LIMITATIONS OF GAUGE INVARIANCE
LIMITATIONS OF GAUGE INVARIANCE
LIMITATIONS OF GAUGE INVARIANCE
SHOW LESS
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
ATOMIC UNITS<br />
1; m 1; e 1, or q 1<br />
e<br />
1 c<br />
c 137.<br />
2<br />
e<br />
DIPOLE APPROXIMATION<br />
Rather than dealing formally with a multipole expansion, the dipole<br />
approximation is regarded as implying 2 properties:<br />
t kr<br />
t<br />
B =0<br />
This leads to two forms of the Schrödinger equation, where V(r) is the<br />
atomic binding potential:<br />
e<br />
21
Change language