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BMP Selection Chapter 2 provided by infiltration BMPs. Particulates are removed at the ground surface and upper soil horizon by filtration, while soluble constituents can be absorbed into the soil, at least in part, as the runoff infiltrates into the ground. Site-specific soil characteristics, such as permeability, cation exchange potential, and depth to groundwater or bedrock are important characteristics to consider for filtration (and infiltration) BMPs. Examples of filtering BMPs include sand filters, bioretention, and permeable pavements with a sand filter layer. 4. Adsorption/Absorption: In the context of BMPs, sorption processes describe the interaction of waterborne constituents with surrounding materials (e.g., soil, water). Absorption is the incorporation of a substance in one state into another of a different state (e.g., liquids being absorbed by a solid). Adsorption is the physical adherence or bonding of ions and molecules onto the surface of another molecule. Many factors such as pH, temperature and ionic state affect the chemical equilibrium in BMPs and the extent to which these processes provide pollutant removal. Sorption processes often play primary roles in BMPs such as constructed wetland basins, retention ponds, and bioretention systems. Opportunities may exist to optimize performance of BMPs through the use of engineered media or chemical addition to enhance sorption processes. 5. Biological Uptake: Biological uptake and storage processes include the assimilation of organic and inorganic constituents by plants and microbes. Plants and microbes require soluble and dissolved constituents such as nutrients and minerals for growth. These constituents are ingested or taken up from the water column or growing medium (soil) and concentrated through bacterial action, phytoplankton growth, and other biochemical processes. In some instances, plants can be harvested to remove the constituents permanently. In addition, certain biological activities can reduce toxicity of some pollutants and/or possible adverse effects on higher aquatic species. Unfortunately, not much is understood yet about how biological uptake or activity interacts with stormwater during the relatively brief periods it is in contact with the biological media in most BMPs, with the possible exception of retention ponds between storm events (Hartigan, 1989). Bioretention, constructed wetlands, and retention ponds are all examples of BMPs that provide biological uptake. When selecting BMPs, it is important to have realistic expectations of effluent pollutant concentrations. The International Stormwater BMP Database (www.bmpdatabase.org) provides BMP performance information that is updated periodically and summarized in Table 2-2. BMPs also provide varying degrees of volume reduction benefits. Both pollutant concentration reduction and volume reduction are key components in the whole life cycle cost tool BMP-REALCOST.xls (Roesner and Olson 2009) discussed later in this chapter. It is critical to recognize that for BMPs to function effectively, meet performance expectations, and provide for public safety, BMPs must: 1. Be designed according to UDFCD criteria, taking into account site-specific conditions (e.g., high groundwater, expansive clays and long-term availability of water). 2. Be constructed as designed. This is important for all BMPs, but appears to be particularly critical for permeable pavements, rain gardens and infiltration-oriented facilities. 3. Be properly maintained to function as designed. Although all BMPs require maintenance, infiltration-oriented facilities are particularly susceptible to clogging without proper maintenance. Underground facilities can be vulnerable to maintenance neglect because maintenance needs are not evident from the surface without special tools and procedures for access. Maintenance is not only essential for proper functioning, but also for aesthetic and safety reasons. Inspection of facilities is an important step to identify and plan for needed maintenance. 2-4 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District August 2011 Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual Volume 3
Chapter 2 BMP Selection Table 2-1. Primary, Secondary and Incidental Treatment Process Provided by BMPs Hydrologic Processes Treatment Processes Peak Volume Physical Chemical Biological UDFCD BMP Flow Attenuation Evapo- Infiltration transpiration Sedimentation Filtration Straining Adsorption/ Absorption Biological Uptake Grass Swale I S I S S P S S Grass Buffer I S I S S P S S Constructed Wetland Channel I N/A P P S P S P Green Roof P S P N/A P N/A I P Permeable Pavement Systems P P N/A S P N/A N/A N/A Bioretention P P S P P S S 1 P Extended Detention Basin P I I P N/A S S I Sand Filter P P I P P N/A S 1 N/A Constructed Wetland Pond P I P P S S P P Retention Pond P I P P N/A N/A P S Underground BMPs Variable N/A N/A Variable Variable Variable Variable N/A Notes: P = Primary; S = Secondary, I = Incidental; N/A = Not Applicable 1 Depending on media August 2011 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District 2-5 Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual Volume 3
Page 3 and 4: Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manua
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Urban Storm Drain
Page 7: Disclaimer Attention all persons us
Page 11 and 12: Preface 1.0 Acknowledgements The Ur
Page 13 and 14: Preface 2.0 Purpose Volume 3 of the
Page 15 and 16: Preface • Glossary: A glossary is
Page 17 and 18: Preface fps ft FHWA GB GS H:V HSG F
Page 19: Chapter 1 Stormwater Management and
Page 22 and 23: Stormwater Management and Planning
Page 43: Chapter 2 BMP Selection Contents 1.
Page 46 and 47: BMP Selection Chapter 2 area is too
Page 50 and 51: BMP Selection Chapter 2 Table 2-2.
