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S-10 Snow and Ice Management o o Direct contact often occurs when the deicing chemicals accumulate on the plants due to drift during application, or when snow or ice containing the chemical is shoveled or blown onto nearby plants. Because these chemicals are salts, direct contact with the foliage may result in burning due to a rapid dehydration effect. Buildup of de-icing chemicals in the soil may have even more detrimental effects. Repeated application over time (either during a particular winter season or over many seasons) may damage plants by making their roots unable to take up water. Symptoms will include wilting even when the soil is moist, leaf burn or needle tip burn, stunting or lack of vigor, and/or deficiency symptoms for one or more plant nutrients. The structure of clay soils can be changed to the point that they are unable to support plant life. • Deicing chemicals that are considered safer to use around plants include calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) or calcium chloride. As with all chemicals used in the landscape, be sure to read and follow label instructions and do not over apply. • The Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) has conducted multiple studies on deicing chemicals. The SeaCrest Group (2001) studied three groups of deicers for CDOT that were chloridebased, acetate-based, and sanding materials. The chloride-based deicers included magnesium chloride (FreezGard Zero® with Shield LS®, Ice-Stop CI, Caliber M1000, Ice Ban M50), calcium chloride (Liquidow®, Armor®), and sodium chloride (road salt and Ice Slicer®). The acetate-based deicers include Calcium Magnesium Acetate (CMA®), Potassium Acetate (CF7®), Sodium Acetate (NAAC®), and CMAK (a mixture of CMA and Potassium Acetate). Table 1 contains a partial summary of the study findings. • Highlights of the SeaCrest (2001) study regarding impacts associated with the three categories include: o o o The chloride-based deicers have been shown to have adverse effects on terrestrial vegetation. Damage to vegetation from deicing salts has been reported to a distance of 100-650 feet. However, there is a wide range of tolerance of different species of plants to the effects of chlorides. The chloride ions in deicers increase the salinity of the soil near the roadways where they are applied. The magnesium and calcium ions increase the stability and permeability of the soil, whereas sodium ions decrease soil stability and permeability. The acetate-based deicers are organic and have different kinds of effects on the environment than the chloride-based deicers. The acetate ions are broken down by soil microorganisms and may result in oxygen depletion of the soil, which can impact vegetation; however, the acetate deicers CMA and Potassium Acetate (CMAK) are not harmful to terrestrial vegetation at the concentrations typically used on roadways. However, NAAC may potentially have an adverse effect on vegetation because of the presence of the sodium ion, which decreases the stability and permeability of the soil. The depletion of oxygen in the soil from the breakdown of the acetate ion can have a negative effect on plant growth, but field evidence of this effect is limited. Sand is not a deicer, but is used for snow and ice control because it improves traction. Sand has a negative effect on water quality as a result of the increased turbidity caused by the presence of sand particles in water. Excessive quantities of sand can smother vegetation. SIM-2 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District November 2010 Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual Volume 3
Snow and Ice Management S-10 Table SIM-1. Potential Environmental Impacts of Various Deicers (Source: The SeaCrest Group 2001) 2 Deicer/ Parameter Chemicals Soil Water Quality Air Quality Aquatic Organisms Terrestrial Vegetation Terrestrial Animals Inhibited Magnesium Chloride (Liquid) Trace metals Improves structure, increases salinity Increases salinity Minimal air pollution Relatively low toxicity Chlorides damage vegetation Does not attract wildlife Caliber + Magnesium Chloride (Liquid) Trace metals, phosphorus, ammonia Improves structure, increases salinity, oxygen depletion Increases salinity; oxygen depletion Minimal air pollution Relatively low toxicity Chlorides damage vegetation Does not attract wildlife Ice Ban + Magnesium Sodium Chloride Chloride/ Ice (Liquid) Slicer (Solid) Trace metals, phosphorus, ammonia, nitrates Improves structure, increases salinity, oxygen depletion Increases salinity; oxygen depletion Minimal air pollution Moderate toxicity Chlorides damage vegetation Does not attract wildlife Trace metals Increases salinity; decreases stability Increases salinity Some air pollution Relatively low toxicity Chlorides damage vegetation Attracts wildlife contributing to road kills Inhibited Calcium Chloride (Liquid) Trace metals, ammonia, nitrates. Improves structure, increases salinity Increases salinity Minimal air pollution Relatively low toxicity Chlorides damage vegetation Does not attract wildlife CMA (Solid/ Liquid) Trace metals Improves structure; oxygen depletion Minimal air pollution Relatively low toxicity Minimal damage to vegetation CMAK (Liquid) Trace metals, ammonia, nitrates. Improves structure; oxygen depletion Oxygen depletion Minimal air pollution Moderate toxicity Minimal damage to vegetation Not Not expected to expected to attract attract wildlife wildlife Potassium Acetate (Liquid) Trace metals Improves structure; oxygen depletion Oxygen depletion Minimal air pollution Moderate toxicity Minimal damage to vegetation Not expected to attract wildlife NAAC (Solid) Trace metals, phosphorus Decreases stability; oxygen depletion Oxygen depletion Some air pollution Relatively low toxicity Effects to vegetation not determined May attract wildlife contributing to roadkills Sand Trace metals Minimal effects Increases turbidity High air pollution potential Can cover benthic organisms and cause mortality Can cover vegetation and cause mortality May cover burrows of small animals and cause mortality Note: Trace metals that may be present include arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, and zinc. Soil comments related to structure refer to the affect on soil stability, which relates to erosion. See http://www.coloradodot.info/programs/research/pdfs/2001/deicers.pdf/view for more information. • Where practicable, do not use deicers to melt snow or ice completely, but to make their removal easier. Deicers melt down through the ice or snow to the hard surface, then spread out underneath. This undercuts and loosens the snow so shoveling and plowing can be done. For this reason, it is helpful to apply deicers prior to snow events in some cases. • Research has shown that the shape of deicing particles affects the speed of their penetration through ice. Uniformly shaped spherical pellets of about 1/16 inch to 3/16 inch penetrate ice faster and more efficiently than other shapes. • Try to avoid the use of rock salt since it is generally most damaging to plants, soils and concrete and metal surfaces. In areas where deicing salts are unavoidable, select plants with higher salt tolerances. 2 The SeaCrest Group, 2001. Evaluation of Selected Deicers Based on a Review of the Literature, Report No. CDOT-DTD- 2001-15. Prepared for Colorado Department of Transportation Research Branch. November 2010 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District SIM-3 Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual Volume 3
