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Example: .................................................................................................. 50 Loop Control Statements: ........................................................................ 52 Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 52 Flow Diagram: .......................................................................................... 52 Example: .................................................................................................. 53 Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 54 Flow Diagram: .......................................................................................... 54 Example: .................................................................................................. 55 Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 56 Flow Diagram: .......................................................................................... 56 Example: .................................................................................................. 57 Functions ............................................................................... 58 Subprograms ........................................................................................... 58 Functions ................................................................................................. 58 Defining a Function: ................................................................................. 59 Function Declarations: ............................................................................. 60 Procedure .............................................................................. 62 Defining a Procedure: .............................................................................. 62 Procedure Declarations: .......................................................................... 63 Calling a Procedure: ................................................................................ 63 Recursive Subprograms .......................................................................... 64 Arguments of a Subprogram: ..................................................................... 66 Variable Scope ....................................................................... 70 Local Variables ........................................................................................ 70 Global Variables ........................................................................................ 71 Strings .................................................................................... 74 Examples ................................................................................................. 74 Pascal String Functions and Procedures ................................................. 76 Boolean .................................................................................. 79 Declaration of Boolean Data Types ......................................................... 79 Example: .................................................................................................. 80 Arrays..................................................................................... 81 Declaring Arrays ...................................................................................... 81 Types of Array Subscript ......................................................................... 82 Initializing Arrays ...................................................................................... 83 Accessing Array Elements ....................................................................... 83 Pascal Arrays in Detail ............................................................................. 84 Two-Dimensional Arrays: ......................................................................... 85 Initializing Two-Dimensional Arrays: ........................................................ 85 iii
Accessing Two-Dimensional Array Elements: ......................................... 85 Declaring Dynamic Arrays ....................................................................... 86 Declaring Packed Arrays ......................................................................... 88 Pointers .................................................................................. 90 What Are Pointers? .................................................................................. 90 Printing a Memory Address in Pascal ...................................................... 91 NILL Pointers ........................................................................................... 92 Pascal Pointers in Detail: ......................................................................... 93 Incrementing a Pointer ............................................................................. 94 Decrementing a Pointer ........................................................................... 94 Pointer Comparisons ............................................................................... 95 Records ................................................................................ 101 Defining a Record .................................................................................. 101 Accessing Fields of a Record ................................................................ 102 Records as Subprogram Arguments ...................................................... 103 Pointers to Records ............................................................................... 104 The With Statement ............................................................................... 106 Variants ................................................................................ 108 Declaring a Variant ................................................................................ 108 Example: ................................................................................................ 109 Sets ...................................................................................... 110 Defining Set Types and Variables .......................................................... 110 Set Operators ........................................................................................ 111 Example: ................................................................................................ 112 File Handling ........................................................................ 114 Creating and Writing to a File ................................................................ 115 Reading from a File ............................................................................... 115 Files as Subprogram Parameter ............................................................ 116 Text Files ............................................................................................... 117 Appending to a File ................................................................................ 118 File Handling Functions ......................................................................... 118 Memory Management .......................................................... 124 Allocating Memory Dynamically ............................................................. 124 Resizing and Releasing Memory ........................................................... 126 Memory Management Functions ........................................................... 127 Units ..................................................................................... 131 Using Built-in Units ................................................................................ 131 Creating and Using a Pascal Unit .......................................................... 132 Date Time ............................................................................ 135 iii
Page 1 and 2: Pascal Tutorial
Page 3 and 4: ABOUT THE TUTORIAL Pascal Tutorial
Page 5: Declaring Constants ...............
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 1 Pascal Overview This chap
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 2 Environment This section
Page 13 and 14: Name and version of text editor can
Page 15 and 16: Pascal Hello World Example Followin
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 4 Basic Syntax You have see
Page 19 and 20: The Pascal character set consists o
Page 21 and 22: Type Declarations: The type declara
Page 23 and 24: Subrange Types Subrange types allow
Page 25 and 26: Pascal programming language also al
Page 27 and 28: Enumerated Variables You have seen
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 7 Constants This section sh
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 8 Operators This section sh
Page 33 and 34: Checks if the value of left operand
Page 35 and 36: When the above code is compiled and
Page 37 and 38: program beBitwise; var a, b, c: int
Page 39 and 40: CHAPTER 9 Decision Making This sect
Page 41 and 42: Example: Let us try a complete exam
Page 43 and 44: Example: Let us try a complete exam
Page 45 and 46: Nested if-then Statements It is alw
Page 47 and 48: The following rules apply to a case
Page 49 and 50: Flow Diagram: Example: The followin
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 10 Loops This section shows
Page 53 and 54: Flow Diagram: Here, key point of th
Page 55 and 56: Flow Diagram Example: program forLo
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Example: program repeatUntilLoop; v
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When the above code is compiled and
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Example: program exBreak; var a: in
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Example: program exContinue; var a:
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Example: The following program illu
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Defining a Function: In Pascal, a f
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variable named m. The variable m is
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program exRecursion; var num, f: in
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procedure swap(x, y: integer); var
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Now, let us extend the program litt
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Let us change the previous example
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12 function AnsiStrLower( Str: PCha
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CHAPTER 15 Boolean This section sho
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CHAPTER 16 Arrays This section show
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Initializing Arrays In Pascal, arra
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Two-Dimensional Arrays: The simples
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The following example declares and
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Passing Arrays as Subprogram Argume
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Following are some valid pointer de
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To check for a nil pointer, you can
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program exPointers; const MAX = 3;
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program exPointers; const MAX = 3;
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Value of num = 3000 Value available
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CHAPTER 18 Records This section sho
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(* book 2 specification *) Book2.ti
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type record-ptr = ^ record-name; re
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(* book 1 specification *) Book1.ti
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Example: The following example woul
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Set Operators You can perform the f
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CHAPTER 21 File Handling This secti
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Reads data from a file into memory
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Reads from file into variable and g
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CHAPTER 22 Memory Management This s
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Resizing and Releasing Memory When
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Frees dynamically allocated memory
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Returns segment 37 procedure SetMem
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eadkey; clrscr; gotoxy(20,3); write
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Program DateDemo; uses sysutils; va
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14 function EncodeDate( Year: Word;
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39 function TimeStampToDateTime( co
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Objects This section shows the conc
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type Rectangle = object private len
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egin r1.init(3, 7); writeln('Draw a
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function TableTop.getmaterial(): st
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Classes This section shows the clas
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{$mode objfpc} // directive to be u
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Constructors and Destructors for Pa
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program inheritanceExample; {$MODE
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