Page 52 and 53: BMP Selection Chapter 2 1.4 Storage
Page 54 and 55: BMP Selection Chapter 2 1.8 Online
Page 56 and 57: BMP Selection Chapter 2 reflect the
Page 58 and 59: BMP Selection Chapter 2 Figure 2-2.
Page 60 and 61: BMP Selection Chapter 2 3.0 Life Cy
Page 62 and 63: BMP Selection Chapter 2 5.0 Referen
Page 64 and 65: Figure 3-15. Colorado Green Impervi
Page 66 and 67: Calculating the WQCV and Volume Red
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Calculating the WQCV and Volume Red
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Chapter 4 Treatment BMPs Contents 1
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Treatment BMPs Chapter 4 2.0 Treatm
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Treatment BMPs Chapter 4 3.0 Refere
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Grass Buffer T-1 4. Buffer Slope: T
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Grass Buffer T-1 Turf grasses such
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Grass Buffer T-1 Figure GB-2. Typic
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Grass Buffer T-1 References Barrett
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T-2 Grass Swale • Provide access
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T-2 Grass Swale 8. Underdrain: An u
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T-2 Grass Swale Figure GS-1. Grass
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T-2 Grass Swale References Chow, Ve
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T-3 Bioretention Site Selection Bio
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T-3 Bioretention Table B-1. Class 1
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Bioretention T-3 Pipe Diameter Tabl
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Bioretention T-3 6. Inlet/Outlet Co
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Bioretention T-3 Table B-6. Native
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Bioretention T-3 Figure B-1 - Typic
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Bioretention T-3 November 2010 Urba
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Bioretention T-3 Figure B-2. Geomem
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Bioretention T-3 Construction Examp
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Bioretention T-3 Design Example The
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Bioretention T-3 Design Procedure F
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T-4 Green Roof reduction benefits o
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T-4 Green Roof Figure GR-1. Typical
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Green Roof T-4 6. Planting Method:
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Green Roof T-4 Additional Design Gu
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Green Roof T-4 Colorado Examples Th
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Extended Detention Basin (EDB) T-5
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T-5 Extended Detention Basin (EDB)
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T-6 Sand Filter adjacent structures
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T-6 Sand Filter 5. Impermeable Geom
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T-6 Sand Filter Figure SF-1. Sand F
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T-6 Sand Filter Design Examples The
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Retention Pond T-7 Description A re
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Retention Pond T-7 H = depth of sur
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Retention Pond T-7 Aesthetic Design
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Retention Pond T-7 Design Example F
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Retention Pond T-7 Design Procedure
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Retention Pond T-7 References Bedie
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T-8 Constructed Wetland Pond be des
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T-8 Constructed Wetland Pond Figure
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T-8 Constructed Wetland Pond Design
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T-8 Constructed Wetland Pond Refere
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T-9 Constructed Wetland Channel A c
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T-9 Constructed Wetland Channel Fig
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Permeable Pavement Systems T-10 Des
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Permeable Pavement Systems T-10 •
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Permeable Pavement Systems T-10 inf
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Permeable Pavement Systems T-10 3.
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Permeable Pavement Systems T-10 Fig
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Permeable Pavement Systems T-10 Tab
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Permeable Pavement Systems T-10 con
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Permeable Pavement Systems T-10 No-
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Permeable Pavement Systems T-10 Des
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Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pav
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Concrete Grid Pavement T-10.2 Note:
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Pervious Concrete T-10.3 This BMP F
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T-10.4 Porous Gravel Designing for
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T-10.5 Reinforced Grass Designing f
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T-11 Underground BMPs Underground B
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T-11 Underground BMPs • Traffic L
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T-11 Underground BMPs Design Proced
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T-11 Underground BMPs • Wisconsin
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T-11 Underground BMPs For these rea
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T-12 Outlet Structures Orifice Plat
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T-12 Outlet Structures 100 A t / A
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T-12 Outlet Structures Table OS-3a.
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T-12 Outlet Structures Outlet Geome
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T-12 Outlet Structures Figure OS-2.
