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though it may also be combined with “do so”: (8) Martha could sing well, and George could too. (9) Martha could sing well, and George could do so too. (10) Martha is singing now, and George is too (11) Martha has sung before, and George has done so too. As usual, be behaves like an auxiliary even when a main verb and the behavior of have as main verb is unpredictable, with either sentence (13) or sentence (14) being acceptable: (12) Martha is a soprano, and George is too. (13) Martha has a lovely voice, and George has too. (14) Martha has a lovely voice, and George does too. As a “pro-verb” or a product of DO-INSERTION, do brings no meaning of its own to the sentence. Every once in a while, however, it is a normal main verb conveying an action one is expected to deduce from the verbal context, as in the following sentences: (15) Alphonse does my hair himself. (16) Do it to me, baby, one more time. (17) Debby does Dallas. As a pro-verb or main verb, do itself requires Do-INSERTION for yes/no questions, the emphatic do, and negative sentences: (18) Did you do this? (19) Daddy did do time, . (20) I didn’t do anything. EXERCISE 5.03: Uses of DO–Say whether each use of do is a main verb, a pro-verb, or supplied by DO-insertion for an interrogative, a negative sentence, or emphasis. 1) A little chocolate now and then doesn’t hurt. 2) Daddy does the dishes 3) Does your mother know that you’re out? 4) Don’t climb a tree to look for fish. 5) I do believe in life on Mars. 6) My baby does me good. 7) No man manages his affairs as well as a tree does. 8) She told me to stop and I did. 9) What if some random stranger really does want to give you money? 10) Why do birds suddenly appear? Dare and need were also used as modals in older forms of English, but these days we more commonly use expressions like dare to, need to, have to, ought to. Like be going to, have to, and used to. Such expressions are sometimes called quasi-modals or semi-modals. Such expressions are part of a larger group called quasi-auxiliaries and thus part of an even larger group called catenative verbs. Other traditional modals are need, dare, and ought to: (1) Need you go? (2) Dare you ask such a question? 116
(3) Ought you to do so? One might think that ought to could be interpreted as a verb followed by an infinitive expression–you ought to do this, etc–but it is clearly in the modal position, as one can see from its inability to co-exist with other modals–e.g., we cannot say may ought to or will ought to. 117 Dare and need are seldom found these days and are generally replaced with dare to and need to, which we have already encountered as alternatives to must. Unlike ought to, dare to and need to are not full modals but quasi-modals (also called semi-modals). They can appear with other modals: (4) He will dare to speak the truth. (5) He will need to shave that beard. Another quasi-modal expressing obligation is have to: (6) I have to drive to Milwaukee. (7) I may have to drive to Milwaukee. Like most modals and quasi-modals, have to can be used to express future time. More explicitly linked to the future is the quasi-modal be going to. In informal American English, this is probably used more frequently than will to form a kind of future “tense,” even though it can co-occur with true modals, possibly even will. (8) I am going to drive to Milwaukee tonight. (9) I may be going to drive to Milwaukee tomorrow. (10) ?I will be going to go to Milwaukee tomorrow. A final prominent quasi-modal is used to. This cannot be used to express the future, as its principal use is to imply that an action was habitual in the past. Like ought to, it does not occur along with other modals, but unlike ought to it is rarely classed as a true modal: (11) I used to drive to Milwaukee all the time. One basis for this distinction is that the first word in ought to can move in INVERSION, though it sounds rather formal: (12) Ought I to worry about this? (13) I ought to take steps to deal with this, oughtn’t I? (14) Why ought I to do this? Used to, on the other hand requires DO-INSERTION, always in the past tense: (15) Did you used to worry about this? (16) You used to deal with this, didn’t you? (17) Why did you used to act like that? In traditional grammar, one can interpret expressions like used to as involving catenative verbs, verbs which characteristically take infinitive or gerund phrases as their object. English has a great many such verbs, some of which are used this way enough to count as at least quasi-auxiliaries. This is a more general term than quasi-modal because some quasiauxiliaries appear in place of be and have as auxiliaries. Only those catenative verbs which seem to take the place of auxiliaries are considered quasi-auxiliaries. Here are some others: (18) We were allowed to go. (19) We attempted to escape. (20) Tom avoided dancing with Martha. (21) Martha enjoyed dancing with Edgar.
Page 1 and 2: V. VERB QUALITIES -Subjunctive Mood
Page 3 and 4: Exercise 5.02: Subjunctive or Not?-
Page 5: In addition to its obvious uses in
Page 9 and 10: (2) The captain was drinking heavil
Page 11 and 12: You might notice that the auxiliary
Page 13 and 14: 123 We can sometimes become confuse
Page 15 and 16: Passive Voice When have is the prim
Page 17 and 18: What looks like the object of a pre
Page 19 and 20: EXERCISE 5.09: Passive and Active--
Page 21 and 22: 11) Karen is knocked up. 12) Last n

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