ISTA Handbook on - International Seed Testing Association
ISTA Handbook on - International Seed Testing Association
ISTA Handbook on - International Seed Testing Association
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Abstracts<br />
27 th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
Budapest, Hungary<br />
May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
Compiled by:<br />
The Internati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> <strong>Testing</strong> Associati<strong>on</strong> (<str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g>)<br />
P.O.BOX 308<br />
8303 Bassersdorf, CH-Switzerland<br />
ISBN: 3-906549-44-6<br />
Editi<strong>on</strong> 2004: 500 copies<br />
Copyright©2004 by the Internati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> <strong>Testing</strong> Associati<strong>on</strong> (<str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g>)<br />
All rights reserved. No part of this publicati<strong>on</strong> may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system<br />
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electr<strong>on</strong>ic, mechanical, photocopying, recording<br />
or otherwise, without the prior permissi<strong>on</strong> in writing of <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g>.
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
Preface<br />
Dear <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium Participants<br />
Welcome to Budapest at the <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium of the 27 th C<strong>on</strong>gress of the Internati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong><br />
<strong>Testing</strong> Associati<strong>on</strong> (<str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g>).<br />
On behalf of the <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g>, I have the h<strong>on</strong>or to present you the Programme and the Abstracts of<br />
the <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium.<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium is probably ‘the largest internati<strong>on</strong>al gathering of applied seed<br />
scientists and is an unique forum for the interchange of ideas between seed scientists and<br />
technicians’.<br />
‘Towards the Future in <strong>Seed</strong> Producti<strong>on</strong>, Evaluati<strong>on</strong> and Improvement’, is the theme of the<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> Symposium. Scientists from 45 countries worldwide submitted over 290 high quality<br />
papers <strong>on</strong> various interesting topics and for the seven sessi<strong>on</strong>s of the <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium.<br />
Six of these papers are presented as oral presentati<strong>on</strong>s in each of the sessi<strong>on</strong>s. Three keynote<br />
speeches will complete the programme. A detailed programme and all abstracts of<br />
papers submitted for the <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium of the 27 th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress, held in Budapest, May<br />
17 th – 19 th , 2004, can be found in this abstract booklet.<br />
The abstracts are thematically arranged according to sessi<strong>on</strong> and listed within each sessi<strong>on</strong><br />
alphabetically according to the authors names. Readers desiring a follow-up should c<strong>on</strong>tact<br />
the authors directly.<br />
I hope all of you will find the <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium informative and interesting. I sincerely<br />
believe that it will provide an useful forum for the exchange of ideas and the latest results in<br />
seed testing topics, as well as an opportunity to meet experts from all over the world.<br />
Please enjoy the <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium.<br />
Dr Alis<strong>on</strong> Powell<br />
Symposium C<strong>on</strong>venor<br />
1
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
C<strong>on</strong>tents<br />
Programme 3<br />
Opening Cerem<strong>on</strong>y 6<br />
Oral Presentati<strong>on</strong>s 6<br />
Keynote byZoltan Syposs 6<br />
Sessi<strong>on</strong> 1: Applicati<strong>on</strong> of Advanced Technologies 6<br />
Sessi<strong>on</strong> 2: Organic and C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Producti<strong>on</strong> 10<br />
Keynote by Murry Hill 13<br />
Sessi<strong>on</strong> 3. Viability and Vigour: Evaluati<strong>on</strong> and Impact 13<br />
Sessi<strong>on</strong> 4: <strong>Seed</strong> Systems in Emerging and Developing Ec<strong>on</strong>omics 16<br />
Sessi<strong>on</strong> 5: <strong>Seed</strong> Lot Hygiene 19<br />
Keynote by Gerry Saddler 23<br />
Sessi<strong>on</strong> 6: <strong>Seed</strong> Improvement 23<br />
Sessi<strong>on</strong> 7: Physiological Basis of <strong>Seed</strong> Quality 26<br />
Poster Sessi<strong>on</strong>s 29<br />
Sessi<strong>on</strong> 1: Applicati<strong>on</strong> of Advanced Technologies 29<br />
Sessi<strong>on</strong> 2: Organic and C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Producti<strong>on</strong> 45<br />
Sessi<strong>on</strong> 3: Viability and Vigour: Evaluati<strong>on</strong> and Impact 58<br />
Sessi<strong>on</strong> 4: <strong>Seed</strong> Systems in Emerging and Developing Ec<strong>on</strong>omics 96<br />
Sessi<strong>on</strong> 5: <strong>Seed</strong> Lot Hygiene 102<br />
Sessi<strong>on</strong> 6: <strong>Seed</strong> Improvement 119<br />
Sessi<strong>on</strong> 7: Physiological Basis of <strong>Seed</strong> Quality 136<br />
2
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium 2004<br />
‘Towards the Future in <strong>Seed</strong> Producti<strong>on</strong>, Evaluati<strong>on</strong><br />
and Improvement’<br />
Programme<br />
Time M<strong>on</strong>day, May 17, 2004<br />
08:30 – 10:00<br />
OPENING CEREMONY<br />
- Official Address by the Representative of the Hungarian Minister of<br />
Agriculture & Regi<strong>on</strong>al Development.<br />
- Opening by the <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> President<br />
- Welcoming Address by the <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> Secretary General<br />
- Welcoming Address by the Organisers<br />
- Greetings from other Internati<strong>on</strong>al Organisati<strong>on</strong><br />
10:00 – 10:30 COFFEE BREAK<br />
10:30 – 11:00<br />
11:00 – 11:20<br />
11:20 – 11:40<br />
11:40 – 12:00<br />
KEYNOTE – Future developments in the seed industry in Eastern Europe, by<br />
Zoltan Syposs, Hungary<br />
SESSION 1 – Applicati<strong>on</strong> of Advanced Technologies<br />
Chaired by Enrico Noli, Italy<br />
- ‘A computerised key for seed identificati<strong>on</strong>’ by M.L. Gupta, D.L. George &<br />
B.B. Basnet, Australia<br />
- ‘Use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to identify seeds of noxious<br />
weeds, forage legume seeds and c<strong>on</strong>taminati<strong>on</strong>’ by W. Hugo & P.<br />
Dominguez, Uruguay<br />
- ‘Biochemical characterizati<strong>on</strong> of white <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong> ecotypes (Allium cepa L.)<br />
through HPLC analysis of seed storage proteins’ by G. Mennella, V. Onofaro<br />
Sanaja’, A. D’Alessandro & M. Mil<strong>on</strong>e, Italy<br />
12:00 – 13:00 LUNCH<br />
13:00 – 13:20<br />
13:20 – 13:40<br />
13:40 – 14:00<br />
14:00 – 14:20<br />
14:20 – 14:40<br />
14:40 – 15:00<br />
SESSION 1 – Applicati<strong>on</strong> of Advanced Technologies (c<strong>on</strong>t.)<br />
- ‘Commercial sunflower germplasm identificati<strong>on</strong> and characterizati<strong>on</strong> using<br />
SSR’ by A. Vicario, A. Loray, N. Paniego & E. Hopp, Argentina<br />
- ‘Development of microsatellite markers for the identificati<strong>on</strong> of Brazilian<br />
Coffe Arabica Cultivars’ by E.S.N. Vieira, E.V.R. v<strong>on</strong> Pinho, D.G. Esselink,<br />
M.G.G.C. Vieira & B. Vosma, Brazil & The Netherlands<br />
- ‘<strong>Testing</strong> for adventitious presence of transgenic material in c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al<br />
seed lots using quantitative laboratory methods: a new statistical approach<br />
and its implementati<strong>on</strong>’ by J.-L. Laff<strong>on</strong>t, K.M. Remund, D.L. Wright & R.D.<br />
Simps<strong>on</strong>, France & USA<br />
SESSION 2 – Organic & C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Producti<strong>on</strong><br />
Chaired by José de Barros França Neto, Brazil<br />
- ‘Organic seed treatment to c<strong>on</strong>trol comm<strong>on</strong> bunt (Tilletia tritici) in wheat’<br />
by A. Borgen, Denmark<br />
- ‘A comparative study of the germinati<strong>on</strong> characteristics of wild flower<br />
seeds in commercial seed producti<strong>on</strong>’ by M. Khajeh-Hosseini, A.A. Powell &<br />
G.K. Laverack, United Kingdom<br />
- ‘Varietal characterizati<strong>on</strong> and genetic purity assessment of castor (Ricinus<br />
communis L.) genotypes’ by R. Ankaiah, N. Manohar Reddy K. Keshavulu &<br />
P. Sambasiva Rao & B. Muralimohan Reddy, India<br />
15:00 – 15:30 COFFEE BREAK<br />
15:30 – 15:50<br />
15:50 – 16:10<br />
16:10 – 16:30<br />
SESSION 2 – Organic & C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Producti<strong>on</strong> (c<strong>on</strong>t.)<br />
- ‘The effect of glyphosate treatment <strong>on</strong> the germinati<strong>on</strong> potential of barley<br />
seed’ by G. McLaren & R. D<strong>on</strong>, United Kingdom<br />
- ‘Challenges for obtaining high quality organic seeds’ by S.P.C. Groot &<br />
W.J. van der Burg, The Netherlands<br />
- ‘Effect of desiccati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> some quality characteristics’ by M. Rajic, B.<br />
Marinković, V. Miklič & L. Panković, Serbia and M<strong>on</strong>tenegro<br />
3
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
16:30 – 16:50<br />
16:50 – 17:10<br />
17:10 – 17:30<br />
SESSION 3 – Viability and Vigour: Evaluati<strong>on</strong> and Impact<br />
Chaired by Joël Léchappé, France<br />
- ‘Relati<strong>on</strong>ship between standard and cold germinati<strong>on</strong> tests in supersweet<br />
sweetcorn’ by D.L. George, M.L. Gupta & I.G.M.A. Parwata, Australia<br />
- ‘Assessment of reliability of germinati<strong>on</strong> papers in envir<strong>on</strong>mental stress<br />
research’ by M. Khajeh-Hosseini, A.A. Powell & I. Bingham, United<br />
Kingdom<br />
- ‘Assessment of viability of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and oats<br />
(Avena sativa L.) germplasm samples stored over 30 years in cold store’<br />
by L. Holly, R. Bócsó, A. Juhász & I. Már, Hungary<br />
Tuesday, May 18, 2004<br />
08:30 – 09:00<br />
09:00 – 09:20<br />
09:20 – 09:40<br />
09:40 – 10:00<br />
KEYNOTE – Development of educati<strong>on</strong> and training in seed science and<br />
technology, by Murray Hill, New Zealand<br />
SESSION 3 – Viability and Vigour: Evaluati<strong>on</strong> and Impact (c<strong>on</strong>t.)<br />
- ‘Vigour testing: towards an extended use of the c<strong>on</strong>ductivity test’ by M.-H.<br />
Wagner, A. Preveaux, E. Moizan, M. Beaulat<strong>on</strong> & S. Ducournau, France<br />
- ‘Vigour tests for predicting seedling emergence of aubergine (Solanum<br />
mel<strong>on</strong>gena L.) seed lots’ by I. Demir, S.Ermis, G. Okcu & S. Matthews,<br />
Turkey & United Kingdom<br />
- ‘Performance of osmoprimed seed of germplasm of desi and kabuli<br />
chickpeas under laboratory and field c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s’ by S.J. Singh & K. Singh,<br />
India<br />
10:00 – 10:30 COFFEE BREAK<br />
10:30 – 10:50<br />
10:50 – 11:10<br />
11:10 – 11:30<br />
SESSION 4 – <strong>Seed</strong> Systems in Emerging and Developing Ec<strong>on</strong>omies<br />
Chaired by Grete Tarp, Denmark<br />
- ‘High quality rice seed producti<strong>on</strong> - Santa Catarina model’ by R.<br />
Knoblauch, Brazil<br />
- ‘Applied tree seed technology in Brazilian Atlantic forest’ by Fatima C.M.<br />
Piña-Rodrigues & E.S. Nogueira, Brazil<br />
- ‘<strong>Seed</strong> sector development and seed policies implemented in Turkey’ by B.<br />
Bozkurt, K. Yalvec & O.F. Bal, Turkey<br />
11:30 – 12:30 POSTER SESSION 1<br />
12:30 – 13:30 LUNCH<br />
13:30 – 13:50<br />
13:50 – 14:10<br />
14:10 – 14:30<br />
14:30 – 14:50<br />
14:50 – 15:10<br />
15:10 – 15:30<br />
SESSION 4 – <strong>Seed</strong> Systems in Emerging and Developing Ec<strong>on</strong>omies (c<strong>on</strong>t.)<br />
- ‘Potential of <strong>on</strong>-farm practices for improving rice seed quality, seed health<br />
and crop producti<strong>on</strong>’ by S.B. Mathur, C.N. Mortensen, M.H. Talukder & R.B.<br />
Mabagala, Denmark, Bangladesh & Tanzania<br />
- ‘<strong>Seed</strong> programme development in a transiti<strong>on</strong> ec<strong>on</strong>omy – the experience<br />
of Vietnam’ by T.D.N. Dung & M. Turner, Vietnam<br />
- ‘<strong>Seed</strong> sector development in South Western Nigeria: farmers' utilizati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
improved seed for crop producti<strong>on</strong>' by I.O. Daniel & J.A. Adetumbi, Nigeria<br />
SESSION 5 – <strong>Seed</strong> Lot Hygiene<br />
Chaired by Ákos Mesterhazy, Hungary<br />
- ‘Black Rot eradicati<strong>on</strong> treatments <strong>on</strong> Brassica: efficacy and seed quality<br />
investigati<strong>on</strong>s’ by A.G. Taylor, J.D. Klein & R.H. Morris<strong>on</strong> , United States<br />
- ‘Factors affecting the occurrence of Fusarium spp. in cereal seeds in<br />
Norway’ by G. Brodal & O. Elen, Norway<br />
- ‘<strong>Seed</strong> borne barley stripe mosaic virus in Egypt: incidence, effect of virus<br />
and seed-transmisiblity’ by S. Zein & A. Aboul-Ata, Egypt<br />
15:30 – 16.00 COFFEE BREAK<br />
16:00 – 16:20<br />
16:20 – 16:40<br />
16:40 – 17:00<br />
17:00 – 17:20<br />
SESSION 5 – <strong>Seed</strong> Lot Hygiene (c<strong>on</strong>t.)<br />
- ‘Mycological aspects of <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong> seed priming’ by H. Dorna, K. Tylkowska, R.<br />
Marcinek, D. Szopinska & W. Yah<strong>on</strong>g, Poland & China<br />
- ‘Health status of sweet corn seeds in China and its impact <strong>on</strong> seedling<br />
emergence’ by Z. Guangwu, Z. Guozhen & W. Jianhua, China<br />
- ‘Using seed health testing results to make balanced seed management<br />
decisi<strong>on</strong>s’ by V. Cockerell & M. McNeil, United Kingdom<br />
- ‘Disease free seed producti<strong>on</strong> of wheat in Punjab (India): achievements<br />
and c<strong>on</strong>straints’ by R.C. Sharma, I. Sharma & J.S. Samra , India<br />
4
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
Wednesday, May 19, 2004<br />
08:30 – 09:00 KEYNOTE – Molecular methods and the future seed testing, by<br />
G. Saddler, United Kingdom<br />
09:00 – 09:20<br />
09:20 – 09:40<br />
09:40 – 10:00<br />
SESSION 6 – <strong>Seed</strong> Improvement<br />
Chaired by Hugh W Pritchard, United Kingdom<br />
- ‘<strong>Seed</strong> testing and the effect of insecticidal active ingredients <strong>on</strong> emergence<br />
of hybrid maize seed’ by A. J<strong>on</strong>itz & N. Leist, Germany<br />
- ‘Effects of sand priming <strong>on</strong> germinati<strong>on</strong>, physiological changes and field<br />
performance in direct-sown rice (Oryza sativa L.)’ by J. Hu, Z.Y. Zhu, W.J.<br />
S<strong>on</strong>g, J.C. Wang & R. Naganagouda, China<br />
- ‘Effect of salt priming <strong>on</strong> seedling emergence and growth of watermel<strong>on</strong><br />
seeds during development’ by I. Demir & K. Mavi, Turkey<br />
10:00 – 10:30 COFFEE BREAK<br />
10:30 – 10:50<br />
10:50 – 11:10<br />
11:10 –11:30<br />
SESSION 6 – <strong>Seed</strong> Improvement (c<strong>on</strong>t.)<br />
- ‘Sulphuric acid scarificati<strong>on</strong> effects <strong>on</strong> Brachiaria brizantha, B. humidicola<br />
and Panicum maximum seed dormancy releasing’ by R. Usberti & L.<br />
Martins, Brazil<br />
- ‘Effects of different polymer coating materials and applicati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> the<br />
storage life and ageing of <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong> (Allium cepa L.cv. Aki) seeds: I.<br />
Assessment of appropriate polymers and dozes’ by S. Kavak & B. Eser,<br />
Turkey<br />
- ‘The use of rapid ageing and c<strong>on</strong>trolled deteriorati<strong>on</strong> to evaluate iodine<br />
vapour treatments to improve seed storage potential’ by N. De Atrip, S.<br />
Matthews & A.A. Powell, United Kingdom<br />
11:30 – 12:30 POSTER SESSION 2<br />
12:30 – 13:30 LUNCH<br />
13:30 – 13:50<br />
13:50 – 14:10<br />
14:10 – 14:30<br />
14:30 – 14:50<br />
SESSION 7 – Physiological Basis of <strong>Seed</strong> Quality<br />
Chaired by Françoise Corbineau, France<br />
- ‘Effect of high temperature stress during soybean seed development <strong>on</strong><br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> and vigor’ by D.M. TeKr<strong>on</strong>y, D.B. Egli & J. Spears, USA<br />
- 'Genetic dissecti<strong>on</strong> of maize resp<strong>on</strong>se to a defoliati<strong>on</strong> treatment during<br />
maturati<strong>on</strong> inducing tolerance to cold at germinati<strong>on</strong>' E. Frascaroli, E.<br />
Casarini & S. C<strong>on</strong>ti, Italy<br />
- ‘Lipid peroxidati<strong>on</strong> and activity of superoxide dismutase associated with<br />
natural aging of oil maize seed’ by S. Balešević-Tubić, M. Tatić, J.<br />
Miladinović, Đ. Malenčić, , Serbia and M<strong>on</strong>tenegro<br />
- ‘<strong>Seed</strong> L<strong>on</strong>gevity Chart and Modeling to Predict viability during open<br />
storage’ by C. Andreoli, Brazil<br />
14:50 – 15:20 COFFEE BREAK<br />
15:20 – 15:40<br />
15:40 – 16:00<br />
SESSION 7 – Physiological Basis of <strong>Seed</strong> Quality (c<strong>on</strong>t.)<br />
- ‘The effect of different post-harvest drying methods <strong>on</strong> seed quality from<br />
green (immature) and red (mature) berries of woody nightshade (Solanum<br />
dulcamara L.)’ by J. C<strong>on</strong>eybeer, J. Adams & R.J. Probert, United Kingdom<br />
- ‘100-seed test for desiccati<strong>on</strong> tolerance and germinati<strong>on</strong>: a case study <strong>on</strong><br />
eight tropical palm species’ by C.B. Wood, S. Hodges, H.J. Vautier & H.W.<br />
Pritchard, United Kingdom<br />
16:00 – 17:00 SYMPOSIUM CONCLUSION<br />
5
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
Opening Cerem<strong>on</strong>y<br />
Keynote – Future Development in <strong>Seed</strong> Industry in Eastern<br />
Europe<br />
By Zoltan Syposs, Hungary<br />
1. <strong>Seed</strong> industry in CEE after 1989<br />
• Reducti<strong>on</strong> of Eastern export<br />
• Disappearance of producti<strong>on</strong> and processing of some crops<br />
• Reducti<strong>on</strong> of the state-owned seed processing plants<br />
• Focus <strong>on</strong> the single cross hybrids<br />
• Re-orientati<strong>on</strong> of the exports<br />
• Emphasis made <strong>on</strong> the quality<br />
• Privatizati<strong>on</strong> processes finished<br />
2. Re-orientati<strong>on</strong> of seed producti<strong>on</strong><br />
• Large farm structure with irrigati<strong>on</strong> possibilities<br />
• Human competence<br />
• Cost competitiveness<br />
• Internati<strong>on</strong>ally recognized certificati<strong>on</strong> work by OMMI<br />
3. Changes and new demands<br />
• A new business envir<strong>on</strong>ment –Food Processing Industry and supermarkets<br />
4. Increasing importance of foreign ownership in food industry<br />
• Increasing activity of dedicated multinati<strong>on</strong>al seed companies<br />
5. Syngenta investments in Hungary<br />
A vegetable breeding and testing stati<strong>on</strong> in Ócsa<br />
A maize seed plant in Mezőtúr<br />
6. EU Accessi<strong>on</strong> – a great step forward<br />
• Access to all varieties of EU Catalogue<br />
• New materials introduced earlier to the new markets<br />
• Export opportunities improving for growers<br />
7. Future of <strong>Seed</strong> companies in the EU<br />
• Globalizati<strong>on</strong>: an opportunity for the market drivers and a threat for the<br />
small players<br />
• Expanding breeding and screening activities towards East Expansi<strong>on</strong> profiting<br />
from the present infrastructure<br />
• Increased co-operati<strong>on</strong> of nati<strong>on</strong>al seed associati<strong>on</strong>s under the umbrella of<br />
ESA<br />
• Vegetable producti<strong>on</strong> follows the trends of Western Europe<br />
• Moving producti<strong>on</strong> areas<br />
8. Objectives and Challenges<br />
• Keep the focus of agriculture within the EU<br />
• Strengthen relati<strong>on</strong>ship between major agricultural countries<br />
SESSION 1 – Applicati<strong>on</strong> of Advanced Technologies<br />
Chaired by Enrico Noli, Italy<br />
A COMPUTERISED KEY FOR SEED IDENTIFICATION<br />
GUPTA, M.L., GEORGE, D.L., & BASNET, B.B.<br />
School of Agr<strong>on</strong>omy and Horticulture, University of Queensland, Gatt<strong>on</strong>, Qld, 4343 Australia,<br />
m.gupta@mailbox.uq.edu.au<br />
Australian Quarantine and Inspecti<strong>on</strong> Service (AQIS) regulates the quarantine requirements<br />
regarding seed imports in Australia. There are a number of seed testing laboratories in<br />
Australia which are currently servicing AQIS needs to prevent the entry of prohibited and<br />
6
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
restricted seeds. Current practices of identifying seeds by comparing an unknown seed with<br />
samples of known seeds or photographs of seeds are time c<strong>on</strong>suming, costly and inefficient.<br />
A <strong>Seed</strong> Identificati<strong>on</strong> Key using a computerised database has been developed to identify<br />
prohibited and restricted seeds. There are currently 78 prohibited and 47 restricted seeds in<br />
the database. Lucid software was used to develop the Key because of its versatility in<br />
handling both text and image data. A total of 21 externally visible seed characters were<br />
identified as most suitable for development of the Key. Explanatory images and notes are<br />
attached to the character states to assist the user in correct selecti<strong>on</strong> of the state. The Key<br />
will be helpful to quarantine officers as well as seed analysts working in seed testing<br />
laboratories throughout Australia. It can also be used as an educati<strong>on</strong>al tool by agricultural<br />
scientists, students and others interested in seeds.<br />
USE OF NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY TO IDENTIFY<br />
SEEDS OF NOXIOUS WEEDS, FORAGE LEGUME SEEDS AND<br />
CONTAMINATION<br />
HUGO 1 , W. & DOMINGUEZ 2 , P.<br />
1 Nati<strong>on</strong>al Agricultural Research Institute (INIA), Head of <strong>Seed</strong> Unit and Gene Bank, La Estanzuela. Ruta<br />
50 Km 11. Col<strong>on</strong>ia – Uruguay, whugo@inia.org.uy<br />
2 Advanced student (thesis), Department of Botany, Facultry of Agr<strong>on</strong>omy, M<strong>on</strong>tevideo, Uruguay, Avda.<br />
Eugenio Garzón 780. M<strong>on</strong>tevideo-Uruguay, pdominguez08@hotmail.com<br />
Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to identify seeds of forage legumes<br />
species and noxious weeds species. It was also used to measure c<strong>on</strong>taminati<strong>on</strong> of two<br />
noxious weed seeds: Rumex c<strong>on</strong>glomeratus and Silene gallica in Trifolium repens.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong>s of weed species were collected by hand and threshed simulating the mechanical<br />
damage that they receive in a commercial seed lot. <strong>Seed</strong> of forage legume were obtained<br />
from basic seed lots. All samples were purified by hand to 99.9% purity.<br />
A total of 15 species of weeds and 5 forage legumes were analysed using a NIRSystems<br />
m<strong>on</strong>ochromator model 6500, Silver Spring, MD, USA. Samples were scanned from 400 to<br />
2500nm in reflectance mode.<br />
Data was stored to build a data base of spectroscopies, then cross validated. Finally the data<br />
base was externally validated by asking the reflectance reader to classify new unkown (to<br />
the apparatus) samples.<br />
A good identificati<strong>on</strong> by Nirs was found. Some species with similar seeds (i.e. Ammi viznaga<br />
– Ammi majus) were separately identified. Some species presented greater difficulty and<br />
higher standard error of predicti<strong>on</strong> (Rumex pulcher, Medicago sativa, Plantago myosurus).<br />
To measure c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> of weeds, seeds of Trifolium repens were obtained from a basic<br />
seed lot with 99.7% purity and then c<strong>on</strong>taminated with different c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s of Rumex<br />
c<strong>on</strong>glomeratus and Silene gallica (0- 0,3- 0,5- 1- 1,5- 2- 3 and 5%).<br />
Four replicati<strong>on</strong>s were used for building the database of reflectances, plus <strong>on</strong>e “unknown”<br />
sample for validati<strong>on</strong>. Two predicti<strong>on</strong>s equati<strong>on</strong>s using MPLS regressi<strong>on</strong> technique were<br />
developed. Calibrati<strong>on</strong> for c<strong>on</strong>taminati<strong>on</strong> of R. c<strong>on</strong>glomeratus showed a standard error of<br />
calibrati<strong>on</strong> (SEC) of 0,596, standard error of predicti<strong>on</strong> 1,28 and coefficient of multiple<br />
determinati<strong>on</strong> (R2) of 0,686.<br />
For S. Gallica the numbers were: standard error of calibrati<strong>on</strong> (SEC) of 0,047, standard error<br />
of predicti<strong>on</strong> 0,49 and coefficient of multiple determinati<strong>on</strong> (R2) 0,924<br />
These results showed a different ability by Nirs reader to identify weed seed in lots of<br />
Trifolium repens.<br />
In Silene gallica, a reas<strong>on</strong>able predicti<strong>on</strong> of c<strong>on</strong>taminati<strong>on</strong> was found.<br />
7
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
TESTING FOR ADVENTITIOUS PRESENCE OF TRANSGENIC MATERIAL IN<br />
CONVENTIONAL SEED LOTS USING QUANTITATIVE LABORATORY<br />
METHODS: A NEW STATISTICAL APPROACH AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION<br />
LAFFONT 1,* , JEAN-LOUIS, REMUND 2 , KIRK M., WRIGHT 3 , DEANNE L. & SIMPSON 2 , ROBERT,<br />
D.<br />
1 Pi<strong>on</strong>eer Génétique, Chemin de l’Enseigure, 31840 Auss<strong>on</strong>ne, France<br />
2 M<strong>on</strong>santo Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri, 63167, USA<br />
3 Pi<strong>on</strong>eer Hi-Bred Internati<strong>on</strong>al Inc., 7300 N.W. 62nd Avenue, Johnst<strong>on</strong>, Iowa, 50131-1004 USA<br />
*jean-louis.laff<strong>on</strong>t@pi<strong>on</strong>eer.com<br />
The statistical methodologies used in testing for Adventitious Presence of transgenic material<br />
in c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al seed lots are well defined when the laboratory methods employed are<br />
qualitative (the resp<strong>on</strong>se is the presence or absence of a particular trait). These<br />
methodologies are implemented in numerous applicati<strong>on</strong>s, am<strong>on</strong>g which we can menti<strong>on</strong> the<br />
freely available Microsoft Excel ® spreadsheet applicati<strong>on</strong> <strong>Seed</strong>calc. When the resp<strong>on</strong>se from<br />
the method used by the laboratory is quantitative (e.g. percent DNA of the transgenic<br />
material), the statistical methodologies developed for qualitative laboratory methods are not<br />
fully appropriate; although we can use the generally well known c<strong>on</strong>cepts from the area in<br />
Statistics called Statistical Quality C<strong>on</strong>trol in both cases, the nature of the errors and the<br />
underlying distributi<strong>on</strong>s involved are not the same for the two types of laboratory<br />
methods.In this paper, we present the details of a new approach specific to quantitative<br />
laboratory methods. In particular we will c<strong>on</strong>sider:<br />
- the assessment of quantitative laboratory method errors using linear modeling;<br />
- the decisi<strong>on</strong> making process, including details of the probability calculati<strong>on</strong>s needed to<br />
develop Operating Characteristic Curves and estimate c<strong>on</strong>sumer and producer risks for<br />
a given Lower Quality Limit (LQL) and Acceptable Quality Limit (AQL) depending <strong>on</strong> the<br />
testing plan (number of pools and number of seeds per pool, laboratory errors,<br />
acceptance threshold).<br />
We will also describe their implementati<strong>on</strong> in the newest versi<strong>on</strong> of <strong>Seed</strong>calc, <strong>Seed</strong>calc6<br />
which has capabilities for assessing quantitative laboratory errors and for finding optimal<br />
testing plans.<br />
BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF WHITE ONION ECOTYPES (ALLIUM<br />
CEPA L.) THROUGH HPLC ANALYSIS OF SEED STORAGE PROTEINS<br />
MENNELLA, G., ONOFARO SANAJA’, V., D’ALESSANDRO, A. & MILONE, M.<br />
Istituto Sperimentale per l’Orticoltura – MiPAF, Via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 P<strong>on</strong>tecagnano (SA), Italy,<br />
ist.orticoltura@tiscali.it; peppemennella@libero.it<br />
Water-, salt-, alcohol– and alkali- soluble seed storage proteins, extracted from 21 “Cipolla<br />
bianca di Pompei” <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong> ecotypes (Allium cepa L.), were analysed by ani<strong>on</strong>ic exchange-high<br />
performance liquid chromatography (AE-HPLC), sodium dodecil sulphate–polyacrylamide gel<br />
electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) and isoelectrofocusing (IEF). AE-HPLC eluti<strong>on</strong> profiles (time<br />
range 0 to 40 mins) at 280 nm of water–soluble proteins evidenced the presence of 21<br />
peaks, which allowed all the ecotypes studied to be distinguished from each other. The<br />
differences detected were both qualitative (presence/absence of <strong>on</strong>e or more peaks) and<br />
quantitative; the water–soluble proteins were useful in differentiating ecotypes and cultivars<br />
while the other seed protein fracti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong>ly showed a weak polymorphism. The dendrogram<br />
analysis, based <strong>on</strong> HPLC data, showed that the ecotypes clustered with a genetic similarity<br />
degree of about 69%. The possibility of discriminating between closely related <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong><br />
ecotypes during the course of breeding programmes could allow the identificati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
biochemical markers linked to useful agr<strong>on</strong>omical traits.<br />
SDS–PAGE and IEF showed a minor degree of resoluti<strong>on</strong> and did not allow to identify<br />
unequivocally all the ecotypes studied.<br />
As observed by chromatographic analysis, the globulin compositi<strong>on</strong> of <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong> water–soluble<br />
seed protein appears to be independent of envir<strong>on</strong>mental growth c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
8
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
The biochemical characterizati<strong>on</strong> of the available typical <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong> germplasm may c<strong>on</strong>tribute to<br />
obtain a community recogniti<strong>on</strong> and denominati<strong>on</strong>, such as Denominati<strong>on</strong> of Protected Origin<br />
(D.O.P.), Indicati<strong>on</strong> of Protected Origin (I.G.P.), Specificity Attestati<strong>on</strong> (A.S.).<br />
The biochemical method here developed resulted of high resoluti<strong>on</strong>, cost-effective and timesaving<br />
for characterizati<strong>on</strong> and genetic purity assessment of the ecotypes studied.<br />
COMMERCIAL SUNFLOWER GERMPLASM IDENTIFICATION AND<br />
CHARACTERIZATION USING SSR.<br />
VICARIO, A. 1 , LORAY, A. 1 , PANIEGO, N. 2 & HOPP, E. 2<br />
1 Laboratorio de Marcadores Moleculares. Dirección de Calidad. Instituto Naci<strong>on</strong>al de Semillas. Secretaría<br />
de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Alimentos. Av. Paseo Colón 922, 4to piso. Ciudad de Buenos Aires.<br />
Argentina.<br />
2 Instituto de Biotecnología CICVyA-CNIA-INTA Argentina. CC 25, 1712 Castelar, Argentina<br />
World oilseed producti<strong>on</strong> has risen up to 327.80 milli<strong>on</strong> t<strong>on</strong> in the last few years. For<br />
sunflower this world annual producti<strong>on</strong> is 24.02 milli<strong>on</strong> t<strong>on</strong>s. Argentina is the fourth oilseed<br />
producer and the first sunflower producer in the world. Sunflower is the sec<strong>on</strong>d oilseed<br />
produced in Argentine and the forth commodity produced after soybean, corn and wheat with<br />
an expected producti<strong>on</strong> of 4.2 milli<strong>on</strong> t<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> 2.3 milli<strong>on</strong> of hectares for the 2003/2004<br />
campaign. In spite of its importance, molecular characterizati<strong>on</strong> and identificati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
commercial germplasm using modern DNA marker technology is still scarce. In this work we<br />
selected a group of 10 hypervariable SSRs to assess their ability for identificati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
characterizati<strong>on</strong> and quantificati<strong>on</strong> of the genetic diversity <strong>on</strong> 27 representative sunflower<br />
hybrids from Argentina. PCR amplificati<strong>on</strong> products were resolved by standard sequencing<br />
electrophoresis <strong>on</strong> denaturing polyacrylamide gels and revealed using a silver nitrate staining<br />
kit. We observed a mean of 5.7 alleles per locus and the presence of at least <strong>on</strong>e<br />
heterocygote locus in all hybrids analyzed. The total diversity was 0.54. All genotypes could<br />
be differentiated using 10 SSR. More studies applying these new markers will be carried out.<br />
DEVELOPMENT OF MICROSATELLITE MARKERS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION<br />
OF BRAZILIAN COFFEA ARABICA CULTIVARS.<br />
VIEIRA, ELISA S.N. 1 , VON PINHO, ÉDILA V.R. 1 , ESSELINK, DANNY G. 2 , VIEIRA, MARIA<br />
G.G.C. 1 & VOSMAN, BEN 2<br />
1 Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil, esnv@ufla.br<br />
2 Plant Research Internati<strong>on</strong>al, Wageningen, The Netherlands<br />
Microsatellite markers or SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) have proved to be an excellent<br />
tool for cultivar identificati<strong>on</strong> and genetic relati<strong>on</strong>ship studies in plants. A set of 140 SSR<br />
markers were used to analyze the genetic similarity am<strong>on</strong>g twenty five Coffea arabica<br />
cultivars composed of nineteen brazilian cultivars of commercial importance, and six indian<br />
hybrids of Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora and Coffea liberica. Of the total number of SSR<br />
markers tested 127 DNA nuclear markers were developed using enriched small insert<br />
libraries and the coffee SSR sequences available in the NCBI database, and thirteen universal<br />
chloroplast DNA markers were also tested. Am<strong>on</strong>g the twenty-two polimorphic loci 2-7 alleles<br />
were detected for each locus with an average of 3.5 alleles per locus. The locus CAga001 was<br />
the most discriminating for brazilian cultivars with 4 allelic phenotypes and 1.9 effective<br />
alleles. The mayority of the SSR loci c<strong>on</strong>tained di-nucleoditde (GT) repeats and the<br />
polymorphism was positively correlated with the number of repeats. Based <strong>on</strong> the band<br />
patterns generated by the polymorphic SSR loci, the set of twenty-five coffee cultivars were<br />
clustered in two main groups. One group composed of the most part of the brazilian cultivars<br />
and a sec<strong>on</strong>d <strong>on</strong>e composed of the indian hybrids. Many of the color mutants were not<br />
separated. The clustering was in accordance with the background of the cultivars and<br />
showed the high level of similarity of the brazilian material, indicating the necessity of new<br />
introducti<strong>on</strong>s or crosses between cultivars with different background in future breeding<br />
programms.<br />
9
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
SESSION 2 – Organic and C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Producti<strong>on</strong><br />
Chaired by Jose França Neto, Brazil<br />
VARIETAL CHARACTERIZATION AND GENETIC PURITY ASSESSMENT OF<br />
CASTOR (RICINUS COMMUNIS L.) GENOTYPES<br />
ANKAIAH, R., MANOHAR REDDY, N., KESHAVULU, K., SAMBASIVA RAO, P. & MURALIMOHAN<br />
REDDY, B.<br />
Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Project, ANG Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, India,<br />
nsp_angrau@yahoo.com<br />
The investigati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> varietal and genetic purity assessment of castor genotypes was<br />
c<strong>on</strong>ducted to develop field and laboratory techniques to distinguish genotypes. The<br />
experimental material comprised of nine castor hybrids (GAUCH-1, GCH-2, GCH-4, PCH-1,<br />
TMVCH-1, DCH-32, GCH-5, DCH-177and GCH-6), their parents (VP-1, VI-9, JI-35,48-1, PCS-<br />
136, LRES-17, TMV-5, DCS-5, GEETHA, SH-72, DPC-9, DCS-9, JP-65 and JI-96) and four<br />
varieties (Aruna,AKC-1,GC-2 and Kranti) for study .during 2001 and 2002. Various chemical<br />
tests (biochemical techniques electrophoretic technique of total soluble seed proteins) were<br />
used to characterize the hybrids and their parents at laboratory level. Distinct, uniform and<br />
stable morphological characters were identified for nine hybrids, their parents and four<br />
varieties with the help of 38 morphological characters which were least influenced by<br />
growing c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. Based <strong>on</strong> morphological characters, flow chart which is useful for field<br />
functi<strong>on</strong>aries involved in seed producti<strong>on</strong>/certificati<strong>on</strong> for easy identificati<strong>on</strong> of castor<br />
genotypes was developed. Grouping of castor genotypes was possible based <strong>on</strong> differential<br />
growth resp<strong>on</strong>se of seedlings to GA3 and seedling sensitivity to 2,4-D. The electrophoretic<br />
banding pattern of each genotype was unique and distinct between hybrids, their parents,<br />
and varieties for total soluble seed proteins. These differences were useful in identificati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
individual castor genotypes. The genetic purity tests by field plot technique (GOT) based <strong>on</strong><br />
distinctness, uniformity and stability of morphological characters was found to be a foolproof<br />
method for estimating genetic purity.<br />
ORGANIC SEED TREATMENT TO CONTROL COMMON BUNT (TILLETIA<br />
TRITICI) IN WHEAT<br />
BORGEN, ANDERS<br />
Houvej 51, 9550 Mariager, Denmark<br />
Comm<strong>on</strong> bunt caused by the fungus Tilletia tritici (syn. T.caries) is <strong>on</strong>e of the most<br />
devastating plant diseases in wheat. In c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al agriculture the disease is c<strong>on</strong>trolled<br />
exclusively by fungicide seed treatment, but in organic farming these fungicides are not<br />
accepted. Previous studies in India have shown that seed treatment with plant extracts of<br />
Canabis sativa, Eucalyptus globulus, Thuja sinensis and Datura stram<strong>on</strong>ium was fully<br />
effective against the disease under field c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. Later, in vitro studies have shown that<br />
also germinati<strong>on</strong> of spores of the Karnal bunt pathogen (Neovossia indica) could be<br />
prevented by these plant extracts. The experiment was repeated in Denmark with extracts<br />
from the same species grown in Denmark, which has climate c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s very different from<br />
India. In this experiment the same seed treatments had no or very limited effect <strong>on</strong> the<br />
frequency of the disease. The treatments were compared with indigenous methods from<br />
Europe including salty brine, Thuja leaves and lime. These methods had a significant but<br />
insufficient effect <strong>on</strong> disease suppressi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
10
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
CHALLENGES FOR OBTAINING HIGH QUALITY ORGANIC SEEDS<br />
GROOT, STEVEN P.C. & VAN DER BURG, W. JOOST<br />
Wageningen <strong>Seed</strong> Centre, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, NL 6700AA<br />