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Chapter 5 Source Control BMPs Conte
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Source Control BMPs Chapter 5 Table
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Source Control BMPs Chapter 5 • P
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Source Control BMPs Chapter 5 • S
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Source Control BMPs Chapter 5 5.0 R
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S-1 Covering Outdoor Storage and Ha
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S-2 Spill Prevention, Containment a
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S-2 Spill Prevention, Containment a
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S-3 Disposal of Household Waste •
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S-3 Disposal of Household Waste •
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S-4 Illicit Discharge Controls •
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Good Housekeeping S-5 Description G
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Good Housekeeping S-5 purchase orde
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Vehicle Maintenance, Fueling and St
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Vehicle Maintenance, Fueling and St
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S-8 Use of Pesticides, Herbicides a
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S-8 Use of Pesticides, Herbicides a
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Landscape Maintenance S-9 Descripti
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Landscape Maintenance S-9 • When
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Landscape Maintenance S-9 • Maint
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S-10 Snow and Ice Management o o Di
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S-10 Snow and Ice Management • Do
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S-11 Street Sweeping and Cleaning a
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S-12 Storm Sewer System Cleaning Fr
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Stormwater Management and Planning
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BMP Maintenance Chapter 6 party res
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BMP Maintenance Chapter 6 with comm
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BMP Maintenance Chapter 6 4.5 Irrig
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BMP Maintenance Chapter 6 root syst
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BMP Maintenance Chapter 6 9.4 Mosqu
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BMP Maintenance Chapter 6 11.2 Debr
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BMP Maintenance Chapter 6 • Filte
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Construction BMP Fact Sheets Map Sy
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Chapter 7 Construction BMPs 1.0 Int
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Chapter 7 Construction BMPs 2.2 Sed
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Chapter 7 Construction BMPs Table 7
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Chapter 7 Construction BMPs o o The
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Chapter 7 Construction BMPs • Fin
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Chapter 7 Construction BMPs such as
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Chapter 7 Construction BMPs Pre-Con
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Chapter 7 Construction BMPs 4.1 Ero
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Construction BMPs Chapter 7 4.4 Mat
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Construction BMPs Chapter 7 • Slo
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Construction BMPs Chapter 7 • Pro
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Construction BMPs Chapter 7 constru
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Construction BMPs Chapter 7 Service
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Construction BMPs Chapter 7 When se
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Construction BMPs Chapter 7 • Tre
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Construction BMP Plan Symbols MS-2
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Construction BMP Plan Symbols MS-4
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Surface Roughening (SR) EC-1 Descri
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Surface Roughening (SR) EC-1 Novemb
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Temporary and Permanent Seeding (TS
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Soil Binders (SB) EC-3 Description
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Soil Binders (SB) EC-3 Factors to c
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Soil Binders (SB) EC-3 Installation
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Mulching (MU) EC-4 Description Mulc
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Compost Blanket and Filter Berm (CB
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Compost Blanket and Filter Berm (CB
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Rolled Erosion Control Products (RE
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EC-7 Temporary Slope Drains (TSD) M
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EC-7 Temporary Slope Drains (TSD) S
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EC-8 Temporary Outlet Protection (T
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Rough Cut Street Control (RCS) EC-9
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Rough Cut Street Control (RCS) EC-9
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EC-10 Earth Dikes and Drainage Swal
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EC-10 Earth Dikes and Drainage Swal
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Terracing (TER) EC-11 Description T
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Check Dams (CD) EC-12 Description C
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Check Dams (CD) EC-12 November 2010
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Check Dams (CD) EC-12 November 2010
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Streambank Stabilization (SS) EC-13
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Wind Erosion/Dust Control (DC) EC-1
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MM-1 Concrete Washout Area (CWA) se
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MM-1 Concrete Washout Area (CWA) CW
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MM-2 Stockpile Management (SM) When
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MM-2 Stockpile Management (SM) SP-4
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MM-2 Stockpile Management (SM) SP-6
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MM-3 Good Housekeeping Practices (G
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SC-1 Silt Fence (SF) Maintenance an
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SC-1 Silt Fence (SF) SF-4 Urban Dra
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SC-2 Sediment Control Log (SCL) Alt
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SC-2 Sediment Control Log (SCL) SCL
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Straw Bale Barrier (SBB) SC-3 Descr
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Straw Bale Barrier (SBB) SC-3 Novem
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SC-4 Brush Barrier (BB) Maintenance
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SC-5 Rock Sock (RS) RS-2 Urban Drai
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Inlet Protection (IP) SC-6 Descript
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Inlet Protection (IP) SC-6 • Remo
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Inlet Protection (IP) SC-6 August 2
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Inlet Protection (IP) SC-6 August 2
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Sediment Basin (SB) SC-7 Descriptio
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Sediment Basin (SB) SC-7 Illustrati
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Sediment Basin (SB) SC-7 August 201
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Sediment Basin (SB) SC-7 August 201
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SC-8 Sediment Trap (ST) ST-2 Urban
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Vegetated Buffers (VB) SC-9 Descrip
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SC-10 Chemical Treatment (CT) Maint
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SM-1 Construction Phasing/Sequencin
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SM-1 Construction Phasing/Sequencin
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SM-2 Protection of Existing Vegetat
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Construction Fence (CF) SM-3 Descri
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Construction Fence (CF) SM-3 Novemb
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SM-4 Vehicle Tracking Control (VTC)
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Stabilized Staging Area (SSA) SM-6
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Stabilized Staging Area (SSA) SM-6
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Street Sweeping and Vacuuming (SS)
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SM-8 Temporary Diversion Methods (T
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Dewatering Operations (DW) SM-9 Des
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Dewatering Operations (DW) SM-9 Nov
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Dewatering Operations (DW) SM-9 Nov
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SM-10 Temporary Stream Crossing (TS
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SM-11 Temporary Batch Plant (TBP) A
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Glossary 1 Note: This glossary is n
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Effluent Limitation Guidelines (ELG
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Low Impact Development (LID): LID i
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Revised Universal Soil Loss Equatio
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Bibliography Altitude Training Asso
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Bibliography U.S. Environmental Pro
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Bibliography Metcalf and Eddy, Inc.
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Bibliography Water Environment Fede
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