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MENTAL IMAGERY<br />

could affect the imagery used by the participants, which could<br />

have effects on the overall results of the study. In addition, more<br />

prolonged regular use of imagery could show whether the positive<br />

impacts on confidence increase or eventually plateau. These<br />

results would be useful in determining the optimal length of an<br />

imagery training program and perhaps in determining when<br />

such a training program would be most beneficial to the athletes.<br />

Perhaps the strongest recommendation (and potentially the<br />

one with the most implications) would be a study with a larger<br />

population sample, including athletes from different sports and<br />

multiple institutions. These results would be more valid across<br />

a larger cross section of the population and could be used to<br />

promote imagery training sessions for athletes in many sports.<br />

In addition, the inclusion of participants from multiple institutions<br />

could be used to validate the findings for athletes from<br />

colleges and universities of all sizes and divisions in different<br />

parts of the country. This research would be necessary to further<br />

conclude that regular use of MG-M imagery could be generally<br />

effective at enhancing the sport confidence of all athletes.<br />

CONCLUSION<br />

The purpose of this project was to determine whether regular<br />

use of MG-M imagery by athletes over the course of a six-week<br />

intervention period would have any impact on their sport confidence<br />

as measured by Vealey’s (1986) TSCI. Both the quantitative<br />

TSCI and the qualitative subject responses suggested that<br />

imagery use enhanced athlete sport confidence within the<br />

parameters of the study. Several recommendations were made<br />

which could further the literature in the area of imagery and<br />

sport confidence, including expanding the study to include a<br />

larger sample of athletes from various sports who attend different<br />

institutions across the country. Such research would be beneficial<br />

in advancing the understanding of the link between<br />

imagery and confidence, which is essential for a high level of<br />

performance for athletes. This understanding could be vital in<br />

enhancing the methods of coaches in any sport in order to provide<br />

their athletes with the highest opportunities for success.<br />

Sterling Roberts has spent the past two years as the graduate<br />

assistant jumps/hurdles/sprints coach at Defiance College in<br />

Defiance, Ohio, where he recently earned his Master of Arts in<br />

Education with a Concentration in Coaching.<br />

REFERENCES<br />

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control.<br />

New York: Freeman.<br />

Craft, L., Magyar, T., Becker, B., & Feltz, D. (2003). The relationship<br />

between the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2<br />

and sport performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport &<br />

Exercise Psychology, 25(1), 44-65. Retrieved from SPORTDiscus<br />

with Full Text database.<br />

Cumming, J., Olphin, T., & Law, M. (2007). Self-reported psychological<br />

states and physiological responses to different types<br />

of motivational general imagery. Journal of Sport & Exercise<br />

Psychology, 29(5), 629-644. Retrieved from SPORTDiscus with<br />

Full Text database.<br />

Hall, C., Mack, D., Paivio, A., & Hausenblas, H. (1998).<br />

Imagery use by athletes: Development of the Sport Imagery<br />

Questionnaire. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 29(1),<br />

73-89.<br />

Hays, K., Maynard, I., Thomas, O., & Bawden, M. (2007).<br />

Sources and types of confidence identified by world class sport<br />

performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19(4), 434-456.<br />

doi: 10.1080/10413200701599173<br />

Mamassis, G. & Doganis, G. (2004). The effects of a mental<br />

training program on juniors pre-competitive anxiety, self-confidence,<br />

and tennis performance. Journal of Applied Sport<br />

Psychology, 16(2), 118-137. doi: 10.1080/10413200490437903<br />

Price-Evans, P. (2010). All about depression: Online relaxation<br />

exercises. Retrieved from http://www.allaboutdepression.com<br />

Short, S., & Short, M. (2005). Differences between high- and<br />

low-confident football players on imagery functions: A consideration<br />

of the athletes’ perceptions. Journal of Applied Sport<br />

Psychology, 17(3), 197-208. doi: 10.1080/10413200591010049<br />

Thomas, O., Maynard, I., & Hanton, S. (2007). Intervening<br />

with athletes during the time leading up to competition:<br />

Theory to practice II. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19(4),<br />

398-418. doi: 10.1080/10413200701599140<br />

Vealey, R. (1986). Conceptualization of sport-confidence and<br />

competitive orientation: Preliminary investigation and instrument<br />

development. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8(3), 221-246.<br />

Retrieved from SPORTDiscus with Full Text database.<br />

42 techniques AUGUST 2011

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