Tradeflow Study - UNDP Black Sea Trade and Investment Promotion ...

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. Metal products, in particular HS6 Product Description Indicative Trade Potential (US$ Mio) Relative Indicative Trade Potential (%) 740311 Copper, refined, in the form of cathodes and sections of cathodes 1,098 91 720449 Waste and scrap of iron or steel "ECSC" (excl. slag, scale and other waste of 1,056 the production of 43iron and steel; radioactive waste 730890 Structures and parts of structures, of iron or steel, n.e.s. (excl. bridges and bridge-sections, 511 towers 77 and lattice masts, doors and w 732690 Articles of iron or steel, n.e.s. (excl. cast articles or articles of iron or steel wire)385 88 760612 Plates, sheets and strip, of non-alloy aluminium, of a thickness of > 0,2 mm, rectangular 325 "including 85 square" (excl. expanded plate 720839 Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of >= 600 mm, in coils, 294 simply hot-rolled, 10 not clad, plated or coated, of a t 721049 Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of >= 600 mm, hot-rolled 259 or cold-rolled 48"cold-reduced", not corrugated, tin 760120 Unwrought aluminium alloys 231 18 730410 Line pipe of a kind used for oil or gas pipelines, seamless, of iron or steel (excl. 213 products of cast 90 iron) 721391 Bars and rods, hot-rolled, in irregularly wound coils, of iron or non-alloy steel, of 208 circular cross-section 19 measuring < 14 mm in diam 720851 Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width >= 600 mm, not in coils, 190 simply hot-rolled, 9 not clad, plated or coated, of a 720838 Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of >= 600 mm, in coils, 189 simply hot-rolled, 22 not clad, plated or coated, of a t 721012 Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of >= 600 mm, hot-rolled 173 or cold-rolled 77"cold-reduced", tinned, of a thickn 720917 Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of >= 600 mm, in coils, 162 simply cold-rolled 20 "cold-reduced", not clad, plated 732111 Appliances for baking, frying, grilling and cooking and plate warmers, for domestic 138 use, of iron 69or steel, for gas fuel or for both ga 760110 Aluminium, not alloyed, unwrought 135 4 732219 Radiators for central heating, not electrically heated, and parts thereof, of iron 133 other than cast 49 iron or steel (excl. parts, elsewhere 720712 Semi-finished products of iron or non-alloy steel containing, by weight, < 0,25% 131 of carbon, of square 4 not rectangular cross-sectio 760429 Bars, rods and solid profiles, of aluminium alloys, n.e.s. 113 18 720837 Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of >= 600 mm, in coils, 112 simply hot-rolled, 20 not clad, plated or coated, of a t Source: Author calculations based on UNSD Comtrade statistics, 2007 Vehicles and vehicle parts, in particular HS6 Product Description Indicative Trade Potential (US$ Mio) Relative Indicative Trade Potential (%) 870421 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods, with compression-ignition internal 2,170 combustion piston 95engines of a gross vehicle weight 870323 Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of 1,635 persons, incl. station 75 wagons and racing cars, with s 870332 Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of 1,556 persons, incl. station 97 wagons and racing cars, with c 852812 Television receivers, colour, whether or not incorporating radio-broadcast receivers 1,004 or sound 34 or video recording or reproducing a 870899 Parts and accessories, for tractors, motor vehicles for the transport of ten or more 814 persons, motor 85 cars and other motor vehicles 870322 Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons, 733 incl. station 69 wagons and racing cars, with s 840999 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with compression-ignition internal combustion 510 piston 53engines, n.e.s. 870829 Parts and accessories of bodies for tractors, motor vehicles for the transport of 483 ten or more persons, 86 motor cars and other motor 870331 Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons, 467 incl. station 78 wagons and racing cars, with c 870210 Motor vehicles for the transport of >= 10 persons, incl. driver, with compression-ignition 434 internal 54combustion piston engine "diese 845011 Fully-automatic household or laundry-type washing machines 390 79 841480 Air pumps, air or other gas compressors and ventilating or recycling hoods incorporating 323 a fan, 78whether or not fitted with filters, h 848180 Appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats or the like (excl. pressure-reducing 295 valves, valves 75 for the control of pneumatic pow 854459 Electric conductors, for a voltage > 80 V but
