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Table of Contents Pascal Tutorial .......................................................................... i Audience ................................................................................... i Prerequisites ............................................................................. i Compile/Execute Pascal Programs ........................................... i Copyright & Disclaimer Notice ................................................... i Pascal Overview ...................................................................... 1 Features of the Pascal Language? .................................................................. 1 Facts about Pascal ........................................................................................ 1 Why to use Pascal? ....................................................................................... 2 Environment ............................................................................. 3 Installing Free Pascal on Linux ....................................................................... 4 Installing Free Pascal on Mac ......................................................................... 4 Installing Free Pascal on Windows ................................................................. 4 Text Editor ................................................................................................... 4 Program Structure .................................................................... 6 Pascal Hello World Example .......................................................................... 7 Compile and Execute Pascal Program: ............................................................ 8 Basic Syntax ............................................................................ 9 Functions/Procedures ................................................................................ 9 Comments ................................................................................................. 9 Case Sensitivity ....................................................................................... 10 Pascal Statements ................................................................................... 10 Reserved Words in Pascal....................................................................... 10 Character set and Identifiers in Pascal .................................................... 10 Data Types ............................................................................. 12 Pascal Data Types: .................................................................................. 12 Type Declarations: ................................................................................... 13 Integer Types ........................................................................................... 13 Constants................................................................................................. 14 Enumerated types .................................................................................... 14 Subrange Types ...................................................................................... 15 Variable Types ....................................................................... 16 Basic Variables in Pascal ........................................................................ 16 Variable Declaration in Pascal ................................................................. 17 Variable Initialization in Pascal ................................................................ 18 Enumerated Variables ............................................................................. 19 Subrange Variables ................................................................................. 19 Constants ............................................................................... 21 iii
Declaring Constants ................................................................................ 21 Operators ............................................................................... 23 Arithmetic Operators ................................................................................ 23 Relational Operators ................................................................................ 24 Boolean Operators ................................................................................... 26 Bit Operators ............................................................................................ 27 ................................................................................................................. 29 Operators Precedence in Pascal ............................................................. 29 Decision Making ..................................................................... 31 Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 34 Flow Diagram: .......................................................................................... 34 Example: .................................................................................................. 35 The if-then-else if-then-else Statement .................................................... 35 Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 35 Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 37 Example: .................................................................................................. 37 Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 38 Flow Diagram: .......................................................................................... 39 Example: .................................................................................................. 40 Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 40 Flow Diagram: .......................................................................................... 41 Example: .................................................................................................. 41 Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 42 Example: .................................................................................................. 42 Loops ..................................................................................... 43 while-do loop ............................................................................................ 44 Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 44 Flow Diagram: .......................................................................................... 45 Example: .................................................................................................. 45 For-do LOOP ........................................................................................... 46 Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 46 Example: .................................................................................................. 47 ................................................................................................................. 47 Repeat-Until Loop .................................................................................... 48 Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 48 For example, ......................................................................................... 48 ................................................................................................................. 48 Flow Diagram: .......................................................................................... 48 Example: .................................................................................................. 49 iii
Page 1 and 2: Pascal Tutorial
Page 3: ABOUT THE TUTORIAL Pascal Tutorial
Page 7 and 8: Accessing Two-Dimensional Array Ele
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 1 Pascal Overview This chap
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 2 Environment This section
Page 13 and 14: Name and version of text editor can
Page 15 and 16: Pascal Hello World Example Followin
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 4 Basic Syntax You have see
Page 19 and 20: The Pascal character set consists o
Page 21 and 22: Type Declarations: The type declara
Page 23 and 24: Subrange Types Subrange types allow
Page 25 and 26: Pascal programming language also al
Page 27 and 28: Enumerated Variables You have seen
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 7 Constants This section sh
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 8 Operators This section sh
Page 33 and 34: Checks if the value of left operand
Page 35 and 36: When the above code is compiled and
Page 37 and 38: program beBitwise; var a, b, c: int
Page 39 and 40: CHAPTER 9 Decision Making This sect
Page 41 and 42: Example: Let us try a complete exam
Page 43 and 44: Example: Let us try a complete exam
Page 45 and 46: Nested if-then Statements It is alw
Page 47 and 48: The following rules apply to a case
Page 49 and 50: Flow Diagram: Example: The followin
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 10 Loops This section shows
Page 53 and 54: Flow Diagram: Here, key point of th
Page 55 and 56:
Flow Diagram Example: program forLo
Page 57 and 58:
Example: program repeatUntilLoop; v
Page 59 and 60:
When the above code is compiled and
Page 61 and 62:
Example: program exBreak; var a: in
Page 63 and 64:
Example: program exContinue; var a:
Page 65 and 66:
Example: The following program illu
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Defining a Function: In Pascal, a f
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variable named m. The variable m is
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program exRecursion; var num, f: in
Page 75 and 76:
procedure swap(x, y: integer); var
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Now, let us extend the program litt
Page 81 and 82:
Let us change the previous example
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Page 85 and 86:
12 function AnsiStrLower( Str: PCha
Page 87 and 88:
CHAPTER 15 Boolean This section sho
Page 89 and 90:
CHAPTER 16 Arrays This section show
Page 91 and 92:
Initializing Arrays In Pascal, arra
Page 93 and 94:
Two-Dimensional Arrays: The simples
Page 95 and 96:
The following example declares and
Page 97 and 98:
Passing Arrays as Subprogram Argume
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Following are some valid pointer de
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To check for a nil pointer, you can
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program exPointers; const MAX = 3;
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program exPointers; const MAX = 3;
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Value of num = 3000 Value available
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CHAPTER 18 Records This section sho
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(* book 2 specification *) Book2.ti
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type record-ptr = ^ record-name; re
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(* book 1 specification *) Book1.ti
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Example: The following example woul
Page 119:
Set Operators You can perform the f
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CHAPTER 21 File Handling This secti
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Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Reads data from a file into memory
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Reads from file into variable and g
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CHAPTER 22 Memory Management This s
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Resizing and Releasing Memory When
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Frees dynamically allocated memory
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Returns segment 37 procedure SetMem
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eadkey; clrscr; gotoxy(20,3); write
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Program DateDemo; uses sysutils; va
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14 function EncodeDate( Year: Word;
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39 function TimeStampToDateTime( co
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Objects This section shows the conc
Page 152 and 153:
type Rectangle = object private len
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Page 156 and 157:
egin r1.init(3, 7); writeln('Draw a
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function TableTop.getmaterial(): st
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Classes This section shows the clas
Page 162 and 163:
{$mode objfpc} // directive to be u
Page 164 and 165:
Constructors and Destructors for Pa
Page 166 and 167:
program inheritanceExample; {$MODE
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