Wageningen, The Netherlands, www.seedcentre.nl<br />
High quality seed is the basis of crop producti<strong>on</strong>. <strong>Seed</strong> companies perform checks and<br />
treatments during seed producti<strong>on</strong>, and after harvest, to guarantee they provide their<br />
customers with good, germinating, healthy seeds. Many countries have established seed<br />
testing stati<strong>on</strong>s for certificati<strong>on</strong> and c<strong>on</strong>trol of seed moving in trade. Quality of seeds has<br />
many aspects, these include authenticity of the variety, purity of the seed batch, its<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> potential and seed health.<br />
For organic farming additi<strong>on</strong>al aspects of seed quality are important, especially the<br />
producti<strong>on</strong> of seeds under organic farming c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s and the restricti<strong>on</strong> in methods that can<br />
be used for the treatment of the seeds. Rules for organic crop producti<strong>on</strong> are made by<br />
internati<strong>on</strong>al bodies such as the Internati<strong>on</strong>al Federati<strong>on</strong> of Organic Movements (IFOAM) and<br />
the EEC (Regulati<strong>on</strong> 2092/91). Certificati<strong>on</strong> for ecological producti<strong>on</strong> is performed by<br />
appointed nati<strong>on</strong>al organisati<strong>on</strong>s, distinct from organisati<strong>on</strong>s that certify seeds <strong>on</strong> the quality<br />
aspects menti<strong>on</strong>ed above.<br />
Producti<strong>on</strong> and treatment of seeds under organic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s puts additi<strong>on</strong>al challenges for<br />
obtaining high quality seeds. Because of the limitati<strong>on</strong>s in the use of chemicals, organic<br />
producti<strong>on</strong> bears a greater the risk of c<strong>on</strong>taminati<strong>on</strong> with weed seeds or seed c<strong>on</strong>taminated<br />
with pathogens. Moreover, sowing of seeds in soils with organic fertilisers that have slower<br />
mineralisati<strong>on</strong> in spring, and weed competiti<strong>on</strong> may ask for seedlings with a faster growing<br />
root system: seeds with additi<strong>on</strong>al quality traits such as seed vigour. Presently it is debated<br />
whether organic seeds would need lower thresholds for c<strong>on</strong>taminati<strong>on</strong> with GMO seeds than<br />
n<strong>on</strong>-organic seeds.<br />
These challenges urge for finding soluti<strong>on</strong>s, for a large part through research. Adequate<br />
methods for the detecti<strong>on</strong> of pathogens during seed producti<strong>on</strong> and analysis of critical c<strong>on</strong>trol<br />
points will provide the basis for disease m<strong>on</strong>itoring activities and treatments. Alternative<br />
seed sanitati<strong>on</strong> treatments need to be developed as alternatives for the present use of<br />
fungicides. These treatments need not <strong>on</strong>ly be effective in eliminati<strong>on</strong> of the pathogen, but<br />
should also maintain the viability of the seeds and be acceptable for both the standards for<br />
organic farming and (inter)nati<strong>on</strong>al regulati<strong>on</strong>s regarding the use of comp<strong>on</strong>ents for crop<br />
protecti<strong>on</strong>. Novel seed sorting techniques may be of use in sorting out diseased seeds. For<br />
those crops where at present no ec<strong>on</strong>omically feasible alternatives are available the effect of<br />
increasing the disease threshold for organic seeds is under discussi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Examples will be provided of seed research in resp<strong>on</strong>se to these challenges for obtaining high<br />
quality organic seeds.<br />
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE GERMINATION CHARACTERISTICS OF<br />
WILD FLOWER SEEDS IN COMMERCIAL SEED PRODUCTION<br />
KHAJEH-HOSSEINI 1 , MOHAMMAD, POWELL 1 , ALISON A. & LAVERACK 2 , GILES K.<br />
1 Department of Agriculture & Forestry, University of Aberdeen, Hilt<strong>on</strong> Campus, Hilt<strong>on</strong> Place, Aberdeen,<br />
AB24 4FA, Scotland, U.K<br />
2 Scotia <strong>Seed</strong>s, Mavisbank, Farnell, Brechin, Angus, DD9 6TR, Scotland, U.K<br />
The demand for, and producti<strong>on</strong> of, wild flower seeds has increased in recent years, but<br />
there has been little attempt to test germinati<strong>on</strong> and breaking dormancy of cultivated seeds<br />
of these species. Therefore, the germinati<strong>on</strong> of seeds from sixty species of cultivated wild<br />
flowers produced in Scotland was examined for two years of seed producti<strong>on</strong> (2001 and<br />
2002). The seed moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent (MC) and laboratory germinati<strong>on</strong> were determined and<br />
four methods of breaking dormancy: prechilling, scarificati<strong>on</strong>, scarificati<strong>on</strong> with high<br />
temperature and gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) were used depending <strong>on</strong> the species. The seed MCs<br />
ranged from 4 to 12% and were higher in most species in 2002 when seed had been stored<br />
at a higher relative humidity (45% compared with 35% in 2001). The total germinati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
percentage normal seedlings of species ranged between 0-100% (2001) and 0-91% (2002)<br />
11
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
although overall the number of normal seedlings was higher in 2002. Scarificati<strong>on</strong> increased<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> in some Fabaceae species, whilst GA 3 increased germinati<strong>on</strong> in other species.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> surface sterilisati<strong>on</strong>, to eliminate pathogens from the seed surface, and prehydrati<strong>on</strong><br />
treatments, to eliminate imbibiti<strong>on</strong> damage during germinati<strong>on</strong>, also improved the<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> in some cases. Individual species differed in their germinati<strong>on</strong> and dormancy in<br />
the two years of producti<strong>on</strong>. These differences are discussed in relati<strong>on</strong> to differing weather<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s, methods and timing of harvesting, methods of seed cleaning and seed storage<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
THE EFFECT OF GLYPHOSATE TREATMENT ON THE GERMINATION<br />
POTENTIAL OF BARLEY SEED<br />
MCLAREN, GILLIAN & DON, RONALD<br />
Official <strong>Seed</strong> <strong>Testing</strong> Stati<strong>on</strong> for Scotland, Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, East Craigs, Craigs<br />
Road, Edinburgh, EH12 8NJ, United Kingdom, Gillian.McLaren@sasa.gsi.gov.uk<br />
Glyphosate applied to crops at ear moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent greater than 35% had a detrimental<br />
effect <strong>on</strong> seed viability. Below 35%, germinati<strong>on</strong> in paper towelling was lower than in<br />
compost due to a higher number of glyphosate-induced abnormal seedlings. The number of<br />
glyphosate-induced abnormalities was not related to ear moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent, but to the level of<br />
rainfall experienced in the period immediately after spraying.<br />
EFFECT OF DESICCATION ON SOME QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF<br />
SUGARBEET SEED<br />
RAJIC, MILORAD, MARINKOVIĆ, BRANKO, MIKLIČ, VLADA & PANKOVIĆ, LAZAR<br />
Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia and M<strong>on</strong>tenegro, Faculty of Agriculture, Novi<br />
Sad, Serbia and M<strong>on</strong>tenegro<br />
A three-year field trial has been established in a system of random blocks in order to study<br />
the effect of desiccati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> the 1000-seed mass and germinability of sugarbeet seed under<br />
the local climatic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. Desiccati<strong>on</strong>s were performed at the beginning and end of wax<br />
maturity. As the timing of cutting and threshing operati<strong>on</strong>s is important in the harvest of<br />
seed sugarbeet, desiccati<strong>on</strong> simplifies the overall harvest. The applicati<strong>on</strong> of desiccati<strong>on</strong><br />
under the local agroecological c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s has caused significant changes in the studied<br />
quality characteristics. The 1000-seed mass was significantly larger in the c<strong>on</strong>trol than in the<br />
desiccati<strong>on</strong> variants. The later applicati<strong>on</strong> resulted in higher seed mass compared with the<br />
earlier applicati<strong>on</strong>. Significant differences were also registered in seed germinability. It was<br />
therefore clear that the interrupti<strong>on</strong> of growing seas<strong>on</strong> negatively affected the major quality<br />
characteristics of sugarbeet seed. In view of the significant differences am<strong>on</strong>g the study<br />
years, the obtained results showed that seed sugarbeet resp<strong>on</strong>ds uniformly to different<br />
climatic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
12
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
Keynote – Development of Educati<strong>on</strong> and Training in <strong>Seed</strong><br />
Science and Technology<br />
By Murray Hill, New Zealand<br />
DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN SEED SCIENCE AND<br />
TECHNOLOGY<br />
HILL 1 , MURRAY J. & COOLBEAR 2 , PETER<br />
1 Professor of <strong>Seed</strong> and Crop Science and Director, New Zealand <strong>Seed</strong> Technology Institute, P O Box 84,<br />
Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand, hillm@lincoln.ac.nz<br />
2 Deputy Chief Executive, Manukau Institute of Technology, Private Bag 94006, Auckland, New Zealand,<br />
peter.coolbear@manukau.ac.nz<br />
In this paper, we provide an overview of the factors that need to be c<strong>on</strong>sidered in developing<br />
cost-effective, successful seed technology educati<strong>on</strong> and training programmes. While the<br />
benefits to the individual of quality programmes are self-evident, the key to maximising the<br />
impact of such educati<strong>on</strong> and training is in matching relevant training opti<strong>on</strong>s with carefully<br />
selected trainees who are subsequently supported to maintain a hands-<strong>on</strong> leadership role<br />
within the industry. Our own survey data and subsequent anecdotal evidence emphasises the<br />
fact that providing the necessary managerial and infrastructural support is critical to the<br />
sustained applicati<strong>on</strong> and transfer of new skills and knowledge. The internati<strong>on</strong>al educati<strong>on</strong><br />
and training effort in seed science and technology has lost much of its impetus since the<br />
early 1990s when aid funding declined in this area. We argue that it is timely for <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> to<br />
utilise its combined expertise and take a much more proactive role in lobbying for resources<br />
to support effective internati<strong>on</strong>al programmes.<br />
SESSION 3 – Viability and Vigour: Evaluati<strong>on</strong> and Impact<br />
Chaired by Joël Léchappé<br />
VIGOUR TESTS FOR PREDICTING SEEDLING EMERGENCE OF AUBERGINE<br />
(SOLANUM MELONGENA L.) SEED LOTS<br />
DEMIR 1 , I., ERMIS 1 , S., OKÇU 1 , G. & MATTHEWS 2 , S.<br />
1 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, 06110 Diskapi/Ankara, Turkey,<br />
Fax: 09 90 312 3170550/1316<br />
2 Department of Agriculture, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom<br />
The seed vigour of 5 aubergine (Solanum mel<strong>on</strong>gena L.) seed lots was assessed by cold,<br />
c<strong>on</strong>ductivity and c<strong>on</strong>trolled deteriorati<strong>on</strong> tests and compared with seedling emergence in an<br />
unheated glasshouse. Germinati<strong>on</strong> of aubergine seeds after c<strong>on</strong>trolled deteriorati<strong>on</strong> (CD)<br />
(range 6 to 69 %) for 24, 48 (2 to 83 %) and 72 hours (2 to 81 %) at 45°C at 20 %<br />
moisture were positively and significantly related to seedling emergence, the lots being<br />
ranked c<strong>on</strong>sistently the same for all durati<strong>on</strong>s of CD and glasshouse emergence (42 to 93<br />
%). CD germinati<strong>on</strong> was more closely related to glasshouse emergence after 24 (R 2 =0.972,<br />
P
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STANDARD AND COLD GERMINATION TESTS IN<br />
SUPERSWEET SWEETCORN<br />
GEORGE, D.L., GUPTA M.L. & PARWATA, I.G.M.A.<br />
School of Agr<strong>on</strong>omy and Horticulture, University of Queensland, Gatt<strong>on</strong>, Qld, 4343 Australia,<br />
d.george@mailbox.uq.edu.au<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> viability of sweetcorn is usually measured by the standard germinati<strong>on</strong> test with the<br />
germinator set at 20 - 30 o C. The cold test, so named because it is performed at 10 o C, is used<br />
to assess seed vigour through temperature stress. It has been found most suitable for seed<br />
with high standard germinati<strong>on</strong> (>85%). Both tests were performed <strong>on</strong> 504 samples of seed<br />
of the supersweet sweetcorn cultivar, Pacific H5 of which 162 samples had a standard<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> higher than 85%. The crop was planted in spring 1998 in the Lockyer Valley,<br />
Queensland and cobs harvested at two seed moisture ranges (20-30% and 40-50%) were<br />
dried under different combinati<strong>on</strong>s of drying temperatures (30°C, 40°C and 50°C) and air<br />
velocities (1.25 m/s, 2.75 m/s and 4.30 m/s). Cobs were then shelled and cleaned manually<br />
after which the seed was stored at 30 o C. Germinati<strong>on</strong> tests were c<strong>on</strong>ducted at two m<strong>on</strong>thly<br />
intervals from June 1999 to April 2000. The mean and range for cold germinati<strong>on</strong> (G c ) was<br />
81% and 72 - 90% while for standard germinati<strong>on</strong> (G s ) it was 90% and 85 - 98% for 162<br />
samples. The relati<strong>on</strong>ship between G c and G s (>85%) was best explained by the equati<strong>on</strong> G c<br />
= -21.0 + 1.14 G s (R 2 = 0.62).<br />
ASSESSMENT OF VIABILITY OF BREAD WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.)<br />
AND OATS (AVENA SATIVA L.) GERMPLASM SAMPLES SORED OVER 30<br />
YEARS IN COLD STORE<br />
HOLLY, LÁSZLÓ, BÓCSÓ, RENÁTA, JUHÁSZ, ATTILA & MÁR, ISTVÁN<br />
Institute for Agrobotany, Tápiószele, Hungary, lholly@agrobot.rcat.hu<br />
Medium- and l<strong>on</strong>gterm storage of seed samples is a key element of the c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> of crop<br />
genetic resources collecti<strong>on</strong>s. Preservati<strong>on</strong> of seeds in cold stores at low moisture<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tent/relative air humidity can extend the storage life of samples and reduce the<br />
frequency of regenerati<strong>on</strong>s required. It c<strong>on</strong>tributes, therefore, to the maintenance of the<br />
original genetic structure of populati<strong>on</strong>s in PGRFA collecti<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
The first two cold storage rooms for genetic resources c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> at the Institute for<br />
Agrobotany were established in 1973. At the beginning, mainly cereal (wheat, barley and<br />
oats) seed samples were placed into the cold stores. In accordance with the internati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
standards for germplasm c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong>, seed samples were dried at room temperature under<br />
low (15-30 %) relative air humidity and airtight c<strong>on</strong>tainers (glass jars) were used for<br />
medium-term storage. Viability of seed samples was assessed before storage and m<strong>on</strong>itored<br />
at regular intervals by standard germinati<strong>on</strong> tests. <strong>Seed</strong> samples have been regenerated<br />
whenever their viability dropped below 70%, or the quantity of seed decreased to a<br />
minimum leve1. The original seed samples were, however, not discarded hut kept for further<br />
studies until the complete lass of their viability. After 30 years of cold storage, 141 wheat<br />
and 132 oats samples still survived and 30 of them were selected for further studies.<br />
The storage behaviours of the two species show same distinct differences. The variati<strong>on</strong><br />
am<strong>on</strong>g seed samples in storability was more pr<strong>on</strong>ounced in wheat, while the oats samples<br />
perform more uniformly during storage. The analysis of<br />
the influence of the initial gen11inati<strong>on</strong> percentage in wheat <strong>on</strong> the l<strong>on</strong>gevity in cold store<br />
revealed str<strong>on</strong>g correlati<strong>on</strong> between the initial germinati<strong>on</strong> and the values obtained in the<br />
tests c<strong>on</strong>ducted after 14 and 28 years of storage, r= 0.5506 (n=141) and r= 0.468 (n=<br />
141), respectively. The same correlati<strong>on</strong> coefficients for oats were r= 0.208 and r= 0.106<br />
(n=132).<br />
Some seed samples of wheat (18) and oats (32) had an initial germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage lower<br />
than 85 %. In these sample groups, correlati<strong>on</strong> was not found between the initial and the<br />
last germinati<strong>on</strong> test results (r= 0.067 and r= 0.071). It is assumed that in these cases the<br />
initial viability was underestimated probably due to incomplete after ripening and unresolved<br />
partial dormancy of seeds. This assumpti<strong>on</strong> is supported by the slight increase of<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage observed in the sec<strong>on</strong>d c<strong>on</strong>trol germinati<strong>on</strong> test in certain<br />
14
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
accessi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
It is c<strong>on</strong>cluded that under the storage c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s applied (
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
6000) given to seeds for 18 hours (germplasm of desi chickpea) and 12 hours (germ plasm<br />
of kabuli chickpea) at 25 ± 1°C was effective in improving the storability and laboratory<br />
performance of seeds. However osmotic potential (negatively) higher than 7.5 bars (desi<br />
genotypes) and –5.0 bars (kabuli gram genotypes) caused deleterious effects <strong>on</strong> various<br />
seed technological parameters an initial testing (7 days after treatment and redrying) and <strong>on</strong><br />
testing after 18 m<strong>on</strong>ths of insect free ambinent storage. Treatments given to seeds for<br />
l<strong>on</strong>ger hours (exceeding 18 hours in desi and 12 hours in kabuli) adversely affected the seed<br />
and seedling vigour in chickpeas. Chickpea genotypes bel<strong>on</strong>ging to desi (Microsperma) and<br />
kabuli (Macrosperma) showed variability with respect to their resp<strong>on</strong>ses to the treatment.<br />
Use of commercial grades of carbowox (PEG 6000) for osmoprimal in vigorati<strong>on</strong> of seeds of<br />
chickpea has been advocated for improving the seed quality and storability as evaluated<br />
under laboratory c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s and also under field c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s (reported in a separate research<br />
paper).<br />
VIGOUR TESTING: TOWARDS AN EXTENDED USE OF THE CONDUCTIVITY<br />
TEST<br />
WAGNER, M. HELENE, PREVEAUX, ANNE, MOIZAN, ELISE, BEAULATON, MATTHIEU &<br />
DUCOURNAU, SYLVIE<br />
GEVES-SNES, rue Georges Morel, B.P. 24, 49 071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France<br />
Bulk c<strong>on</strong>ductivity test <strong>on</strong> garden pea was introduced in <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> Rules in January 2002. To get a<br />
larger useful test, we try to extend it to other species am<strong>on</strong>g the most cultivated in the<br />
French producti<strong>on</strong>: wheat, maize, rapeseed, sunflower, and lucerne. Five species were<br />
chosen because of their different storage tissues: oil crops, starchy <strong>on</strong>es and legume and<br />
because they represent different kind of botanical seeds: akene, caryopsis and single seed.<br />
Five samples were used by specie and analysed with a c<strong>on</strong>ductivity meter fitted with a dip<br />
cell having a cell c<strong>on</strong>stant 1 cm -1 . The temperature of the c<strong>on</strong>ductivity test was fixed at 20°C<br />
like for pea but the other parameters of the test were adjusted to the size of samples and to<br />
the kind of seed storage tissues.<br />
Finally, three methodologies can be suggested for rapeseed, wheat and maize, which are<br />
accurate and repeatable and which can classify seed lots more tightly than germinati<strong>on</strong> test.<br />
They should now be validated with comparative tests between different laboratories and with<br />
field emergence results.<br />
Some work is still to be d<strong>on</strong>e <strong>on</strong> sunflower because of the electrolytes leakage from the<br />
pericarp more or less important bel<strong>on</strong>g to the variety. For lucerne seeds, so much variability<br />
is met with hardseededness and to solve this problem, recovery and weighing of hard seeds<br />
is not enough.<br />
SESSION 4 – <strong>Seed</strong> Systems in Emerging and Development<br />
Ec<strong>on</strong>omics<br />
Chaired by Grethe Tarp<br />
SEED SECTOR DEVELOPMENT AND SEED POLICIES IMPLEMENTED IN<br />
TURKEY<br />
BOZKURT BAHATTIN , YALVAC KENAN * & BAL O. FARUK<br />
* Tarim Ve Köyişleri Bakanliği, Milli Müdafaa Caddesi No 20 Kat 8 O, Kizilay, Ankara, Turkey<br />
kyalvac@tarim.gov.tr<br />
The improvement and development of the seed sector is affected by the policies identified<br />
and implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture in Turkey. Recent developments in science<br />
and technology have been largely put into practice in two main sectors of agriculture; plant<br />
breeding and seed sectors. The seed policy of the Ministry aims at developing a modern seed<br />
industry led by the private sector with its instituti<strong>on</strong>s allowing technology transfer and<br />
putting more emphasis <strong>on</strong> the seed producti<strong>on</strong> in Turkey.<br />
16
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
SEED SECTOR DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA: FARMERS’<br />
UTILIZATION OF IMPROVED SEED FOR CROP PRODUCTION<br />
DANIEL, I.O. 1 & ADETUMBI, J.A.<br />
1 Department of Plant Breeding & <strong>Seed</strong> Technology, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta,<br />
Nigeria<br />
Farmers’ acquisiti<strong>on</strong> and utilizati<strong>on</strong> of seeds of improved varieties for crop producti<strong>on</strong> in<br />
South Western Nigeria was investigated to characterise the local seed system and assess the<br />
potentials of the seed sector. Using structured questi<strong>on</strong>naires, a seed survey was c<strong>on</strong>ducted<br />
involving 94 farmers randomly sampled from 5 farm settlement locati<strong>on</strong>s covering 3 states in<br />
the regi<strong>on</strong>. The data collected were subjected to descriptive analysis of simple proporti<strong>on</strong>s<br />
and percentages. Four of the most propagated crops of the regi<strong>on</strong> were maize, cassava,<br />
cowpea, and different kinds of vegetables. For all the predominant crops that were cultivated<br />
at the survey sites, percentage of total land area cultivated with the seeds of improved<br />
varieties was over 90% throughout the 3 years surveyed. Over 50% of farmers saved seeds<br />
of improved varieties for subsequent cropping from previous harvests, indicating high<br />
adopti<strong>on</strong> rates but low replacement rates. Moreover, most farmers would purchase seeds of<br />
improved varieties if it would lead to increased yields and meet c<strong>on</strong>sumer preferences while<br />
a negligible number of farmers would purchase seed because of low costs, meaning that<br />
farmers are ready to pay for seeds of improved varieties, if the seeds are true to their labels.<br />
The implicati<strong>on</strong>s of the results <strong>on</strong> seed industry development and suggesti<strong>on</strong>s for<br />
strengthening of the commercial seed sector are discussed.<br />
SEED PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT IN A TRANSITION ECONOMY – THE<br />
EXPERIENCE OF VIETNAM<br />
THANH DING NHAT DUNG & TURNER, MICHAEL<br />
Danida-ASPS, <strong>Seed</strong> Comp<strong>on</strong>ent, A6, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2 Ngoc Ha St., Ha<br />
Noi, Viet Nam, seed-turner@fpt.vn<br />
For the past 30 years seed projects have been implemented in many ‘developing countries’<br />
with external support from d<strong>on</strong>ors and with the aim of establishing the basic elements of a<br />
formal seed supply system. Within the past decade, there have been similar initiatives in the<br />
‘transiti<strong>on</strong> ec<strong>on</strong>omies’, mostly in the countries of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet<br />
Uni<strong>on</strong>. Here, the c<strong>on</strong>text is very different because a seed system already existed but it was<br />
part of a planned ec<strong>on</strong>omy and was driven by producti<strong>on</strong> targets, not by market demand.<br />
Vietnam is also in transiti<strong>on</strong> to a market ec<strong>on</strong>omy, but its agricultural sector is more typical<br />
of a developing country and, like much of South-east Asia, it is now experiencing rapid<br />
ec<strong>on</strong>omic growth. It therefore presents an interesting case study in terms of seed sector<br />
development, for which support is being provided by Danida<br />
This paper explains the technical and ec<strong>on</strong>omic factors which influence agricultural<br />
development in Vietnam, resulting mostly the predominance of rice as the staple crop.<br />
Against this background, some key issues are discussed in relati<strong>on</strong> to the changing role of<br />
the State from a major seed producer, to being the regulator for a more diverse seed sector.<br />
The transiti<strong>on</strong> process has particular implicati<strong>on</strong>s for quality c<strong>on</strong>trol/assurance as new seed<br />
suppliers seek to establish a reputati<strong>on</strong> for quality and need access to independent seed<br />
testing facilities.<br />
Finally, the paper notes some of the policy issues which arise during the transiti<strong>on</strong> process<br />
and the need to have a mechanism for resolving those issues in an equitable and c<strong>on</strong>sistent<br />
way.<br />
17
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
APPLIED TREE SEED TECHNOLOGY IN BRAZILIAN ATLANTIC FOREST<br />
FATIMA C.M. PIÑA-RODRIGUES & E.S. NOGUEIRA<br />
Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro- BR 465 km 7- Seropedica- RJ- Brazil- CEP: 23851970,<br />
fpina@ufrrj.br<br />
During the last 15 years brazilian research <strong>on</strong> seed science technology c<strong>on</strong>centrated in exotic<br />
species as Eucalyptus and Pinus. The Brazilian Rules for <strong>Seed</strong> Analysis present<br />
recommendati<strong>on</strong>s for many exotic species, with the inserti<strong>on</strong> of few brazilian <strong>on</strong>es. In order<br />
to analyse the status of tropical seed research in Brazil, the objective of this work was to<br />
carry out a survey of the state of art of the research, producti<strong>on</strong> and technology of forest<br />
seeds. Survey was developed using bibliographical c<strong>on</strong>sultati<strong>on</strong>s, web tools searches;<br />
informati<strong>on</strong> and documentati<strong>on</strong>s rescue and technical visits and questi<strong>on</strong>naires. A great<br />
number of exotic species are included in the most produced. Although there is an equilibrium<br />
between the number of species researched (n= 331) and produced (n= 364), <strong>on</strong>ly 7.6% (n=<br />
53) of cited species are being studied and produced at the same time. The most produced<br />
species are used for restaurati<strong>on</strong> of degraded areas and homogeneous plantati<strong>on</strong>s (38%).<br />
Arborizati<strong>on</strong> and ornamental objectives were dominant in relati<strong>on</strong> to the others uses (62%).<br />
Maturati<strong>on</strong>, pathology, phenology and harvest presented the lowest number of researches<br />
references (< 1.3%) while storage was the most searched. From 212 published scientifical<br />
works, <strong>on</strong>ly 19.6% studied methodologies for forest seed analysis, involving less than 10%<br />
of the more produced species. Only 23.9% of published works approach the subject<br />
dormancy. Methodologies to standardizati<strong>on</strong> of germinati<strong>on</strong> assays are necessary to inclusi<strong>on</strong><br />
of the species in the Brazilian Rules for <strong>Seed</strong> Analysis because of the lack of researches with<br />
this specific finality.<br />
HIGH QUALITY RICE SEED PRODUCTION - SANTA CATARINA MODEL<br />
KNOBLAUCH, RONALDIR<br />
Agricultural Research and Extensi<strong>on</strong> Service Agency for Santa Catarina State: EPAGRI/Itajaí Experiment<br />
Stati<strong>on</strong>, Rodovia Antônio Heill, km 06 - CEP: 88301-970 - ITAJAÍ, SC. Brazil, r<strong>on</strong>i@epagri.rct-sc.br<br />
Rice producti<strong>on</strong> in Brazil averages 10.5 milli<strong>on</strong> t<strong>on</strong>s/year. The state of Santa Catarina located<br />
in Southern Brazil has an area of 134 thousand hectares of irrigated rice.<br />
In 1976, rice productivity was 2.3 t<strong>on</strong>s/ha; last seas<strong>on</strong>, 2002/03 the mean yield, reached 7.5<br />
t<strong>on</strong>/ha, the highest in the country.<br />
This yield increase is attributed to several factors, but it is mainly due to the release of high<br />
yielding cultivars put out by Epagri, the Research and Extensi<strong>on</strong> Service for Santa Catarina<br />
and also due to implementati<strong>on</strong> of a high quality seed program in 1986.<br />
This program has the objective to reduce the number of red rice in the classified seeds as a<br />
mean to c<strong>on</strong>trol red rice in the fields.<br />
Until 1970 it was allowed 20 seeds of red rice per 500 grams sample. The step by step<br />
reducti<strong>on</strong> in the number of red rice in the seed lots, came to a zero seed/500 gram sample<br />
for all the classes of seeds, started in the year 2000.<br />
In 1986 <strong>on</strong>ly 20% of the state rice farmers had grown rice from certified seeds; at the<br />
present this number came to over 80%. The state seed growers are now exporting seeds to<br />
different countries in South America and to most rice growing areas of Brazil.<br />
18
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
POTENTIAL OF ON-FARM PRACTICES FOR IMPROVING RICE SEED<br />
QUALITY, SEED HEALTH AND CROP PRODUCTION<br />
S.B. MATHUR 1 ,S. B. C.N. MORTENSEN 1 , C. N., M.H. TALUKDER 2 , R.B. MABAGALA 3<br />
1 Danish Government Institute of <strong>Seed</strong> Pathology for Developing Countries, Thorvaldsensvej 57, DK-<br />
1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark, seedpath@kvl.dk<br />
2 Department of Agriculture Extensi<strong>on</strong>, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Bangladesh, Khamarbari,<br />
Farmgate, Dhaka-1215, Bangladesh<br />
3 Department of Crop Science and Producti<strong>on</strong>, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3005,<br />
Morogoro, Tanzania, rmabagala@yahoo.com<br />
Investigati<strong>on</strong>s c<strong>on</strong>ducted in Bangladesh and Tanzania showed that rice seed lots often<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tain shrivelled, spotted and discoloured seed. <strong>Seed</strong> with such physical deformities are<br />
often lighter and infected by several important fungal and bacterial pathogens. Removal of<br />
these types of affected seed has led to increased seed germinati<strong>on</strong>, producti<strong>on</strong> of healthier<br />
seedlings, resulting in higher yields.<br />
Removal of seed of poor quality was c<strong>on</strong>ducted by manual sorting or by the flotati<strong>on</strong><br />
technique using a 15% sodium chloride soluti<strong>on</strong> (brine soluti<strong>on</strong>). In separate trials (3-years<br />
of data) c<strong>on</strong>ducted in the field in Bangladesh the average germinati<strong>on</strong> of rice seed increased<br />
from 73% to 85% and resulted in a 12.8% yield increase. In Tanzania, the germinati<strong>on</strong> was<br />
higher in sunken seed (94%) than in floating seed (39.4%). A higher incidence of fungal<br />
pathogens was observed in seed that floated in 15% sodium chloride soluti<strong>on</strong> than in seed<br />
that sunk; the use of sunken seed for planting gave yield increases of up to 34.6% compared<br />
to the untreated c<strong>on</strong>trol.<br />
Additi<strong>on</strong>ally, the seedling emergence in seedbeds under farmers c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s revealed that the<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> of seed separated by the sodium chloride soluti<strong>on</strong> was of more than 90% while<br />
<strong>on</strong>ly 85% germinati<strong>on</strong> was recorded when the seed was sorted manually. The percentage of<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> in floating seeds was 0.5% and 30% in shrivelled, spotted and discoloured seed.<br />
The germinati<strong>on</strong> of the untreated c<strong>on</strong>trol was 80%.<br />
Approximately 20 hours were required for four pers<strong>on</strong>s to remove discoloured and spotted<br />
seed by hand from 50 kg, which is the amount of seed required for sowing <strong>on</strong>e hectare in<br />
Bangladesh. Sorting of seed by the 15% salt technique took less time than manual sorting.<br />
The time taken by individual farmers to separate 500 g of seed by the two technologies was<br />
evaluated in Tanzania; farmers’ treatment of seed with the brine soluti<strong>on</strong> required 5 min,<br />
while the sorting of the seed by hand took approximately 45 minutes. These simple<br />
technologies appear to be promising for farmers to separate good seed from poor quality<br />
seed and to select rice seed lots for planting. These technologies have been introduced to<br />
farmers in Bangladesh and Tanzania.<br />
SESSION 5 – <strong>Seed</strong> Lot Hygiene<br />
Chaired by Akos Mesterhazy<br />
FACTORS AFFECTING THE OCCURRENCE OF FUSARIUM SPP. IN CEREAL<br />
SEEDS IN NORWAY<br />
BRODAL, GURO 1 & ELEN, OLEIF 2<br />
1 Norwegian Agricultural Inspecti<strong>on</strong> Service, <strong>Seed</strong> <strong>Testing</strong> Laboratory, Box 3, N-1431 Ås, Norway,<br />
guro.brodal@slt.dep.no<br />
2 The Norwegian Crop Research Institute, Plant Protecti<strong>on</strong> Centre, Høgskolevn 7, N-1432 Ås, Norway<br />
The occurrence of Fusarium (represented by Fusarium spp. and Microdochium nivale) has<br />
been recorded <strong>on</strong> barley, oats and wheat seed in Norway since the 1970-ies as part of the<br />
seed quality assessment. Annually a large number of samples representing both certified and<br />
farm saved seed from all cereal growing areas, was tested (100 or 200 seeds from each<br />
sample) at the <strong>Seed</strong> <strong>Testing</strong> Laboratory using the freezing blotter, the Doyer filter paper, and<br />
the agar plate (PDA) methods. The Fusarium frequencies were recorded in each sample, a<br />
mean of all samples was calculated for each year for each cereal species, and multiple<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
regressi<strong>on</strong>s with weather data and also the Fusarium incidences the previous year, were<br />
carried out. 69% of the variati<strong>on</strong> of the incidence of Fusarium in barley was explained by 1)<br />
precipitati<strong>on</strong> in July, 2) the incidence of Fusarium the previous year (significant positive<br />
effects), and 3) precipitati<strong>on</strong> in June, 4) temperature in July (significant negative effects). In<br />
oats precipitati<strong>on</strong> in July and incidence of Fusarium the previous year explained 59% of the<br />
variati<strong>on</strong>. In wheat, as for barley and oats, precipitati<strong>on</strong> in July and the incidence of<br />
Fusarium the previous year c<strong>on</strong>tributed positively, whereas precipitati<strong>on</strong> in May and<br />
temperature in August had a negative effect. These four factors c<strong>on</strong>tributed significantly by<br />
58% to the variati<strong>on</strong> of Fusarium in wheat. It is c<strong>on</strong>cluded that the incidence of Fusarium the<br />
previous year and precipitati<strong>on</strong> in July were the main factors affecting the incidence of<br />
Fusarium in cereal seeds in Norway.<br />
USING SEED HEALTH TESTING RESULTS TO MAKE BALANCED SEED<br />
MANAGEMENT DECISIONS<br />
COCKERELL, V. & MCNEIL, M.<br />
Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, East Craigs, Edinburgh, EH12 8NJ, United Kingdom,<br />
valerie.cockerell@sasa.gsi.gov.uk<br />
To be able to interpret seed health testing results it is important to understand the accuracy<br />
and limitati<strong>on</strong>s of different test methods. The relati<strong>on</strong>ship between traditi<strong>on</strong>al and Real-time<br />
PCR seed health testing methods for Microdochium seedling blight and bunt are described.<br />
Real-time PCR methods tend to indicate higher infecti<strong>on</strong> levels than traditi<strong>on</strong>al and could<br />
increase the chance of results being reported above recommended thresholds. However,<br />
they can provide growers with quick informati<strong>on</strong> that can be used to manage seed treatment<br />
decisi<strong>on</strong>s where time is limited. Traditi<strong>on</strong>al methods are best used where growers are not<br />
restricted by time or require a more precise indicati<strong>on</strong> of infecti<strong>on</strong>/c<strong>on</strong>taminati<strong>on</strong> levels.<br />
MYCOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ONION SEED PRIMING<br />
DORNA 1 , H., TYLKOWSKA 1 , K., MARCINEK 1 , R., SZOPIŃSKA 1 , D. & WEI YAHONG 2<br />
1 Department of Horticultural <strong>Seed</strong> Science, Technology and Nursery, the August Cieszkowski Agricultural<br />
University, Poznań, Poland<br />
2 Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry, Yangling, China<br />
The purpose of the research was to study the changes in germinati<strong>on</strong> and the incidence of<br />
fungi occurring <strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong> seeds after their priming. Two samples of <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong> ‘Wolska’ seeds,<br />
differing in their initial quality, were used in the study. They were primed in polyethylene<br />
glycol (PEG 8000) at osmotic potential -1.5 MPa for seven days in darkness at 15ºC. In order<br />
to c<strong>on</strong>trol the growth of fungi priming was combined with treating seeds with fungicides:<br />
Penncozeb 80 WP (a.i. 80% mancozeb) and Apr<strong>on</strong> 35 SD (a.i. 35% metalaxyl). In combined<br />
treatments, the fungicides were applied before, during or after priming. Germinati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
mycological tests were performed at 10 and 20ºC.<br />
The seed samples differed in their resp<strong>on</strong>se to priming both in terms of germinati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
presence of fungi. The treatments did not affect percentage of germinating seeds in most<br />
cases. Germinati<strong>on</strong> capacity was lower than percentage of germinating seeds. Priming and<br />
combined treatments increased germinati<strong>on</strong> rate. <strong>Seed</strong>s of a better germinating sample were<br />
infested with some pathogenic fungi, mainly with Botrytis aclada. From am<strong>on</strong>g saprophytic<br />
fungi, Penicillium spp. were the most comm<strong>on</strong>. <strong>Seed</strong>s of a worse germinating sample were<br />
col<strong>on</strong>ized almost <strong>on</strong>ly with Penicillium spp. Species of Penicillium were dominating after<br />