II.3. Trade preferences in BSEC The Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation has promoted a departure from previously protectionist and import-substitution policies existing in the region into a more open outward-looking export oriented paradigm. Countries in the region have undergone structural adjustment programmes, gradually moved to a market economy and encouraged international competitiveness. By analysing the tariff structure of the region, several characteristics can be highlighted to evaluate the level of openness and attractiveness for trade and investment in the region. In particular, with trade integration efforts, barriers to trade existing between member countries (tariff and non-tariff) are expected to fall while those with the outside world are expected to remain constant (or phased down in line with multilateral trade negotiations). There is currently no common external tariff for the region. The BSEC envisages the free flow of goods and services, factors of production and capital, and encourages interaction between Member States and private sector organizations, but it does not aim to form a customs union at this stage. Three countries (Greece, Bulgaria and Romania) belong to the European Union and have therefore adopted the same tariff structure as the EU. The other countries apply their own individual tariff rates. The current tariff structure is quite different from one country to another. The dispersion for the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) tariff rates can range from 0 percent to 1,000 percent and the differences between the countries’ tariff structures are sometimes very pronounced. For instance, Armenia has an MFN rate of 1,000 percent on cigars, cheroots and cigarillos containing tobacco, while other countries in BSEC apply a tariff rate between 0 percent and 60 percent. The regional economic cooperation has adopted a strategy which allows Member States to progress at different speeds into the liberalisation process, and permit them to have bilateral preferences with partners that share common interests in specific sectors. This approach has the advantage of conferring flexibility for member states and also to formulate independently from others their trade policy. However, this also can lead to trade deviation effects and inefficiencies. Figure 4 provides a summary of the principal tariff peaks which exist in the region and the dispersion between the highest and lowest tariff for a given good across BSEC. Tariffs have sometimes been converted from specific tariffs to ad-valorem equivalent tariffs in order to 37/135
Page 1: Black Sea Economic Cooperation: Stu
Page 4 and 5: . Table of Contents Abbreviations .
Page 6 and 7: . Table 15d. Greece’s Commitments
Page 8 and 9: . Abbreviations BSEC EBRD EU EUROST
Page 10 and 11: . econometric model, referred to as
Page 12 and 13: . In this regard, travel services h
Page 14 and 15: . stock and foreign affiliates acti
Page 16 and 17: Current account balance (% of GDP)
Page 18 and 19: % of GDP . The dynamism of the priv
Page 20 and 21: . I.2. Background to Trade and Inve
Page 22 and 23: . II. Trade Potential and Opportuni
Page 24 and 25: . As mentioned earlier, the major e
Page 26 and 27: Imports Perspective . There are cer
Page 28 and 29: . II.1.3 Intra-industry trade betwe
Page 30 and 31: j j . x is the value of total expo
Page 32 and 33: . Table 10 provides a summary of th
Page 34 and 35: . Table 11. Twenty five products wi
Page 36 and 37: . Wood and wood products, in parti
Page 40 and 41: Maximum MFN in Region (%) . make cr
Page 42 and 43: . II.4. Services With the exception
Page 44 and 45: . Table 13. Performance of trade in
Page 46 and 47: . Table 14a. Indicative Service Exp
Page 48 and 49: . Table 14e. Indicative Service Exp
Page 50 and 51: . Table 14i. Indicative Service Exp
Page 52 and 53: . divided by each mode of supply, f
Page 54 and 55: . Table 15b. Armenia’s Commitment
Page 56 and 57: . Table 15d. Greece’s Commitments
Page 58 and 59: . Table 15f. Turkey’s Commitments
Page 60 and 61: . Other commercial services (which
Page 62 and 63: . Table 16 Foreign direct investmen
Page 64 and 65: . In terms of existence of a legal
Page 66 and 67: . III.3. Sectoral opportunities BSE
Page 68 and 69: . service sector (retail, business
Page 70 and 71: . Table 23b. FDI in Bulgaria (2005)
Page 72 and 73: . Table 23d. FDI in Romania (2005)
Page 74 and 75: . Table 23f. FDI in Turkey (2005) I
Page 76 and 77: . 74/135
Page 78 and 79: . of trade in services performance,
Page 80 and 81: . Egger, P. (2002), An Econometric
Page 82 and 83: . World Bank (2005), Trade, Transp
Page 84 and 85: . Annex 1. Trade Indicators 82/135
Page 86 and 87: . Table A2. Major Import Partners f
Page 88 and 89:
. Table A4. Major Import by Product
Page 90 and 91:
Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Bulgaria
Page 92 and 93:
. HS Description ALB ARM AZE BGR GE
Page 94 and 95:
. Table A7 Trade intensity in BSEC
Page 96 and 97:
. HS Description ALB ARM AZE BGR GE
Page 98 and 99:
. country I and country j’s capit
Page 100 and 101:
. Annex 2.3. Results of Gravity Equ
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. Georgia Sector / Exports to ALB A
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. Russia Sector / Exports to ALB AR
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. Annex 2.4. Results of Trade Flow
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Annex 2.5. Results of Trade Flow An
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. Note: Excludes energy and tobacco
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