LIMITATIONS OF GAUGE INVARIANCE
LIMITATIONS OF GAUGE INVARIANCE
LIMITATIONS OF GAUGE INVARIANCE
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
PONDEROMOTIVE ENERGY<br />
A charged particle in a plane-wave field has a minimal interaction energy with the<br />
field. That is, even a particle at rest on average has a minimal interaction energy with<br />
the field (sometimes called “quiver energy”). This is the ponderomotive energy U p .<br />
KELDYSH GAMMA PARAMETER<br />
Based on the tunneling concept, the following classification is nearly universal in the<br />
strong-field community:<br />
35