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Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manua
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Table of Contents Urban Storm Drain
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Disclaimer Attention all persons us
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Preface 1.0 Acknowledgements The Ur
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Preface 2.0 Purpose Volume 3 of the
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Preface • Glossary: A glossary is
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Preface fps ft FHWA GB GS H:V HSG F
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Chapter 1 Stormwater Management and
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Stormwater Management and Planning
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Chapter 2 BMP Selection Contents 1.
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BMP Selection Chapter 2 area is too
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BMP Selection Chapter 2 provided by
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BMP Selection Chapter 2 Table 2-2.
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BMP Selection Chapter 2 1.4 Storage
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BMP Selection Chapter 2 1.8 Online
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BMP Selection Chapter 2 reflect the
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BMP Selection Chapter 2 Figure 2-2.
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BMP Selection Chapter 2 3.0 Life Cy
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BMP Selection Chapter 2 5.0 Referen
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Figure 3-15. Colorado Green Impervi
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Calculating the WQCV and Volume Red
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Chapter 4 Treatment BMPs Contents 1
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Treatment BMPs Chapter 4 2.0 Treatm
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Treatment BMPs Chapter 4 3.0 Refere
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Grass Buffer T-1 4. Buffer Slope: T
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Grass Buffer T-1 Turf grasses such
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Grass Buffer T-1 Figure GB-2. Typic
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Grass Buffer T-1 References Barrett
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T-2 Grass Swale • Provide access
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T-2 Grass Swale 8. Underdrain: An u
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T-2 Grass Swale Figure GS-1. Grass
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T-2 Grass Swale References Chow, Ve
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T-3 Bioretention Site Selection Bio
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T-3 Bioretention Table B-1. Class 1
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Bioretention T-3 Pipe Diameter Tabl
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Bioretention T-3 6. Inlet/Outlet Co
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Bioretention T-3 Table B-6. Native
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Bioretention T-3 Figure B-1 - Typic
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Bioretention T-3 November 2010 Urba
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Bioretention T-3 Figure B-2. Geomem
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Bioretention T-3 Construction Examp
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Bioretention T-3 Design Example The
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Bioretention T-3 Design Procedure F
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T-4 Green Roof reduction benefits o
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T-4 Green Roof Figure GR-1. Typical
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Green Roof T-4 6. Planting Method:
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Green Roof T-4 Additional Design Gu
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Green Roof T-4 Colorado Examples Th
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Extended Detention Basin (EDB) T-5
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T-5 Extended Detention Basin (EDB)
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T-6 Sand Filter adjacent structures
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T-6 Sand Filter 5. Impermeable Geom
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T-6 Sand Filter Figure SF-1. Sand F
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T-6 Sand Filter Design Examples The
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Retention Pond T-7 Description A re
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Retention Pond T-7 H = depth of sur
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Retention Pond T-7 Aesthetic Design
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Retention Pond T-7 Design Example F
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Retention Pond T-7 Design Procedure
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Retention Pond T-7 References Bedie
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T-8 Constructed Wetland Pond be des
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T-8 Constructed Wetland Pond Figure
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T-8 Constructed Wetland Pond Design
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T-8 Constructed Wetland Pond Refere
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T-9 Constructed Wetland Channel A c
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T-9 Constructed Wetland Channel Fig
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Permeable Pavement Systems T-10 Des
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Permeable Pavement Systems T-10 •
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Permeable Pavement Systems T-10 inf
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Permeable Pavement Systems T-10 3.