priming. In general, combined treatments reduced their incidence. The lowest percentage of<br />
seeds infested with B. aclada was observed when fungicides were applied before priming.<br />
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Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
HEALTH STATUS OF SWEET CORN SEEDS IN CHINA AND ITS IMPACT ON<br />
SEEDLING EMERGENCE<br />
GUANGWU, ZHAO, GUOZHEN, ZHANG & JIANHUA, WANG *<br />
College of Agr<strong>on</strong>omy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China,<br />
wangjh63@cau.edu.cn)<br />
The health status of 18 sweet corn hybrids, collected from five locati<strong>on</strong>s in China, was<br />
examined and factors influencing seed health of sweet corn and relati<strong>on</strong>ships between seed<br />
health and seedling emergence were studied. Seven fungal genera <strong>on</strong> seed surfaces and 17<br />
inside seeds were isolated. The number of fungi <strong>on</strong> seed surfaces and percentage of<br />
internally infected seeds were much lower in “Xixingtian1”, “Lutian9”, “Shanxitian” and<br />
“Xinjiangtian” than in “Jingketian115” and “Green superman”. Research showed that<br />
significant and c<strong>on</strong>sistent differences in the number of fungi <strong>on</strong> seed surfaces, in percentage<br />
of internally infected seeds and in fungal taxa inside seeds existed am<strong>on</strong>g three types. Sugar<br />
corn seeds were least infected while super sweet corn seeds most. Significant and c<strong>on</strong>sistent<br />
differences either in the number of fungi <strong>on</strong> seed surfaces or in percentage of internally<br />
infected seeds existed am<strong>on</strong>g five locati<strong>on</strong>s. Samples from Northwest China were least<br />
infected while those from Central China most infected. Further research showed that<br />
Fusarium was the most frequently isolated fungus and had the most drastic impact <strong>on</strong><br />
seedling emergence (r=-0.555). Percentage of internally infected seeds had a significant<br />
negative correlati<strong>on</strong> with percentage of seedling emergence (r=-0.489).<br />
DISEASE FREE SEED PRODUCTION OF WHEAT IN PUNJAB (INDIA):<br />
ACHIEVEMENTS AND CONSTRAINTS<br />
SHARMA 1 , R.C., SHARMA 2 , INDU &. SAMRA 1 , J.S<br />
1 <strong>Seed</strong> Technology Center, 2 Dept of Plant Breeding, PAU, Ludhiana – 141 004, INDIA<br />
1 ramesh_pau@yahoo.com<br />
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana produces and supply about 3,000 t<strong>on</strong>nes of wheat<br />
seed (nucleus/breeder/foundati<strong>on</strong>/certified), annually, to various public and private seed<br />
producti<strong>on</strong> agencies including farmers. Loose smut (Ustilago segetum var.tritici), Karnal bunt<br />
(Tilletia indica) and Ear cockle nematode (Anguina tritici) are designated as objecti<strong>on</strong>able<br />
under the Indian <strong>Seed</strong> Act and minimum tolerance limits have been fixed for foundati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
certified seed. The present studies were c<strong>on</strong>ducted to produce disease free seed by<br />
integrating existing and generating new and alternative management strategies. Nearly<br />
complete c<strong>on</strong>trol of loose smut and cockle nematode has been achieved at seed producti<strong>on</strong><br />
farms and farmers fields through chemical and mechanical seed treatments and farmer’s<br />
participatory campaigns. Carboxiin, carbendazim and recently the triazole compounds have<br />
proved highly effective against loose smut. The nematode galls are easily separated by the<br />
seed processing machines or by floating <strong>on</strong> brine soluti<strong>on</strong>. However, Karnal bunt has been an<br />
elusive problem where complete c<strong>on</strong>trol could not be achieved. Even disease free areas could<br />
not be identified when extensive surveys were c<strong>on</strong>ducted. The disease predicti<strong>on</strong> models<br />
have not worked satisfactorily in some of the seas<strong>on</strong>s due to overall weather changes (l<strong>on</strong>g<br />
spells of fog during December-January) recorded in the recent years thus influencing greatly<br />
the disease epidemiology probably due to pre-p<strong>on</strong>ement of teliospore germinati<strong>on</strong> in the soil<br />
The studies <strong>on</strong> teliospore germinati<strong>on</strong>, sporidial viability and multiplicati<strong>on</strong> carried out under<br />
field c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s have validated the above assumpti<strong>on</strong>. Nevertheless, a single spray of<br />
propic<strong>on</strong>azole/tebuc<strong>on</strong>azole/hexac<strong>on</strong>azole at heading stage provided a c<strong>on</strong>siderable c<strong>on</strong>trol<br />
in seed plots. In additi<strong>on</strong>, resistant stocks to karnal bunt have been identified and are being<br />
used for incorporating resistance in high yielding wheats.<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
BLACK ROT ERADICATION TREATMENTS ON BRASSICA: EFFICACY AND<br />
SEED QUALITY INVESTIGATIONS<br />
TAYLOR 1 , A.G., KLEIN 1,2 J.D., & MORRISON 3 R.H.<br />
1 Department of Horticultural Sciences, NYSAES, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, USA<br />
2 Current address: Dept. of Field Crops, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel<br />
3 Sakata <strong>Seed</strong> America, Salinas, CA, USA<br />
Black rot is caused by the pathogen Xanthom<strong>on</strong>as campestris var. campestris (Xcc) and is a<br />
devastating seed-borne disease <strong>on</strong> cabbage and other Brassica species. The objective of this<br />
research was to examine the efficacy of selected physical and chemical methods to eradicate<br />
the pathogen from an infested seed lots. Moreover, the effect of the eradicati<strong>on</strong> treatments<br />
were examined <strong>on</strong> the germinati<strong>on</strong> and seed quality.<br />
A traditi<strong>on</strong>al method to eradicate Xcc from Brassica seed lots is to employ a hot water<br />
treatment (HWT). <strong>Seed</strong>s are immersed in hot water (50°C) for a period of time ranging from<br />
20 to 30 minutes to eradicate the pathogen. The effect of hot water (50°C for 20 minutes)<br />
was tested <strong>on</strong> a high and medium quality cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata) seed lot. The<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage was not significantly reduced by the HWT in the high quality seed<br />
lot, while the HWT of the low quality lot resulted in a four percentage point reducti<strong>on</strong> in<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong>. Further studies revealed that the HWT aged seeds to a similar extent as aging<br />
seeds at 70% RH (8.6% moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent, fr. weight basis) and 40°C for a period of 7 days.<br />
Studies were c<strong>on</strong>ducted <strong>on</strong> selected seed treatments to eradicate Xcc from infested seed<br />
lots. In year <strong>on</strong>e, a seed lot with external Xcc infestati<strong>on</strong> and a seed lot with both external<br />
and internal infecti<strong>on</strong> received the following treatments: HWT treatments for 25 or 30<br />
minutes (Reed’s <strong>Seed</strong>s, Cortland, NY, USA), a 1.0% Oxidate (hydrogen peroxide +<br />
peroxyacetic acid, BioSafe Systems, Glast<strong>on</strong>bury, CT, USA) soak for 4 hours at 25°C, and<br />
two proprietary methods – eXccit (Incotec, Salinas, CA, USA) and Pre-Prep (<strong>Seed</strong> Dynamics,<br />
Salinas, CA, USA). Pathological testing was performed in the third author’s laboratory, and<br />
testing procedures separated internal from external infecti<strong>on</strong>. All treatments eradicated Xcc<br />
from the seed lot with external infecti<strong>on</strong>, except for the Oxidate soak. The seed lot with both<br />
external and internal infestati<strong>on</strong> was more problematic to eradicate. Both Oxidate soak and<br />
HWT for 25 minutes were not able to eradicate the external infecti<strong>on</strong>; however, the HWT for<br />
30 minutes and all other treatments were effective. In c<strong>on</strong>trast, <strong>on</strong>ly the Pre-Prep eradicated<br />
internal infecti<strong>on</strong>, but reduced laboratory germinati<strong>on</strong>. Other treatments reduced the Xcc<br />
levels, as measured by CFU/gram of seed.<br />
C<strong>on</strong>tinued studies were c<strong>on</strong>ducted in year two without the Oxidate treatment, and a<br />
proprietary modified hot water treatment was included (Seminis, Oxnard, CA, USA). Four<br />
new Xcc infested seed lots were tested: cabbage with low level of external infecti<strong>on</strong>, cabbage<br />
with low level of both internal and external infecti<strong>on</strong>, cauliflower (B. oleracea var. botrytis)<br />
with low level of internal infecti<strong>on</strong> and kohlrabi (B. oleracea var. g<strong>on</strong>gylodes) with high level<br />
of both internal and external infecti<strong>on</strong>. All seed treatments eradicated Xcc from the three lots<br />
with either low internal, external or internal + external infecti<strong>on</strong>. The greatest challenge was<br />
the highly infected kohlrabi lot. Only the eXccit treatment was able to eradicate the external<br />
infecti<strong>on</strong>, while the HWT for 30 minutes, Pre-Prep and eXccit treatments eradicated the<br />
internal infecti<strong>on</strong>. It must be noted that several lots used in these studies may not pass<br />
suitability tests c<strong>on</strong>ducted by the seed enhancement companies.<br />
SEED-BORN BARLEY STRIPE MOSAIC VIRUS IN EGYPT: INCIDENCE, EFFECT<br />
OF VIRUS AND SEED-TRANSMISIBILITY<br />
ZEIN, SALWA & ABOUL-ATA, ABOUL-ATA<br />
Plant virus and Mycoplasma Res. Sec., Plant Pathol 30 D, El-Karama St., Alf Maskan, PO Box 11123,<br />
Cairo, Egypt, aeaboulata@yahoo.com<br />
Generally, BSMV has low incidence in Egypt. It has highest incidence at Minia (7%) and<br />
Menufia (4.9%) in 2002-2003 growing seas<strong>on</strong> where certified seeds are not fully adopted. It<br />
had also low incidence throughout 1996 and 97 growing seas<strong>on</strong>s. BSMV sometimes can<br />
cause plant death after having severe symptom appearance <strong>on</strong> few plants. Most plants can<br />
stay alive with severe virus effect. Germinati<strong>on</strong> in BSMV-diseased seeds has decreased by<br />
9% to 43.8%. It causes decreasing in number of tillers and decreasing in plant height<br />
22
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
(16.5% - 55.3%) as well. It stops grain filling and sometimes spikes formati<strong>on</strong>. It can stop<br />
seed formati<strong>on</strong> i.e. Sids 7 wheat local variety. It decreases number of seeds / plant (28.2% -<br />
90.1%) and weight of seeds / plant (20% - 94.1%) according to degree of severity of<br />
infecti<strong>on</strong> of which has high positive correlati<strong>on</strong> with those previous factors. BSMV incidence is<br />
high in virus-diseased seeds using TBIA (27.8% - 70.0%). Certified seeds usage has to be<br />
adopted by the farmer to prevent BSMV distributi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Keynote – Molecular Methods and the Future of <strong>Seed</strong> <strong>Testing</strong><br />
By Gerry Saddler, United Kingdom<br />
MOLECULAR METHODS AND THE FUTURE OF SEED TESTING<br />
MCEWAN, M., COCKERELL, V., MULHOLLAND, V., SOUTHWORTH, C., KERR, E., REID, A. &<br />
SADDLER, G.S.<br />
Scottish Agricultural Science Agency (SASA), East Craigs, Edinburgh, EH12 8NJ, United Kingdom,<br />
gerry.saddler@sasa.gsi.gov.uk<br />
A range of molecular methods have been, and are being developed at SASA for use in seed<br />
testing. Much of our work is focused <strong>on</strong> the development of seed health tests, however<br />
increasingly efforts are being directed towards methods appropriate for the detecti<strong>on</strong> of GM<br />
and varietal identificati<strong>on</strong>. Examples will be drawn from recent research into the<br />
development of a quantitative PCR assay for the fungal pathogens of wheat; Microdochium<br />
nivale and Tilletia tritici. In the case of the latter, quantificati<strong>on</strong> of these pathogens in seed<br />
lots has been established using both competitive PCR assays and fluorescent real-time PCR.<br />
Recent research into the development of genotyping methods for a range of crops will also<br />
be presented. In the majority of cases the use of fingerprinting methods based <strong>on</strong><br />
microsatellites is the method of choice, however data will be presented that show that this<br />
approach is not without its problems in certain crops. The approaches adopted in establishing<br />
databases for the recogniti<strong>on</strong> of barley and pea varieties will be highlighted and the future<br />
directi<strong>on</strong> of this work discussed. In additi<strong>on</strong>, results will be presented <strong>on</strong> recent work into the<br />
detecti<strong>on</strong> and characterisati<strong>on</strong> of GM c<strong>on</strong>taminating events in seed lots, the type of sampling<br />
regimes and forensic approach employed.<br />
SESSION 6 – <strong>Seed</strong> Improvement<br />
Chaired by Hugh Prichard, United Kingdom<br />
THE USE OF RAPID AGEING AND CONTROLLED DETERIORATION TO<br />
EVALUATE IODINE VAPOUR TREATMENTS TO IMPROVE SEED STORAGE<br />
POTENTIAL.<br />
DE ATRIP, N., MATTHEWS, * S. & POWELL, ALISON A.<br />
Department of Agriculture and Forestry, Hilt<strong>on</strong> Campus, Block C, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK<br />
* Author for corresp<strong>on</strong>dence<br />
Work <strong>on</strong> several crops (wheat, rice, mustard, mungbean, eggplant and radish) has shown<br />
that halogens such as iodine and bromine can reduce the rate of deteriorati<strong>on</strong> of seed stored<br />
for several m<strong>on</strong>ths. The aim of the research reported was to investigate more rapid methods<br />
(days rather than m<strong>on</strong>ths) for the evaluati<strong>on</strong> of treatments to slow down deteriorati<strong>on</strong>, with<br />
a view to developing a potential screening technique to evaluate potential seed treatments.<br />
Oilseed rape seeds (cv Apex), harvested in 2000, were used. Both high vigour, unaged seeds<br />
and low vigour seeds (seeds aged for 12h at 20% moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent and 45°C, followed by<br />
drying back) were exposed to iodine vapour (0, 8, 18 or 24h) in a transparent plastic<br />
desiccator placed in a glass fr<strong>on</strong>ted incubator at 25°C. The seeds were subsequently<br />
subjected to rapid ageing at 20% moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent (mc) and 45°C for up to 36h, dried back<br />
and germinated at 20 ± 2°C in the dark for 14 days. All iodine treatments c<strong>on</strong>sistently<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
improved the laboratory germinati<strong>on</strong> after rapid ageing. Initially unaged, high vigour seeds<br />
showed the greatest resp<strong>on</strong>se and 18h was the most effective exposure time, maintaining<br />
100% germinati<strong>on</strong> after 36h rapid ageing, compared with 62% for untreated seeds. The rate<br />
of germinati<strong>on</strong> after rapid ageing was c<strong>on</strong>sistently increased by the iodine treatment, most<br />
markedly so for the unaged seed after 36h rapid ageing. Assessment of the extent of<br />
deteriorati<strong>on</strong> in germinable seeds, using the CD vigour test (24h at 20% mc and 45°C),<br />
revealed that all iodine treatments improved germinati<strong>on</strong> after CD, especially for the unaged<br />
seeds. The clearest evidence of a reducti<strong>on</strong> in the rate of deteriorati<strong>on</strong> was seen following<br />
the 18h iodine treatment and 24h rapid ageing, when the treated seed gave a CD<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> of 83% compared with 13% in the untreated c<strong>on</strong>trol. The role of halogens in<br />
retarding deteriorati<strong>on</strong> and the potential for further reducing the durati<strong>on</strong> of the screening<br />
method will be discussed.<br />
EFFECT OF SALT PRIMING ON SEEDLING EMERGENCE AND GROWTH OF<br />
WATERMELON SEEDS DURING DEVELOPMENT<br />
DEMIR, I. & MAVI, K.<br />
Ankara University, Agriculture Faculty, Horticulture Department, 06110 Ankara/Turkey<br />
The effect of salt-priming (2% KNO 3 , 20°C; 6 d) <strong>on</strong> emergence percentage, mean<br />
emergence time, seedling fresh weight and cotyled<strong>on</strong>e length of watermel<strong>on</strong> (Citrillus<br />
lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai) seed lots harvested 15, 20, 25, 35 and 45 daa (days after<br />
anthesis) from the plants grown in warmer and cooler regi<strong>on</strong>s in 2002 were investigated.<br />
Neither treated nor untreated watermel<strong>on</strong> seeds of 15 days grown in cooler regi<strong>on</strong> were able<br />
to emergence; however the same batch grown in warmer regi<strong>on</strong> had 25, 20% emergence in<br />
c<strong>on</strong>trol and treated seeds, respectively. The major effect of the treatment was seen in earlier<br />
harvests (15, 20 daa) than later <strong>on</strong>es. Treated seeds showed 20% higher emergence, 3-4<br />
days of shorter emergence time, 68 and 82 mg higher seedling fresh weight in seeds<br />
harvested 20 daa in both regi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
In more mature lots of 25, 35 and 45 daa, treatment was less effective <strong>on</strong> seedling growth.<br />
While, mean emergence time of all seed lots harvested in both regi<strong>on</strong>s reduced significantly<br />
and being maximum of 4 days at 20 daa. The benefit gradually reduced, as seeds get more<br />
mature. Percentage of seeds germinated but not able to emerge <strong>on</strong> top of the soil varied<br />
between 0-6.7%, in treated but it was up to the 22.7% in c<strong>on</strong>trol seeds which was varying<br />
am<strong>on</strong>g the lots. It can be c<strong>on</strong>cluded that salt priming can be useful for improving uniformity,<br />
seedling emergence and growth of heterogeneously matured watermel<strong>on</strong> lots particularly in<br />
early spring sowings.<br />
EFFECTS OF SAND PRIMING ON GERMINATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES<br />
AND FIELD PERFORMANCE IN DIRECT-SOWN RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.)<br />
HU*, J., ZHU, Z.Y., SONG, W.J., WANG, J.C. & NAGANAGOUDA R.<br />
Department of Agr<strong>on</strong>omy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China<br />
∗ Fax: +86-571-86049815, jhu@dial.zju.edu.cn<br />
A new priming method called sand priming was developed using sand as a priming solid<br />
matrix in present experiment. <strong>Seed</strong>s were mixed with sands that c<strong>on</strong>tained 3.8% (v/w)<br />
water and sealed in plastic box, and then were primed at 18 for 72 h. Four varieties of rice<br />
were used to investigate the effect of sand priming <strong>on</strong> germinati<strong>on</strong> and physiological changes<br />
of direct-sown rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the laboratory. The results showed that the energy of<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong>, germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage, germinati<strong>on</strong> index and vigor index were improved in<br />
four varieties. Meanwhile, seedling height, root length, number of root and root dry weight<br />
were significantly higher than the n<strong>on</strong>primed c<strong>on</strong>trols. The activity of peroxidase (POD),<br />
catalase (CAT), α- and β-amylase were increased in four varieties after sand priming.<br />
Besides, the c<strong>on</strong>tent of chlorophyll in leaves, soluble sugar and free proline in shoots all<br />
increased in sand primed seeds. Field experiments showed that the seed establishment and<br />
yield in sand primed seeds were significantly increased by 19.8% ~ 22.9% and yield by<br />
9.8% ~ 31.2%, respectively as compared to soaked seeds without priming. It is indicated<br />
24
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
that sand priming method may help to improve seedling establishment in direct-sown rice<br />
and possible to be used in the field crop producti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
SEED TESTING AND THE EFFECT OF INSECTICIDAL ACTIVE INGREDIENTS<br />
ON EMERGENCE OF HYBRID MAIZE SEED<br />
JONITZ, A. & LEIST, N.<br />
LUFA Augustenberg, Neßlerstr. 23, 76227 Karlsruhe, Germany<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> is the basic means of agricultural producti<strong>on</strong> and its quality is therefore of decisive<br />
importance for a farm’s success. Increasingly, seed is being treated with insecticidal active<br />
ingredients, which give seedlings effective protecti<strong>on</strong> against pathogenic organisms.<br />
Good phytotolerability is essential for seed treatments, as seedlings can be particularly<br />
sensitive. The insecticidal agents clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam, which bel<strong>on</strong>g<br />
to the new, ne<strong>on</strong>icotinoid group of active ingredients, have different physicochemical<br />
properties and therefore differ in regard to their uptake by the plant. Their phytotolerability<br />
was tested under different envir<strong>on</strong>mental c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s in maize. The effects <strong>on</strong> emergence<br />
behaviour were investigated in relati<strong>on</strong> to soil type and soil moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent, in experiments<br />
carried out with five types of soil. Comparis<strong>on</strong> of the three active ingredients in sandy loam<br />
at 40 % WHCmax showed differences in emergence depending <strong>on</strong> the active ingredients´<br />
solubility in water.<br />
On the 4 th day after sowing, the picture seen with clothianidin, the active ingredient with the<br />
lowest aqueous solubility, was the same as that observed in the c<strong>on</strong>trol system. Treatment<br />
with imidacloprid delayed emergence <strong>on</strong>ly slightly, whereas treatment with thiamethoxam,<br />
the agent with the highest aqueous solubility, delayed emergence to marked extent. The<br />
active ingredients had greatest effects in the light soils. With increasing soil moisture<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tent, the maize seedlings generally emerged more quickly and showed less effects than in<br />
dry soils. The observed effects <strong>on</strong> growth were clearly discernible, but within a few days the<br />
differences had been made up. Final emergence was thus not discernibly impaired.<br />
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT POLYMER COATING MATERIALS AND<br />
APPLICATIONS ON THE STORAGE LIFE AND AGEING OF ONION (ALLIUM<br />
CEPA L.CV. AKI) SEEDS: I. ASSESSMENT OF APPROPRIATE POLYMERS AND<br />
DOZES<br />
KAVAK, SULEYMAN & ESER, BENIAN<br />
Ege Universty Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey,<br />
skavak64@hotmail.com, kavak@agr.ege.edu.tr, eser@ziraat.ege.edu.tr<br />
Viability of seeds and storability are c<strong>on</strong>trolled by temperature and relative humidity during<br />
storage. A reduced rate of water uptake and water vapour movement into the seeds during<br />
storage could c<strong>on</strong>trol by coating the seeds with hydrophobic polymers. Therefore, polymeric<br />
coatings allow the storage of the seeds required from harvest to sowing or planting. The<br />
objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different hydrophilic and hydrophobic<br />
polymers coatings <strong>on</strong> the storage life and ageing of <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong> seeds. For this purpose Discoshine<br />
L-88 blue, Carboxymethylcellulose, Daran SL112, Daran 8600 C, Linseed oil, polyethylene<br />
and vinamul 3240 polymers were used.<br />
According to the experimental results, hydrophobic polymer coatings did not retard water<br />
vapour at high RH c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s for <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong> seeds as expected. Some of these polymers<br />
negatively affect germinati<strong>on</strong> as compare to uncoated seeds. These polymers possibly form a<br />
hard film that could negatively affect germinati<strong>on</strong> and could be a toxic effect <strong>on</strong> the seeds.<br />
After 10 weeks of storage period, moisture c<strong>on</strong>tents of coated seeds were not different from<br />
uncoated seeds and polymer coating of <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong> seeds caused a physical barrier to the radicle<br />
growth.<br />
25
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
SULPHURIC ACID SCARIFICATION EFFECTS ON BRACHIARIA BRIZANTHA,<br />
B. HUMIDICOLA AND PANICUM MAXIMUM SEED DORMANCY RELEASING<br />
USBERTI, ROBERTO & MARTINS, LEILA<br />
Plant Protecti<strong>on</strong> Agency, Caixa Postal 960, CEP 13073-001, Campinas, Brazil, usberti@cati.sp.gov.br<br />
Forage grasses present seed dormancy, which reduce percentages in germinati<strong>on</strong> test as<br />
compare to viability results obtained by tetrazolium test. The objective of this work was to<br />
evaluate the effect of H2SO4 scarificati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> seed dormancy releasing in 630, 94 and 82<br />
samples of B. brizantha, B. humidicola and P. maximum, respectively, tested in Central <strong>Seed</strong><br />
<strong>Testing</strong> Laboratory, Campinas, Brazil, from 1991 to 1999. Germinati<strong>on</strong> tests used two 4x100<br />
intact and scarified seeds (15’, 10’, 5’, respectively). Mean germinati<strong>on</strong> (T50) and variability<br />
am<strong>on</strong>g germinati<strong>on</strong> replicates were also analysed. Statistical analysis was performed by t-<br />
test paired samples for means. Scarificati<strong>on</strong> promoted reducti<strong>on</strong>s in T50, while variability<br />
am<strong>on</strong>g replicates was reduced in B. brizantha. Scarificati<strong>on</strong> increased germinati<strong>on</strong> in B.<br />
brizantha and P. maximum, but was deleterious in B. humidicola.<br />
SESSION 7 – Physiological Basis of <strong>Seed</strong> Quality<br />
Chaired by Françoise Corineau, France<br />
SEED LONGEVITY CHART AND MODELING TO PREDICT VIABILITY DURING<br />
OPEN STORAGE<br />
ANDREOLI, CLAUDINEI<br />
Embrapa Soja, Brazil, de Andrade, Ramiro Vilela, Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Brazil,<br />
andreoli@cnpso.embrapa.br<br />
The simplified equati<strong>on</strong> Vt = Vi – tgβ.p has been incorporated into a seed viability chart for<br />
corn (Zea mays L.) in order to predicting the percentage of viability of any corn seed lot<br />
after any period of time under unc<strong>on</strong>trolled storage c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. The objective of this work<br />
was to set a practical seed l<strong>on</strong>gevity chart to predict viability of corn seed lot during<br />
storage. From data of five corn seed lots stored at Sete Lagoas, MG, the value of the<br />
storage c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> (σ) was calculated. This value (σ = 120 days) corresp<strong>on</strong>ded exactly to the<br />
time taken in days for the germinati<strong>on</strong> of corn seed lots stored at Embrapa, Sete Lagoas,<br />
State of Minas Gerais to fall to a certain value observed in the accelerated aging test. Once<br />
the storage c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> is estimated, the viability chart can be c<strong>on</strong>structed, which illustrates<br />
the relati<strong>on</strong>ship between initial germinati<strong>on</strong>, seed deteriorati<strong>on</strong> rate and storage c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong><br />
over time. The chart can be used by any seed producer <strong>on</strong>ce the value of storage c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong><br />
(σ) in situ is determined. Applicati<strong>on</strong>s of the seed viability chart to short-term seed storage<br />
seem to be promising for seed growers. This predictive model is the first attempt of<br />
incorporating the effect of seed quality, actual temperature and relative humidity into a<br />
seed l<strong>on</strong>gevity chart of an open storage.<br />
LIPID PEROXIDATION AND ACTIVITY OF SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE<br />
ASSOCIATED WITH NATURAL AGING OF OIL MAIZE SEED<br />
BALEŠEVIĆ-TUBIĆ, SVETLANA, TATIĆ, M., MILADINOVIĆ 1 , JEGOR & MALENČIĆ 2 , Đ.<br />
1 Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia and<br />
M<strong>on</strong>tenegro<br />
2 Faculty of Agriculture, Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia and M<strong>on</strong>tenegro<br />
Biochemical changes that occur in the seed during natural aging are very significant for seed<br />
quality and l<strong>on</strong>gevity. Changes in lipid c<strong>on</strong>tent and compositi<strong>on</strong>, which mostly occur due to<br />
lipid peroxidati<strong>on</strong>, can have a significant negative effect <strong>on</strong> the properties of stored seed.<br />
This study was c<strong>on</strong>ducted to determine effect of natural aging <strong>on</strong> changes in the fatty acid<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tent, germinability, lipid peroxidati<strong>on</strong> and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in<br />
26
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
seeds of two hybrids and three lines of oil maize. The results indicate that natural aging<br />
decreased seed germinati<strong>on</strong> and caused changes in the fatty acid c<strong>on</strong>tent. The increase of<br />
lipid peroxidati<strong>on</strong> occurred with increased durati<strong>on</strong> of aging. During process of natural aging<br />
some decrease in SOD activity were noticed. These data suggest that the peroxidative<br />
changes in the lipids may be linked to the reduced germinati<strong>on</strong> and deteriorati<strong>on</strong> of oil maize<br />
seed.<br />
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT POST-HARVEST DRYING METHODS ON SEED<br />
QUALITY FROM GREEN (IMMATURE) AND RED (MATURE) BERRIES OF<br />
WOODY NIGHTSHADE (SOLANUM DULCAMARA L.)<br />
CONEYBEER, JULIA, ADAMS, JOHN & PROBERT, ROBIN J.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex,<br />
RH17 6TN, UK, j.adams@kew.org.uk<br />
Green and red berries of woody nightshade were harvested <strong>on</strong> a single day. Berries were<br />
then either held under ventilated ambient c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s for 21 d prior to seed extracti<strong>on</strong> or,<br />
seeds were extracted <strong>on</strong> the day of harvest and divided into three different drying methods.<br />
1) seeds held under ambient c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s for 21 d as above. 2) seeds dried immediately under<br />
standard seed bank c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s for seeds of fleshy fruits (open drying 15°C and 15% RH). 3)<br />
As 2 except seeds held in a ventilated box designed to slow down the rate of drying.<br />
Immediate, standard drying of seeds extracted from green berries results in low seed<br />
viability (~40%) and poor storage potential. <strong>Seed</strong> quality was improved if seeds were dried<br />
more slowly in a ventilated box but highest seed quality was obtained when green berries<br />
were allowed to mature for 21 d under ambient c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s prior to seed extracti<strong>on</strong> and<br />
drying. <strong>Seed</strong> from mature red berries behaved differently. <strong>Seed</strong>s from berries held under<br />
ambient c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s for 21 d were of poorer quality compared with seeds extracted <strong>on</strong> the day<br />
of harvest and dried immediately. However, slow drying of seeds at 15°C in a ventilated box<br />
still resulted in higher seed quality compared to seed dried under standard seed bank<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
GENETIC DISSECTION OF MAIZE RESPONSE TO A DEFOLIATION<br />
TREATMENT DURING MATURATION INDUCING TOLERANCE TO COLD AT<br />
GERMINATION.<br />
FRASCAROLI, E. CASARINI, E. & CONTI, S.<br />
University of Bologna, Dept. of Agroecological Sciences and Technology, Viale Fanin 40, 40127 Bologna,<br />
Italy, frascaro@agrsci.unibo.it<br />
It has been proved that defoliati<strong>on</strong> of mother plant during kernel maturati<strong>on</strong> can improve<br />
cold tolerance of germinating seeds and of embryos rescued few days after defoliati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Objectives of this study were to evaluate a mapping populati<strong>on</strong> segregating for tolerance to<br />
cold during seed germinati<strong>on</strong>, and for reacti<strong>on</strong> to defoliati<strong>on</strong>, to detect and characterize<br />
quantitative trait loci (QTLs) c<strong>on</strong>trolling cold tolerance and its acquisiti<strong>on</strong> during defoliati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
One-hundred-seventy-<strong>on</strong>e families of the populati<strong>on</strong> derived from the cross Lo1016 x Lo964,<br />
previously genotyped at 161 marker loci, were selfed and seeds were harvested from<br />
defoliated (D) or n<strong>on</strong>-defoliated (ND) mother plants. Composite interval mapping was used<br />
to identify QTLs for germinati<strong>on</strong> at 25°C (G25) and 9°C (G9), and for reacti<strong>on</strong> to defoliati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
In the analysis <strong>on</strong> ND plants, five QTLs were detected for G25 and eight for G9, explaining<br />
respectively 31 and 41 % of the variati<strong>on</strong>. Four QTLs were in comm<strong>on</strong>, while four were<br />
involved in G9 <strong>on</strong>ly. Four QTLs were detected in defoliated plants analysis for G25 and five<br />
for G9, explaining 17 and 26 % of the variati<strong>on</strong>, respectively. Only <strong>on</strong>e was in comm<strong>on</strong>. QTLs<br />
c<strong>on</strong>trolling germinati<strong>on</strong> can be used for marker-assisted selecti<strong>on</strong> to improve this trait. The<br />
presence of genomic regi<strong>on</strong>s possibly involved in reacti<strong>on</strong> to defoliati<strong>on</strong> and its relati<strong>on</strong> with<br />
cold tolerance is also discussed. Results reported in this study indicated that reacti<strong>on</strong> to<br />
defoliati<strong>on</strong> could be used as a model for better understanding genetic c<strong>on</strong>trol and<br />
physiological mechanisms at the basis of maize cold tolerance at germinati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
27
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE STRESS DURING SOYBEAN SEED<br />
DEVELOPMENT ON GERMINATION AND VIGOR<br />
TEKRONY, DENNIS M., EGLI, DENNIS B. & SPEARS, JAN<br />
Dept. of Agr<strong>on</strong>omy, University of Kentucky, 429 Plant Science Bldg, Lexingt<strong>on</strong>, KY 40546-0312, United<br />
States, dtekr<strong>on</strong>y@uky.edu<br />
Several envir<strong>on</strong>mental factors occurring during soybean seed producti<strong>on</strong> have been reported<br />
to influence seed quality. This investigati<strong>on</strong> evalulated the effect of high temperature during<br />
seed development and maturati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> the germinati<strong>on</strong> and vigor of seed produced in the<br />
phytotr<strong>on</strong> (1998, 2000) and the field (2000 to 2002). Cultivars of variable maturity<br />
(‘Hutches<strong>on</strong>’, ‘McCall’) were grown in the phytotr<strong>on</strong> at temperatures of 27/22 (c<strong>on</strong>trol),<br />
33/22 and 38/27) and in the field (‘Hutches<strong>on</strong>’, and ‘DP4690RR’) at four locati<strong>on</strong>s (Kentucky,<br />
Mississippi, Arkansas and Texas)in the USA. <strong>Seed</strong>s were hand harvested at maturity (brown<br />
pods), hand threshed and all shriveled and abnormal seeds were removed before testing for<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> and vigor (accelerated-aging germinati<strong>on</strong>, c<strong>on</strong>ductivity). Maximum daily<br />
phytotr<strong>on</strong> temperatures of 33 or 38 °C during seed development reduced seed size,<br />
increased shriveled seeds and lowered seed quality. Standard germinati<strong>on</strong> of normal seeds<br />
(no visual abnormalities) developing at 33°C was 98%, while seed developing at 38°C were<br />
3 to 72 %. <strong>Seed</strong> vigor was significantly (P > 0.05) reduced at 33 °C and unacceptable at<br />
38°C. Average maximum field temperatures during seed filling (growth stage R5 to R7)<br />
ranged from 24.0 (Kentucky) to 37.6ºC(Texas). When all seed lots infected with Phomopsis<br />
l<strong>on</strong>gicolla (Hobbs) were removed from the analysis there was a significant decrease in<br />
standard germinati<strong>on</strong> and accelerated-aging germinati<strong>on</strong> as mean maximum temperatures<br />
during seed filling increased for Hutches<strong>on</strong>, but not for DP4690RR. Standard germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
declined linearly (r2 = 0.49) from near 100% at 24ºC to 85% at 36ºC, while the decrease in<br />
accelerated-aging germinati<strong>on</strong> was curvilinear (R2 = 0.88) and reached 9% at 36ºC. <strong>Seed</strong><br />
vigor (accelerated-aging germinati<strong>on</strong>) was much more sensitive to high temperature stress<br />
than standard germinati<strong>on</strong>. There were also cultivar differences with seeds of Hutches<strong>on</strong><br />
more sensitive to high temperatures than DP4690RR or McCall. Our findings in the phytotr<strong>on</strong><br />
and field dem<strong>on</strong>strate that high temperatures during seed filling, in the absence of seed<br />
infecti<strong>on</strong> with Phomopsis l<strong>on</strong>gicolla (Hobbs) and physical injury, reduced soybean seed<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> and vigor.<br />
100-SEED TEST FOR DESICCATION TOLERANCE AND GERMINATION: A<br />
CASE STUDY ON EIGHT TROPICAL PALM SPECIES<br />
WOOD, CHRISTOPHER B., HODGES, SIMON, VAUTIER, HELEN J. & PRITCHARD, HUGH W.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> Department, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex<br />
RH17 6TN, UK, c.wood@rbgkew.org.uk<br />
A test was devised for seed desiccati<strong>on</strong> tolerance, the crucial first step in the ex situ<br />
preservati<strong>on</strong> of germplasm and its sustainable use. Its unique attribute is the maximum<br />
characterisati<strong>on</strong> of seed lots using the minimum number of seeds. Data recorded includes<br />
seed dimensi<strong>on</strong>s, fresh and dry weight, moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent, relative humidity, germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
total and rate in <strong>on</strong>e envir<strong>on</strong>ment before and after desiccati<strong>on</strong> with silica gel. <strong>Seed</strong>s of eight<br />
tropical palms from the genera Phoenix and Syagrus were studied. Six were found to be<br />
desiccati<strong>on</strong> tolerant, a trait that closely matched the species natural habitat; two species,<br />
Phoenix roebelenii and Syagrus schizophylla, are provisi<strong>on</strong>ally classified as having<br />
desiccati<strong>on</strong> sensitive, Type III seeds. In general, germinati<strong>on</strong> was observed to be rapid,<br />
being complete in <strong>on</strong>e to two m<strong>on</strong>ths. Two species exhibited an increase in germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
during short-term (weeks) moist storage, probably indicative of a progressi<strong>on</strong> in embryo<br />
development. The results show that the 100-seed test can be used as an efficient and<br />
effective first screen for potential storage of seeds from diverse species and can support the<br />
rapid producti<strong>on</strong> of seed biology checklists for species c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> and sustainable use.<br />
28
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
Poster Sessi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
Chaired by Zita Ripka, Hungary<br />
1. Applicati<strong>on</strong> of Advanced Technologies<br />
Topics: Identificati<strong>on</strong> of GM; varietal identificati<strong>on</strong>; diagnostics in plant pathology<br />
1 - COMPARING TECHNIQUES TO DETECT SOYBEAN SEEDS TOLERANT TO<br />
GLYPHOSATE<br />
