Tradeflow Study - UNDP Black Sea Trade and Investment Promotion ...

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. divided by each mode of supply, for which three options are available. A Member can make No limitation on conditions for Market Access of National Treatment (None - N); make an unbound commitment in this area so that the country retains the policy space to change its commitments in these areas (Unbound – U); or countries can make some a bound commitment in the services sector which means that it will make a commitment to allow some access to its market (or provide some national treatment) but with exceptions (Bound – B). Tables 15a-15f provide a summary if the commitments made by each country in the BSEC region with regard to limitations on Market Access and National treatment 8 . The tables present the percentage of commitments made in each subsector of the services activity according to whether the commitment is none (N), bound (B) or unbound (U). Furthermore, the table makes the distinction between each mode of supply. Only six countries are members of the WTO and thus data could only be collected for these six countries. In Market Access, very few limitations are made in modes 1-3, except in financial services which for obvious regulatory reasons are considered more sensitive. Transport services are also relatively restricted and many subsectors remain unbound (for example, in mode 1, 45% of transport service subsectors have no limitations for market access, while the remaining subsectors (55%) have unbound commitments). Mode 4 remains heavily protected mainly as a result of immigration policies of the countries concerned. In National Treatment, and in mode 1, Albania, Armenia, Georgia and Romania have relatively few restrictions in subsectors. Exceptions include construction services, environmental services, financial services and tourism services. Turkey has a number of restrictions for subsectors of business and communications services. Greece has maintained limitations business, construction, distribution, environmental, health, tourism, recreational and cultural, and transport services. In modes 2-3, nearly all countries have no limitation on National Treatment in all subsectors with the exception of Turkey, especially in financial services, business services and tourism services. Mode 4 tends to be unbound for most countries indicating that the temporary movement of natural persons remains restricted. Nevertheless, Albania, Romania and Turkey have a number of subsectors which have no limitations in National Treatment for the temporary movement of natural persons. 8 The commitments made at the horizontal level have not been incorporated into the tables 50/135
Table 15a. Albania’s Commitments in trade in services at the WTO Market Access Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4 Albania N B U N B U N B U N B U 01 Business Services 88 3 9 100 0 0 97 3 0 0 3 97 02 Communication Services 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 8 0 92 03 Construction Services 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 04 Distribution Services 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 05 Educational Services 60 0 40 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 06 Environmental Services 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 07 Financial Services 56 0 44 94 0 6 94 0 6 0 0 100 08 Health Services 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 09 Tourism and Travel Services 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 10 Recreational, Cultural & Sport 60 0 40 80 0 20 100 0 0 0 0 100 11 Transport Services 62 0 38 85 0 15 100 0 0 0 0 100 12 Other Services n.e.s. … … … … … … … … … … … … National Treatment Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4 Albania N B U N B U N B U N B U 01 Business Services 91 0 9 100 0 0 97 0 3 97 0 3 02 Communication Services 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 03 Construction Services 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 04 Distribution Services 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 05 Educational Services 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 06 Environmental Services 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 07 Financial Services 94 0 6 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 08 Health Services 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 09 Tourism and Travel Services 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 10 Recreational, Cultural & Sport 80 0 20 80 0 20 100 0 0 100 0 0 11 Transport Services 69 0 31 92 0 8 100 0 0 100 0 0 12 Other Services n.e.s. … … … … … … … … … … … … 51/135
Page 1: Black Sea Economic Cooperation: Stu
Page 4 and 5: . Table of Contents Abbreviations .
Page 6 and 7: . Table 15d. Greece’s Commitments
Page 8 and 9: . Abbreviations BSEC EBRD EU EUROST
Page 10 and 11: . econometric model, referred to as
Page 12 and 13: . In this regard, travel services h
Page 14 and 15: . stock and foreign affiliates acti
Page 16 and 17: Current account balance (% of GDP)
Page 18 and 19: % of GDP . The dynamism of the priv
Page 20 and 21: . I.2. Background to Trade and Inve
Page 22 and 23: . II. Trade Potential and Opportuni
Page 24 and 25: . As mentioned earlier, the major e
Page 26 and 27: Imports Perspective . There are cer
Page 28 and 29: . II.1.3 Intra-industry trade betwe
Page 30 and 31: j j . x is the value of total expo
Page 32 and 33: . Table 10 provides a summary of th
Page 34 and 35: . Table 11. Twenty five products wi
Page 36 and 37: . Wood and wood products, in parti
Page 38 and 39: . Metal products, in particular HS
Page 40 and 41: Maximum MFN in Region (%) . make cr
Page 42 and 43: . II.4. Services With the exception
Page 44 and 45: . Table 13. Performance of trade in
Page 46 and 47: . Table 14a. Indicative Service Exp
Page 48 and 49: . Table 14e. Indicative Service Exp
Page 50 and 51: . Table 14i. Indicative Service Exp
Page 54 and 55: . Table 15b. Armenia’s Commitment
Page 56 and 57: . Table 15d. Greece’s Commitments
Page 58 and 59: . Table 15f. Turkey’s Commitments
Page 60 and 61: . Other commercial services (which
Page 62 and 63: . Table 16 Foreign direct investmen
Page 64 and 65: . In terms of existence of a legal
Page 66 and 67: . III.3. Sectoral opportunities BSE
Page 68 and 69: . service sector (retail, business
Page 70 and 71: . Table 23b. FDI in Bulgaria (2005)
Page 72 and 73: . Table 23d. FDI in Romania (2005)
Page 74 and 75: . Table 23f. FDI in Turkey (2005) I
Page 76 and 77: . 74/135
Page 78 and 79: . of trade in services performance,
Page 80 and 81: . Egger, P. (2002), An Econometric
Page 82 and 83: . World Bank (2005), Trade, Transp
Page 84 and 85: . Annex 1. Trade Indicators 82/135
Page 86 and 87: . Table A2. Major Import Partners f
Page 88 and 89: . Table A4. Major Import by Product
Page 90 and 91: Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Bulgaria
Page 92 and 93: . HS Description ALB ARM AZE BGR GE
Page 94 and 95: . Table A7 Trade intensity in BSEC
Page 96 and 97: . HS Description ALB ARM AZE BGR GE
Page 98 and 99: . country I and country j’s capit
Page 100 and 101: . Annex 2.3. Results of Gravity Equ
Page 102 and 103:
. Georgia Sector / Exports to ALB A
Page 104 and 105:
. Russia Sector / Exports to ALB AR
Page 106:
. Annex 2.4. Results of Trade Flow
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Annex 2.5. Results of Trade Flow An
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. Note: Excludes energy and tobacco
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