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Permeable Pavement Systems T-10 Fig
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Permeable Pavement Systems T-10 Tab
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Permeable Pavement Systems T-10 con
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Permeable Pavement Systems T-10 No-
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Permeable Pavement Systems T-10 Des
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Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pav
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Concrete Grid Pavement T-10.2 Note:
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Pervious Concrete T-10.3 This BMP F
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T-10.4 Porous Gravel Designing for
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T-10.5 Reinforced Grass Designing f
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T-11 Underground BMPs Underground B
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T-11 Underground BMPs • Traffic L
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T-11 Underground BMPs Design Proced
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T-11 Underground BMPs • Wisconsin
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T-11 Underground BMPs For these rea
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T-12 Outlet Structures Orifice Plat
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T-12 Outlet Structures 100 A t / A
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T-12 Outlet Structures Table OS-3a.
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T-12 Outlet Structures Outlet Geome
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T-12 Outlet Structures Figure OS-2.
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T-12 Outlet Structures Figure OS-5.
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Page 307 and 308: Good Housekeeping S-5 Description G
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Construction BMPs Chapter 7 • Pro
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Construction BMPs Chapter 7 constru
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Construction BMPs Chapter 7 Service
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Construction BMPs Chapter 7 When se
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Construction BMPs Chapter 7 • Tre
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Construction BMP Plan Symbols MS-2
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Construction BMP Plan Symbols MS-4
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Surface Roughening (SR) EC-1 Descri
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Surface Roughening (SR) EC-1 Novemb
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Temporary and Permanent Seeding (TS
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Soil Binders (SB) EC-3 Description
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Soil Binders (SB) EC-3 Factors to c
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Soil Binders (SB) EC-3 Installation
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Mulching (MU) EC-4 Description Mulc
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Compost Blanket and Filter Berm (CB
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EC-7 Temporary Slope Drains (TSD) M
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EC-8 Temporary Outlet Protection (T
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Rough Cut Street Control (RCS) EC-9
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Rough Cut Street Control (RCS) EC-9
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EC-10 Earth Dikes and Drainage Swal
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Terracing (TER) EC-11 Description T
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Check Dams (CD) EC-12 Description C
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Check Dams (CD) EC-12 November 2010
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Check Dams (CD) EC-12 November 2010
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Streambank Stabilization (SS) EC-13
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Wind Erosion/Dust Control (DC) EC-1
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MM-1 Concrete Washout Area (CWA) se
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MM-1 Concrete Washout Area (CWA) CW
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MM-2 Stockpile Management (SM) When
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MM-2 Stockpile Management (SM) SP-4
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MM-2 Stockpile Management (SM) SP-6
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MM-3 Good Housekeeping Practices (G
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SC-1 Silt Fence (SF) Maintenance an
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SC-1 Silt Fence (SF) SF-4 Urban Dra
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SC-2 Sediment Control Log (SCL) Alt
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SC-2 Sediment Control Log (SCL) SCL
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Straw Bale Barrier (SBB) SC-3 Descr
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Straw Bale Barrier (SBB) SC-3 Novem
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SC-4 Brush Barrier (BB) Maintenance
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SC-5 Rock Sock (RS) RS-2 Urban Drai
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Inlet Protection (IP) SC-6 Descript
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Inlet Protection (IP) SC-6 • Remo
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Inlet Protection (IP) SC-6 August 2
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Inlet Protection (IP) SC-6 August 2
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Sediment Basin (SB) SC-7 Descriptio
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Sediment Basin (SB) SC-7 Illustrati
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Sediment Basin (SB) SC-7 August 201
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Sediment Basin (SB) SC-7 August 201
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SC-8 Sediment Trap (ST) ST-2 Urban
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Vegetated Buffers (VB) SC-9 Descrip
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SC-10 Chemical Treatment (CT) Maint
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SM-1 Construction Phasing/Sequencin
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SM-2 Protection of Existing Vegetat
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Construction Fence (CF) SM-3 Descri
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Construction Fence (CF) SM-3 Novemb
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SM-4 Vehicle Tracking Control (VTC)
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Stabilized Staging Area (SSA) SM-6
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Stabilized Staging Area (SSA) SM-6
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Street Sweeping and Vacuuming (SS)
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SM-8 Temporary Diversion Methods (T
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Dewatering Operations (DW) SM-9 Des
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Dewatering Operations (DW) SM-9 Nov
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SM-10 Temporary Stream Crossing (TS
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Effluent Limitation Guidelines (ELG
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Low Impact Development (LID): LID i
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Revised Universal Soil Loss Equatio
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Bibliography Altitude Training Asso
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Bibliography U.S. Environmental Pro
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Bibliography Metcalf and Eddy, Inc.
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Bibliography Water Environment Fede
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