ANDRE TILLMANN¹, MARIA ANGELA, DOS SANTOS MADRUGA CUNHA 2 , CRISTINA CLAUDETE,<br />
FUNGUETTO 2 , IZABEL, BICCA DODE 3 , LUCIANNA & AMARAL VILLELA¹, FRANCISCO<br />
¹bolsista CNPq, UFPel/FAEM, Caixa Postal 354, CEP 96001-970, Pelotas-RS, matilman@ufpel.tche.br<br />
2 UFPel/FAEM, Pelotas-RS<br />
3 UCPEL, Pelotas-RS<br />
There is a worldwide effort to establish methods for the detecti<strong>on</strong> of GMOs, bearing in mind<br />
the importance of internati<strong>on</strong>al commercializati<strong>on</strong>. Recently, bioassays have been carried out<br />
to evaluate plant phenotype, such as ELISA tests and kits to detect specific proteins<br />
expressed from transgenic DNA. Using PCR it is also possible to detect specific DNA<br />
sequences. The aim of this research was to compare the efficiency of the methods used to<br />
detect Roundup Ready® (RR) soybean and to characterize the seedlings resp<strong>on</strong>se to the<br />
herbicide. Soybean seeds tolerant to glyphosate were submitted to various bioassays (preimbibed,<br />
imbibed, and immersed in glyphosate soluti<strong>on</strong>), seedlings sprayed with glyphosate,<br />
kit Trait Test and the PCR method. The results indicated that the methods are efficient in<br />
detecting the RR seeds; the bioassays were the most efficient, c<strong>on</strong>sidering the cost benefit<br />
ratio. The n<strong>on</strong>-GMO seedlings presented with some abnormalities: areas of thickness,<br />
l<strong>on</strong>gitudinal striati<strong>on</strong>s, yellowing of the hypocotil, inhibiti<strong>on</strong> of primary root development,<br />
sec<strong>on</strong>dary root absence and reduced length. The radicular system was the most affected,<br />
compared to the aerial growth.<br />
2 - EXAMPLES OF THE STATISTICS COMMITTEE’S RECENT WORK<br />
BARABÁS 1 , JULIA & GREGOIRE 2 , SYLVAIN<br />
1 Budapest University of Ec<strong>on</strong>omic Science and Public Administrati<strong>on</strong>, Hungary, 1118. Villányi út 35,<br />
Mathematics and Infomatics Dep., Hungary, bjuli@omega.kee.hu<br />
2 GEVES, France<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> Statistical Committee helps to solve different seed testing problem of the difference<br />
committee of <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g>. The main goals are to give both practical and methodology advises to the<br />
colleagues. This poster illustrates through examples these cooperati<strong>on</strong> from the past 3 years<br />
and shows that the demands were coming from users. The Statistical Committee tried to<br />
provide solid and appropriate mathematical background.<br />
The examples are:<br />
- GMO's sampling plan, proficiency testing, error rates<br />
- purity of seed mixtures: new methodes for compositi<strong>on</strong> check and chack the labelled value<br />
-worked out of Statistical analysis of Plant Disease Committee method validati<strong>on</strong> programs<br />
-Give informati<strong>on</strong> and free tools <strong>on</strong> the <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> web-site<br />
29
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
3 - EVALUATION OF IMAGE ANALYSIS IN DETERMINING THE<br />
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MECHANICAL DAMAGE AND SEED VIGOR IN<br />
CORN<br />
CICERO, SILVIO MOURE<br />
São Paulo University, Banzatto Junior, Hodair Luiz, São Paulo University, smcicero@esalq.usp.br<br />
Image analysis is a very promising technique to determine mechanical damage in seeds. This<br />
precise method examines seeds individually using enlarged images in which damaged areas<br />
as well as their exact locati<strong>on</strong> and extensi<strong>on</strong> can be found and examined in detail. Since this<br />
is a n<strong>on</strong>-destructive method, analyzed seeds can be submitted to physiological tests to<br />
establish the relati<strong>on</strong>ship between mechanical damage and quality loss. The objective of the<br />
present paper was to study the effects of mechanical damage <strong>on</strong> corn seed vigor using image<br />
analysis. Fifty seeds from CO 32, AG 6690 and Attack cultivars were visually selected to form<br />
a sample of whole seeds with varying degrees of mechanical damage. <strong>Seed</strong>s were X-rayed,<br />
photographed (ventral and dorsal sides) and submitted to a cold test. Photographs were<br />
repeated after the cold test. Images were transferred to a computer so that pre and post<br />
cold test images could be examined simultaneously <strong>on</strong> the m<strong>on</strong>itor to determine possible<br />
relati<strong>on</strong>ship between cause and effect. Results indicate that the method under study permits<br />
associati<strong>on</strong> of mechanical damage with eventual losses caused to corn seed vigor.<br />
4 - APPLICATION OF IMAGE ANALYSIS TO STUDY SEED IMBIBITION<br />
UNDER SEVERAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS<br />
DELL’AQUILA, ANTONIO<br />
Insitute of Plant Genetics, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy<br />
Most informati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> seed germinati<strong>on</strong> and physical seed swelling during imbibiti<strong>on</strong> is based<br />
<strong>on</strong> the subjective evaluati<strong>on</strong> of ‘visible germinati<strong>on</strong>’ and gravimetric assessment, which are<br />
generally known to be sources of error. Computer-aided image analysis represents a new<br />
approach to m<strong>on</strong>itor the imbibiti<strong>on</strong> process based <strong>on</strong> the automati<strong>on</strong> and the measurement<br />
of seed size parameters.<br />
The technique has been applied to study: (a), the changes of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.)<br />
seed size parameters, such as area, perimeter, width and length, during the first and sec<strong>on</strong>d<br />
phase of water uptake; (b), the swelling of deteriorated cabbage seeds exposed to 0.44M<br />
NaCl for brief period of time before radicle emergence, by measuring variati<strong>on</strong>s of the seed<br />
area during salt imbibiti<strong>on</strong> and after stress removal; (c), the relati<strong>on</strong>ships between area and<br />
roundness factor, as parameter of seed shape change, measurements and early radicle<br />
growth in cabbage, lentil (Lens culinaris Medick.), pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and tomato<br />
( Lycoperisc<strong>on</strong> esculentum L.) seeds during the third phase of imbibiti<strong>on</strong> curve; (d), a more<br />
accurate assessment of the germinati<strong>on</strong> parameters in cabbage and radish (Raphanus<br />
sativus L.) seeds imbibed under different temperature c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
The results show that the seed area may be taken as a good marker of imbibiti<strong>on</strong> process<br />
during the Phase I and II of water uptake, while the timing of germinati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong>set and radicle<br />
el<strong>on</strong>gati<strong>on</strong> may be better determined by the roundness factor. In additi<strong>on</strong>, the rapid image<br />
processing by computer has allowed the creati<strong>on</strong> of a database of germinating seed images<br />
for several species, available <strong>on</strong> the web site: http://germimaging.ba.cnr.it .<br />
30
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
5 - USING ARTIFICIAL VISION TO MONITOR GERMINATION TIME COURSE<br />
OF SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) SEEDS<br />
DUCOURNAU 1 , S., FEUTRY 2 , A., PLAINCHAULT 3 , P., REVOLLON 4 , P., VIGOUROUX 5 , B. &.<br />
WAGNER 1 , M.H<br />
1 Stati<strong>on</strong> Nati<strong>on</strong>ale d’Essais de Semences (GEVES-SNES), rue G. Morel, B.P. 24, 49 071 BEAUCOUZE<br />
CEDEX, France, sylvie.ducournau@geves.fr, marie-helene.wagner@geves.fr<br />
2 Laboratoire de Technologie des Semences, VILMORIN, 49250, LA MENITRE, France,<br />
armand.feutry@vilmorin.com<br />
3 C.E.R., E.S.E.O., 6 rue Merlet de la Boulaye, B.P. 30926, 49009 ANGERS CEDEX, France,<br />
patrick.plainchault@eseo.fr<br />
4 Institut Nati<strong>on</strong>al d’Horticulture, 2 rue Lenôtre, 49045 ANGERS CEDEX 01, France,<br />
revoll<strong>on</strong>@angers.inra.fr<br />
5 Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Automatisés (LISA, CNRS FRE 2656 ), Institut Universitaire de<br />
Technologie, BP 42018, 49016 ANGERS CEDEX, France, bertrand.vigouroux@univ-angers.fr<br />
A computer-c<strong>on</strong>trolled system was used to m<strong>on</strong>itor the germinati<strong>on</strong> time course of sunflower<br />
seeds. The system integrates a Jacobsen table, a c<strong>on</strong>trolled lighting envir<strong>on</strong>ment, a video<br />
camera and a computer. Software was developed to c<strong>on</strong>trol image recording and image<br />
analysis. The algorithm retained for detecting and counting the germinated seeds was<br />
validated in two ways:<br />
1. First, human operators read images independently and the variability between<br />
readers was compared to the computer reading.<br />
2. Then, computer counts were compared to counts of germinati<strong>on</strong> carried out directly<br />
<strong>on</strong> the Jacobsen table.<br />
The whole equipment (automatic shooting and algorithm c<strong>on</strong>nected to the germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
system) was tested to plot germinati<strong>on</strong> time courses of three sunflower seed lots at 20°C.<br />
Detailed germinati<strong>on</strong> curves were obtained allowing a perfect fitting in a probit model and a<br />
comparis<strong>on</strong> of the seed lots. These results c<strong>on</strong>firm the high potential of artificial visi<strong>on</strong> in<br />
quality evaluati<strong>on</strong> of seeds.<br />
6 - MORPHOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION OF NEW VARIETIES<br />
OF SOME PEANUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.)<br />
EL-BAGOURY, O.H. 1 ; EL-EMERY 2; M.I; EL HABBAL, M.S. 1 ; AND NAGUIB, N.A. 2<br />
1 Agr<strong>on</strong>. Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University. Cairo, Egypt.<br />
2 <strong>Seed</strong> Tech. Dept., Field Crops Res. Inst. Agricultural Res. Center, Giza, Egypt.<br />
This study was carried out with the objectives of determining the actual differences between<br />
various peanut genotypes under test at different growth stages. The necessity for such<br />
informati<strong>on</strong> was to assist in the quality c<strong>on</strong>trol and certificati<strong>on</strong> tests. Three peanut (Arachis<br />
hypogaea L.) genotypes (Giza 4, Giza 5 and Hybrid 8), were selected and certain selected<br />
quantitative and qualitative characters were studied. Certain quantitative and qualitative<br />
morphological characters were investigated <strong>on</strong> seed, seedling and adult plants. The results<br />
revealed great differences in certain morphological characters and chemical compositi<strong>on</strong><br />
including crude protein, total carbohydrates, crude oil and fatty acids were tested in seeds.<br />
Moreover, the patterns of seed protein by using SDS–PAGE. It was found that each genotype<br />
was characterized by proteins with specific molecular weight. Therefore, electrophoretic<br />
analysis is an important tool for the identificati<strong>on</strong> of cultivars.<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
7 - MOLECULAR DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIAL<br />
DISEASES IN SEED POTATOES<br />
FEKETOVA, MIROSLAVA & HORVATH, LUBOMIR<br />
Department of Molecular Biology, Central C<strong>on</strong>trol and <strong>Testing</strong> Institute for Agriculture, Hanulova 9/A,<br />
841 01 Bratislava, Slovak Republic, tel./fax: +421 2 64462089, l.horvath@uksup.sk<br />
Bacteria Ralst<strong>on</strong>ia solanacearum (RS) and Clavibacter michigenensis subsp. seped<strong>on</strong>icus<br />
(CMS), which cause very dangerous bacterial diseases “potato brown rot” and “potato ring<br />
rot”, bel<strong>on</strong>g to the quarantine organisms in Slovakia, because their occurence have not been<br />
detected in domestic producti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
In the frame of state research project (1999-2002) carried out development and<br />
standardisati<strong>on</strong> of DNA-based testing procedures for detecti<strong>on</strong> and identificati<strong>on</strong> bacteria RS<br />
and CMS in seed potatoes and ware potatoes by using of polymerase chain reacti<strong>on</strong> (PCR).<br />
Ralst<strong>on</strong>ia solanacearum was detected by using simple PCR according to EC directive<br />
98/57/EC with specific primers OLI-1 and Y-2, that give 288 bp amplic<strong>on</strong> and with additi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
primers derived from DNA encoded 16SrRNA. Positive PCR fragments are c<strong>on</strong>firmed by RFLP<br />
analysis with AvaII. Clavibacter michigenensis subsp. seped<strong>on</strong>icus was detected by using<br />
simple and preferably multiplex PCR with specific primer pairs based <strong>on</strong> regi<strong>on</strong> 16S-23SrRNA<br />
genes. It was indicated as very useful a cultivati<strong>on</strong> of bacteria in the liquid or solid growth<br />
media before testing especially in cases of weak bacterial infecti<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Standardized PCR tests are performed in the official phytosanitary diagnostics for verificati<strong>on</strong><br />
of positive immunofluorescence and biological tests and for aut<strong>on</strong>omous m<strong>on</strong>itoring of<br />
presence of bacteria to prevent of undesirable spreading of menti<strong>on</strong>ed quarantine bacterial<br />
diseases.<br />
8 - STANDARDISATION OF DNA-BASED TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTION OF<br />
GMOS IN OFFICIAL TESTING<br />
HORVATH, LUBOMIR & FEKETOVA, MIROSLAVA<br />
Department of Molecular Biology, Central C<strong>on</strong>trol and <strong>Testing</strong> Institute for Agriculture, Hanulova 9/A,<br />
841 01 Bratislava, Slovak Republic, tel./fax: +421 2 64462089, l.horvath@uksup.sk<br />
The area of molecular detecti<strong>on</strong> and identificati<strong>on</strong> of genetically modified plants (GMOs)<br />
based <strong>on</strong> the detecti<strong>on</strong> of DNAs of n<strong>on</strong>-plant origin, is highly actual in the sphere of seed<br />
testing, variety testing, GMOs labeling and coexistence of GMO crops with c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al and<br />
organic farming.<br />
In the frame of the state research project (1999-2002) carried out development, verificati<strong>on</strong><br />
and standardisati<strong>on</strong> of testing procedures for detecti<strong>on</strong> of GMOs in plant varieties, seeds and<br />
mercantile by using polymerase chain reacti<strong>on</strong> (PCR). PCR tests were performed for various<br />
products for the presence of glyphosate, Bt and glufosinate tolerant GMOs in soybean,<br />
maize, rapeseed, sugar beet, sunflower and other species, that are based in detecti<strong>on</strong> of 35S<br />
CaMV promotor, NOS terminator and specific DNA sequences of transgenic plants.<br />
In order to create compatibility with EU, screening and specific simple and multiplex PCR<br />
tests, including the methods of JRC EC Ispra, German Food Act, Swiss method and their<br />
modificati<strong>on</strong> with different primers, types of DNA extracti<strong>on</strong> and purificati<strong>on</strong> were compared.<br />
For determinati<strong>on</strong> of relative c<strong>on</strong>tents of GMOs in the grain samples, semiquantitative test<br />
based <strong>on</strong> subsampling and sequence tests was successfully employed.<br />
On the ground of obtained results standard procedures for qualitative and semiquantitative<br />
detecti<strong>on</strong> of GMOs in agricultural testing in Slovakia were established. Optimal sensitivity of<br />
the methods was specified to 0,1% of GMOs c<strong>on</strong>tents. Positive results are compared to GMO<br />
standards (IRMM/Fluka), the specificity of PCR test is checked by set of positive and negative<br />
c<strong>on</strong>trols and positive PCR fragments are c<strong>on</strong>firmed by the RLFP analysis. The c<strong>on</strong>taminati<strong>on</strong><br />
of samples by CaMV virus, that causes false positive results through detecti<strong>on</strong> of CaMV 35S<br />
promotor, is performed by the PCR detecti<strong>on</strong> of reverse transcriptase gene of this virus.<br />
32
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
9 - GENOTYPIC RESPONSE OF CHILLI FOR SEED YIELD AND QUALITY<br />
UNDER DIVERSED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION<br />
HUNJE, RAVI., SHEKHARGOUDA, M. & VYAKARANAHAL, B.S<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> Research Laboratory, Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Project, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad,<br />
Karnataka-India<br />
Field and laboratory experiments were c<strong>on</strong>ducted over two year under three agroclimatic<br />
z<strong>on</strong>es of Karnataka State-India <strong>on</strong> two premier local varieties viz. Byadagi kaddi and<br />
Dyavanur local chilli.<br />
Byadagi kaddi variety recorded significantly higher growth and yield parameters compared to<br />
Dyavanur local. Byadagi kaddi variety produced higher fruit length (15.86 cm), fruits per<br />
plant (109.50), higher fruit yield per plant (81.57 g) and per ha (1318 kg) and seed yield<br />
(498.42 kg/ha) and also recorded higher root length (9.81 cm), shoot length (9.03 cm) and<br />
vigour index (1694) compared to Dyavanur local. Dharwad locati<strong>on</strong> recorded higher number<br />
of fruits per plant (109.63), fruit weight (1.33 g), fruit yield per plant (86.33 g) and per ha<br />
(1468 kg) and seed yield (512.42 kg/ha) over Hanumanmatti and Annigeri locati<strong>on</strong> and seed<br />
quality parameters also showed similar trend. Sec<strong>on</strong>d and first picking recorded higher fruit<br />
length (13.70 and 12.52 cm) and fruit per plant (28.94 and 35.63), fruit yield (428.56 and<br />
380.40 kg/ha), seed yield (159.61 and 140.85 kg/ha) and also higher seed quality<br />
parameters viz., germinati<strong>on</strong> (88.44-80.06) field emergence (83.04-80.69), vigour index<br />
(1311-1146) and lower in electrical c<strong>on</strong>ductivity (1.47-1.56 dSm -1 ) of seed leachates<br />
respectively.<br />
Byadagi kaddi variety at Dharwad locati<strong>on</strong> performed better for seed yield and quality<br />
parameters.<br />
10 - LONG TERM PRESERVATION OF CHILLI SEEDS USING CHEMICALS &<br />
BOTANICALS<br />
HUNJE, RAVI., SHEKHARGOUDA, M. & VYAKARANAHAL, B.S<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> Research Laboratory, Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Project, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad,<br />
Karnataka-India<br />
Laboratory experiments were c<strong>on</strong>ducted to study the influence of seed treatments with<br />
chemicals and bio-products <strong>on</strong> two chilli varieties viz., Byadagi kaddi and Dyavanur local at<br />
the <strong>Seed</strong> Research Laboratory, Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> project, University of Agricultural Sciences,<br />
Dharwad, Karnataka, India for 20 m<strong>on</strong>ths period.<br />
The chilli seeds deteriorate at a rate sufficiently rapid to make them a poor planting material<br />
leading to poor germinati<strong>on</strong>, slow emergence, weak growth, inadequate field stand etc, all<br />
orienting towards reduced yield. By dressing with fungicides, plant products and seed<br />
invigourati<strong>on</strong> result in improved seed quality for two-three planting reas<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
The chilli seed germinati<strong>on</strong> can be maintained above minimum seed certificati<strong>on</strong> standard<br />
(60%) for a period of 12 m<strong>on</strong>ths under ambient c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>. Am<strong>on</strong>g the varieties Byadagi<br />
kaddi retained better seed quality parameters compared to Dyavanur local. The seeds<br />
treated with potassium iodide (10 -3 M), calcium oxy-chloride (4 g/kg) and P<strong>on</strong>gamia leaf<br />
powder (40 g/kg) recorded significantly higher seed quality parameters and maintained the<br />
seed germinati<strong>on</strong> above minimum seed certificati<strong>on</strong> standard (60%) over a period of 20<br />
m<strong>on</strong>ths under ambient c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s of storage.<br />
11 - STUDY FOR GM SOYBEAN ANALYSIS USING ELISA<br />
JUNG, JIN-KEE<br />
Experiment Research Institute of Nati<strong>on</strong>al Agricultural products Quality Management Service(NAQS),<br />
560, 3-Ga, Dangsan-D<strong>on</strong>g, Youngdeungpo-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea, (simfir@naqs.go.kr)<br />
The study for GMO analysis is progressing actively according to development of GM corps in<br />
worldwide. There are two methods of PCR and immunoassay for GMO analysis. For the<br />
33
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
purpose of effective GMO analysis we made comparative experiment by ELISA analysis<br />
according to c<strong>on</strong>tent of proteins in each nati<strong>on</strong>'s soybeans, levels of grinding, methods of<br />
sample preparati<strong>on</strong>, sorts of standard materials and percentage of GMO c<strong>on</strong>tents using<br />
ELISA analysis.<br />
Mixtures of RR soybean and n<strong>on</strong> GM Korea cultivar soybean were used in this study. Protein<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tents in n<strong>on</strong> GM soybean of Korea, China and America and RR soybean were compared.<br />
And also protein c<strong>on</strong>tents of standard materials grinded as 100mesh and sample grinded as<br />
40mesh are compared. We made comparative experiment of GM soybean of 3% which is<br />
Korea's GMO threshold using SDI ELISA kit according to methods of preparati<strong>on</strong>. Difference<br />
of GMO c<strong>on</strong>tents between IRMM and SDI standard materials was investigated. 0.5, 1, 3, 5,<br />
10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100% GM soybean prepared in our laboratory were analysed using SDI<br />
ELISA kit.<br />
As the result, c<strong>on</strong>tent of proteins were various according to origin and varieties as Korea<br />
soybean is 14.2 ug/ul, China soybean is 16.3ug/ul, America soybean is 10.2 ug/ul and RRS is<br />
11.4 ug/ul. Protein c<strong>on</strong>tents of GM soybean grinded as 100mesh and 40 mesh US screen<br />
were 17.2 ug/ul and 16.2 ug/ul respectively in average so it makes no difference in ELISA<br />
analysis. GMO analysis of 3% GM soybeans made by powder mixed after passed through 40<br />
mesh US screen showed more stable results than powder passed through 40 mesh US screen<br />
after mixed as karnels as the former is 2.9-3.0% and the later is 3.1-3.9%. ELISA analysis<br />
results between 3% GM prepared with IRMM and SDI standard materials showed similar<br />
results of 2.9-3.8% and 3.0-3.9% respectively. ELISA analysis of each percentage of GM<br />
soybean (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100%) made by RR soybean and n<strong>on</strong> GM Korea<br />
cultivar soybean showed higher coefficient of variati<strong>on</strong> (CV) in lower ratio of GMO than<br />
higher ratio of GMO as CV of 0.5%, 1% GMO is 12.7, 7.9% and CV of 100%, 80% GMO is<br />
7.4%, 3.3% respectively. It showed ELISA analysis of higher ratio of GMO c<strong>on</strong>tents is more<br />
stable results than lower ratio.<br />
12 - IDENTIFICATION OF THE STEM LUCERNE NEMATODE DITYLENCHUS<br />
DIPSACI BY PCR<br />
KERKOUD 1 , M., GUIMIER 1 , C., GUENARD 1 , M., LECHAPPE 1 , J & ESQUIBET 2 , M.<br />
1 GEVES-SNES, rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex<br />
2 INRA de Rennes, BP 35327, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex<br />
Ditylenchus dipsaci is a quarantine phytoparasite composed of two races (normal and giant)<br />
which are difficult to distinguish from other Ditylenchus species. Using healthy seed<br />
c<strong>on</strong>stitutes the best way to avoid the dispersi<strong>on</strong> of that nematode. Faced to the complexity<br />
of identificati<strong>on</strong>, the molecular tool can be <strong>on</strong>e alternative to characterize and identify such a<br />
parasite. A technique based <strong>on</strong> polymerase chain reacti<strong>on</strong> (PCR) was developed for the<br />
identificati<strong>on</strong> of D. dipsaci using nucleotide sequence informati<strong>on</strong> of the ribosomal DNA<br />
regi<strong>on</strong>. The internal transcribed spacer regi<strong>on</strong> ITS1 and ITS2, the gene 5.8S and partial<br />
genes 18S and 26S of two populati<strong>on</strong>s of the stem and bulb nematode D. dipsaci and<br />
phylogenetically related species were amplified with two universal rADN1 and rADN2<br />
primers, sequenced, and digested with five restricti<strong>on</strong> enzymes. The alignment of nucleotide<br />
sequences and analyses of digesti<strong>on</strong> patterns indicated c<strong>on</strong>stant polymorphisms between D.<br />
dipsaci and related species which overlapped a TspEI restricti<strong>on</strong> site. Two olig<strong>on</strong>ucleotide<br />
primers set were designed for identifying this variable regi<strong>on</strong>. The first primer set (DdpS1<br />
and rADN2) was specific to D. dipsaci when it was checked against nematode genomic DNAs<br />
of related nematodes. The sec<strong>on</strong>d primer set (DdpS2 and rADN2) was specific to normal race<br />
of D. dipsaci. The first primer set is a good candidate for a species-specific reagent in a<br />
procedure for detecti<strong>on</strong> and identificati<strong>on</strong> of D. dipsaci by PCR. The results of this study will<br />
allow the development of a fast PCR test for routine detecti<strong>on</strong> of D. dipsaci.<br />
34
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
13 - IDENTIFICATION OF GROUNDNUT [ARACHIS HYPOGEA (L.)]<br />
CULTIVARS USING MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS, CHEMICAL TESTS AND<br />
ELECTROPHORESIS<br />
KESHAVULU 1 , K., FARZANA 2 , JABEEN SAMBASIVA RAO 1 , P., RADHIKA 1 , K., MURALIMOHAN,<br />
REDDY B. & TONAPI, V.A.<br />
1 Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Project and Department of <strong>Seed</strong> Science and Technology, Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural<br />
University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India<br />
2 Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar,<br />
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India<br />
nsp_angrau@yahoo.com, vilast<strong>on</strong>api@hotmail.com<br />
Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is <strong>on</strong>e of the major oilseed crops in India, being grown<br />
across all the seas<strong>on</strong>s. Multiplicity of genotypes and n<strong>on</strong> availability of documented<br />
informati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> diagnostic characteristics of the groundnut varieties has complicated the issue<br />
of maintenance of genetic and varietal purity. To aid the process of distinctiveness,<br />
uniformity and stability, 87 cultivars actively grown for seed across the country were<br />
characterized and documented both morphologically and through chemical tests including<br />
electrophoresis at Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Project at Hyderabad from 1998 to 2002.<br />
The stable diagnostics characteristics through seed, pod and plant morphological characters<br />
from sowing to maturity, standardized chemical tests and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of<br />
soluble seed proteins were used for cultivar identificati<strong>on</strong>. Most of the varieties showed<br />
variati<strong>on</strong> in morphological characteristics, but few varieties did not exhibit morphological<br />
variability, and it was not possible to strictly assign them to a specific group. Different<br />
groupings for majority of the cultivars were possible by chemical tests. The banding pattern<br />
of soluble proteins by PAGE was significantly different in most of the varieties and specific<br />
groupings for cultivar identificati<strong>on</strong> were evident. Thus, the study clearly revealed the clear<br />
possibility of identifying and distinguishing groundnut cultivars based <strong>on</strong> combinati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
morphological characters, seed and seedling reacti<strong>on</strong> to KOH, NaOH, 2,4-D and GA3 tests,<br />
and electrophoresis. This characterizati<strong>on</strong> is expected to help the Indian seed program in<br />
certificati<strong>on</strong>, quality c<strong>on</strong>trol and grow-out testing of groundnut.<br />
14 - IDENTIFICATION OF RICE CULTIVAR USING MORPHOLOGICAL,<br />
CHEMICAL TESTS AND ELCTROPHORESIS<br />
KESHAVULU 1 , K., SAMBASIVA RAO 1 , P., FARZANA 2 , JABEEN, & MANOHAR REDDY, N.<br />
1 Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Project and Department of <strong>Seed</strong> Science and Technology, Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural<br />
University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India, nsp_angrau@yahoo.com<br />
2 Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar,<br />
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India<br />
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is <strong>on</strong>e of the most important staple food of the world. It has been<br />
estimated that rice producti<strong>on</strong> in India must be doubled by the year 2025 to meet the<br />
requirements of populati<strong>on</strong>. Varietal identificati<strong>on</strong> has attained critical importance world wide<br />
in view of plant variety protecti<strong>on</strong> and maintenance of genetic purity in seed programmes.<br />
Due to proliferati<strong>on</strong> of varieties, identificati<strong>on</strong> and maintenance of genetic purity has become<br />
complicated. One hundred and twenty four rice cultivars including varieties, parental lines<br />
and hybrids grown in Southern India were studied from 1999-2002. With a view of<br />
developing a scheme for variety identificati<strong>on</strong> using 58 morphological characters, seed and<br />
seedling reacti<strong>on</strong>s to chemical tests such as phenol, modified phenol, KOH, NaOH, 2, 4-D and<br />
GA 3 including PAGE of soluble seed proteins. These rice cultivars showed variati<strong>on</strong>s for most<br />
of the characters from coleoptile emergence to seed maturity encompassing plant, leaf,<br />
stem, inflorescence, panicle and seed as qualitative and quantitative characteristics of each.<br />
The coleoptile colour and shape of legule, stem anthocyanin colorati<strong>on</strong> of nodes, color colour<br />
and anthocyanin colorati<strong>on</strong> of keel did not exhibit variability am<strong>on</strong>g cultivers. With the help<br />
of morphological characters, it was not possible to differentiate all the cultivars especially<br />
parental lines of hybrids. Different groupings were possible by chemical tests, however,<br />
complete identificati<strong>on</strong> of all the cultivars was not possible. The soluble seed protein profile<br />
35
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
by PAGE was quiet different for the parental lines and hybrids. Therefore, combined utility of<br />
morpho, chemical and electrophoretic techniques could help differentiating all the cultivars in<br />
an integrated manner to aid in maining better genetic purity and cultivar identity.<br />
15 - NONDESTRUCTIVE CLASSIFICATION OF VIABLE AND NONVIABLE<br />
RADISH (RAPHANUS SATIVUS L.) SEEDS USING SINGLE SEED NEAR<br />
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY<br />
MIN, TAI-GI & KANG, WOO-SIK<br />
Daegu University, Korea, College of Natural Resources, Daegu University, Jinryang-eub, Kyungsan-si,<br />
712-714 Republic of Korea, tgmin@daegu.ac.kr<br />
Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to classify viable and n<strong>on</strong>viable radish (Raphanus<br />
sativus L.) seeds. The spectra collected from single seed were perfectly distinguished from<br />
viable and n<strong>on</strong>viable seeds by principle comp<strong>on</strong>ent analysis (PCA). To discriminate viable and<br />
n<strong>on</strong>viable seeds, multivariate classificati<strong>on</strong> model was developed with a discriminant partial<br />
least squares (PLS) 2 method. The calibrati<strong>on</strong> model derived by PLS 2 method based <strong>on</strong> the<br />
first derivative NIR reflectance spectra in the range of 1100-2500 nm resulted in a 100%<br />
classificati<strong>on</strong> rate. The calibrati<strong>on</strong> model with the first derivative spectra predicted 94 %<br />
viable and 95% n<strong>on</strong>viable seeds from the unknown samples. The result shows the possibility<br />
of using NIR spectroscopy in a seed separating process in the future provided that<br />
appropriate sorting devices are developed.<br />
16 - EFFECT OF SOYBEAN CULTIVAR AND SEED QUALITY ON<br />
CARBOHYDRATE AND ORGANIC ACID PHYTHIUM DISEASE DEVELOPMENT<br />
NANAYAKKARA 1 , R., ROTHROCK 2 , C.S. & RUPE 2 , J.C.<br />
1 <strong>Seed</strong> <strong>Testing</strong> Laboratory, Aluttarama, D.E. L<strong>on</strong>ger, Department of Crop, Soil, & Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Sciences,<br />
Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, Sri Lanka<br />
2 Department of Plant Pathology, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, Sri Lanka<br />
Compounds released by germinating seeds are an important source of nutrients for soil<br />
microorganisms and are critical for soilborne pathogens to detect a host. Few studies have<br />
focused <strong>on</strong> the compositi<strong>on</strong> of seed exudates in relati<strong>on</strong> to cultivar and seed quality and the<br />
role of these factors in resistance to infecti<strong>on</strong> by Pythium spp. and disease development. The<br />
objective of this research was to quantify and identify compounds in seed exudates from<br />
soybean seeds at three seed quality levels for two cultivars and to determine the Pythium<br />
disease development by four Pythium spp. in three seed quality levels for two cultivars.<br />
Experiments c<strong>on</strong>sisted of two soybean cultivars (Archer: flood tolerant and Hutches<strong>on</strong>: a<br />
widely grown cultivar), three quality levels (high: above 80, medium: 60-79, and low: below<br />
60 percent germinati<strong>on</strong>) and five Pythium treatments: P. aphenidermatum, P. vexans, P.<br />
irregulare, P. ultimum and n<strong>on</strong>e. These treatment combinati<strong>on</strong>s were tested at 20°C in a<br />
factorial arrangement. <strong>Seed</strong> exudates collected from the three seed quality levels of the two<br />
cultivars at 20°C were analyzed for organic acids and sugars. <strong>Seed</strong> germinati<strong>on</strong>/seedling<br />
emergence were evaluated and root discolorati<strong>on</strong> were rated <strong>on</strong> 0-7 scale. The study<br />
c<strong>on</strong>cluded that the exudati<strong>on</strong> of sugars and organic acids was less in Archer compared to<br />
Hutches<strong>on</strong> and less in high quality seeds and increased with decreasing seed quality in both<br />
cultivars. Also, nutrient exudati<strong>on</strong> was highly correlated to Pythium disease development.<br />
36
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
17 - APPLICATION OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.)<br />
PÁL, PEPÓ<br />
University of Debrecen, Centre of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of<br />
Genetics and Plant Breeding, Debrecen<br />
Currently, the most important crop of the Hungarian producti<strong>on</strong> is maize. Therefore, it is<br />
very important to c<strong>on</strong>cern with the problems of producti<strong>on</strong>, and use of maize and at last but<br />
not at least the difficulties in breeding and the future tasks of maize producti<strong>on</strong>. The proper<br />
choice of hybrids predetermines the success of maize producti<strong>on</strong>, the yield and the stocks for<br />
sale which gives the results for farmers.<br />
Mutati<strong>on</strong> breeding is a great help for widen the genotypes suitable in maize selecti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Applicati<strong>on</strong> of induced mutants increases the gene reserves which has a great importance<br />
because of the reducti<strong>on</strong> in variati<strong>on</strong> of populati<strong>on</strong>s. With the help of mutati<strong>on</strong> we increased<br />
the variability and selected lines favorable for plant producti<strong>on</strong>. We produced new hybrid<br />
combinati<strong>on</strong>s to satisfy the producti<strong>on</strong> requirements. We completed diversificati<strong>on</strong> of the<br />
basic breeding material with neutr<strong>on</strong> radiati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Use of neutr<strong>on</strong> sources in maize breeding programs in a larger scale is well based because of<br />
its great genetic affinity. After the seed treatment with fast neutr<strong>on</strong> source we self-pollinated<br />
the segregated populati<strong>on</strong>, created genetically homozygote lines and selected the stable<br />
inbred lines with favorable agr<strong>on</strong>omic characters.<br />
We have c<strong>on</strong>cluded that the cyclotr<strong>on</strong> can be successfully applied in widening the genetic<br />
variability. We have produced a number of inbred lines with wide genetic variability using<br />
mutati<strong>on</strong> breeding: with applicati<strong>on</strong> of diallele analysis we have selected the lines with the<br />
best general and specific combining ability. Using these lines we can create F 1 hybrids which<br />
have the most valuable ec<strong>on</strong>omic features.<br />
In order to complete these tasks we have to examine diallele experiments with many<br />
replicati<strong>on</strong>s in a number of vegetati<strong>on</strong> periods and investigate many factors. After<br />
summarising results we can get c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>s to further selecti<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
We c<strong>on</strong>cluded that <strong>on</strong>ly those lines and their hybrids can form the base of further breeding<br />
programs which give prominent results and fulfill the requirements.<br />
It is an important task to increase the productivity of the maize and improve the ec<strong>on</strong>omical<br />
characters of the crops. Our results suggest that we have to take into account not <strong>on</strong>ly the<br />
yield and its elements, but their physiological processes. At the end we have to select <strong>on</strong> the<br />
optimum of the factors menti<strong>on</strong>ed above.<br />
18 - RELEVANCE OF THE GENETIC BACKGROUND OF THE SEED TO THE<br />
APPLICATION OF REAL TIME PCR STRATEGY FOR GMO QUANTIFICATION<br />
IN MAIZE SEED SAMPLES<br />
PAPAZOVA 1,2 , N., DEGRIECK 2 , E., VAN BOCKSTAELE 2,3 , E., JOOS 4 , H. & DE LOOSE 2 M.<br />
1 AgroBioInstitute, blvd. “Dragan Tzankov” 8, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria, n.papazova@clo.fgov.be<br />
2 Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Center for Agricultural Research, Caritasstraat 21, 9090<br />
Melle, Belgium, m.deloose@clo.fgov.be<br />
3 Department for Plant Producti<strong>on</strong>, Ghent University, Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological<br />
Sciences, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium<br />
4 Bayer BioScience N.V., Josef Plateaustraat 22, 9000 Gent, Belgium<br />
Real Time PCR nowadays is a method of choice for quantitative determinati<strong>on</strong> of GMO<br />
impurities in plants and plant products. The output of this analysis is number of haploid<br />
transgenic genomes related to the total number of genomes which has to be c<strong>on</strong>verted to<br />
number of transgenic seeds to the total number of seeds as it is accepted to express the<br />
GMO impurities in seed samples.<br />
The existence of the structures with different genetic background (diploid embryo and<br />
triploid endosperm), that c<strong>on</strong>tain different DNA quantity in the maize seed is a factor that<br />
can influence quantitative Real Time PCR based analysis.<br />
The influence of the genetic background was estimated using two approaches:<br />
37
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
• Theoretical – n<strong>on</strong>-transgenic variety was used for determinati<strong>on</strong> of the ratio between the<br />
