LIMITATIONS OF GAUGE INVARIANCE
LIMITATIONS OF GAUGE INVARIANCE
LIMITATIONS OF GAUGE INVARIANCE
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Intensity (a.u.)<br />
Intensity (W/cm 2 )<br />
LASER PHYSICS VIEWED FROM THE COULOMB <strong>GAUGE</strong><br />
10 4<br />
10 3<br />
10 2<br />
10 1<br />
10 0<br />
10 -1<br />
10 -2<br />
10 -3<br />
10 -4<br />
Wavelength (nm)<br />
10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1<br />
10.6 m<br />
CO 2<br />
Relativistic<br />
2U p =mc 2<br />
Non-dipole<br />
800 nm<br />
Ti:sapph<br />
0 =1<br />
U p =<br />
Perturbative<br />
100 eV<br />
10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1<br />
Field frequency (a.u.)<br />
10 20<br />
10 19<br />
10 18<br />
10 17<br />
10 16<br />
10 15<br />
10 14<br />
10 13<br />
limsVG 19apr10
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