LIMITATIONS OF GAUGE INVARIANCE
LIMITATIONS OF GAUGE INVARIANCE
LIMITATIONS OF GAUGE INVARIANCE
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CLASSICAL FREE ELECTRON IN A PLANE WAVE FIELD<br />
Electron follows a figure-8 trajectory resulting from the combined action<br />
of the electric and magnetic fields.<br />
α 0 = amplitude along electric field direction<br />
β 0 = amplitude along direction of propagation<br />
α<br />
0<br />
<br />
c<br />
ω<br />
2z<br />
f<br />
,<br />
β<br />
0<br />
<br />
c<br />
ω<br />
zf<br />
4<br />
,<br />
β<br />
α<br />
0<br />
0<br />
<br />
1<br />
4<br />
zf<br />
2<br />
,<br />
z<br />
f<br />
<br />
2U<br />
mc<br />
p<br />
2
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