endosperm and embryo DNA in the maize seed. Based <strong>on</strong> the obtained data the minimal<br />
requirements for heterozygous seed to be GMO are calculated. The use of lower working<br />
threshold for Real Time PCR for maize corresp<strong>on</strong>ding to the threshold for seeds (0.5%) is<br />
proposed.<br />
• Practical – determinati<strong>on</strong> of the GMO c<strong>on</strong>tent in heterozygous seed of transgenic maize<br />
line T25. <strong>Seed</strong>s with different inheritance of the transgene were obtained after reciprocal<br />
crossing of T25 with n<strong>on</strong>-transgenic variety. The data are in compliance with the model<br />
defined by the theoretical approach.<br />
19 - ENCAPSULATION OF ANDROGENIC EMBRYOS AND PVRO-EMBRYOS<br />
FOR PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC SEEDS IN ELITE INDICA RICE VAR. IR72<br />
ROY, BIDHAN & MANDAL, ASIT B.<br />
Biotechnology Secti<strong>on</strong>, Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744 101, India,<br />
bcroy10@yahoo.com, mandal2@rediffmail.com<br />
Embryos and pro-embryos were produced in large quantity from androgenic callus developed<br />
<strong>on</strong> MS medium for producti<strong>on</strong> of synthetic seeds in indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) var. IR72.<br />
High c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> of BAP (4-6 mg L-1) was found to yield a large number of dormant<br />
embryos and pro-embryos in about <strong>on</strong>e and half m<strong>on</strong>ths time. Thus these embryos and proembryos<br />
are the rapid and recurrent source for producti<strong>on</strong> of synthetic seeds. Those<br />
individual embryos, pro-embryos and embryo like structures were encapsulated in sodium<br />
alginate (2.5% w/v). In vitro germinati<strong>on</strong> and plantlet regenerati<strong>on</strong> of the encapsulated<br />
seeds were assessed by germinating them <strong>on</strong> MS c<strong>on</strong>taining different combinati<strong>on</strong>s and<br />
c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s of cytokinin (BAP, Kinetin) and auxin (NAA). High germinati<strong>on</strong> (87.5-55.0%)<br />
was recorded when MS was supplemented with BAP and lower c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> of NAA. To<br />
c<strong>on</strong>trary, additi<strong>on</strong> of Kinetin in MS drastically reduced the germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage. The<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> of unbeaded pro-embryos was 92.5% <strong>on</strong> MS basal medium. Reduced<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> of artificial seeds might be due to the damage incurred while separating the<br />
embryos from cluster and/or owing to adverse effect of chemicals towards germinability used<br />
for encapsulati<strong>on</strong>. Moderate germinati<strong>on</strong> (40.0%) was observed <strong>on</strong> sterile sand in in vivo.<br />
Such synthetic seeds may be used for in vitro propagati<strong>on</strong> as well as genetic transformati<strong>on</strong><br />
experiments with ease as an alternative of initiati<strong>on</strong> of fresh tissue culture for inducti<strong>on</strong> of<br />
callus and propagules for genetic modulati<strong>on</strong> experiments.<br />
20 - COMBINING ABILITY AND HETEROTIC STUDIES OF ELITE INBREDS<br />
WITH DIVERSE CMS SOURCES IN SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.)*<br />
GOURI SHANKAR 1 , V., GANESH 2 , M. & RANGANATHA 3 , A.R.G.<br />
1 M.Sc (Ag) student, ANGRAU. India<br />
2 Principal Scientist, Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Project, Hyderabad, India<br />
3 Senior Scientist, Directorate of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad, A.P., India.<br />
Majority of the presently grown commercial sunflower hybrids in the world possess<br />
cytoplasm of Helianthus petiolaris (PET 1). Dependency <strong>on</strong> a single source of cytoplasm, may<br />
lead to genetic vulnerability of hybrids, if the cytoplasm becomes susceptible to a new strain<br />
of disease or insect pest. It is evident from the earlier studies that the dependency <strong>on</strong> single<br />
source of cytoplasm posed a threat to the cultivati<strong>on</strong> of maize and bajra, as they became<br />
susceptible to the leaf blight and downy mildew, respectively. As the area under sunflower<br />
substantially increased that too depending <strong>on</strong> single source of cytoplasm i.e. PET 1, is posing<br />
problem for most of the abiotic and biotic stresses. In this directi<strong>on</strong>, sunflower breeders of<br />
Directorate of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad, accelerated their effort to diversify CMS<br />
sources and to identify effective restorers. In the present study, eight diverse CMS lines<br />
(representing three sources viz. ‘PET 1’, ‘CMS I’ and ‘CMS PEF’) were crossed with 18 elite<br />
inbreds (developed through populati<strong>on</strong> improvement programme). The resulting 144 hybrids<br />
were studied for Maintainer/Restorer reacti<strong>on</strong>. Of these, 103 hybrids showed fertility and rest<br />
were behaved as sterile. The inbreds, which behaved as maintainers can be c<strong>on</strong>verted into<br />
38
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
new CMS lines in future breeding programmes. Based <strong>on</strong> the fertility restorati<strong>on</strong>, a set of 77<br />
F 1 s (7 CMS lines x 11 inbreds) were selected which fits into Line x Tester design to know the<br />
combining ability. It was observed that the lines ARM 243B and ARM 238B and the testers R-<br />
856 and R-297 were good general combiners while PF-400A x P-356, PF-400A x R-273 and<br />
IMS-852A x R-265 cross combinati<strong>on</strong>s with diverse CMS sources were showed significant sca<br />
effects for yield and most of the yield comp<strong>on</strong>ents. Prep<strong>on</strong>derance of n<strong>on</strong>-additive gene<br />
acti<strong>on</strong> was noticed for all the characters. The crosses IMS- 852A x R-17 (366.50), ARM 245A<br />
x R-17 (295.52) and 302A x RHA-6DIR (263.24) per cent of heterosis was noticed for seed<br />
yield. These crosses can be further evaluated for G x E interacti<strong>on</strong> before they release as<br />
hybrids. Besides ‘PET 1’, other sources viz., ‘CMS I’ and ‘CMS PEF’ sources used in the<br />
present investigati<strong>on</strong> were equally efficient in expressing their fullest potential of yield and<br />
yield c<strong>on</strong>tributing characters. Thus breeder can safely use these sources to broaden the<br />
genetic base, thereby sunflower can be safeguarded from any eventuality due to biotic and<br />
abiotic threats in future.<br />
* It is a part of M.Sc. (Ag) thesis work <strong>on</strong> sunflower.<br />
21 - DIFFUSION TECHNOLOGY AS A TOOL FOR CHARACTERIZING AND<br />
ENHANCING GERMINATION OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS. L) GENOTYPES<br />
SOOD 1 , M.L., ZELEKE 2 , H. & MESGANAW, M.<br />
Department of Chemistry 1 and Plant Science 2 , P.O. Box 298, Alemaya University, Ethiopia.<br />
Diffusi<strong>on</strong> technology employed earlier for characterizing seed genotypes and the theory of<br />
water diffusivity recently developed has now been further extended and tested for enhancing<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> of two promising maize (Zea mays.L) genotypes viz. BH-660 and Pop-902x903.<br />
The values of the seed c<strong>on</strong>stants obtained clearly showed that the two maize genotypes are<br />
genetically different not <strong>on</strong>ly from <strong>on</strong>e another but also from the four Indian maize<br />
genotypes viz. Paras, ParKash, Parbhat and Kesri. The water diffusivities at 25 o C were found<br />
to be 0.0651x10 -5 cm 2 s -1 and 0.0556x10 -5 cm 2 s -1- respectively indicating that the diffusi<strong>on</strong><br />
rate of water in BH-660 is 1.2 times greater than Pop- 902x903 and it absorbs nearly<br />
10.20% more water than the latter genotype. Field trials results have shown an increase of<br />
8% and 2% in seed germinati<strong>on</strong> when the seeds of the two genotypes were sown after these<br />
were subjected to water diffusi<strong>on</strong> at 25 o C and steady- state c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s obtained in the<br />
laboratory. These studies have clearly dem<strong>on</strong>strated that the critical moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent and<br />
physiological level attained at the steady-state c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s during water diffusi<strong>on</strong> bears a<br />
direct relati<strong>on</strong> with seed vigor and germinati<strong>on</strong> and the technology so developed can be<br />
fruitfully exploited with seeds of other maize genotypes and crops.<br />
22 - DEVELOPMENT OF DNA PROTOCOLS FOR NATIVE TREE SPECIES FROM<br />
THE BRAZILIAN ATLANTIC FOREST<br />
SOUSA, V.A., SANTOS, E. C., WENDT, S. N., MEDEIROS, A. C. S. & SANTOS, A. F.<br />
Embrapa Florestas – Nati<strong>on</strong>al Forest Research Center of EMBRAPA, Cx. P. 319, 83411-000, Colombo, PR<br />
– Brazil, valderes@cnpf.embrapa.br<br />
The area of Brazilian Atlantic Forest has been drastically reduced as result of indiscriminate<br />
exploitati<strong>on</strong>. Species such as “aroeira” (Schinus terebinthifolius - Anacardiaceae), “maricá”<br />
(Mimosa bimucr<strong>on</strong>ata - Mimosaceae) and “pata-de-vaca” (Bauhinia forficata -<br />
Caesalpinaceae) are threatened of extincti<strong>on</strong>. Therefore measures of c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> are<br />
urgently need involving the remaining populati<strong>on</strong>s. Embrapa Florestas established in<br />
Colombo, State of Paraná, Brazil, a native tree seed bank, named BASEMFLOR, in order to<br />
provide seeds to be used in forest restorati<strong>on</strong>s, genetic c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> and research programs.<br />
Basic studies <strong>on</strong> pattern of genetic variati<strong>on</strong> between and within populati<strong>on</strong>s to guide the<br />
seed collecting are necessary. Also, to support different programs in maintaining a high<br />
genetic diversity that represent the success of most forest programs. Actually many<br />
molecular techniques are applied to detect the genetic variability at DNA level. The aim of<br />
this work was to develop extracti<strong>on</strong> DNA protocols to support genetic analysis of different<br />
species of Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The DNA extracti<strong>on</strong> protocols for “aroeira”, ”maricá” and<br />
39
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
“pata- de-vaca” were successfully established. The screening of the primers are now been<br />
carried out and the genetic analysis of populati<strong>on</strong>s with RAPD technique will be c<strong>on</strong>ducted<br />
so<strong>on</strong>.<br />
23 - TESTING GENETICALLY MODIFIED SEEDS OF AGRICULTURAL PLANTS<br />
IN SLOVENIA<br />
ŠUŠTAR-VOZLIČ, J. & MEGLIČ, V.<br />
Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, Ljubljana, Slovenia, jelka.vozlic@kis.si<br />
Recent advances in plant biotechnology have produced many new genetically modified (GM)<br />
crop varieties with advantageous characteristics, which are now being grown in many<br />
countries worldwide. In some European countries, the cultivati<strong>on</strong> and marketing of GM plants<br />
is d<strong>on</strong>e together with the c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al n<strong>on</strong>-GM varieties. The adventitious presence of GM<br />
seeds in n<strong>on</strong> GM seed lots has increasingly become a problem for the internati<strong>on</strong>al seed<br />
trade. Requirements for the quality of seed material and seed trading are prescribed and<br />
regulated through internati<strong>on</strong>al laws which are already in force in Europe or are being in<br />
preparati<strong>on</strong> (e.g. the new Directive and Regulati<strong>on</strong> for seeds). In Slovenia this field is since<br />
2002 regulated by a Nati<strong>on</strong>al Law <strong>on</strong> management of genetically modified organisms and the<br />
Law <strong>on</strong> agricultural seeds and propagating material. At the moment there are no GM<br />
varieties of any agricultural crop species allowed to be grown in Slovenia and there are also<br />
no field trials established.<br />
The <strong>Seed</strong> <strong>Testing</strong> Laboratory at Agricultural Institute of Slovenia (AIS) is the <strong>on</strong>ly <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
accredited laboratory in Slovenia, which is appointed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and<br />
Forestry for the analysis of imported and exported seeds. To follow the internati<strong>on</strong>al and<br />
Slovenian legislati<strong>on</strong> and to enable a c<strong>on</strong>tinuous domestic and internati<strong>on</strong>al seed trade, the<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> testing laboratory at the AIS has started with establishing the protocol for testing the<br />
presence of GM seeds in c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al seed lots of maize and soybean. Am<strong>on</strong>g various<br />
analytical methods, that have been developed to reliably determine the presence of<br />
genetically modified seeds of agricultural plants, qualitative PCR based methods were<br />
applied. Detecti<strong>on</strong> of genetic elements comm<strong>on</strong>ly used in the GMO c<strong>on</strong>structs (e.g. 35 S<br />
promoter or nos terminator) is used as a screening method. The protocols for detecti<strong>on</strong> of all<br />
four in Europe permitted maize lines (MON810, Bt-11, Bt-176, T25) and soybean line<br />
Roundup Ready were established using event specific primers. The quantificati<strong>on</strong> of the GMO<br />
level in positive samples is d<strong>on</strong>e by means of semi-quantitative tests, therefore various subsampling<br />
schemes are being tested.<br />
24 - AFLP ANALYSIS OF GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG ITALIAN<br />
POPULATIONS OF TRITICUM DICOCCUM<br />
TALAME’, V., BALLARDINI, M., NOLI, E., D’ANTUONO, F. & TUBEROS, A R.<br />
Department of Agroenvir<strong>on</strong>mental Science and Technology, ‘Alma Mater Studiorum’ Università di<br />
Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 40, I-40127 Bologna, Italia<br />
Triticum dicoccum (emmer wheat) is <strong>on</strong>e of the three domesticated species of hulled-wheat<br />
(T. m<strong>on</strong>ococcum L., T. dicoccum Schubler and T. spelta L.) which is still traditi<strong>on</strong>ally grown<br />
in limited and marginal areas of central Italy in poor fertility soils. This species has recently<br />
been the object of agr<strong>on</strong>omical and genetic studies due to the growing interest towards the<br />
typical dishes of the regi<strong>on</strong>al cuisine. The cultivars grown in Italy are genetically<br />
heterogeneous landraces.<br />
In this study, seven plants sampled from each of ten Italian populati<strong>on</strong>s of emmer (six<br />
winter- and four spring-type), collected from their traditi<strong>on</strong>al cultivati<strong>on</strong> areas, were<br />
analysed by amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) markers in order to<br />
characterize their level of genetic variability. Eight AFLP primer combinati<strong>on</strong>s were used for<br />
selective amplificati<strong>on</strong> yielding 146 polymorphic AFLPs. On an average, each assay revealed<br />
19.1% polymorphic bands. For each AFLP assay, the Index of Polymorphic C<strong>on</strong>tent and the<br />
Marker Index indicated a good discriminati<strong>on</strong> am<strong>on</strong>g plants.<br />
40
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
The average genetic similarity (GS) am<strong>on</strong>g the 70 plants, estimated according to the Dice<br />
coefficient, was 0.64, with higher values am<strong>on</strong>g plants with spring- than with winter-habit<br />
(GS = 0.83 and 0.79, respectively). Cluster and principal comp<strong>on</strong>ent analysis showed a clear<br />
separati<strong>on</strong> of the plants am<strong>on</strong>g populati<strong>on</strong>s and between growth habits. The correlati<strong>on</strong><br />
values between similarity estimates computed for each AFLP assay and for the whole set of<br />
primers allowed for the identificati<strong>on</strong> of a number of highly informative AFLP assays that will<br />
be useful to further characterise T. dicoccum populati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
25 - DIGITAL IMAGES ANALYSIS IN CORN SEEDLING EVALUATION<br />
TEIXEIRA EVERTON, FELIX, CICERO, SILVIO MOURE & DOURADO, NETO DURVAL<br />
São Paulo University, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, C.P. 09, 13418-900 Piracicaba – SP, Brazil,<br />
smcicero@esalq.usp.br<br />
The image analysis has high potential use in seed vigor determinati<strong>on</strong>. Associated to the<br />
seedlings growing test, this technique is fast, precise and makes possible the dimensi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
image analysis. The result is the total extensi<strong>on</strong> of each seedling quantifying the length of<br />
their c<strong>on</strong>stituent parts. The objective of the present paper was to study the vigor of corn<br />
seed lots through the seedlings growing test, using the digital images analysis. Corn<br />
seedlings by AG 122 cultivar were retired from the germinati<strong>on</strong> chamber at fourth day of<br />
development and ordered over a sheet made with a transparent polyester film <strong>on</strong> a scanner<br />
surface to the images capti<strong>on</strong>. A routine was developed to process digital images of seedlings<br />
into the “Scil-Image” software. There was a computati<strong>on</strong>al procedure to measure the total<br />
length, with the usual sum of coleoptiles to the length of the larger seedling root and also,<br />
not usually, to all root system. The seedlings were measured manually, seeking comparis<strong>on</strong><br />
with the method in study. The results showed that the digital technique makes possible<br />
associati<strong>on</strong> of the data obtained in processing to eventual vigor differences existing in corn<br />
seed lots, in a similar way to the other methods appointed to seed vigor evaluati<strong>on</strong> by<br />
referred species.<br />
26 - DEVELOPMENT OF MICROSATELLITE MARKERS FOR THE<br />
IDENTIFICATION OF BRAZILIAN COFFEA ARABICA CULTIVARS.<br />
VIEIRA 1 , ELISA S.N, VON PINHO 1 , ÉDILA V.R., ESSELINK 2 , DANNY G.; VIEIRA, MARIA<br />
G.G.C. 1 ; VOSMAN, BEN 2<br />
1 Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil, esnv@ufla.br<br />
2 Plant Research Internati<strong>on</strong>al, Wageningen, The Netherlands<br />
Microsatellite markers or SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) have proved to be an excellent<br />
tool for cultivar identificati<strong>on</strong> and genetic relati<strong>on</strong>ship studies in plants. A set of 140 SSR<br />
markers were used to analyze the genetic similarity am<strong>on</strong>g twenty five Coffea arabica<br />
cultivars composed of nineteen brazilian cultivars of commercial importance, and six indian<br />
hybrids of Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora and Coffea liberica. Of the total number of SSR<br />
markers tested 127 DNA nuclear markers were developed using enriched small insert<br />
libraries and the coffee SSR sequences available in the NCBI database, and thirteen universal<br />
chloroplast DNA markers were also tested. Am<strong>on</strong>g the twenty-two polimorphic loci 2-7 alleles<br />
were detected for each locus with an average of 3.5 alleles per locus. The locus CAga001 was<br />
the most discriminating for brazilian cultivars with 4 allelic phenotypes and 1.9 effective<br />
alleles. The mayority of the SSR loci c<strong>on</strong>tained di-nucleoditde (GT) repeats and the<br />
polymorphism was positively correlated with the number of repeats. Based <strong>on</strong> the band<br />
patterns generated by the polymorphic SSR loci, the set of twenty-five coffee cultivars were<br />
clustered in two main groups. One group composed of the most part of the brazilian cultivars<br />
and a sec<strong>on</strong>d <strong>on</strong>e composed of the indian hybrids. Many of the color mutants were not<br />
separated. The clustering was in accordance with the background of the cultivars and<br />
showed the high level of similarity of the brazilian material, indicating the necessity of new<br />
introducti<strong>on</strong>s or crosses between cultivars with different background in future breeding<br />
programms.<br />
41
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
27 - VARIETAL IDENTIFICATION IN BRINJAL (SOLANUM MELANOGEN L.),<br />
PALAK (SPINACIA OLERACEA L.) & PEA (PISUM SATIVUM L.) BY GEL<br />
ELECTROPHORESIS OF SOLUBLE SEED PROTEINS<br />
VIG, ADARSH PAL & KAUR, RABINDER<br />
Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Department of Botanical and Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Sciences, Amritsar –<br />
143005, India, (adarshpalvig@yahoo.co.in)<br />
Varietal identificati<strong>on</strong> is <strong>on</strong>e of the most important aspect of seed industry and seed trade.<br />
With the increase in number of varieties in each crop it has become difficult to identify and<br />
characterize these varieties <strong>on</strong> the basis of morphological characters al<strong>on</strong>e. Thus it has led to<br />
the explorati<strong>on</strong> of new stable characters including genetic make-up to be used as markers<br />
for varietal identificati<strong>on</strong>. The present investigati<strong>on</strong> includes identificati<strong>on</strong> of 4 varieties of<br />
Brinjal, 2 varieties of Palak and 7 varieties of Pea. These varieties were analyzed <strong>on</strong> the basis<br />
of their protein profile. Proteins were extracted from dry seed samples of different varieties<br />
by using sodium phosphate buffer. The extracted protein samples were run at 120-200 volts<br />
for 5 hours using Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) at<br />
12% c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>. After staining, banding pattern was obtained. Data was represented in<br />
the form of electrophoregrams and analysed <strong>on</strong> the basis of presence or absence of bands<br />
and staining intensities. In case of Brinjal the variety BH2 Hybrid was showing a clear<br />
distincti<strong>on</strong> from other varieties by the presence of band at positi<strong>on</strong> 4 which was not present<br />
in any other variety. Moreover presence of two dark bands in this variety also differentiate<br />
this variety from the rest of the three varieties which had <strong>on</strong>ly <strong>on</strong>e dark band each. In Sada<br />
Bahar presence of two faint bands made this variety different from others as no variety was<br />
having bands of faint intensity. In case of Palak it was observed that both the varieties were<br />
similar in their banding pattern and intensity. In case of Pea, presence of all the 11 bands in<br />
B<strong>on</strong>neville differentiate this variety from rest of the varieties as in no other variety all the 11<br />
bands were present. Presence of band at positi<strong>on</strong> 4 in Mithiphali and at positi<strong>on</strong> 3 in SM-1<br />
differentiate these varieties from other varieties as no band at these positi<strong>on</strong>s were observed<br />
in any variety except B<strong>on</strong>neville. Presence of light band at positi<strong>on</strong> 2 in SM-1 variety<br />
differentiate this variety from other as no light band was present in any other variety at this<br />
positi<strong>on</strong>. Results of this study clearly showed that varieties could be easily distinguished<br />
using SDS – PAGE .<br />
28 - GENETIC PURITY TESTING OF TWO-LINE HYBRID RICE SEEDS BY<br />
GROW-OUT OF EMBRYO-CONTAINING HALF-SEEDS AND ULTRATHIN-LAYER<br />
ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING OF PROTEINS FROM CORRESPONDING<br />
EMBRYOLESS HALF-SEEDS<br />
WANG, XIAOFENG, ZHAO, TING, YAN, MIN & LU, YANPENG<br />
South China Agricultural University, China, xfwang@scau.edu.cn<br />
To test for inbreds am<strong>on</strong>g F1 seeds of two-line hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the laboratory,<br />
ultrathin-layer isoelectric focusing (UTLIEF) of seed proteins was used. One female marker<br />
band in the photo-thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice (cv. Peiai 64S) and <strong>on</strong>e comm<strong>on</strong><br />
male marker band in the four restorer lines (cv. G67, Peifu, I9-1 and Minkezhan) were found<br />
in the pH range of 5-8. Embryoless half-seeds c<strong>on</strong>tained the same male marker proteins as<br />
whole seeds and could be used for UTLIEF to test inbreds in the laboratory. The<br />
corresp<strong>on</strong>ding embryo-c<strong>on</strong>taining half-seeds could germinate to form seedlings <strong>on</strong><br />
vermiculite and seedlings be transplanted into the field for grow-out tests. The genetic purity<br />
determined by UTLIEF of proteins from embryoless half-seeds was well and truly c<strong>on</strong>firmed<br />
by grow-out tests of the corresp<strong>on</strong>ding embryo-c<strong>on</strong>taining half-seeds. This work shows that<br />
UTLIEF of seed proteins could replace grow-out tests to determine F1 genetic purity of twoline<br />
hybrid rice. Using half-seeds, the comparis<strong>on</strong> between laboratory and field tests was<br />
more objective and accurate than using whole seeds.<br />
42
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
29 - A STUDY ON MATCHING AND MARKING TECHNIQUES OF SEED<br />
DYNAMICAL IMAGES BASED ON MACHINE VISION<br />
LI WIE 1 , LIN JIA-CHUN 2 , ZHAN BIN 2 & TAN YU-ZHI 2<br />
1 College of Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing 100083, China<br />
2 Department of Machine Engineering, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China<br />
liweizy@sohu.com, gxy5@cau.edu.cn<br />
This paper discusses a new multi-seeder dynamic testing technology that makes it possible<br />
to accurately and reliably measure seed space intervals using image processing and analysis<br />
techniques. A dynamic test of a precisi<strong>on</strong> seeder at step-less speed (0.5m/s-3m/s) was<br />
developed based <strong>on</strong> machine visi<strong>on</strong>. We also discuss the development of a universal test-bed<br />
designed to test the performance of precisi<strong>on</strong> seeders and grain drills al<strong>on</strong>g with the<br />
simultaneous capture of seed distributi<strong>on</strong>s from the three seeding m<strong>on</strong>omers.<br />
In this paper, according to the demand of real time system, segmentati<strong>on</strong> technique of seed<br />
images based <strong>on</strong> automatic threshold selecti<strong>on</strong> is studied. The images are segmented by<br />
using a combinati<strong>on</strong> of static threshold segmentati<strong>on</strong> and adaptive threshold selecti<strong>on</strong> based<br />
<strong>on</strong> iterative algorithm. The seeds are recognized by labeling different areas with different<br />
labels according to the pixels grey level comparability in the area, and at the same time, the<br />
system marks and seeds are recognized and positi<strong>on</strong>al parameters are calculated.<br />
Finally, many methods was made based <strong>on</strong> a pattern recogniti<strong>on</strong> technique. By analyzing<br />
influence diathesis of image joining precisi<strong>on</strong>, image joining algorithm and setting of<br />
overlapped area are proposed. A universal test-bed system is expounded that can be used to<br />
test the performance of precisi<strong>on</strong> seeders, grain drills and seeding m<strong>on</strong>omer.<br />
This test bed can measure the seeds’ interval correctly and reliably and operate<br />
automatically. Experiments show that theory and method are practical, speedy and reliable,<br />
the demanding of real time is satisfied, with an error in seed interval of ±2 mm.<br />
30 - CHARACTERIZATION OF RAPESEED, MUSTARD AND TARAMIRA<br />
CULTIVARS USING MATURE PLANT CHARACTERS<br />
YADAV 1 , SHIV KUMAR, YADAV 2 , T.P. & RAM 3 , C.<br />
1 Divisi<strong>on</strong> of seed science and Technology, IARI, New Delhi-110012, India<br />
2 Oil <strong>Seed</strong> Secti<strong>on</strong>, Department of Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar – 125004,<br />
India<br />
3 Department of <strong>Seed</strong> Science and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar – 125004,<br />
India<br />
Eighteen mustard (Raya) i.e. Brassica juncea (L), four rapeseed (toria) i.e. Brassica<br />
campestris (L). and <strong>on</strong>e cultivar each of Brassica campestris var. Yellow Sars<strong>on</strong>, Brassica<br />
campestris var. Brown Sars<strong>on</strong>, Brassica napus (L). and Eruca sativa (L). (Taramira) were<br />
studied for 14 various quantitative and qualitative characters for two years. Mature plant<br />
characters like growth habit, mature leaf shape, mature leaf color, intensity of mature leaf<br />
color, stem pubescence, mature plant height, number of primary branches, number of<br />
sec<strong>on</strong>dary branches, main shoot length, morphotype uniformity and basal side shoot<br />
development were used to classify the varieties, which provided a sound classificati<strong>on</strong><br />
system as these characters exhibit distinct varietal patterns. The mature leaf color,<br />
morphotype uniformity and plant height were the plant characters that showed c<strong>on</strong>tinuous<br />
differences during both the seas<strong>on</strong>s. Hence, all the other characters studied were found<br />
useful for the purpose of cultivar identificati<strong>on</strong>. A list of key characters useful in variety<br />
identificati<strong>on</strong> was also prepared. It was possible to distinguish all the cultivars individually<br />
using the seed key.<br />
43
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
31 - ESTABLISHMENT OF LOW-COST AND HIGH-THROUGHPUT SSR<br />
ANALYSIS CONDITIONS FOR VARIETAL IDENTIFICATION IN MAIZE.<br />
ZHANG, D. BAZENTE, F. & LALLEMAND, J.<br />
GEVES, Laboratoire BioGEVES. Le Magneraud. BP52. 17700 SURGERES, France, david.zhang@geves.fr<br />
Our presentati<strong>on</strong> will describe an efficient SSR analysis system using a LI-COR automated<br />
DNA analysis system. This system c<strong>on</strong>sists of (1) multiplexing PCR, (2) tailed <strong>on</strong>e of the two<br />
primers for each SSR primer pair, (3) pooling two independent PCR runs each using a<br />
different dye for tail labelling before gel loading, and (4) reloading at least three times a<br />
same gel. Sec<strong>on</strong>dly, a set of 50 SSR markers, well distributed <strong>on</strong> the maize genome, was<br />
established for routine genotyping study in maize, after their characterizati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> a set of 45<br />
public maize inbred lines. The cost of routine genotyping using our SSR analysis c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong><br />
was estimated from sample preparati<strong>on</strong>, DNA extracti<strong>on</strong>, PCR and to data analysis. It varied<br />
according to the number of SSR markers to be used, from 1 euro per data point if <strong>on</strong>ly 6 SSR<br />
markers are used to 0.5 euro per data point if 30 SSR markers are used.<br />
44
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
2. Organic and C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Producti<strong>on</strong><br />
Topics: <strong>Seed</strong> crop management; harvest; processing; post-harvest technology; seed<br />
certificati<strong>on</strong><br />
32 - THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS DURING FILLING OF<br />
BOLL ON SUBSEQUENT GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF THE<br />
COTTON<br />
AKRAM-GHADERI 1 , FARSHID, SOLTANI 2 , AFSHIN & REZAEI 1 , JAVAD<br />
1Cott<strong>on</strong> Research Institute, Gorgan, Iran, (akranghaderi@yahoo.com)<br />
2Department of Agr<strong>on</strong>omy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences, Gorgan, Iran<br />
Three cott<strong>on</strong> cultivars of Sahel, Siokra324 and Deltapine25 were sowed in different dates,<br />
and their seeds were harvested at the stage of the opening of the boll. Then germinati<strong>on</strong> test<br />
was c<strong>on</strong>ducted <strong>on</strong> these seeds. The percent of germinati<strong>on</strong>, the length of root and shoot and<br />
the dry weight of the root and shoot and the total seedling dry weight were measured.<br />
Results showed that the planting date did not have any significant effect <strong>on</strong> the germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
percent and the length of the root and shoot. But with delay in planting date, the dry weight<br />
of root and shoot and the total seedling dry weight in Deltapine25 decreased significantly.<br />
However, two other cultivars were not affected by planting date. These results show that<br />
under the c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> of this experiment, the seeds of Deltapine25 cultivar that were produced<br />
from the earlier planting dates have more seedling growth rate compared with produced<br />
seeds from the later planting dates. But the seedling growth rate was similar for other two<br />
cultivars obtained from different planting dates.<br />
33 - NEW METHODS TO DETECT SOYBEAN SEEDS TOLERANT TO<br />
GLYPHOSATE<br />
TILLMANN¹, MARIA ANGELA ANDRE, MEDIANEIRA BERTAGNOLLI 2 , CARLA, MECCA DE<br />
MENEZES 2 , SABRINA, BICCA DODE 3 , LUCIANA & AMARAL VILLELA¹, FRANCISCO<br />
¹bolsista CNPq,UFPel/FAEM, Caixa Postal 354, CEP 96001-970, Pelotas-RS, matilman@ufpel.tche.br<br />
2UFPel/FAEM, Pelotas-RS; 3UCPEL, Pelotas-RS)<br />
With the objective of differentiating soybean cultivars, with respect to resistance to the<br />
herbicide glyphosate, two assays were carried out using a parental soybean (n<strong>on</strong>-GMO) and<br />
the Roundup Ready® (RR) genotype (GMO, resistant to glyphosate). In the first assay,<br />
peroxidase electrophoretic patterns were analyzed. The seeds were pre-imbibed in water or<br />
in glyphosate soluti<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>taining 0.6% active ingredient (N-phosph<strong>on</strong>omethyl glycine, 360<br />
gL - ¹ formulated product) 16 h. and incubated for 7 days at 25ºC in the germinator.<br />
Peroxidase activity of extracts was determined by colorimetric reacti<strong>on</strong> and by<br />
electrophoretic patterns. In the sec<strong>on</strong>d assay, a protocol was established to detect RR seeds<br />
in hydrop<strong>on</strong>ic cultures. <strong>Seed</strong>s from the two genotypes were laid out <strong>on</strong> a specially designed<br />
mesh located <strong>on</strong> the lids of trays c<strong>on</strong>taining glyphosate at different c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s (0.0,<br />
0.12, 0.24, 0.36 and 0.48%). The trays were placed in illuminated tanks c<strong>on</strong>taining water at<br />
25ºC for 4 hours. The trays were transferred to tanks c<strong>on</strong>taining a nutrient soluti<strong>on</strong> and<br />
aerated for 6 days. The seedlings were evaluated for root length, the hypocotil and the total<br />
number of seedlings and sec<strong>on</strong>dary roots. A differential peroxidase activity, assayed by<br />
electrophoretic patterns, between the resistant (RR) cultivars and the parental cultivars was<br />
observed. The hydrop<strong>on</strong>ics assay allows the detecti<strong>on</strong> of seeds resistant to glyphosate<br />
(0.12% glyphosate, 4 hours assayed <strong>on</strong> day 6). Both assays were found to be efficient in the<br />
identificati<strong>on</strong> of the RR soybean genotype.<br />
45
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
34 - EFFECT OF AGE OF SEEDLINGS ON FLOWERING BEHAVIOUR OF<br />
PARENTAL LINES OF RICE HYBRID<br />
BIRADARPATIL, N.K. & SHEKHARGOUD, A.M.<br />
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580 005, India<br />
Transplanting of rice seedlings at the right age assumes special significance in obtaining<br />
higher yields in commercial cultivati<strong>on</strong> as well as in hybrid seed producti<strong>on</strong>. Earlier reports<br />
indicate that the age of the seedlings influences the flowering, and this informati<strong>on</strong> is useful<br />
in hybrid seed producti<strong>on</strong> for achieving the flowering synchr<strong>on</strong>y. Hence, a study was carried<br />
out to know the influence of age of seedling <strong>on</strong> flowering behaviour of parental lines of KRH-<br />
2 rice hybrid with seedlings of different ages (15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 days).<br />
The results indicated that the increase in the age of the seedlings increased the days to<br />
flowering of CMS, maintainer and restorer lines. On an average, there was about eleven<br />
day’s difference in days to 50 percent flowering between 15 days and 50 days old seedling.<br />
The CMS line (IR 58025A), the maintainer line (IR 58025B) and the restorer line (KMR-3R)<br />
took 96.7, 91.3, 104.3 days, respectively, for 50 per cent flowering with 15 days old<br />
seedling, whereas, with 50 days old seedlings they took 107.7, 103.7 and 117.3 days,<br />
respectively. The difference in flowering between the restorer and male sterile line increased<br />
with the increase in the age of the seedlings.<br />
35 - QUALITY OF HARD WHEAT SEEDS AFTER DRYING AND STORAGE<br />
PROCESSES<br />
COLPETTI, ANDRÉ, BIAG, I. JOÃO & CARNEIRO, LUCIANA<br />
1 Campinas State University – FEAGRI, Campinas, Brazil, bolpetti@agr.unicamp.br, 2 FEAGRI/UNICAMP,<br />
biagi@agr.unicamp.br<br />
3 FEAGRI/UNICAMP, lualves@agr.unicamp.br<br />
A wide range of products can be obtained by wheat grains and seeds. There are some hard<br />
wheat that do not present dormancy; they may germinate <strong>on</strong> ear between the maturati<strong>on</strong><br />
and harvest processes if pluvial precipitati<strong>on</strong>s occur. The objectives of this work were to<br />
evaluate the effects of moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent and storage <strong>on</strong> the quality of hard wheat seeds. The<br />
experimental work was installed at Campinas Agr<strong>on</strong>omy Institute. The seeds of IAC-1003<br />
(Triticum durum L.) were harvested with three different moisture c<strong>on</strong>tents: 19.9%, 16.9%<br />
and 10.2%. The seeds of 1st and 2nd harvests were dried with heated air at 40, 60 and<br />
80ºC. After the drying process, the seeds were stored in polyethylene packets for a period of<br />
0, 2, 4 and 6 m<strong>on</strong>ths at 20±2ºC. During the storage, tests of quality, water activity, protein<br />
and carbohydrate percentages were carried out in the Post-harvest Technology Laboratory,<br />
FEAGRI/UNICAMP. The drying temperature of 80ºC reduced the germinati<strong>on</strong> and vigour of<br />
the seeds, however the drying temperatures of 40 and 60ºC did not affect the seeds. The<br />
results of the protein and carbohydrates percentages of IAC-1003 seeds did not show<br />
significant difference during the storage period.<br />
36 – EARLY HARVEST DRYING AND STORAGE AND THE QUALITY OF SEEDS<br />
OF COMMON AND HARD WHEAT<br />
CARNEIRO, LUCIANA 1 , BIAG, I. JOÃO 1<br />
1 Campinas State University – FEAGRI, Campinas, Brazil, bolpetti@agr.unicamp.br, biagi@agr.unicamp.br<br />
<strong>Seed</strong>s of wheat that do not present dormancy may germinate in the spike, making<br />
impracticable the use of the seeds. The objective of the work was to verify the influence of<br />
time of harvest, drying and storage in the quality of wheat seeds. The seeds used in this<br />
study were from genotypes of comm<strong>on</strong> wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), <strong>on</strong>e with dormancy<br />
(IAC-24), harvested with 30, 21.2 and 12.2% of moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent and <strong>on</strong>e without dormancy<br />
46
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
(IAC-289), harvested with 35, 23.4 and 12.5% of moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent; 1 genotype of hard<br />
wheat (Triticum durum L.) without dormancy (IAC-1003), harvested with 31.6, 22.2 and<br />
11.7% of moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent. The seeds of 1st and 2nd harvest were dried at 40, 60 and 80ºC<br />
until they reached 13.0% of moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent. Dried seeds were then stored in polyethylene<br />
