Water Handling Equipment Guide - National Wildfire Coordinating ...

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WATER PUMPING EQUIPMENT Pumps I. WATER-PUMPING EQUIPMENT For the purpose of this Guide, water-pumping equipment has been divided into five categories: pumps (a fire pump and power source), fire engines, water tenders, specialized, and plumbing. A. Pumps Pumps are either centrifugal or positive displacement; both types are used in wildland firefighting equipment. The centrifugal pumps employ outward force from a center of rotation (known as the eye) to move or discharge water. With these pumps the volume will vary with speed (rpm) and pressure. Centrifugal pumps are usually larger than positive displacement pumps and are employed for higher volumes. Volume pumps are designed for moving large volumes of water at low pressure to fill engines or water tenders. Special Considerations • The size of the job—The perimeter to be worked with water, the volume of fuels involved, the size and arrangement of fuel, and the distance from the fire to water source. • The fire characteristics—Smoldering, creeping, running, crowning, and spotting. • The number and kind of exposures ahead of the fire—Involving standing snags, down rotten logs, red slash, structures and improvements, or a stand of timber. • The static head, friction loss, and nozzle pressure needed—All affect pressure requirements. • Other factors—Establish flow (gal/min) and pressure (psi) requirements to meet job expectations. Centrifugal pump Figure 1—Pumps. Positive displacement pump Positive displacement pumps move a quantity of water with each stroke or revolution of the piston or impeller. Volume depends primarily upon speed (rpm). To a lesser extent volume may decrease at higher pressures due to reduction in pump efficiency. The rotary gear, vane, cam-and-piston, and rotary piston are typical units. Most are selfpriming. Most require relief valves to handle line surges, overloads, and flows not needed at the nozzle. Typical gear pumps have tight tolerances between the rotating parts and the pump housing. For purposes of this Guide, a pump is a combination of a fire pump and a power source. Components normally include engine controls, starter, spark arrester and muffler, pump primer, pressure gauge, fittings, connections, valves, and frame. Hand pumps are operated by hand in a push-pull action. Water is drawn from a backpack-type tank through a hose connection. • Hearing safety sound level—Ensures that the pump will comply with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards. If the pump unit produces more than 90 decibels (dBA) at the operator’s ear, a label shall be attached as required by OSHA. • Air pollution—Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Phase 1 emission standards have been in effect since production model year 1997 and are referenced in 40CFR Parts 9 and 90 of July 3, 1995. Pumps have been developed and are currently available that offer low emissions. Reference EPA and CARB Emissions Standards To Control Nonroad Exhaust Emissions of Fire Pumps and Chain Saws, 0251 1204–SDTDC, December 2002. The EPA Phase 2 will require more stringent emission standards to further reduce the hydrocarbons plus oxides of nitrogen by an additional 59 percent beyond the current Phase 1 standards. Phase 2 standards are scheduled for phasing in by 2007. 1
WATER PUMPING EQUIPMENT Pumps Note: Tampering with a certified engine may reduce the life span and performance of the engine and is against the law and subject to a civil penalty/fine. Work Assignments The typical assignments for a wildland fire pump are demanding and require rugged equipment. The following should be taken into consideration during the pump selection process: • Flow (gal/min) requirements are highly variable; water conservation is important. • Service is through lightweight, small-diameter hose lines, where friction loss is high. • Hose lays are often long. • Hose is often laid up steep slopes, with resulting high static head pressures. • Water is normally under high static suction lifts from source to pump. • Engine power will be reduced as altitude increases. • Temperatures are often high. • Hours of work are long. • Long service life is required. • Weight is an extremely important factor, particularly with portable pumps. • Available water is often abrasive and corrosive. • Pump reliability is extremely important. • Ease of operation and maintenance. • Performance versus initial investment and repairs. This section covering pumps is not meant to be all inclusive. The pumps described herein are a representative sampling based on information received during the national input solicitation for the revision of this publication. They are not intended to be an endorsement of any product and may not meet some agency's standards. More information can be obtained directly from the manufacturers listed in appendix G of this publication, or from the General Services Administration Schedule 42 (539) at www.fss.gsa.gov. 2
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WATER PUMPING EQUIPMENT Water tende
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WATER PUMPING EQUIPMENT Water Tende
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WATER PUMPING EQUIPMENT Nonhighway
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WATER PUMPING EQUIPMENT Trailer-Mou
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WATER PUMPING EQUIPMENT Plumbing G.
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FOAM GENERATING EQUIPMENT Foam Prop
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FOAM GENERATING EQUIPMENT Compresse
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FOAM GENERATING EQUIPMENT Foam Nozz
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WATER DELIVERY COMPONENTS AND ACCES
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APPENDIXES A—Nozzle Flow Rates Fl
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APPENDIXES B—Pressure and Flow Ra
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APPENDIX C
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APPENDIXES C—Flow Determination,
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APPENDIXES C—Flow Determination,
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APPENDIX D
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APPENDIXES D—Service Test for Fir
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APPENDIX E
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APPENDIXES E—Specifications and S
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APPENDIX F
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APPENDIXES F—Metric System Equiva
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APPENDIXES G—Suppliers This secti
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APPENDIXES H—Acronyms and Abbrevi
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APPENDIX I
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APPENDIXES I—Definitions Dacron
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APPENDIXES I—Definitions Oven agi
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APPENDIX J
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APPENDIXES J—Mobile Equipment Inp
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