العناصر التالية:<br />
مراقبة عملية معالجة المياه العادمة والحماة من خلال اخذ عينات بشكل دوري<br />
رصد تسرب ورشح المياه من عناصر المشروع.<br />
مراقبة نوعية المياه الجوفية في آبار اختباريه حول الموقع.<br />
مراقبة مياه البحر من خلال اخذ عينات من المياه والتربة.<br />
.<br />
مراقبة معدل انتشار البعوض في المناطق السكنية المجاورة وانتشار الروائح الكريهة.<br />
للعاملين و إعطائهم اللقاحات اللازمة للوقاية من<br />
الطبية الدورية إجراء الفحوصات الأمراض.<br />
.1<br />
.2<br />
.3<br />
.4<br />
.5<br />
.6<br />
و يمكن تلخيص اهم الإجراءات التخفيفية التي يجب تنفيذها للحد من الآثار السلبية للمشروع في<br />
الجداول التالية:<br />
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الآثار البيئية السلبية خلال مرحلة الإنشاء *<br />
إجراءات التخفيف<br />
الآثار<br />
- استخدام وسائل حماية الأذن من الضوضاء عند العمل<br />
الضوضاء من معدات الإنشاء<br />
على مسافات تقل من 5 م من معدات الإنشاء.<br />
انتشار التربة والغبار نتيجة أعمال الحفر - تنفيذ إجراءات لمنع انتشار الغبار عن طريق رش<br />
الطرق المؤقتة المستخدمة للوصول للموقع بالماء.<br />
والانبعاث من معدات الإنشاء<br />
تراآم آميات من التربة الطينية نتيجة أعمال - استخدام هذه التربة في تغطية مكب النفايات الصلبة<br />
المجاور للمحطة.<br />
الحفر.<br />
- استخدام التربة الناتجة في تحسين خصوبة التربة<br />
الرملية لغرض زراعتها.<br />
إعاقة المرور على الطرق نتيجة حرآة - استخدام الطرق البديلة<br />
- اختيار الأوقات الملائمة للحرآة<br />
معدات الإنشاء<br />
انبعاث الغازات من عوادم السيارات - عمل الصيانة الدورية للمعدات للتقليل من الإنبعاثات<br />
التعرض لظروف خطرة خلال أعمال الحفر<br />
والإنشاء<br />
*<br />
الضارة.<br />
- استخدام إجراءات الوقاية والحماية للعاملين آاستخدام<br />
السياج وأطواق الحماية وارتداء مستلزمات الأمان و<br />
السلامة.<br />
- تزويد موقع الإنشاء بمحطة إسعاف أولية ووسيلة<br />
اتصال سريع.<br />
الآثار البيئية السلبية خلال مرحلة التشغيل<br />
إجراءات التخفيف<br />
الآثار<br />
- استخدام وسائل تصريف محكمة للمياه الخارجة من<br />
تلوث التربة نتيجة لنقل او ترحيل الحمأة الحمأة لضمان عدم تسربها للتربة.<br />
وتخزينها<br />
- تنفيذ نظام عزل محكم لأحواض المعالجة وخطوط<br />
تلوث المياه الجوفية نتيجة امكانية حدوث النقل لمنع الرشح للتربة التحتية والمياه الجوفية.<br />
رشح من خلال احواض معالجة المياه العادمة او تجفيف الحماة او الخطوط الناقلة<br />
انبعاث روائح من أحواض تجفيف الحمأة<br />
ومصائد الرمل في بداية المحطة.<br />
تكاثر البعوض والحشرات الضارة.<br />
تدهور الوضع الصحي للعاملين بالمحطة.<br />
تلوث مياه البحر نتيجة الضخ في حالة<br />
الطوارئ.<br />
- تنفيذ إجراءات التحكم مثل تغطية مصيدة الرمل وتفادي<br />
تخزين الحمأة المجففة لمدة طويلة في الموقع.<br />
- زراعة حزام اخضر حول محطة المعالجة وتوفير ادارة<br />
سليمة لمنشآت المحطة بحيث تتضاءل فرص تكون<br />
الروائح وانتشارها خارج المحطة.<br />
- استخدام المبيدات الحشرية للقضاء على مواطن تكاثر<br />
البعوض (استخدام المبيدات البيولوجية الغير ضارة<br />
بالإنسان)<br />
- إجراء الفحوصات الطبية الدورية للعاملين بالمحطة.<br />
- إعطاء اللقاحات اللازمة.<br />
- توفير وحدة إسعاف أولية بشكل دائم في مكان المحطة.<br />
- استخدام إجراءات الوقاية والحماية لمنع السباحة<br />
والصيد بالقرب من مكان المصب.<br />
- التأآد من أن جرعة التعقيم للمياه التي تضخ إلى البحر<br />
باستخدام الاشعة الفوق بنفسجية آافية لضمان قتل<br />
الميكروبات والجراثيم.<br />
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*<br />
لمراجعة التفاصيل الخاصة بدراسة الاثار المحتملة و اجراء التخفيف المقترحة يمكن الرجوع الى التقرير الكامل و الخاص بدراسة الاثر<br />
البيئى<br />
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6. Photos of the workshop<br />
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Annex 4 (Photos)<br />
1. Sea-outfall Site<br />
1.1 Filed measurements at Sea outfall site 1.2 Filed measurements at sea outfall site<br />
1.3 Typical Flora Species at KhanYounis Sea outfall site 1.4 KhanYounis Existing Sea outfall site<br />
1.5 Beach of KhanYounis at the sea outfall site 1.6 Beach of KhanYounis at the sea outfall site<br />
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2. Coastal Infiltration Site vicinity (Al-Mawasi)<br />
2.1 Palm trees around the site 2.2 Cultivated areas around the site<br />
2.3 Sand dunes at the site 2.4 Sand dunes at the site<br />
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3. Morage Infiltration Site<br />
3.1 Filed measurements at the site 3.2 Deep boreholes for geotechnical investigation<br />
3.3 .Al-Aqsa University near the site 3.4 Al-Aqsa University near the site<br />
3.5 Existing water well at the site 3.6 Cultivated area at the site<br />
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4. Al Fukhari Infiltration Site (Al-Fukhari)<br />
4.1- Cultivated area at the site 4.2- Meetings with the local communities<br />
4.3- Cultivated area at the site 4.4- Flora Species at the site<br />
4.5- Biodiversity at the site 4.6- Cultivated area at the site<br />
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5. Allocated site of KY WWTP<br />
5.1 Field measurements at the site 5.2 Field measurements at the site<br />
5.3 Flora at the site 5.4 Rafah Landfill site to the South-West of the proposed site<br />
5.5 Old wastewater dumping site (the proposed site)<br />
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Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant <strong>May</strong> 20<strong>10</strong><br />
6. Socio-Economic field investigation<br />
6.1- interview with local community members 6.2- interview with local community members<br />
6.3- interview with local community members 6.4- interview with local community members<br />
6.5- interview with local community members 6.6- interview with local community members<br />
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Annex 5 (Facility Site Maps)<br />
Access roads to KY WWTP<br />
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Water supply to KYWWTP site – point of water supply connection<br />
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Electricity connection to KYWWTP site – point of electricity connection<br />
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Annex 6 (Terms of reference and EQA approval)<br />
1. TOR<br />
2. EQA approval<br />
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1. TOR<br />
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2. EQA approval<br />
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