packets for a period of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 m<strong>on</strong>ths at 20±2ºC, and were evaluated using the<br />
moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent tests, 1000-seed weight, germinati<strong>on</strong> and vigour. The drying to 80ºC,<br />
reduced the germinati<strong>on</strong> and the vigour of the seeds, mainly with the storage. The early<br />
harvest did not affect the quality of seeds of the IAC 24 and IAC 289 cultivars, however for<br />
the IAC 1003 seeds, harvested with 31.6% moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent the germinati<strong>on</strong> and vigour<br />
were affected.<br />
37 - AN X-RAY EQUIPMENT FOR SEED QUALITY ANALYSIS<br />
CRAVIOTTO 1 , R.M., ARANGO 1 , M.R., SALINAS 2 , A.R., GIBBONS 3 , R., BERGMANN 3 , R. &<br />
MONTERO. M.S.<br />
1 E.E.A. INTA Oliveros, Ruta Naci<strong>on</strong>al Nº11 Km 353 (2206) Oliveros; Santa Fe, Argentina,<br />
eoliver@inta.gov.ar<br />
2 Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias (Faculty of Agricultural Sciences) - UNR (Nati<strong>on</strong>al University of Rosario,<br />
arsalinas@ciudad.com.ar)<br />
3 Industrias Texel.<br />
The well-known X-ray technique is comm<strong>on</strong>ly used in Medicine, Biology and a variety of<br />
industries. The Internati<strong>on</strong>al Rules for <strong>Seed</strong> <strong>Testing</strong> issued by <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> include a chapter devoted<br />
to this technique applicati<strong>on</strong>, and the Associati<strong>on</strong> of Official <strong>Seed</strong> Analysts (AOSA) published<br />
an X-ray handbook <strong>on</strong> the use of this technique for different species. The main objective of<br />
this study was to develop a prototype of an X-ray equipment with applicati<strong>on</strong>s specific to<br />
seed quality c<strong>on</strong>trol. The equipment c<strong>on</strong>sists of: A cabinet made of a casing and a metallic<br />
structure as support, a sample holder structure, a power source and electric circuit, an X-ray<br />
transmitter (tube), a computer, a Visualix system, which c<strong>on</strong>sists of: X-ray sensor (CCD),<br />
auxiliary electr<strong>on</strong>ic interface, electr<strong>on</strong>ic card (Frame Grabber), and computer imaging<br />
software (VixWin). With this equipment, images can be quickly obtained, maintained,<br />
reproduced and scanned at any time. The equipment developed, called X-ray <strong>Seed</strong> Analyzer<br />
(ARX), uses a n<strong>on</strong>-destructive method, which complies with the security standards required<br />
by Sanitary Radiophysics. It is a useful tool for the analysis of seminal structures, for the<br />
differentiati<strong>on</strong> of seeds and/or grains full, useless, physically damaged, or with eggs or living<br />
insects inside, allowing a frequent and rapid m<strong>on</strong>itoring with a high level of reliability in the<br />
diagnosis.<br />
38 - ACTIVE SEED BANK OF NATIVE TREE SPECIES FROM THE BRAZILIAN<br />
ATLANIC FOREST - BASEMFLOR ® .<br />
DE S. MEDEIROS, A. C., DOS SANTOS, A. F. & DE SOUSA, V.<br />
Embrapa Florestas – Nati<strong>on</strong>al Forest Research Center of EMBRAPA, Cx. P. 319, 83411-000, Colombo, PR<br />
– Brazil, medeiros@cnpf.embrapa.br<br />
The present status of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest is the result of nearly five centuries of<br />
exploitati<strong>on</strong> since the col<strong>on</strong>ial times and land use for the expansi<strong>on</strong> of agriculture as well as<br />
for the development of urban areas. It is estimated that the remnants cover <strong>on</strong>ly 4% of the<br />
original forest area. According to the Brazilian Report for the United Nati<strong>on</strong>s C<strong>on</strong>ference <strong>on</strong><br />
the Envir<strong>on</strong>ment and Development, this forest stretches through nearly <strong>on</strong>e milli<strong>on</strong> square<br />
kilometers in almost all coastal areas of the country. Effective acti<strong>on</strong>s for the restorati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
forest cover have been extremely shy. The main bottleneck has been the inexistence of an<br />
active seed bank for the species of native forests. It is of utmost importance that such a seed<br />
bank be part of a federal level research instituti<strong>on</strong> in order to provide seeds for uses such as<br />
reforestati<strong>on</strong> programs, reclamati<strong>on</strong> of degraded ecosystems, establishment and restorati<strong>on</strong><br />
of riparian forests and forest covers <strong>on</strong> water catchment areas, botanical gardens, local and<br />
regi<strong>on</strong>al seed banks, and for research projects. As a c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong> to solve part of the<br />
problem, Embrapa Florestas set up an active gene bank in the form of seeds, established in<br />
Colombo, State of Paraná. 16 species from 11 different families (Anacadiaceae,<br />
47
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
Aquifoliaceae, Leguminosae-Fabaceae, Melastomataceae, Meliaceae, Mimosaceae,<br />
Myrsinaceae, Sapindaceae, Saxifragaceae, Tiliaceae and Winterceae) were collected and<br />
stored (at 5°C) in 2002-2003 for distributi<strong>on</strong>. This BASEMFLOR ® involves research <strong>on</strong> seed<br />
physiology, seed pathology, entomology, genetic characterizati<strong>on</strong>, training, and the<br />
establishment of a data bank to c<strong>on</strong>vey all informati<strong>on</strong> through the computer network.<br />
39 - THE INFLUENCE OF STAGE OF FRUIT MATURATION ON SEED QUALITY<br />
IN TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.).<br />
DIAS; D.C.F.S., RIBEIRO; F.P., DIAS; L.A.S. & SILVA, D.J.H.<br />
Department of Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa – 36571-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil,<br />
dcdias@ufv.br<br />
The effects of stage of fruit maturati<strong>on</strong> at harvest and post-harvest period <strong>on</strong> seed quality of<br />
tomato were investigated. Fruits of Santa Clara cultivar were harvested in three different<br />
maturati<strong>on</strong> stages: S1 – fruits with the outside still green, but with initial red colour <strong>on</strong> the<br />
top; S2 – fruits completely red (fully ripe); and S3 – fruits harvested at S1 and kept <strong>on</strong><br />
storage under packinghouse c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s until S2 stage. The physiological quality of seeds was<br />
evaluated by standard germinati<strong>on</strong> (normal seedlings after 14 days), germinati<strong>on</strong> at first<br />
count (normal seedlings after 7 days), c<strong>on</strong>trolled deteriorati<strong>on</strong> (seeds with 24% moisture<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tent in water bath at 45°C for 24 h), electrical c<strong>on</strong>ductivity (four replicati<strong>on</strong>s of 50 seeds<br />
imbibed in 50 mL distilled water at 25°C for 24 h) and speed of seedling emergence. The<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage of the seeds obtained from fruits harvested <strong>on</strong> S3, S1 and S2 stages<br />
was 88, 83 and 82%, respectively. For the same treatments were obtained 72, 47 and 51%<br />
of normal seedlings at first count and 78, 57 e 57% <strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>trolled deteriorati<strong>on</strong> test,<br />
respectively. For all characteristics evaluated, post-harvest storage of the fruits improved<br />
seed vigour. Therefore, tomato seeds should be extracted from fruits harvested at S1 stage<br />
and submitted to storage until completely ripe.<br />
40 - METHODS FOR ORGANIC SEED TREATMENT<br />
ERTSEY, A. & RADICS, L.<br />
1 BUEPA, Faculty of Horticultural Sciences, Department of Ecological and Sustainable Producti<strong>on</strong> Systems,<br />
H-1118, Budapest, Villányi út 29-43, ertsey@omega.kee.hu, lradics@omega.kee.hu<br />
The importance of ecological farming in Hungary is increasing. In the last twelve years size<br />
of organically cultivated area in our country has reached the 110000 ha. The utilisati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
organic seed is regulated by nati<strong>on</strong>al law (82/2002. (IX. 4.) FVM-KvVM Regulati<strong>on</strong>)<br />
According to this regulati<strong>on</strong> the use of organic seed is obligatory in organic plant producti<strong>on</strong><br />
from 01.01.2004. This regulati<strong>on</strong> makes it important to find alternative methods for seed<br />
treatment instead of chemical treatment which is not allowed in organic farming. The<br />
situati<strong>on</strong> is difficult because of the low amount of n<strong>on</strong>-chemical seed treatment methods and<br />
additi<strong>on</strong>ally most of them are not effective enough. The goal of our research is to find<br />
methods, which keep good quality of organic seeds , assure healthy seed and safety field<br />
emergence. Experiment has two parts. In the first part the effect of the chosen materials<br />
were measured <strong>on</strong> the germinati<strong>on</strong> ability of the seeds. In the sec<strong>on</strong>d part the effect of the<br />
chosen materials were observed <strong>on</strong> the seed-borne fungi of two vegetable plants. The two<br />
plants are green pea (Pisum sativum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) The chosen materials are<br />
warm water, Biokál (permitted in ecological farming as plant c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ing substantial), Alginit<br />
and Vetozán (permitted in ecological farming as fertiliser) and oil of thyme. Ascochyta sp. <strong>on</strong><br />
green pea and Fusarium m<strong>on</strong>iliforme var. subglutinans <strong>on</strong> maize was observed as seedborne<br />
fungi. Effects <strong>on</strong> germinati<strong>on</strong> ability were observed in the laboratory and in the field as<br />
well. Phytopathological tests were made in vitro after internati<strong>on</strong>al rules (Internati<strong>on</strong>al Rules<br />
for <strong>Seed</strong> <strong>Testing</strong> 2003). According to our present results Biokál enhanced germinati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
thymol gave the best pathological effect. Experiment will be c<strong>on</strong>tinued, data analysis is <strong>on</strong>.<br />
Technology will be available at the end of the experiment.<br />
Experiment is supported by OTKA T43072.<br />
48
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
41 - ALTERNATIVE CROSSES AND CRIS CROSS FOR MAIZE HYBRIDS AND<br />
SEED PRODUCTION IN NORMAL AND QUALITY PROTEIN MAIZE (QPM)<br />
ESPINOSA-CALDERÓN 1 , A., TADEO-ROBLEDO 2 , M., SIERRA M 3 ., M., SANDOVAL 3 , A., GÓMEZ<br />
M. 3 , N., BETANZOS M. 3 , E., COUTIÑO E 3 ., B., CABALLERO H 3 ., F., LÓPEZ-PEREIRA 4 , M. &<br />
PIÑA D.V. 5 , A.<br />
1 <strong>Seed</strong> producti<strong>on</strong> and<br />
3 Maize Program, Nati<strong>on</strong>al Researches Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and<br />
Livestock (INIFAP, México), espinoale@yahoo.com.mx 2 , Nati<strong>on</strong>al University Aut<strong>on</strong>omous of México<br />
(UNAM, México), tadeorobledo@yahoo.com 4 Mexico Ec<strong>on</strong>omy Program, CIMMYT until 1993. 5 Plant<br />
Breeder of CERES <strong>Seed</strong> Enterprises.<br />
In the Plant breeding process the plant breeders define the c<strong>on</strong>formati<strong>on</strong> of the hybrids.<br />
However in some cases it is necessary to change the sequence of the c<strong>on</strong>formati<strong>on</strong>. The<br />
factors for interchange the lines order are good performance like female and male: 1) seed<br />
productivity, 2) seed quality, 3) flowering synchr<strong>on</strong>y from female to male, 4) seed<br />
disp<strong>on</strong>ibility. In the single crosses the changes are not complicated because there are <strong>on</strong>ly<br />
two progenitors, but in Mexico this kind of hybrid is not usual. The three way hybrids now<br />
are the more usual kind of hybrid in Mexico for the Nati<strong>on</strong>al Researches Institute of Forestry,<br />
Agriculture and Livestock (INIFAP). The double crosses were very popular for three decades<br />
from 1950 until 1987. Many Quality Protein Maize hybrids, three way and single cross<br />
hybrids, were evaluated from 1997 until 2001. Some of the three way hybrids had highest<br />
yield that the tester but they have some problems to obtain certificated seed. We have<br />
evidences that will be better when the c<strong>on</strong>formati<strong>on</strong> of the progenitors is changed. In the<br />
case of the single crosses it is necessary to develop technology and seed producti<strong>on</strong> for<br />
increasing the yield of the progenitors, the less seed yield must be 2.5 t<strong>on</strong>s per hectare. In<br />
this paper are showed some results with the criss cross method in normal and Quality<br />
Protein Maize (QPM) hybrids. We c<strong>on</strong>firm that some hybrids need to change after to be<br />
released the progenitors order for improved the seed producti<strong>on</strong> process.<br />
42 - LMPROVEMENT OF SUNNHEMP (CROTALARIA JUNCEA L.) SEED BY<br />
GRADING<br />
GHOSH, N., DAS, N.R. & GHOSH, M.<br />
RC Agricultural University, B-Q/110, Kalyani Nadia – 741235, West Bengal. India<br />
Sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L) is a leguminous bast fibre crop mainly cultivated in lndia,<br />
Bangladesh and Brazil. It is an ideal crop for uncultivated fallow or freshly reclaimed areas<br />
since it builds the soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen by rhizobium activity in root<br />
nodules. It is a short day plant, l<strong>on</strong>g day favour vegetative growth and reduce seed set.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong>s of 'Bidhan Shan’ (a self compatible variety of sunnhemp developed by the authors)<br />
al<strong>on</strong>g with parental line (self incompatible) were graded as large and small from ungraded<br />
seed lot. They were treated with Artificial Ageing (AA) by placing at 100% Relative humidity<br />
at about 28°C (Room temperature) Rate of decrease of root length was slow in large seeds<br />
after AA Moreover, large seeds had better storability and could be stored better with seed<br />
moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent about 11% The vigour of large seeds with higher initial capital was<br />
expressed not <strong>on</strong>ly in vegetative and root growth but also in the reproductive parts of<br />
number of pods and seed yield. Bidhan Shan performed better than the parental line.<br />
Thus increase in the seed size at planting was beneficial in terms of plant growth and<br />
comp<strong>on</strong>ents of seed yield and seed quality including storability.<br />
49
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
43 - SOWING AND HARVESTING TIME ON SEED QUALITY AND LEAF YIELD<br />
OF KALMEGH (ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA NEES.)<br />
GHOSH, N. & GHOSH, M.<br />
B.C. Agricultural University, B-9/110, Kalyani, Nadia - 741235, West Bengal, India.<br />
Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees.) is a medicinal herb. It is thermo and photo<br />
sensitive for flowering. The flowering starts when day length comes down below 11.5 hours<br />
and maximum temperature drops down to about 30° C. Pods have shattering habit and<br />
seeds have some dormancy.<br />
A full grown plant yields about 240 capsules, each c<strong>on</strong>taining about 10 seeds with 85%<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong>. <strong>Seed</strong>s are small, light in weight about 1.6 gm for 1000 seeds and yellowish in<br />
colour. Leaves have maximum medicinal value, but bitter in taste due to andrographolide.<br />
Plants are harvested 110-120 Days After Sowing.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong>s attained Physiological maturity at 28 Days After Anthesis (DAA); however, maximum<br />
vigour was with 30 DAA. <strong>Seed</strong> dormancy could be removed by treating with 0.5% potassium<br />
nitrate.<br />
Four times of leaf pluckings could be made if sown early in April, after 60 DAS at <strong>on</strong>e<br />
m<strong>on</strong>th's interval. Leaf harvesting in younger stages of plant would promote more leaves to<br />
be developed. Leaf and seed both could be harvested from the same plant, without<br />
hampering seed quality even after four times defoliati<strong>on</strong> of leaves.<br />
44 - COLORING ALTERATION IN WHEAT FLOUR ASSOCIATED WITH<br />
TRICHOTHECIUM ROSEUM FUNGI.<br />
JACCOUD-FILHO, DAVID S., FERRARI, ROSELI A., CARVALHO, G. & ZAMPIER, IGOR<br />
Universidade Estadual de P<strong>on</strong>ta Grossa, PR, Brazil, dj1002@uepg.br<br />
One of the main quality criterias for wheat flours used in the producti<strong>on</strong> of alimentary<br />
pastery is its coloring, which influences directly the coloring of the end products, such as<br />
bread, biscuits etc. During the processing of a sample of wheat flour in the Campos Gerais<br />
regi<strong>on</strong>, in the state of Paraná, it was observed (via Peckar’s test) that the sample’s coloring<br />
presented a dark appearance, resulting in its commercial depretiati<strong>on</strong> and limited usage for<br />
the industry. Aditi<strong>on</strong>al tests carried out with a Minolta Spectrophotometer, which expresses<br />
the flour’s color, also indicated an alterati<strong>on</strong> in color when compared to a flour c<strong>on</strong>sidered<br />
normal. The wheat grains which originated the darkened flour sample and those which<br />
originated the flour sample with normal color were analysed after an incubati<strong>on</strong> period of<br />
seven days via the Blotter Test Method (12h light / 12h dark, 22ºC). In the grains which<br />
originated the darkened flour sample, the presence of the Trichothecium roseum fungi was<br />
detected at the incidence of 37.5%, and in the grains which originated the flour sample with<br />
normal color this fungi was not detected.<br />
45 - DRYING MAIZE SEED USING AMBIENT TEMPERATURE AT LOW<br />
RELATIVE HUMIDITY.<br />
KRZYZANOWSKI 1 , F.C., WEST 2 , S.H. & FRANÇA-NETO 1 , J.B.<br />
1 Embrapa - Nati<strong>on</strong>al Soybean Research Center, Caixa Postal 231, 96001-970, L<strong>on</strong>drina, PR., Brazil.<br />
(fck@cnpso.embrapa.br.<br />
2 University of Florida - Agr<strong>on</strong>omy <strong>Seed</strong> Laboratory, P.O. Box 110770, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA.<br />
shwest@mail.ifas.ufl.edu<br />
Drying is a prerequisite to maintaining maize (Zea mays L.) seed quality. New technologies<br />
are available and a dryer prototype has been developed that has the unique feature of taking<br />
the moisture out of the air stream before it is heated and passed through the seed. The heat<br />
that is generated when the water is removed is reintroduced into and raises the temperature<br />
of the air stream. In c<strong>on</strong>trast to the 45°C temperature typical of c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al dryers, the<br />
50
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
temperature of the air stream in the new method does not exceed 35°C. No detrimental<br />
effects were observed <strong>on</strong> various parameters of mayze seed physiological quality due to the<br />
drying c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s provided by the heat pipe technology. The time required for drying was<br />
reduced significantly compared to the traditi<strong>on</strong>al system of heated ambient air. The heat pipe<br />
system is a promising technology to be used for drying shelled seed.<br />
46 - DRYING PEANUT SEED USING AMBIENT TEMPERATURE AT LOW<br />
RELATIVE HUMIDITY.<br />
KRZYZANOWSKI 1 , F.C., WEST 2 , S.H. & FRANÇA-NETO 1 , J.B.<br />
1 Embrapa - Nati<strong>on</strong>al Soybean Research Center, Caixa Postal 231, 96001-970, L<strong>on</strong>drina, PR., Brazil.<br />
fck@cnpso.embrapa.br.<br />
2 University of Florida - Agr<strong>on</strong>omy <strong>Seed</strong> Laboratory, P.O. Box 110770, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA.<br />
shwest@mail.ifas.ufl.edu<br />
The moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent of peanut kernel (Arachis hypogea L.) at digging ranges from 30 to<br />
50% <strong>on</strong> a wet basis (w.b.). The seed moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent must be reduced to 10.5% or below<br />
before they can be graded and marketed. After digging, peanuts are cured in the windrow for<br />
two to five days then mechanically separated from the vine. Heated air is used to further dry<br />
the peanuts from approximately 18 to 10% moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent w.b. Drying is required to<br />
maintaining peanut seed and grain quality. Traditi<strong>on</strong>al dryers pass a high temperature and<br />
high humidity air stream through the seed mass. The drying time is l<strong>on</strong>g because the system<br />
is inefficient and the high temperature increases the risk of thermal damage to the kernels.<br />
New technology identified as, heat pipe technology (HPT) is available and has the unique<br />
feature of removing the moisture from the air stream before it is heated and passed through<br />
the seed. A study was c<strong>on</strong>ducted to evaluate the performance of the HPT system in drying<br />
peanut seed. The seeds inside the shells were dried from 17.4% to 7.3% in 14 hours and 11<br />
minutes, with a rate of moisture removal of 0.71% mc per hour. This drying process caused<br />
no reducti<strong>on</strong> in seed quality as measured by the standard germinati<strong>on</strong>, accelerated ageing<br />
and field emergence tests. It was c<strong>on</strong>cluded that the HPT system is a promising technology<br />
for drying peanut seed when efficiency and maintenance of physiological quality are desired.<br />
47 - DRYING SOYBEAN SEED USING AMBIENT TEMPERATURE AT LOW<br />
RELATIVE HUMIDITY.<br />
KRZYZANOWSKI 1 , F.C., WEST 2 , S.H. & FRANÇA-NETO 1 , J.B.<br />
1 Embrapa - Nati<strong>on</strong>al Soybean Research Center, Caixa Postal 231, 96001-970, L<strong>on</strong>drina, PR., Brazil.<br />
(fck@cnpso.embrapa.br.<br />
2 University of Florida - Agr<strong>on</strong>omy <strong>Seed</strong> Laboratory, P.O. Box 110770, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA.<br />
shwest@mail.ifas.ufl.edu<br />
Under subtropical and tropical envir<strong>on</strong>ments soybean seed (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) are<br />
harvested early to avoid deteriorati<strong>on</strong> from weathering. Careful after-harvest drying is<br />
required and is an important step in maintaining the physiological quality of the seed.<br />
Soybean seed should be harvested when their moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent is in a range of 16-20%.<br />
Traditi<strong>on</strong>al drying utilizes a high temperature and high humidity air stream passed through<br />
the seed mass. The drying time is l<strong>on</strong>g because the system is inefficient and the high<br />
temperature increases the risk of thermal damage to the seed. New technology identified as<br />
heat pipe technology (HPT) is available and has the unique feature of removing the moisture<br />
out of the air stream before it is passed through the seed mass at the same envir<strong>on</strong>mental<br />
temperature. Two studies were c<strong>on</strong>ducted to evaluate the performance of HPT to dry<br />
soybean seed. In the first trial the seeds were dried from 17.5% to 11.1% in 2 hours and 29<br />
minutes and in the sec<strong>on</strong>d trial the seeds were dried from 22.56% to 11.88% in 16 hours<br />
and 32 minutes. This drying process caused no reducti<strong>on</strong> in seed quality as measured by the<br />
standard germinati<strong>on</strong>, tetrazolium-viability, accelerated aging and seedling vigour<br />
classificati<strong>on</strong> tests. The <strong>on</strong>ly parameter that indicated a slight seed quality reducti<strong>on</strong> was<br />
tetrazolium vigour in the sec<strong>on</strong>d trial. It was c<strong>on</strong>cluded that the HPT system is a promising<br />
51
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
technology for drying soybean seed when efficiency and maintenance of physiological quality<br />
is desired.<br />
48 - STUDIES ON SEASONAL EFFECT ON FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF<br />
HONEYBEE ON HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION IN BOTTLEGOURD PUSA<br />
HYBRID-3<br />
KUMAR, SATISH, SINHA, S.N. & TOMAR, B.S.<br />
Divisi<strong>on</strong> of <strong>Seed</strong> Science Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute<br />
New Delhi-110 012, INDIA.<br />
The hybrid seed producti<strong>on</strong> of bottlegourd (Lagenaria Siceraria M.)variety Pusa Hybrid-3 was<br />
taken up during Kharif and spring seas<strong>on</strong> of 2001 and 2002 at seed producti<strong>on</strong> unit farm,<br />
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. The planting of male and female rows were<br />
made in ratio of 1 : 4. During the Kharif seas<strong>on</strong>, h<strong>on</strong>ey bee begun their flight activity around<br />
8 A.M. with highest flight activity at 12 no<strong>on</strong> and thereafter decline trends was observed in<br />
their flight activity (i.e at 2 pm, 4 pm and 6 pm). Am<strong>on</strong>g the h<strong>on</strong>eybee species, Apis Millifera<br />
was observed to be dominated pollinating agent, where as Apis cerana was least observed as<br />
pollinating agent. During Kharif seas<strong>on</strong> A. Millifera spent more time (42.33 sec), followed by<br />
A. dorsata (28 sec), A. florea (12.33 sec). A. cerana (11.67 sec) and other pollinating insect<br />
(10.67 sec) at 12.00 no<strong>on</strong>. Whereas in summer seas<strong>on</strong> also the h<strong>on</strong>eybee start their flight<br />
activity around 8 AM, attained peak at 12.00 no<strong>on</strong> and subsequently declined at 2 pm, but<br />
further gain their flight activity around 4 pm. The declined in flight activity at around 2 pm<br />
due to high temperature and hot dry winds. The time spent by the various pollinating agent<br />
viz., A. millifera (27.00 sec), A. dorsata (21.67 sec), A. florea (13.33 sec) and A. cerana<br />
(12.00 sec) other pollinating insect (10.67 sec.) at 12.00 no<strong>on</strong> was recorded in summer<br />
seas<strong>on</strong>. In Kharif seas<strong>on</strong> at 2 pm A. millifera spent (40.67 sec), A. dorsata (26.33), A. florea<br />
(13.67), A. cerana (15.67) other pollinating insect (7.67 sec) which was significantly higher<br />
than that of time spent by A. millifera (12 sec), A. dorsata (8.33 sec), A. florea (6.33 sec), A.<br />
cerana (8.6 sec) and other pollinating insect (8.33 sec) time at 2 pm in summer seas<strong>on</strong>. In<br />
summer seas<strong>on</strong> A. millifera spent (20.67 sec), A. dorsata (16 sec), A. florea (6.7 sec), A.<br />
cerana (10 sec) and other pollinating insect (8 sec) at 4 pm where as during Kharif seas<strong>on</strong> A.<br />
millifera spent (28.67 sec), A. dorsata (17.00), A. florea (11 sec). A. cerana (8.33 sec.),<br />
other pollinating insect (6.33 sec) time at 4 pm. It was revealed from this investigati<strong>on</strong> that<br />
pollinating insect spent more time at 12.00 no<strong>on</strong> and 2.00 pm. in kharif seas<strong>on</strong> which<br />
synchr<strong>on</strong>ize with maximum stigme receptivity and pollen producti<strong>on</strong> , where as in summer<br />
seas<strong>on</strong> pollinating insect spent more time at 12.00 no<strong>on</strong> and at 4.00 pm.<br />
During Kharif seas<strong>on</strong> fruit yield per plant was 15.57 kg with no. of fruit, per plant, 7.61<br />
which was higher than that of the fruit yield per plant 7.50 kg with no. of fruits per plant<br />
5.33 in summer seas<strong>on</strong>. The seed yield per fruit 68.60 gm and 105.43 gm in summer and<br />
kharif seas<strong>on</strong> was recorded respectively.<br />
49 - THE PERFORMANCE OF GLYPHOSATE AFFECTED BARLEY SEED<br />
MCLAREN, GILLIAN & RONALD DON<br />
Official <strong>Seed</strong> <strong>Testing</strong> Stati<strong>on</strong> for Scotland, Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, East Craigs, Craigs<br />
Road, Edinburgh, EH12 8NJ, United Kingdom, Gillian.McLaren@sasa.gsi.gov.uk<br />
The laboratory germinati<strong>on</strong> of barley seed from crops sprayed pre-harvest with glyphosate<br />
improved when tested in compost rather than paper towelling. However, field emergence and<br />
establishment were more closely related to the results of paper towelling germinati<strong>on</strong> tests<br />
than those from germinati<strong>on</strong> tests in compost. The effects of glyphosate are limited to the<br />
mother crop and <strong>on</strong>ce this is established they not transmitted to the following generati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
52
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
50 - EFFECT OF FOLIAR FUNGICIDES APPLICATION ON SOYBEAN SEED<br />
QUALITY<br />
MOLINA, J. 1Y2 ; CARMONA, M. 2 .; BABBITT, S. 1Y2 ; GALLY, M. 2 , SUGIA, V. 2 & GRIJALBA, P. 2<br />
1. Dirección de Calidad, ex INASE. Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Alimentación.<br />
jmolina@agro.uba.ar<br />
2. Facultad de Agr<strong>on</strong>omía, Universidad de Buenos Aires.<br />
Foliar fungicide applicati<strong>on</strong> to c<strong>on</strong>trol late seas<strong>on</strong> diseases of soybean (Glycine max) has<br />
been recently adopted in Argentina. However, the informati<strong>on</strong> about seed quality harvested<br />
from treated fields is poor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar fungicide<br />
applicati<strong>on</strong> in reproductive stages of soybean, <strong>on</strong> seed weight and quality. Several diseases<br />
affect soybean crop in Pampeana Regi<strong>on</strong> and had been causing high damages lately,<br />
specially late seas<strong>on</strong> diseases that reduce yields and seed quality. Six trials were c<strong>on</strong>ducted<br />
in 2001-2002 growing seas<strong>on</strong> in south Santa Fe province in no-tilled m<strong>on</strong>oculture<br />
commercial soybean fields. Treatments were arranged in a complete random block design,<br />
and c<strong>on</strong>sisted of <strong>on</strong>e applicati<strong>on</strong> of triazoles, benzimidazoles or strobirulins in reproductive<br />
soybean stages R3 or R5. The following variables were measured from harvested seeds:<br />
1000 grains weight and germinati<strong>on</strong> in sand, by means of evaluati<strong>on</strong> of normal seedlings,<br />
following the Internati<strong>on</strong>al rules for seed testing currently used (<str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g>). Results indicated that<br />
1000 grains weight was significantly higher in treated plots in all trials, with no differences<br />
between fungicides or time of applicati<strong>on</strong>. Percentage of germinati<strong>on</strong> was related to seed<br />
infecti<strong>on</strong> level (Phomopsis spp, Cercospora kikuchii and Fusarium spp), and was significantly<br />
higher in seeds harvested from plots treated in R5 <strong>on</strong>ly in two trials<br />
51 - PERFORMANCE OF DURA FAMILIES IN RELATION TO HYBRID SEED<br />
PRODUCTION IN OIL PALM<br />
P.MURUGESAN, P. & RETHINAM*, P.<br />
Nati<strong>on</strong>al Research Centre for Oilpalm, Pedavegi-534450, Andhra Pradesh, India,<br />
gesan70@rediffmail.com<br />
Four dura families viz., 271D, 65 D, 120 D and 139 D were evaluated based <strong>on</strong> weight of<br />
fresh fruit bunch (FFB) and number of bunches. Effect of seas<strong>on</strong>al variati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> these traits<br />
and height increment also were combined for evaluati<strong>on</strong>. <strong>Seed</strong> garden raised during 1990<br />
c<strong>on</strong>sisting selfed families (271D, 65D, 120D and 139D) were subjected for evaluati<strong>on</strong> based<br />
<strong>on</strong> fresh fruit bunch yield, number of bunches, their seas<strong>on</strong>al variati<strong>on</strong> in producti<strong>on</strong> and<br />
height increment. Based <strong>on</strong> initial five years yield, fourty four palms out of a total of four<br />
hundred palms crossed the standard of 150 kg of FFB /year/palm. The progeny of 65D and<br />
120D had very less height increment, which registered an average height increment of 57.6<br />
cm/year followed by 271D with 60.8 cm. They also had more number of bunches and yield.<br />
A peak and a lean period of bunch producti<strong>on</strong> were observed during the period May-October<br />
and November-April, respectively.<br />
52 - EVALUATION OF SEED MATURITY OF CUCURBITS BY TETRAZOLIUM<br />
TEST<br />
NASCIMENTO 1 ; W.W., PEREIRA 1 ; R.S., COSTA 1 ; C.J. & DIAS 2 , D.C.F.S.<br />
1 Embrapa Hortaliças, C.P> 218, 70359-970, Brasília, DF, Brazil;<br />
2 Department of Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36571-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.<br />
wmn@cnph.embrapa.br<br />
The physical and physiological changes during cucumber and hybrid squash seed<br />
development under tropical c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s were investigated. This study was carried out in<br />
Brasilia, DF. Brazil, during the years of 2001 and 2002, using a cucumber cv. Eldorado 300<br />
and a F1-squash hybride (Cucurbita maxima x C. Moschata) cv. Jabras. Fruits were<br />
harvested at 30, 40 and 50 days (cucumber) and at 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days (squash)<br />
after anthesis. <strong>Seed</strong>s were extracted from fruits after 0 and 10 days (cucumber) and after 0,<br />
53
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
15 and 30 days (squash) of storage under packinghouse c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. Dry seed weight,<br />
standard germinati<strong>on</strong>, first count germinati<strong>on</strong>, field emergence, and tetrazolium test (vigor<br />
and viability) were evaluated. For tetrazolium test, the seeds were imbibed in water at 40 o C<br />
for 30 minutes for tegument removal, followed by 30 minutes for the internal membrane<br />
removal. Afterwards, they were exposed to a 0.075% tetrazolium soluti<strong>on</strong> for 60 minutes at<br />
40 o C. Five classes of viability and vigor were established, and each seed evaluated was<br />
allotted to <strong>on</strong>e class. In cucumber, physiological maturity of seeds probably occurred at 50<br />
days after anthesis; in general, the effect of fruit storage <strong>on</strong> physiological seed quality<br />
occurred in fruits harvested at 30 days after anthesis. For squash, seed physiological<br />
maturity occurred in fruits harvested between 40 and 50 days after anthesis and stored for<br />
30 and 15 days, respectively. <strong>Seed</strong>s from these fruits had high vigor, germinati<strong>on</strong> and dry<br />
weight. Tetrazolium test was efficient to m<strong>on</strong>itor seed quality changes of cucurbits during<br />
maturati<strong>on</strong>. The major physical and physiological changes occurring during seed<br />
development and the importance of fruit storage post-harvesting are discussed.<br />
53 - EFFECT OF IRRIGATION ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF SUGARBEET<br />
(BETA VULGARIS L.) SEED<br />
NOLI E., MONTANARI, M., ROSSI PISA, P., URSO, G., GRASSI, E. & LOVATO, A.<br />
Department of Agroenvir<strong>on</strong>mental Science and Technology, ‘Alma Mater Studiorum’ Università di<br />
Bologna,Viale G. Fanin 40, I-40127 Bologna, Italia<br />
Sugar-beet seed producti<strong>on</strong> is <strong>on</strong>e of the most remunerative seed producti<strong>on</strong> activities in<br />
northern Italy. Currently most Italian seed companies recommend irrigati<strong>on</strong> in the period<br />
from flowering to seed filling, although published research <strong>on</strong> this topic is scarce. The<br />
objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the scheduling of irrigati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> sugarbeet<br />
seed yield and quality.<br />
Field trials were carried out in 1996, 1997 and 1998; transplants were performed at the end<br />
of February. Seven sprinkle irrigati<strong>on</strong> treatments were tested, namely a at <strong>on</strong>set, b at mid, c<br />
at the end of flowering and their combinati<strong>on</strong>s a+b, a+c, b+c e a+b+c, and compared to a<br />
n<strong>on</strong>-irrigated c<strong>on</strong>trol. Each applicati<strong>on</strong> depth ranged from 25 to 45 mm. Soil water c<strong>on</strong>tent<br />
for each treatment was determined <strong>on</strong> samples taken from the first 40 cm of the soil profile<br />
before and after each irrigati<strong>on</strong>. Moreover, in 1997 and 1998 samples were taken weekly,<br />
from the first irrigati<strong>on</strong> until the harvest, at various depths. Irrigati<strong>on</strong>s affected water<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tent in soil mainly in the first 20 cm which are those mostly explored by the root system<br />
and exposed to evapotraspirati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
All irrigati<strong>on</strong> treatments, carried at mid and at the end of flowering, either individually or in<br />
combinati<strong>on</strong>s, significantly increased seed yield in each year as compared to the n<strong>on</strong>irrigated<br />
c<strong>on</strong>trol, whereas 1,000-kernel weight and germinability were unaffected. The<br />
percentage of seedballs of size greater than 4 mm resp<strong>on</strong>ded to irrigati<strong>on</strong> scheduling. Simple<br />
computati<strong>on</strong>s indicate that the extra costs for irrigati<strong>on</strong> could be largely compensated by the<br />
higher yield obtained with respect to the n<strong>on</strong>-irrigated crop.<br />
54 - FIXING SEEDING INTERVAL IN RICE HYBRIDS<br />
PATIL, VEERANAGOUDA, BIRADARPATIL, N.K., SHEKHARGOUDA, M. & BIRADAR, D.P.<br />
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad -580 005, India<br />
Synchr<strong>on</strong>izati<strong>on</strong> in flowering between the parents in hybrid seed producti<strong>on</strong> and CMS<br />
multiplicati<strong>on</strong> is necessary to enhance the out crossing rate. The sowing dates of the parents<br />
should be adjusted to get simultaneous flowering. The growth durati<strong>on</strong> of the parental lines<br />
varies with locati<strong>on</strong>s and seas<strong>on</strong>s. The leaf number and the effective accumulated<br />
temperature requirements have to be worked out for each parental line. Hence, the study<br />
was taken up at two locati<strong>on</strong>s in Northern Karnataka regi<strong>on</strong> to find out the seeding interval<br />
for hybrid seed producti<strong>on</strong> of KRH-1, KRH-2 and DRRH-1 hybrids and CMS multiplicati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
IR 58025A and IR62829A.<br />
The growth durati<strong>on</strong> and effective accumulated temperature requirement of the parental<br />
lines varied with locati<strong>on</strong>, where as the number of leaves produced by the parental lines was<br />
54
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
relatively stable. The number of leaves produced up to 50 per cent flowering ranged from 9.9<br />
(IR9761-19-01R) to 15.7 (KMR-3). For taking up of seed producti<strong>on</strong> of KRH-2 and DRRH-1,<br />
the male sterile line (IR58025A) of these hybrids should be sown after their respective<br />
restorer lines (KMR-3 and IR40750R) attains the leaf number of 1.6 and 1.1, respectively.<br />
Where as, for KRH-1 seed producti<strong>on</strong>, the restorer line (IR9761-19-01R) should be planted<br />
after the male sterile line (IR58025A) attains the leaf number of 4.2. The parental lines,<br />
KMR-3 and IR9761-19-01R took higher and lower EAT of 1445.3 o C, respectively for attaining<br />
50 per cent flowering compared to other parental lines. The restorer lines of KRH-2 and<br />
DRRH-1 required higher EAT compared to their respective male sterile lines, where as the<br />
restorer line of KRH-1 required lesser EAT than the CMS line. The maintainer lines recorded<br />
lesser EAT compared to the male sterile lines<br />
55 - EFFECT OF DESICCATION ON SOME QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF<br />
SUGARBEET SEED<br />
RAJIC, MILORAD, MARINKOVIĆ, BRANKO, MIKLIČ, VLADA & PANKOVIĆ, LAZAR<br />
Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia and M<strong>on</strong>tenegro, Faculty of Agriculture, Novi<br />
Sad, Serbia and M<strong>on</strong>tenegro<br />
A three-year field trial has been established in a system of random blocks in order to study<br />
the effect of desiccati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> the 1000-seed mass and germinability of sugarbeet seed under<br />
the local climatic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. Desiccati<strong>on</strong>s were performed at the beginning and end of wax<br />
maturity. As the timing of cutting and threshing operati<strong>on</strong>s is important in the harvest of<br />
seed sugarbeet, desiccati<strong>on</strong> simplifies the overall harvest. The applicati<strong>on</strong> of desiccati<strong>on</strong><br />
under the local agroecological c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s has caused significant changes in the studied<br />
quality characteristics. The 1000-seed mass was significantly larger in the c<strong>on</strong>trol than in the<br />
desiccati<strong>on</strong> variants. The later applicati<strong>on</strong> resulted in higher seed mass compared with the<br />
earlier applicati<strong>on</strong>. Significant differences were also registered in seed germinability. It was<br />
therefore clear that the interrupti<strong>on</strong> of growing seas<strong>on</strong> negatively affected the major quality<br />
characteristics of sugarbeet seed. In view of the significant differences am<strong>on</strong>g the study<br />
years, the obtained results showed that seed sugarbeet resp<strong>on</strong>ds uniformly to different<br />
climatic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
56 - SEED QUALITY VARIATION WITHIN CEREAL SEED LOTS AND ITS<br />
DETERMINANTS<br />
SCHMOHL, SVEN & KRUSE, MICHAEL<br />
Universität Hohenheim (350D), Institute of Plant Breeding, <strong>Seed</strong> Science and Populati<strong>on</strong> Genetics,<br />
Fruwirthstr. 21, 70593 Stuttgart, DE-Germany<br />
Heterogeneity of seed lots is permanently under discussi<strong>on</strong>. The present <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> maximum<br />
seed lot sizes as well as the sampling schemes are directly linked to this basic quality trait of<br />
seed lots. But experimental data about variati<strong>on</strong> in seed lots are quite rare. Computer<br />
simulati<strong>on</strong>s were made for identifying optimum sampling schemes but are based <strong>on</strong><br />
assumpti<strong>on</strong>s about the variati<strong>on</strong> within seed lots without being directly c<strong>on</strong>firmed by practical<br />
data.<br />
The aim of the present project is to quantify in detail the variati<strong>on</strong> of the important seed<br />
quality traits purity, other seed count, germinati<strong>on</strong>, thousand seed mass and seed size within<br />
commercial seed lots of wheat, barley, rye and oats. Between 50 and 60 primary samples<br />
were taken from the raw material by an automatic seed sampler at the delivery point of a<br />
seed plant and also after each step during seed processing up to the bagging device. In<br />
additi<strong>on</strong>, primary samples were taken with a cargo sampler from 37 positi<strong>on</strong>s in the seed lots<br />
during each intermediate storage in a silo. All primary samples were analysed separately.<br />
The presentati<strong>on</strong> of the results will focus <strong>on</strong> the absolute level of variati<strong>on</strong> as well as <strong>on</strong> the<br />
changes of the level and type of variati<strong>on</strong> during seed processing. It will highlight the<br />
importance of seed cleaning for the decrease of variati<strong>on</strong> and the separati<strong>on</strong> effects during<br />
filling and emptying a silo.<br />
55
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
These detailed results shall be used to define an efficient sampling protocol for estimating<br />
the variati<strong>on</strong> in seed lots in other seed plants and in other species to establish a<br />
representative data base <strong>on</strong> the variati<strong>on</strong> within seed lots. This data base may then be used<br />
for re-calculating the sampling schemes and to re-assess the maximum lot size as a measure<br />
for avoiding excessive heterogeneity.<br />
57 - IDENTIFICATION OF DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERISTICS IN SOYBEAN<br />
VARIETIES<br />
SHAILENDRA SINGH, M.P.<br />
State <strong>Seed</strong> Certificati<strong>on</strong> Agency, Office Complex, Gautam Nagar, BHOPAL PIN- 462023, MADHYA<br />
PRADESH ( INDIA )<br />
Studies were carried out in Soybean with varieties (JS-81-335, JS-90-41, PK-1024 and JS-<br />
93-05) to verify Identificati<strong>on</strong> characters at seed and plant levels, in different locati<strong>on</strong>s in<br />
Madhya Pradesh (India).<br />
The Varieties were verified based <strong>on</strong> distinguishing morphological characters at seed level;<br />
the varietal characters observed at seed level such as seed coat colour, seed shape, hilum<br />
shape and seed lusture were most stable and uniform. These identified seeds were planted<br />
in the field and were compared with the authentic varietal characters. It was observed that<br />
the varieties identified at seed level were true to the type in the field also.<br />
At field level; the varietal characters like foliage colour, flower colour, growth habit,<br />
pigmentati<strong>on</strong> and hairiness were observed the most stable, uniform distinguishing characters<br />
for verificati<strong>on</strong> of soybean varieties. Although some other characters viz; days to flowering,<br />
days to maturity and plant height were the uniform characters but has poor stability due to<br />
interacti<strong>on</strong> with genotype with envir<strong>on</strong>ment for expressi<strong>on</strong>. The off type plants were<br />
identified <strong>on</strong> the basis of these characters.<br />
Some other important points which also need to be taken care of are menti<strong>on</strong>ed below:<br />
Off type and other uprooted plants should be properly removed.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> Crop should be inspected timely and critically.<br />
58 - STORAGE OF THE COFFEE SEEDS (Coffea arabica L.): DRYING<br />
METHODS AND ENVIRONMENTS<br />
VIEIRA 1 ; A. R. GUIMARÃES 2 ; R.M. OLIVEIRA 2 ; J.A. PEREIRA 2 ; C.E. & CARVALHO 2 . F.E.<br />
1 EPAMIG, CP 176, CEP 37200-000, Lavras-MG, arvieira@epamig.ufla.br;<br />
2 UFLA, CP 37, CEP 37200-000, Lavras-MG, sementes@ufla.br<br />
The loss of seed viability is <strong>on</strong>e of the greatest problems faced by coffee seed producers<br />
during seed storage. Thus, the performance of coffee seeds (Coffea arabica L. cv. Rubi)<br />
during storage harvested in 2001/2002, at Federal University of Lavras-Brazil (UFLA), was<br />
investigated. After cleaning seeds were kept at 47,5% of water c<strong>on</strong>tent (WC), fast (forced air<br />
chamber at 35 o C) and slow (open envir<strong>on</strong>ment with 20 o C and 60% of relative humidity (RH))<br />
dried until reaching 12% WC. The seeds were packed in hermetic bags and stored for 9<br />
m<strong>on</strong>ths at two envir<strong>on</strong>ments: regular, with m<strong>on</strong>itored temperature and RH, and in dry cold<br />
chamber at 10 o C and 50% of RH. Every three m<strong>on</strong>ths seed quality was evaluated by the<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> test, seedling emergence, emergence speed index, tetrazolium test, phenols<br />
determinati<strong>on</strong> and biochemical analyses by using electrophoresis of the enzymes alcohol<br />
dehydrogenase, catalase, endo-β-mannanase, malate dehydrogenase, peroxidase,<br />
poliphenoloxidase and superoxide desmutase. Fast drying decreases the vigor of seeds<br />
stored at dry and cold chamber envir<strong>on</strong>ment, but viability is <strong>on</strong>ly affected after six m<strong>on</strong>ths of<br />
storage. In a regular warehouse envir<strong>on</strong>ment the vigor is affected but viability starts<br />
decreasing after the third m<strong>on</strong>th of storage. Such results are c<strong>on</strong>firmed by the changes<br />
detected at the level of phenols and enzymes profiles studied.<br />
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Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
59 - A NEW OLD SPECIES: TRITICUM DICOCCUM<br />
ZECCHINELLI, RITA, FERRARI, FABIO, BARBIERI, GIOVANNA, FUSARI, M. LAURA,<br />
MALLOZZA, ELISABETTA, MAZZOLA, PAOLA & SPELTA, ROSSELLA<br />
ENSE – Laboratorio Analisi Sementi, Via Emilia km 307, 26838 Tavazzano LO, Italy<br />
TEL +39 0371 761919 FAX +39 0371 760812, ense-tavazzano@ense.it<br />
Triticum dicoccum Schrank ex Schubl. is a traditi<strong>on</strong>al crop of some Italian regi<strong>on</strong>s and in<br />
particular of Garfagnana, in Tuscany. In the last years, this old wheat has been rediscovered,<br />
in the framework of the development of organic farming and the “fashi<strong>on</strong>” of “natural food”.<br />
C<strong>on</strong>sequently, seed samples of this new old species – not included in the current <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> Rules<br />
– reach today the Italian <strong>Seed</strong> <strong>Testing</strong> Stati<strong>on</strong>s, asking investigati<strong>on</strong>s about the laboratory<br />
methods to verify the quality of the seed lots to be marketed.<br />
Triticum dicoccum seems very similar to another species of the same genus, Triticum spelta<br />
and both have hulled seeds, while important differences are to be c<strong>on</strong>sidered and first of all<br />
the number of chromosomes (T. dicoccum is tetraploid, T. spelta is hexaploid).<br />
The morphological similarity of these two species is a difficulty to be faced by purity analysts,<br />
but the attenti<strong>on</strong> at some particular characteristics of the caryopsides helps their<br />
identificati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Germinati<strong>on</strong> tests can be carried out using the methods prescribed for the other Triticum<br />
spp, but – as in T.spelta – the analysts have to take into account the multiple units that<br />
frequently occur.<br />
The poster with pictures and drawings wants to present Triticum dicoccum, its seeds and<br />
seedlings and to compare it with Triticum spelta in the aim to introduce this species to the<br />
colleagues, as the introducti<strong>on</strong> in the <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> Rules of Triticum dicoccum is in progress.<br />
The proposed testing methods are also presented.<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
3. Viability and Vigour: Evaluati<strong>on</strong> and Impact<br />
Topics: Methods of evaluati<strong>on</strong>; influence of seed quality <strong>on</strong> seed performance and/or<br />
emergence, storage potential, resp<strong>on</strong>ses to stress<br />
60 - GENETIC VARIATION FOR CARDINAL TEMPERATURES OF<br />
GERMINATION IN WHEAT FROM THE NORTH OF IRAN<br />
AKRAM GHADERI*., FARSHID, SOLTANI , AFSHIN, SADATI, JAFAR & ZEINALI, ABRAHIM<br />
Department of Agr<strong>on</strong>omy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences, Gorgan, Iran<br />
*akranghaderi@yahoo.com<br />
This study was c<strong>on</strong>ducted to determine genetic variati<strong>on</strong>, broad-sense heritability and<br />
expected genetic advance for cardinal temperatures of germinati<strong>on</strong> and tolerance ranges to<br />
temperature in genotypes of wheat from the north of Iran. Base, optimum and maximum<br />
temperatures for germinati<strong>on</strong>, resp<strong>on</strong>sibility to temperatures lower than optimum and<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>sibility to temperature higher than optimum and tolerance range in temperature lower<br />
than optimum, higher than optimum and total tolerance range in 12 genotypes of wheat<br />
from the north of Iran were analyzed. The genotypes did not exhibit significant differences<br />
for all the traits, except for resp<strong>on</strong>sibility to temperatures lower than optimum. Broad- sense<br />
heritability ranged from 81 for resp<strong>on</strong>sibility to temperatures lower than optimum to 11 %<br />
for tolerance range in temperatures lower than optimum. Also, expected genetic advance<br />
ranged between 7.7 for resp<strong>on</strong>sibility to temperatures higher than optimum to 0.01% for<br />
maximum temperature. With respect to low estimates of genetic variati<strong>on</strong> and expected<br />
genetic advance for traits evaluated (expect for resp<strong>on</strong>sibility to temperatures lower than<br />
optimum), for breeding wheat cultivars for the traits it may be necessary to introduce<br />
genotypes from other locati<strong>on</strong>s or cross programs may be used.<br />
61 - EVALUATION OF PERCENTAGE OF GERMINATION, TOTAL SPEED OF<br />
GERMINATION AND VIGOUR INDEX OF 17 MEDICINAL PLANTS SPECIES TO<br />
AGEING TEST<br />
ALIZADEH, MOHAMMAD ALI<br />
Scientific Board member of Research Institute of Forest and Rangeland, P.O. Box 13185-116, Tehran,<br />
Iran, Alizadeh@rifr-ac.ir<br />
The objective of this research experiment is to determinati<strong>on</strong> and evaluati<strong>on</strong> of percent of<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong>, total speed of germinati<strong>on</strong> and vigor index of the seed of 17 species of<br />
medicinal plants. (According to the Internati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Test Associati<strong>on</strong>, 1985) different tests<br />
including (Standard germinati<strong>on</strong> test) with normal c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> and accelerated ageing test<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> were used for determinati<strong>on</strong> of percent and total speed of germinati<strong>on</strong> of 17<br />
species of medicinal plants. The vigor index was calculated by following equati<strong>on</strong>: percent of<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> * the total mean of length of root and shoot and its result was followed with the<br />
results of percent of germinati<strong>on</strong> and total speed of germinati<strong>on</strong>. Am<strong>on</strong>g those species, some<br />
species were resist to the accelerated ageing test and some species were not, nevertheless<br />
the percent and speed of germinati<strong>on</strong>, of those seed samples which is resist to accelerated<br />
ageing, are meaningful, comparing with n<strong>on</strong>-aged seeds.<br />
58
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
62 - PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SCHINOPSIS BALANSAE ENGL.<br />
(QUEBRACHO COLORADO) SEEDS<br />
ALZUGARAY, C. 1 , CARNEVALE N. J. 2 , SALINAS, A. R. 2 & PIOLI, R. 1<br />
1 Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Universidad Naci<strong>on</strong>al de Rosario (UNR). Campo Experimental Villarino.<br />
C.C.14. S2125ZAA. Zavalla. Santa Fe Argentina.<br />
2<br />
C<strong>on</strong>sejo de Investigaci<strong>on</strong>es de la UNR (CIUNR). Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Universidad Naci<strong>on</strong>al de<br />
Rosario (UNR). Campo Experimental Villarino. C.C.14. S2125ZAA. Zavalla. Santa Fe Argentina.<br />
calzugar@sede.unr.edu.ar and arsalinas@ciudad.com.ar<br />
S. balansae c<strong>on</strong>stitutes the dominant species in the forests that occupy the North of Santa Fe<br />
Province, Argentina. The goal of this work was to evaluate the physiological quality of S.<br />
balansae seeds. Trials were d<strong>on</strong>e with seeds harvested in 2000 and 2001. The seeds were<br />
evaluated at the 3 rd , 12 th , and 18 th m<strong>on</strong>ths of the harvest of the seeds. It was evaluated the<br />
viability by the Tetrazolium test and the Standard Germinati<strong>on</strong> test; and the vigour by the<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> velocity index (GVI). It was evaluated the incidence of pathogenous in the<br />
samaras and in the seeds. At the 3 m<strong>on</strong>ths of harvesting, the seeds showed 77% of<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> in 2000, that diminished to 29% at the 18 m<strong>on</strong>ths of harvest. <strong>Seed</strong>s harvested<br />
in 2001, with 28% of initial germinati<strong>on</strong>, practically lost their viability at the 18 m<strong>on</strong>ths. The<br />
GVI showed the greatest vigour of the seeds <strong>on</strong> the 3rd m<strong>on</strong>th of the harvest in 2000.<br />
Pathogenous associated to the lowering of the germinati<strong>on</strong> were found. The viability and the<br />
vigour tests were good indicators of the quality of the seeds of S. balansae. The low viability<br />
of the seeds in 2001 seemed to be caused by adverse envir<strong>on</strong>mental c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
63 - ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC PURITY, IDENTITY AND SEED VIGOUR IN F1<br />
HYBRIDS AND F2 POPULATION IN COTTON<br />
ANKAIAH, R., RAMANADHAM, R., REDDY, N.M., KESHAVULU, K. & REDDY, B.M.<br />
Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Project, ANG Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, India,<br />
nsp_angrau@yahoo.com<br />
Experiments were c<strong>on</strong>ducted to characterize cott<strong>on</strong> genotypes and to correlate<br />
electrophoretic banding pattern of total soluble seed protein with genetic purity by field<br />
grow-out test (GOT). Key morphological characters, which were least influenced by growing<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s were identified for hybrids and their parents and these characters were found<br />
distinct, uniform and stable (DUS characters) throughout the growing seas<strong>on</strong>. Further, key<br />
characters for recombinants in F2 segregating populati<strong>on</strong> were identified and these<br />
recombinant plants were c<strong>on</strong>sidered for identificati<strong>on</strong> of F2 seed lots. Based <strong>on</strong> morphological<br />
characters, flow chart was developed which is useful for field functi<strong>on</strong>aries involved in seed<br />
producti<strong>on</strong>/certificati<strong>on</strong> for easy identificati<strong>on</strong> of off types. Grouping of cott<strong>on</strong> genotypes<br />
could be possible based <strong>on</strong> differential growth resp<strong>on</strong>se of seedlings to added chemicals. The<br />
electrophoretic banding patterns of total soluble seed proteins and globulins, each genotype<br />
was unique and distinct between hybrids and their parents. These differences were useful in<br />
identificati<strong>on</strong> of individual cott<strong>on</strong> genotypes. The genetic purity results obtained by field plot<br />
technique (GOT) and electrophoretic technique were not correlated. Hence, field GOT is<br />
found to be foolproof method for genetic purity testing. The study <strong>on</strong> yield and yield<br />
attributes revealed significant reducti<strong>on</strong> of yield in F2s over F1s due to reducti<strong>on</strong> of boll<br />
number, boll weight and number of seeds per boll and 100 seed weight. Use of F1 seed is<br />
always beneficial to farmers to reap 15 to 20 per cent higher yield over parents and 35.8 to<br />
38.5 per cent over F2 seed.<br />
59
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
64 - EFFECT OF GENETOYPES AND CONTAINERS ON THE STORABILITY OF<br />
SOYBEAN SEED<br />
ANKAIAH, R., MANOHAR REDDY, N. & MURALIMOHAN REDDY, B.<br />
Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Project, ANG Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, India,<br />
nsp_angrau@yahoo.com<br />
Soybean seed cv. MSCS 58, MSCS 13, HARDEE, KBSH 2 having an initial germinati<strong>on</strong> of 80%<br />
and 7.5% moisture were packed in polythene bag, poly-coated bag and cloth bags and<br />
stored under ambient c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s of Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India. Observati<strong>on</strong>s were<br />
taken <strong>on</strong> germinati<strong>on</strong> and vigour index at bi-m<strong>on</strong>thly intervals. The germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage<br />
and seedling vigour index were high in seed stored in polythene bag (700 guage) and polycoated<br />
bags in all genotypes. The storability of soybean seed could be extended by 6 m<strong>on</strong>ths<br />
in cloth bags and 14 m<strong>on</strong>ths in polythene bag provided the initial moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent at the<br />
time of storage is less than 8%.<br />
65 - EFFECT OF FUMIGANT ON RICE SEED VIABILITY, VIGOUR AND<br />
NATURAL INSECT INFESTATION<br />
ANKAIAH, R., MANOHAR REDDY, N. & MURALIMOHAN REDDY, B.<br />
Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Project, ANG Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, India,<br />
nsp_angrau@yahoo.com<br />
Rice seed of Samba Mahsuri var. BPT 5204 having 92% germinati<strong>on</strong>, 9.4% moisture and<br />
1.5% natural insect infestati<strong>on</strong> initially was stored in four metal bins (24 guage) separately<br />
which was subjected to fumigati<strong>on</strong> with celphos (aluminium phosphide) <strong>on</strong>ce, twice and<br />
thrice and kept for storability under ambient c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> of Rajendranagar. Storability was<br />
recorded in m<strong>on</strong>ths as the period up to which seeds had shown above 80% germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
(certificati<strong>on</strong> standard). The natural infestati<strong>on</strong> of insects and total fungal col<strong>on</strong>ies were less<br />
in fumigated seed as compared to un-fumigated seed (c<strong>on</strong>trol). C<strong>on</strong>trol seed had 14 m<strong>on</strong>ths<br />
storability <strong>on</strong>ly. Fumigated seed for <strong>on</strong>ce, twice and thrice had storability with more than<br />
80% germinati<strong>on</strong> up to 12, 16, 14 and 14 m<strong>on</strong>ths respectively. Fumigated seed twice and<br />
thrice recorded lesser seedling vigour index during storage period. Thus fumigati<strong>on</strong> of rice<br />
seed with less than 10% seed moisture <strong>on</strong>ce and stored in metal bins of 24 guage was found<br />
effective for c<strong>on</strong>trolling insect damage and improving shelf life of seed up to 16 m<strong>on</strong>ths.<br />
66 - EFFECT OF VAPOUR PROOF CONTAINERS ON SEED STORABILITY IN<br />
ONION<br />
ANKAIAH, R., MANOHAR REDDY, N. & MURALIMOHAN REDDY, B.<br />
Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Project, ANG Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, India,<br />
nsp_angrau@yahoo.com<br />
Oni<strong>on</strong> seed of N 53 cv. having 7.2% moisture and 80% initial germinati<strong>on</strong> was dried to<br />
4.98% seed moisture in silica gel desiccator and stored in cloth bag, paper bag (moisture<br />
pervious c<strong>on</strong>tainers), polythene bag (700 guage), aluminium foil pouch, cikatainer and 150<br />
gauge poly pouch (vapour proof c<strong>on</strong>tainers) under ambient c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s of Rajendranagar,<br />
Hyderabad, India. Observati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> germinati<strong>on</strong>, seedling vigour and moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent were<br />
made at bi-m<strong>on</strong>thly intervals. The germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage and seedling vigour index were<br />
high in seed stored in aluminium foil pouch and polythene bag throughout the storage period<br />
when compared with other c<strong>on</strong>tainers. <strong>Seed</strong> stored in cloth bag, paper bag and poly pouch<br />
had <strong>on</strong>ly 4 m<strong>on</strong>ths storability with more than 70% germinati<strong>on</strong>. <strong>Seed</strong> stored in polythene<br />
bag and aluminium foil pouch exhibited 75% germinati<strong>on</strong> up to 18 and 10 m<strong>on</strong>ths<br />
respectively. Am<strong>on</strong>g the vapour proof c<strong>on</strong>tainers, aluminium foil pouch was found very<br />
effective for extending the shelf life of seed from 4 to 18 m<strong>on</strong>ths.<br />
60
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
67 - A METHODOLOGY TO DEVELOP SEED VIGOUR TESTS<br />
ARTOLA¹, A. & CARRILLO-CASTAÑEDA², G.<br />
¹INIA. Programa de Semillas. La Estanzuela. Col<strong>on</strong>ia. Uruguay. C.C. 39173.<br />
artola23@hotmail.com).²Colegio de Postgraduados. IREGEP-Genética. M<strong>on</strong>tecillo. Estado de México.<br />
México. CP 56180. carrillo@colpos.mx<br />
High quality seed lots produce a rapid and uniform establishment of plant stand that<br />
maximizes yield potential under a wide range of soil c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. <strong>Seed</strong> vigour testing is now a<br />
comm<strong>on</strong> practice for quality c<strong>on</strong>trol involved in seed producti<strong>on</strong>, c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ing, storage and<br />
marketing processes. A methodology was developed with the purpose to develop seed<br />
vigour tests, which comprises three steps. Calibrati<strong>on</strong>: Two seed lots from a cultivar with<br />
similar germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage but with different seed vigour are used. A stressing c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong><br />
is selected and the precise experimental c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> under which the two lots express the<br />
greatest difference in seed germinati<strong>on</strong> is determined. Preliminary evaluati<strong>on</strong>: Several seed<br />
lots, characterized to have sufficient variability in physiological quality, are subjected to the<br />
test and the laboratory data are compared with data of seedling emergence in soil.<br />
Validati<strong>on</strong>: It is according to <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> method validati<strong>on</strong> programme for seed testing. Two seed<br />
vigour tests were developed in Lotus corniculatus L. by performing seed germinati<strong>on</strong> under<br />
low temperature (5ºC) and vacuum stress c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. In the calibrati<strong>on</strong>, the biggest<br />
discriminatory power to differentiate seed lots for its vigour c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> was achieved at 7 days<br />
in the vigour test at 5ºC; and at 72 h and 8.7 psi of pressure in the vacuum test. The<br />
preliminary evaluati<strong>on</strong>, sampling 10 seed lots allowed verifying their discriminatory<br />
capacities to classify seed lots according to its potential planting value because both seed<br />
vigour tests showed a high correlati<strong>on</strong> (r = 0.95 - 0.96**) with seedling emergence in soil.<br />
This potential methodology deserves further investigati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
68 - STUDIES ON INFLUENCE OF SEED VIGOUR ON INITIAL SEED QUALITY<br />
AND YIELD OF OKRA (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS)<br />
ARUN KUMAR, M, KESHAVULU, KUNUSOTH, MANOHAR REDDY, NALLA, ANKAIAH,<br />
RAGULAKOLLU & MURALIMOHAN REDDY, BHOOMIREDDY<br />
Dept. of <strong>Seed</strong> Science & Technology, Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Project, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University,<br />
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, A.P., India, nsp_angrau@yahoo.com<br />
The studies <strong>on</strong> influence of seed vigour <strong>on</strong> initial seed quality and yield of okra (Abelmoschus<br />
esculentus L.) was carried out during post rainy (Rabi) seas<strong>on</strong> of 2002-03. Freshly harvested<br />
seeds of okra hybrids (Sun 008 and Uphar) were subjected to accelerated ageing at 40 ±<br />
1°C and 85 ± 5% relative humidity for 4, 8, 12 and 16 days for inducing different seed<br />
vigour levels measured in terms of seed germinability. The resultant seed lots had 84, 76, 65<br />
and 55 per cent germinati<strong>on</strong> in the hybrids Sun 008 and 82, 75, 66 and 57 per cent<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> in the hybrid Uphar. The two hybrids with four vigour levels c<strong>on</strong>stituted the<br />
treatment aspect of this investigati<strong>on</strong>. The resultant effect of lower vigour levels <strong>on</strong> initial<br />
seed quality decreased seed germinati<strong>on</strong> and seedling length (22.57 – 14.25 cm and 23.12 –<br />
14.00 cm in Sun 008 and Uphar respectively), dry weight of the seedling (2.14 – 1.40g and<br />
2.20 –1.44 g in Sun 008 and Uphar respectively), seedling vigour index (2138.7 – 770.2<br />
units and 2098.5 – 794.52 units in Sun 008 and Uphar respectively) and exhaustive vigour<br />
tests (43.75 – 26.25 units and 39.00 – 22.25 units in Sun 008 and Uphar respectively).<br />
Plants established from low vigour lots exhibited lesser field emergence index (80.49 – 44.02<br />
units and 79.36 – 47.45 units in Sun 008 and Uphar respectively), shorter plant height<br />
(85.29 – 53.27 cm and 87.42 – 56.83 cm in Sun 008 and Uphar respectively), low dry<br />
matter producti<strong>on</strong> per plant (50.41 – 30.85 gm and 50.55 – 31.42 g in Sun 008 and Uphar<br />
respectively), smaller leaf area per plant (346.52 – 241.99 cm2 and 353.22 – 245.24 cm2 in<br />
Sun 008 and Uphar respectively), decreased number of green fruits (31.00 – 20.00 and<br />
33.00 – 22.00 in Sun 008 and Uphar respectively) and seeds per fruit (46 – 33 and 47 – 34<br />
in Sun 008 and Uphar respectively) and seed yield (33.66 – 15.70 g and 33.92 – 13.94 g in<br />
Sun 008 and Uphar respectively). Growth parameters, yield comp<strong>on</strong>ents and seed yield had<br />
positive significant correlati<strong>on</strong> with vigour levels. The regressi<strong>on</strong> analysis indicated that for<br />
every <strong>on</strong>e per cent decrease in germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage, there was a reducti<strong>on</strong> of 267 g and<br />
281 g of green fruit yield per plot (20 sq.m) in Sun 008 and Uphar respectively.<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
69 - EFFECTS OF COTTON SEED CHARACTERS ON GERMINATION AND<br />
EMERGENCIES IN LABORATORY AND FIELD CONDITION<br />
AZAD DISFANI, F. & ZANGI, M.R.<br />
Board of scientific, Cott<strong>on</strong> Research Institute of IRAN, F_azaddisfani@yahoo.com<br />
One of the primary objectives of cott<strong>on</strong>seed producti<strong>on</strong> programs is to provide farmers with<br />
seeds having a high potential for germinati<strong>on</strong> and establishment of a good, uniform stand of<br />
seedlings <strong>on</strong> field c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
8 cott<strong>on</strong> genotypes were evaluated. Genotypes were 43259, Siokra 324, Sahel , Sindose,<br />
Varamin, Backtegan, Gockrova and 818-312.Different seed characters were evaluated.<br />
Characters were seed length, seed width, seed weight, seed volume, cotyled<strong>on</strong> weight,<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> rate, and normal seedling number and emergences rate. Results showed that<br />
relati<strong>on</strong>ship between germinati<strong>on</strong> rate and all of traits (excepted seed volume) was n<strong>on</strong><br />
significant. Correlati<strong>on</strong> between seed volume and germinati<strong>on</strong> was significant(r=0.39,<br />
p>0.05). Relati<strong>on</strong>ships between The Different seed characters and emergences rate was n<strong>on</strong><br />
significant.<br />
70 - EVALUATION OF SEEDLING GROWTH, GERMINATION AND VIGOR<br />
TRAITS IN COTTON<br />
BARZALI 1 , MOHAMMAD, TAHMASEBI 1 , Z., HAJIREZAEI 2 , M.R. & BOERNER 2 , A.<br />
1 Tarbiat modarres university, POX 14155-7863, Tehran, I. R. Iran.<br />
2 Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben. Germany,<br />
barzali@hotmail.com<br />
In order to evaluate early seed vigour and germinati<strong>on</strong> traits in cott<strong>on</strong>, 26 various varieties<br />
were tested in the field for different parameters. Four varieties (Delta pine 50, Red leaf okra,<br />
Shirpan 603 and Oltan) with the most seedling dry matter were selected for a detailed<br />
analysis under in-vitro c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. <strong>Seed</strong> reserve utilizati<strong>on</strong> efficiency, germinati<strong>on</strong> capacity,<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> velocity, germinati<strong>on</strong> rate index, bulk density, coleorrhiza length, coleoptile<br />
length, seedling length, total dry matter, coleoptile dry matter and colerrhiza dry matter<br />
were used for analysis after 7 and 12 days in germinator and incubator, respectively.<br />
The results showed that there were significant differences am<strong>on</strong>g seed reserve utilizati<strong>on</strong><br />
efficiency, germinati<strong>on</strong> capacity, germinati<strong>on</strong> rate index, coleorrhiza length, coleoptile length,<br />
seedling length, total fresh weight, coleorrhiza dry weight and coleoptile dry matter (P
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
decrease was observed in hybrids followed by CMS line, its maintainer and restorer lines and<br />
lowest in check varieties.<br />
The maximum decrease in protein c<strong>on</strong>tent was observed in maintainer line (0.6%) and<br />
lowest in restorer Suwe<strong>on</strong>–318R (0.1%). The highest decrease in starch c<strong>on</strong>tent was<br />
observed in CMS line (1.8%) and the lowest in restorer lines (0.6%). On the other hand the<br />
highest increase in electrical c<strong>on</strong>ductivity of seed leachate and leaching of water-soluble<br />
sugars was found in CMS line followed by hybrids, maintainer, restorer lines and check<br />
varieties. The highest decline in α-amylase activity was observed in CMS line and the lowest<br />
in restorer lines. It was positively correlated with percent field emergence (r =0.929), field<br />
emergence index (r =0.928) and seedling fresh weight (r =0.778).<br />
Field emergence and its emergence index were higher in check varieties and restorer lines<br />
than in hybrids and other parents. However, seedling height, seedling fresh and dry weight<br />
were higher in hybrids and followed by checks and restorer lines than CMS line and its<br />
maintainer.<br />
72 - STUDIES ON SEED SIZE IN INFLUENCING GERMINATION, YIELD AND<br />
QUALITY OF SOYBEAN, WHEAT AND MUNGBEAN<br />
BASNAL, GOPAL SINGH<br />
Indo-American Hybrid seeds (I) Pvt. Ltd. Bangalore, India<br />
<strong>Seed</strong>s of all the three crops divided into four group according to the size and sown in the<br />
field.<br />
Field emergence was highest with medium sized seed in soybean however, in case of wheat<br />
and mungbean field emergence increased with an increasing seed size. Lowest emergence<br />
was observed with small size seed in all the crops tested. Whereas seed yield per plant is<br />
positively correlated with seed size in all the crops tested. In case of soybean highest yield<br />
per hectare was observed with medium sized seed and lowest with smallest size seeds. In<br />
case of wheat and mungbean highest seed yield observed with boldest sized seed. and<br />
lowest with smallest size seed. Same trend was observed for processed seed yield also. Test<br />
weight of final processed seed increased with increasing seed size in all the test crops. It<br />
means sowing of boldest seed produced heaviest seed.<br />
Germinati<strong>on</strong> test was also d<strong>on</strong>e in next generati<strong>on</strong>, the germinati<strong>on</strong> % was observed with<br />
medium sized seed in soybean but highest with boldest size seed in mungbean and wheat.<br />
Whereas all other quality parameters such as germinati<strong>on</strong> index, shoot length, root length,<br />
seedling dry weight, seedling vigour index, were higher in boldest size seed and lowest in<br />
smallest sized seed.<br />
Thus it can be summarized that Medium sized seed (5.0-5.5mm dia.) in soybean and bold<br />
sized seed (>3.0mm dia.) in Wheat and (>3.35mm dia.) in Mungbean performed best for<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> and plant stand in the field, which ultimately resulted in highest seed yield of<br />
good quality. Vigour parameters such as germinati<strong>on</strong> index, shoot length, root length and<br />
seedling dry weight were found best with boldest size seed in all the test crops.<br />
It is suggested that medium size seed or comparatively smaller sized seed in soybean and<br />
boldest size seed in wheat and Mungbean may be basic in achieving higher yield levels of<br />
quality seed.<br />
73 - CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF HYBRID MAIZE<br />
(ZEA MAYS L.) SEEDS AND YIELD COMPONENTS<br />
BERZY 1 , TAMAS, HEGYI 1 , ZSUZSANNA, ZABORSZKY 2 , SANDOR & PINTER 1 , JANOS<br />
1 Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Mart<strong>on</strong>vásár,<br />
berzyt@mail.mgki.hu<br />
2 Georgik<strong>on</strong> Faculty of Agriculture, Veszprém University, Keszthely<br />
Introducti<strong>on</strong><br />
Much research has been published <strong>on</strong> the importance of the genetic hereditary material, in<br />
the present case hybrid maize seed. The producti<strong>on</strong> of hybrid maize seed plays an especially<br />
63
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
important role in agriculture in Hungary, quite apart from the breeding institutes and the<br />
hybrids they develop.<br />
In additi<strong>on</strong> to satisfactory cultivati<strong>on</strong> techniques, plant nutriti<strong>on</strong> and pest c<strong>on</strong>trol, the most<br />
important comp<strong>on</strong>ent in achieving high yields is the use of seed with excellent biological<br />
value. The biological value of the seed can be characterised by adaptati<strong>on</strong> to unfavourable<br />
early envir<strong>on</strong>mental c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s, early vigour, and the development of a satisfactory plant<br />
stand under field c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
It has l<strong>on</strong>g been known that there are differences in quality between seed fracti<strong>on</strong>s of<br />
various shapes and sizes (Barla-Szabó 1984, Berzy 1982, Eisele 1981, Fiala 1977, Germ<br />
1966, Kietreiber 1972, Thielebein 1958), in favour of the flat fracti<strong>on</strong>s. Earlier research in<br />
Hungary (Pásztor 1962, Heiczmann 1964), however, found no difference in the biological<br />
value of the seed from the point of view of yield and recommended reducing the number of<br />
fracti<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> producti<strong>on</strong> may be endangered by a number of stress factors. Under such c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s<br />
different resp<strong>on</strong>ses may be given by seed of various shapes and sizes (Krishnaveni and<br />
Vanangamdi 1989, Scotti and Godoy 1978, Kushibiki and Kummahata 1980, Martinelli and<br />
Carvalho 1998), which can be attributed to differences in the biological value of the seed.<br />
Menti<strong>on</strong> should also be made of the pests and pathogens which threaten the initial<br />
development of the seedlings (Roundhawa et al. 1990).<br />
The present studies were carried out <strong>on</strong> state registered maize hybrids, the seed of which<br />
was divided into size fracti<strong>on</strong>s in order to examine the biological value of the seed under<br />
laboratory and field c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s, based primarily <strong>on</strong> the yield comp<strong>on</strong>ents.<br />
74 - GERMINATION, VIGOUR AND RESPONSE TO SIMULATED WATER<br />
DEFICIT AT GERMINATION OF HULLED AND HULLESS SPRING BARLEY.<br />
BOROS, LECH & KOLASIŃSKA, K.<br />
Department of <strong>Seed</strong> Science and Technology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatisati<strong>on</strong> Institute at Radzików,<br />
05-870 Bl<strong>on</strong>ie, Poland, postbox@ihar.edu.pl<br />
Plant emergence and establishment is a crucial issue in farming system. Poor establishment<br />
can be a problem in covered barley but is a frequent and more serious problem in hulless<br />
barley. C<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s during seed development and maturati<strong>on</strong>, mechanical damage during<br />
threshing and subsequent handling (aggressive seed coat removal, embryo bruising and<br />
cracking and even embryo removal from the seed) of the harvested seed are c<strong>on</strong>sidered to<br />
be a very important cause of poor seed and seedling vigour.<br />
The objective of this study was to recognise the factors causing lower seed quality of hulless<br />
in comparis<strong>on</strong> to hulled barley after harvest and processing as well as to compare the<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>se of c<strong>on</strong>trastive barley genotypes to simulated water deficit at germinati<strong>on</strong> phase.<br />
The basic seed of Rataj (hulled) and Rastik (hulless) cultivars from 2002 harvest were used<br />
in these studies. <strong>Seed</strong> quality assessment was d<strong>on</strong>e after pre-processing and in spring after<br />
processing. <strong>Seed</strong>s of both cultivars harvested with plot combine and adjusted to moisture<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tent of 10 and 15% were also tested for germinati<strong>on</strong> at reduced water potential using<br />
PEG 6000 soluti<strong>on</strong>. <strong>Seed</strong> germinati<strong>on</strong> of hulled cultivar was 88% with 9% of abnormal<br />
seedlings, whereas hulless 85% with 7% abnormal seedlings. The accelerated aging (AA)<br />
test proved comparable high seed vigour of both hulless and covered barley. The processing<br />
and storage c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s caused the significant decrease of sowing value of hulless seeds.<br />
Averaged across initial seed moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent and water stress, the hulless cultivar Rastik<br />
had greater germinati<strong>on</strong> energy (GE), percentage of abnormal seedlings (PAS), shorter mean<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> time (MGT) and higher germinati<strong>on</strong> index (GI) although germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage<br />
(GP) of c<strong>on</strong>trols of the two cultivars was similar. Initial seeds moisture significantly affected<br />
energy of germinati<strong>on</strong> and percentage of germinati<strong>on</strong>. All osmotic potential treatments<br />
markedly reduced EG and GP as compared with c<strong>on</strong>trol. Mean germinati<strong>on</strong> time increased<br />
al<strong>on</strong>g with reduced water potential, while the opposite relati<strong>on</strong>ship was noticed for<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> index. The hulless Rastik produced seedlings with l<strong>on</strong>ger plumule and shorter<br />
roots comparing with covered <strong>on</strong>e. Shoots growth was more sensitive to reduced water<br />
potential than roots independently of initial seed moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent. Increasing water deficit<br />
progressively decreased plumule and root length with higher reducti<strong>on</strong> observed for hulless<br />
barley. The results have c<strong>on</strong>firmed that hulless barley is more sensitive to mechanical<br />
damage during threshing and handling is more sensitive to storage c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s and to water<br />
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Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
deficit during germinati<strong>on</strong>. There are other agr<strong>on</strong>omic factors like fungicide treatment, deep<br />
seeding that may further aggravate germinati<strong>on</strong> problem.<br />
75 - THOUSAND SEED WEIGHT OF BARLEY SEED AND ITS RELATIONSHIP<br />
TO GERMINATION<br />
CADGER, C. & HALL, J.<br />
Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, East Craigs, Edinburgh, EH12 8NJ, United Kingdom,<br />
Caroline.Cadger@sasa.gsi.gov.uk<br />
Thousand seed weight of barley is a varietal characteristic but it can vary from year to year<br />
depending <strong>on</strong> climatic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. In practice in any given year there are significant<br />
differences between varieties and within varieties, the thousand seed weights of individual<br />
seed lots can vary by more than 100%. There is no relati<strong>on</strong>ship between thousand seed<br />
weight and germinati<strong>on</strong>, and growers should use germinati<strong>on</strong> and thousand seed weight<br />
informati<strong>on</strong> in determining the weight of seed required to achieve their target seedling<br />
populati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
76 - A SEED VIGOR TEST FOR Lotus corniculatus L. BASED ON VACUUM<br />
STRESS<br />
CARRILLO-CASTAÑEDA¹, G., ARTOLA², A. & DE LOS SANTOS¹, G. GARCÍA<br />
¹Colegio de Postgraduados. IREGEP. M<strong>on</strong>tecillo, Estado de México. México. CP 56230.<br />
carrillo@colpos.mx<br />
²INIA. Programa de Semillas. La Estanzuela. Col<strong>on</strong>ia. Uruguay, C.C. 39173. artola23@hotmail.com<br />
Lotus corniculatus L. displays deficient crop establishment due to its low seed vigour;<br />
therefore, it is recommended to carry out seeding with optimum vigour seed. The<br />
development of a practical method, with the discriminating capacity to rank seed lots in<br />
terms of seed vigour is presented. Two seed lots of birdsfoot trefoil cultivar San Gabriel with<br />
similar germinati<strong>on</strong> percentages, <strong>on</strong>e harvested in 1999 (SG-A) and the other in 1993 (SG-<br />
B), were exposed to vacuum c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s during germinati<strong>on</strong> process. The greatest difference<br />
(P ≤ 0.05) in germinati<strong>on</strong> between the two seed lots was observed when the seed was<br />
exposed for 72 h to 8.7 psi negative pressure (vacuum) at 20 C. The germinati<strong>on</strong> of seed,<br />
exposed to these c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s, was highly significantly correlated (P ≤ 0.01) with seedling<br />
emergence in soil (r=0.92-0.99**). The discriminatory capacity of the vacuum method was<br />
subsequently dem<strong>on</strong>strated using 10 seed lots. The vacuum test differentiated between<br />
seed lots according to their vigour c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>, with germinati<strong>on</strong> ranking from 67 to 7%, which<br />
reflected their potential planting value. This test requires <strong>on</strong>ly 3 days for seed vigor<br />
evaluati<strong>on</strong>, and the method is more precise than the standard germinati<strong>on</strong> test for<br />
determining physiological quality am<strong>on</strong>g seed lots. It also complies with the basic<br />
requirements for its standardizati<strong>on</strong>. The method described here has been named the<br />
vacuum test (VT).<br />
77 - THE GENETIC DIVERSITY IN WILD POPULATIONS OF PROSOPIS<br />
LAEVIGATA IN THE HIDALGO STATE, MÉXICO. PRESERVATION OF THIS<br />
NATURAL RESOURCE<br />
CARRILLO-CASTAÑEDA 1 , GUILLERMO & JUÁREZ MUÑOZ 2 , JUANA<br />
1 Colegio de Postgraduados. IREGEP. M<strong>on</strong>tecillo, Méx. 56230. México, carrillo@colpos.mx<br />
2 Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Centro de Investigaci<strong>on</strong>es Forestales. Tulancingo, Hgo.<br />
43600. México.<br />
Nearly 70% of the Mexican territory, classified as arid, is known to support nine species of<br />
mesquite (Prosopis spp.) which are an important natural resource in this country. P.<br />
laevigata is used for building materials, fuel, fodder and h<strong>on</strong>ey. Tax<strong>on</strong>omic classificati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
Prosopis species has been hindered by morphological similarities. In an attempt to address<br />
this problem, we used random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to compare the<br />
genetic diversity of natural populati<strong>on</strong>s of P. laevigata from the Mexican State of Hidalgo.<br />
Two groups of phenotypes related by similarity coefficients of 0.92 were identified. Four and<br />
five subgroups per group were identified and a total of 9 different phenotypes identified.<br />
These results give evidence for genetic diversity within and across the two populati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
studied. A selecti<strong>on</strong> of seed from the 9 different phenotypes identified are been studied from<br />
the point of view of seed germinati<strong>on</strong> and by their potential planting value. This study is<br />
required to generate in the glasshouse the plants of the selected phenotypes in order to<br />
forest or re-forest wide arid areas. In simple terms, it is possible to affirm that seed vigour<br />
is the process opposite to deteriorati<strong>on</strong>. The greatest seed vigour is obtained at physiological<br />
maturity and from this moment seed deteriorati<strong>on</strong> starts. One of the manifestati<strong>on</strong>s of seed<br />
deteriorati<strong>on</strong> is the loss of cell membrane integrity, which reduces the ability of the seed to<br />
retain solutes.<br />
We have developed important techniques to improve the physiological quality of seed and to<br />
differentiate seed by their potential planting value across a wide range of soil types and<br />
envir<strong>on</strong>mental c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. A priming approach is a strategy to restore the germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
capacity of seeds. This treatment significantly reduced the time to 50% of seed germinati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Similarly, the time to 30% emergence is reduced and in general, the uniformity of both<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> and seedling emergence are also c<strong>on</strong>siderably improve and seed vigor is<br />
increased. The vacuum test differentiated seeds according to their vigour c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>, with<br />
different germinati<strong>on</strong> ranking, which reflected their potential planting value. This test<br />
requires <strong>on</strong>ly 3 days for seed vigor evaluati<strong>on</strong>, and the method is more precise than the<br />
standard germinati<strong>on</strong> test for determining physiological quality in seed lots. It also complies<br />
with the basic requirements for its standardizati<strong>on</strong>. Results of the performance of P.<br />
laevigata seeds from the 9 different phenotypes identified shall be presented.<br />
78 - EVOLUTION OF SEED QUALITY DURING THE FRUIT DEVELOPMENT ON<br />
SUGAR BEET MOTHER PLANT<br />
CASALS 1 , MARIE-LAURE, LADONNE 1 , FABIENNE & NARDI 2 , LOUIS<br />
1 FNAMS, Impasse Le verger - 49800 Brain/Authi<strong>on</strong> – France<br />
2 FNAMS, La haille, Route de Nérac – 32100 C<strong>on</strong>dom - France<br />
To get homogeneous field emergence and growth plant, sugar beet producers have very<br />
strict requirements regarding to seed germinati<strong>on</strong>. A number of physical factors have been<br />
found to influence the germinati<strong>on</strong> and establishment of sugar beet seed for example low<br />
temperatures, restricti<strong>on</strong> of oxygen uptake, moisture of substrate. Nevertheless, low<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> may also be related to the maturity of fruit.<br />
Over two years, the French <strong>Seed</strong> Grower Uni<strong>on</strong> (FNAMS) has c<strong>on</strong>ducted field trials to<br />
examine sugar beet fruit and seed development during maturati<strong>on</strong> and their relati<strong>on</strong>ships<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> ability.<br />
The plants used, in the experiments, c<strong>on</strong>sisted of a m<strong>on</strong>ogerm pollinators and a m<strong>on</strong>ogerm<br />
cytoplasmic malesteriles. 60 plants were tagged, at <strong>on</strong>e day intervals, <strong>on</strong> the same branches<br />
(using twists of coloured plastic). All these stem secti<strong>on</strong>s presented flowers with the same<br />
age (flowers open out the same day). At six dates after flowering (from 14 to 60 days after<br />
anthesis), stem secti<strong>on</strong>s were harvested, dried in c<strong>on</strong>trolled c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s and stored at low<br />
temperature until the germinati<strong>on</strong> test.<br />
The results show that germinati<strong>on</strong> occurred <strong>on</strong>ly <strong>on</strong> seeds harvested between 15 – 20 days<br />
after anthesis (DAA) and reached the maximum <strong>on</strong> seeds harvested after more than 40 DAA.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> and fruit weight increased until about 40 DAA. Different hypothesis to explain the<br />
evoluti<strong>on</strong> of the seed germinati<strong>on</strong> are proposed.<br />
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Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
79 - STUDY OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LABORATORY SEED VIGOUR TEST<br />
AND FIELD PERFORMANCE IN DIFFERENT GENOTYPES OF GREEN GRAM<br />
(VIGNA RADIATA L. WILEZEK)<br />
CHAKRABARTI, S.K.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya<br />
(Mohanpur), Pin-741252 (W.B.), INDIA<br />
Eight genotypes of green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) were studied during the year 2002<br />
and 2003 to find out relati<strong>on</strong>ship of laboratory vigour test and field performance parameters<br />
and to specify <strong>on</strong>e or two laboratory vigour test to predict field performance. The field<br />
experiment was c<strong>on</strong>ducted at the Instructi<strong>on</strong>al Farm during pre-kharlf seas<strong>on</strong> (February to<br />
May) in randomized block design.<br />
The experimental data indicated particularly two laboratory vigour test viz. electrical<br />
c<strong>on</strong>ductivity and accelerated aging tests are dependable for the above purpose. The<br />
experimental results showed a negative and significant relati<strong>on</strong>ship between electrical<br />
c<strong>on</strong>ductivity and field stand at maturity. Average yield per plot was negatively and<br />
significantly associated with electrical c<strong>on</strong>ductivity. Accelerated aging bad positive and<br />
significant associati<strong>on</strong> with field stand at maturity and plot yield.<br />
The correlati<strong>on</strong> study indicated that by going through the results of electrical c<strong>on</strong>ductivity<br />
and accelerated aging, it is possible to predict field stand at maturity and also the seeds<br />
which are stored can be evaluated for quick selling or further storage. This investigati<strong>on</strong><br />
result can help farmers as well as seed testing laboratories and seed marketing agencies for<br />
quality ranking of their stored seeds.<br />
80 - EVALUATION OF GERMINATION CAPACITY IN DIANTHUS GLACIALIS,<br />
AN ENDANGERED ALPINE SPECIES<br />
COLOMBO 1 , A., CASTIGLIONI 1 , A., TOSCA 1 , A. & BONOMI. 2 , C<br />
1 F<strong>on</strong>dazi<strong>on</strong>e Minoprio - Centro Regi<strong>on</strong>ale per la Tutela della Flora Autoct<strong>on</strong>a, Viale Raim<strong>on</strong>di, 54 - 22070<br />
Vertemate c<strong>on</strong> Minoprio - Como – Italy, tosca@f<strong>on</strong>dazi<strong>on</strong>eminoprio.it<br />
2 Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali, Via Calepina, 14 - CP393 - 38100 Trento – Italy<br />
Experiments described are part of the research project “Ex situ c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong>: <strong>Seed</strong> Banking<br />
Trentino Endangered Species”. To maintain a genetic diversity representative of the<br />
populati<strong>on</strong> sampled, a method to achieve complete germinati<strong>on</strong> of all viable seeds is needed.<br />
In the case of rare plant from which <strong>on</strong>ly small seed samples could be collected, this goal is<br />
even more necessary. Therefore seed viability and germinability have been tested <strong>on</strong> wild<br />
seed lots of Dianthus glacialis. Tetrazolium analysis has been set up. Germinati<strong>on</strong> data were<br />
recorded every sec<strong>on</strong>d day till the 54th day after the test begun. Percentage of seed<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong>, germinati<strong>on</strong> index and mean time to germinati<strong>on</strong> have been calculated for<br />
priming treatments with gibberellic acid A3 at different c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s from 0 to 0.72 mM.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong>s primed for 48 h with Gibberellic acid at 0.58 mM reached 31% of germinati<strong>on</strong> as the<br />
n<strong>on</strong> treated test. Water treated test and lower c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s of gibberellic acid gave poorer<br />
results. Germinati<strong>on</strong> index was higher for n<strong>on</strong> treated test and the c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> of 0.72 mM<br />
of gibberellic acid. Mean times to germinati<strong>on</strong> were from about 6 to 9 day depending up<strong>on</strong><br />
the treatment, but no statistical difference were assessed for this parameter. It is supposed<br />
the Dianthus glacialis does not tolerate priming for 48 h and it could benefit of shorter time<br />
of priming treatment.<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
81 - EVALUATION OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY IN COFFEE SEEDS<br />
(COFFEA ARABICA L.), CULTIVARS ACAIÁ, BY ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY<br />
TEST.<br />
COSTA, P.S.C. & CARVALHO, M.L.M.<br />
Universidade Federal de Lavras, DAG, CP 37 - CEP 37200-000 Lavras/ MG – Brasil, mlaenemc@ufla.br<br />
The c<strong>on</strong>ductivity test is used to measure the leaches from the seeds, which indicate the<br />
membrane system integrity. The test is rapid, inexpensive and it is of simple operati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
However, the methodology needs to be tested for each individual species in order to reach a<br />
better precisi<strong>on</strong> and accuracy. This work was c<strong>on</strong>ducted to verify the physiological quality of<br />
the coffee seeds, with and without parchment, through the electrical c<strong>on</strong>ductivity test using<br />
the individual and the bulk methods. The sec<strong>on</strong>d goal of this work was to determine the<br />
imbibiti<strong>on</strong> time and the partiti<strong>on</strong> point in that test. Ten seed lots of C. arabica, cultivars Acaiá<br />
were used in this study. The imbibiti<strong>on</strong> curve for each lot was determined and the seeds<br />
were submitted to the germinati<strong>on</strong> and tetrazolium tests. For the evaluati<strong>on</strong> of the partiti<strong>on</strong><br />
point seeds were imbibed for 96 hours and submitted to the germinati<strong>on</strong> test correlating the<br />
c<strong>on</strong>ductivity values observed with the physiological quality. The individual and bulk methods<br />
proved to be efficient in distinguishing coffee seed lots from different levels of physiological<br />
quality. The imbibiti<strong>on</strong>’s period of 96h for individual method and seeds without parchment<br />
were the most appropriate c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s for the development of the c<strong>on</strong>ductivity test. The<br />
partiti<strong>on</strong> point is 120,5mS/cm, c<strong>on</strong>sidering 70% of germinati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
82 - EVALUATION OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL POTENCIAL OF BEET SEEDS<br />
DA SILVA, JOSUÉ BISPO & VIEIRA, ROBERVAL DAITON<br />
UNESP, Jaboticabal, Depto. De Produção Vegetal, UNESP/FCAV, 14884-900 JABOTICABAL, SP, Brazil,<br />
rdvieira@fcav.unesp.br, diretor@fcav.unesp.br<br />
The use of an adequate vigour test is a very important tool to evaluate the physiological<br />
potential of produced and commercialised beet seeds. This research was carried out in order<br />
to study the procedures of the accelerated ageing and c<strong>on</strong>trolled deteriorati<strong>on</strong> tests as vigour<br />
test for beet seeds as well as to relate its results to seedling field emergence. Seven beet<br />
seed lots of “Top Tall Early W<strong>on</strong>der” cultivar were submitted to standard germinati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
accelerated ageing (42 o C per 24, 48 and 72 hours) and c<strong>on</strong>trolled deteriorati<strong>on</strong> (41 and<br />
45 o C; 22, 24 and 26% of seed moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent; 12, 24 and 36 hours of ageing period).<br />
Based <strong>on</strong> the results it can be c<strong>on</strong>cluded that the accelerated ageing test might be carried<br />
out at 42 o C per 72 hours while the combinati<strong>on</strong> of 45 o C/24%/24h might be used as a<br />
procedure for c<strong>on</strong>trolled deteriorati<strong>on</strong> test. Then, the vigour of beet seeds can be evaluated<br />
using the accelerated ageing and c<strong>on</strong>trolled deteriorati<strong>on</strong> tests, with the menti<strong>on</strong>ed<br />
combinati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
83 - REFINING THE TETRAZOLIUM TEST AND ITS ANALYSIS FOR SEED<br />
CONSERVATION COLLECTIONS OF GRASSES AND OTHER WILD PLANT<br />
SPECIES.<br />
DAVIES, HANNAH, E., ALI, NATASHA, S., HOYLE, GEMMA & PROBERT, ROBIN J.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex,<br />
RH17 6TN, UK, h.davies@kew.org.uk<br />
Tetrazolium tests (TZ) <strong>on</strong> 108 seed collecti<strong>on</strong>s representing 80 species across 12 tribes of<br />
wild grasses held at the Millennium <strong>Seed</strong> Bank were compared with the best estimate of<br />
viability from germinati<strong>on</strong> tests. A simplified approach to the analysis of TZ was employed.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong>s were allocated to <strong>on</strong>e of three possible staining categories: 1) embryos uniformly well<br />
stained = viable. 2) embryos unstained = n<strong>on</strong> viable. 3) embryos patchy or faintly stained =<br />
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Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
uncertain. Approximately 50% of the tests had seeds in the latter category. These were<br />
interpreted to be low vigour individuals with accumulated damage. In the absence of specific<br />
guidelines for the interpretati<strong>on</strong> of staining patterns an arbitrary assumpti<strong>on</strong> was made that<br />
50% of such individuals would be capable of germinating; accepting that this will be an<br />
underestimate in some cases and an overestimate in others. Using this approach, estimates<br />
of viability were not significantly different for 81 collecti<strong>on</strong>s. In 26 collecti<strong>on</strong>s TZ gave a<br />
significantly higher estimate of viability suggesting the presence of dormant individuals<br />
whereas in <strong>on</strong>ly 1 case did TZ under estimate viability. <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> recommends that grass<br />
caryopses should be either dissected transversely below the embryo or dissected<br />
l<strong>on</strong>gitudinally through the embryo in preparati<strong>on</strong> for TZ staining. The two methods were<br />
compared directly for 34 seed collecti<strong>on</strong>s, representing 32 species. On average the<br />
transverse dissecti<strong>on</strong> gave a better match to the germinati<strong>on</strong> estimate of viability. Estimates<br />
were not significantly different for 24 collecti<strong>on</strong>s when the transverse dissecti<strong>on</strong> was applied<br />
compared to <strong>on</strong>ly 15 for the l<strong>on</strong>gitudinal dissecti<strong>on</strong>. Advantages and disadvantages of<br />
amended TZ methods and analysis for a wider range of families are discussed.<br />
84 - APPLICABILITY OF THE TOPOGRAPHICAL TETRAZOLIUM TEST FOR<br />
SEED VIABILITY TESTING OF WILD PLANT SPECIES<br />
DAWS, MATTHEW I., TERRY, JANET, MILES, STEPHANIE, DAVIES, HANNAH & WOOD,<br />
CHRISTOPHER B.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex<br />
RH17 6TN, UK, m.daws@rbgkew.org.uk<br />
The topographic tetrazolium test (TZ test) is widely used for rapidly assessing seed viability<br />
in a wide range of species, particularly those that have been recently harvested, are dormant<br />
or are slow to germinate. However, there are <strong>on</strong>ly Internati<strong>on</strong>al Guidelines for the use of TZ<br />
for 87 mainly agricultural, horticultural and forestry species. For these species, the test has<br />
been validated and embryo staining patterns interpreted. However, for other species there<br />
are c<strong>on</strong>cerns about the applicability of the test; results can be complex and subjective.<br />
TZ is widely used for seed viability testing with species for which there are no Internati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
guidelines <strong>on</strong> methodology and the interpretati<strong>on</strong> of staining patterns. For example, the TZ is<br />
routinely used within the Millennium <strong>Seed</strong> Bank Project for viability testing of wild plant<br />
species. Here we examine the wider applicability of the test by presenting data comparing<br />
viability estimates (TZ test) with germinati<strong>on</strong> levels for >200 wild plant species.<br />
TZ provided an accurate assessment of viability for many species. In particular, it was useful<br />
for species with dormancy i.e. low recorded germinati<strong>on</strong> but high estimated viability. Thus<br />
for many species the TZ test may enable a differentiati<strong>on</strong> between dormancy and seed inviability.<br />
However, for some species, particularly in the Solanaceae and Aizoaceae,<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> vales were c<strong>on</strong>sistently higher than viability estimates. Thus, for these species<br />
the test as currently implemented does not work and points to the need for further research<br />
to optimise either staining times, or embryo dissecti<strong>on</strong> prior to incubati<strong>on</strong> in TZ.<br />
85 - RECOMMEDATIONS FOR GERMINATION TEST PROCEDURES FOR<br />
NATIVE TREE SPECIES FROM THE BRAZILIAN ATLANTIC FOREST.<br />
DE S. MEDEIROS, A.C., DE A. ABREU, D.A., DOS SANTOS, A.F. & SOUSA, V.S.<br />
Embrapa Florestas – Nati<strong>on</strong>al Forest Research Center of EMBRAPA, Cx. P. 319, 83411-000, Colombo, PR<br />
– BRAZIL, medeiros@cnpf.embrapa.br<br />
Embrapa Florestas set up a native tree seed bank - BASEMFLOR established in Colombo,<br />
State of Paraná, Brazil, in order to provide seeds for uses such as reforestati<strong>on</strong> programs,<br />
reclamati<strong>on</strong> of degraded ecosystems, establishment and restorati<strong>on</strong> of riparian forests and<br />
forest covers <strong>on</strong> water catchment areas, botanical gardens, local and regi<strong>on</strong>al seed banks,<br />
and for research projects. One of this research projects involves development of seed<br />
technology including studies for breaking dormancy and germinating seeds. <strong>Seed</strong><br />
morphology was studied, as well, when it was c<strong>on</strong>sidered to help in devising appropriate<br />
treatments to promote germinati<strong>on</strong>. Recommendati<strong>on</strong>s for germinati<strong>on</strong> test for “vacum”<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
(Allophylus edulis – Sapindaceae), “cataia” (Drimys brasiliensis – Winterceae),<br />
“tamanqueiro” (Aegiphila sellowiana – Verbenaceae), ”angico-pururuca” (Anadenanthera<br />
falcata - Mimosaceae), “guaçat<strong>on</strong>ga” (Caesaria sylvestris – Flacourtiaceae), “pixiricão”<br />
(Mic<strong>on</strong>ia cabucu – Melastomataceae), “angico-branco” (Anadenanthera colubrina –<br />
Mimosaceae), “canudo-de-pito” (Escall<strong>on</strong>ia m<strong>on</strong>tevidensis - Saxifragaceae); “peroba-rosa”<br />
(Aspidosperma polyneur<strong>on</strong> - Apocynaceae), “vassoura-vermelha” (Dod<strong>on</strong>ea Viscosa –<br />
Sapindaceae), “erva-mate” (Ilex paraguariensis – Aquifoliaceae); “bugreiro” (Litharaea<br />
brasiliensis – Anacadiaceae) and “baguaçu” (Talauna ovata – Magnoliaceae) were defined.<br />
86 - FITTING TEMPERATURES PROFILES TO CALIBRATE THERMIC<br />
REGULATION PROBES FROM CLIMATIC ROOMS USED IN SEED TESTING<br />
DEMILLY, DIDIER, BILLY, BÉATRICE, HERBERT, OLIVIER, WAGNER, MARIE HÉLÈNE &<br />
LECHAPPE, JOËL<br />
GEVES SNES Rue Georges Morel 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France, didier.demilly@geves.fr<br />
Several seed tests as germinati<strong>on</strong> or seed health must be performed in climate rooms or<br />
incubators. Temperature c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s and associated tolerances are described in the <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
methods e.g. 20°C+/-2°C for the germinati<strong>on</strong> tests. To fulfil these requirements it is<br />
necessary to characterize thermostatic chambers (temperature profiles) and to calibrate the<br />
probes used to check the temperature. Laboratories which are applying for accreditati<strong>on</strong><br />
against the ISO standard 17025:1999 are frequently required by their nati<strong>on</strong>al accreditati<strong>on</strong><br />
bodies to determine and use uncertainty of measurement for the probes and the<br />
temperature profiles. In our laboratory, germinati<strong>on</strong> rooms are c<strong>on</strong>stantly m<strong>on</strong>itored with<br />
temperature probes in <strong>on</strong>e point in the room. A method has been developed to ascertain the<br />
temperature profile of equipment, to calibrate simultaneously the probe according to the<br />
profile and to determine the uncertainty. This work was based <strong>on</strong> the nati<strong>on</strong>al norm AFNOR<br />
XPX 15 140 may 1999 “Measurement of air moisture – Climatic and thermostatic chambers –<br />
Characterizati<strong>on</strong> and verificati<strong>on</strong>”. A calibrated temperature m<strong>on</strong>itoring equipment was used<br />
with 9 probes. For each room temperature has been recorded in 9 points at least. Several<br />
parameters as mean, variability, uncertainty and c<strong>on</strong>formity to the expected temperature<br />
have been calculated. They allow to check if the temperature regulati<strong>on</strong> is well adapted, and<br />
to specify correcti<strong>on</strong> and acceptable limits to be applied to the probe used for routine check.<br />
Acceptable limits can be determined taking account of the whole uncertainty from both<br />
temperature profile and check probe.<br />
87 - STORAGE POTENTIAL OF COTTON SEEDS PREDICTED BY VIGOUR<br />
TESTS AND BIOCHEMICAL ASSAYS.<br />
DIAS, D. C. F.S., FREITAS, R.A., DIAS, L.A.S. & OLIVEIRA, M.G.A.<br />
Department of Fitotecnia / BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, 36571-000, Viçosa, MG,<br />
Brazil, dcdias@ufv.br<br />
This study was d<strong>on</strong>e to determine the ability of biochemical assays and vigour tests to<br />
predict the storage potential of cott<strong>on</strong> seeds. Cott<strong>on</strong> seeds of IAC-20 RR and Fabrika<br />
cultivars were stored from May 2001, for 12 m<strong>on</strong>ths under ambient envir<strong>on</strong>mental c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s<br />
and in a cool room (13°C) in Viçosa, MG, Brazil. <strong>Seed</strong> quality was assessed before storage by<br />
standard germinati<strong>on</strong>, accelerated aging, cool germinati<strong>on</strong> and electrical c<strong>on</strong>ductivity tests<br />
and biochemical assays (lipoxygenase and acid phosphatase activity, trypsin inhibitor, lipid<br />
and acid c<strong>on</strong>tent). The generalized Mahalanobis distances procedure was used to assess the<br />
relati<strong>on</strong>ship between vigour tests and biochemical assays carried out before storage and the<br />
values obtained in the standard germinati<strong>on</strong> test performed after 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12<br />
m<strong>on</strong>ths storage. There was the greatest similarity or smaller and no significative Mahalanobis<br />
distances am<strong>on</strong>g standard germinati<strong>on</strong>, accelerated aging and cool germinati<strong>on</strong> results. It<br />
was observed that accelerated aging and cool germinati<strong>on</strong> test performed before storage<br />
estimated seed viability after 8 and 10 m<strong>on</strong>ths storage under envir<strong>on</strong>mental c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s,<br />
respectively. Electrical c<strong>on</strong>ductivity test and biochemical assays were not efficient to predict<br />
storability of cott<strong>on</strong> seeds.<br />
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Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
88 - INCIDENCE OF THE SUBSTRATE ON THE GERMINATION OF<br />
SUNFLOWER SEEDS<br />
DUCOURNAU 1 , S., WIESNER 2 , L., GREGOIRE 3 , S. & LECHAPPE 1 , J.<br />
1 GEVES – SNES, Rue Georges Morel, BP 24, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France,<br />
sylvie.ducournau@geves.fr<br />
2 USDA-NCGRP, 1111 South Mas<strong>on</strong> Street, Fort Collins, CO 80521-4500, USA<br />
3 GEVES, La Minière, 78285 Guyancourt Cedex, France<br />
Use of compost is not allowed for germinati<strong>on</strong> test as primary substrate in <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> and AOSA<br />
Rules. Several seed testing laboratories performed duplicate germinati<strong>on</strong> tests for Sunflower,<br />
including a test <strong>on</strong> compost, due to better germinati<strong>on</strong> of sunflower with this type of<br />
substrate.<br />
In order to decide if compost can be used as primary substrate for sunflower germinati<strong>on</strong>, a<br />
comparative test involving 15 <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> and AOSA laboratories has been organised to compare<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> of sunflower with compost, sand and paper.<br />
Germinati<strong>on</strong> tests have been performed <strong>on</strong> 5 samples of Sunflower, at the temperature of<br />
20°C, with the 3 types of substrates.<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> method validati<strong>on</strong> program has been used from the planning of the elaborati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
the protocol.<br />
Statistical analysis shows that results of normal seedlings are higher with the use of compost<br />
for germinati<strong>on</strong>. This is due to a decrease of abnormal seedlings (principally) and of n<strong>on</strong><br />
germinated seeds (to a less extent). Repeatibility and reproducability of the results are also<br />
better with compost.<br />
Compost gives higher or equal results with the method used in routine in each laboratory,<br />
even if the laboratory is not experienced with compost. On the c<strong>on</strong>trary, sand or paper can<br />
lead to lower results if the laboratory is not used to it.<br />
Results obtained in this experiment allow the recommendati<strong>on</strong> of compost as primary<br />
substrate for Sunflower germinati<strong>on</strong>. A precise definiti<strong>on</strong> of compost will be proposed to be<br />
included in <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> Rules.<br />
89 - ACCELERATED AGEING AS A VIGOR TEST FOR SQUASH AND PUMPKIN<br />
SEEDS<br />
DUTRA, ALEK SANDRO & VIEIRA, ROBERVAL DAITON<br />
UNESP, Jaboticabal, Depto. De Produção Vegetal, UNESP/FCAV, 14884-900 JABOTICABAL, SP, Brazil,<br />
rdvieira@fcav.unesp.br, diretor@fcav.unesp.br<br />
The accelerated ageing (AA) test is widely used as vigour test for many species am<strong>on</strong>g those<br />
are the vegetables crop <strong>on</strong>es. This research was c<strong>on</strong>ducted in order to study the adequate<br />
procedures to run the accelerated ageing as vigour test for squash and pumpkin seeds. Five<br />
seed lots of squash (“Menina Brasileira” cultivar) and five of pumpkin (Barbara Hybrid), with<br />
commercially accepted quality (germinati<strong>on</strong>) were used. To reach the objectives the standard<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong>, first counting and accelerated ageing ( traditi<strong>on</strong>al) and with salt c<strong>on</strong>centrated<br />
soluti<strong>on</strong>) tests were run in laboratory. For AA test the combinati<strong>on</strong> of temperatures (38 and<br />
41 o C) and periods of ageing (48, 72 and 96 hours) were used. For each combinati<strong>on</strong><br />
(temperature and ageing period) the seeds were place in a germinati<strong>on</strong> box, with 40 ml of<br />
dei<strong>on</strong>ized water, over a screen using a single layer of seeds. The salt c<strong>on</strong>centrated soluti<strong>on</strong><br />
was prepared using 40 g of NaCl and 100 ml of water. The results of AA test, both<br />
procedures, allowed identifying seed lots with high and low vigour. The ageing period of 41 o C<br />
provided higher level of deteriorati<strong>on</strong> than 38 o C, especially when was used 96 hours as<br />
ageing period. Based <strong>on</strong> the results it can initially be c<strong>on</strong>cluded that the combinati<strong>on</strong> of 41 o C<br />
and 96 hours of ageing period should be used as a vigour test for squash and pumpkin<br />
seeds, however further studies have to be run in order to investigate others combinati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
and to c<strong>on</strong>firm this results.<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
90 - EVALUATION OF SEED VIGOR IN IRANIAN ELYMUS HIPIDUS<br />
ACCESSIONS<br />
ESMAILI, SHARIF MASOUD & KHAYAM, NEKOUEI MOJTABA<br />
Isfahan Research Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of <strong>Seed</strong> Technology, Isfahan<br />
Iran, sharif_me@yahoo.com<br />
In order to improve and recover the pastures, growing of perennial grasses such as Elymus<br />
hispidus (opiz) Melderis is very important. However envir<strong>on</strong>mental stresses and lack of<br />
seedling vigor frequently prevent plants from emergence and growing in pasture. In this<br />
research, important comp<strong>on</strong>ents which effect <strong>on</strong> seedling emergence were investigated in<br />
laboratory, field and pasture. Fifteen accessi<strong>on</strong>s used in this study including, 10 accessi<strong>on</strong>s of<br />
E. hispidus seed from rangelands and five accessi<strong>on</strong>s during five stage from the farm were<br />
collected. <strong>Seed</strong> vigor tests were c<strong>on</strong>sisted of: Thousand <strong>Seed</strong> Weight (TSW), Electrical<br />
C<strong>on</strong>ductivity (EC), Tetrazolium test (TZ), Standard Germinati<strong>on</strong> test (SG), Cold Soil test<br />
(CS), Cool Germinati<strong>on</strong> test (CG), Accelerated Aging test (AA), <strong>Seed</strong>ling Growth Rate test<br />
(SGR) and Drought Stress test (DS). <strong>Seed</strong> accessi<strong>on</strong>s were planted in Fozveh Research<br />
Stati<strong>on</strong> (FRS) under irrigated c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> and Chadegan Research Stati<strong>on</strong> (CRS) under dryland<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>. The results indicated significant differences am<strong>on</strong>g seed accessi<strong>on</strong>s in terms of<br />
seedling emergence. Effect of planting date <strong>on</strong> seedling emergence percentage was<br />
significant. Data analysis showed all tests except EC and TZ detected vigor differences<br />
am<strong>on</strong>g seed accessi<strong>on</strong>s. Emergence percentage <strong>on</strong> CRS was significantly at 0.05 level with r-<br />
value of 0.73 and 0.71 correlated with germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage <strong>on</strong> 1st day from SG and CS<br />
tests respectively. Data analysis of TSW, SG, AA, CG, CS, SGR and DS tests were correlated<br />
with percent of seedling emergence <strong>on</strong> FRS. CS test had the highest correlati<strong>on</strong> coefficient<br />
with seedling emergence under both c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
91 - GERMINATION OF ERVA-BALEEIRA SEEDS (CORDIA CURASSAVICA<br />
(JACQ.) ROEM. & SCHULT. - BORAGINACEAE).<br />
FANTINATTI, J.B., AGUIAR, R.H., CARNEIRO, L.M.T.A. & GROTH, D.<br />
FEAGRI/Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Box 6011, Postal Code 13083-970, Campinas-SP, Brazil<br />
Almost all the forest medicinal natives species of Brazil, are still found in wild state and<br />
growing naturally. It is necessary to know the physiological and morphologic aspects of seed<br />
growing in order to commercialy grown the plants. Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. &<br />
Schult. (Boraginaceae), known as erva-baleeira, it is a Brazilian native specie of commercial<br />
and medicinal importance. The main goal of this research was to carry germinati<strong>on</strong> tests of<br />
Cordia curassavica, that can be used in seed testing laboratory and reforestati<strong>on</strong> programs.<br />
For the evaluati<strong>on</strong> of seeds just-harvested and with 68,1% of moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent and seeds<br />
dried at 40 o C until 10,8% of moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent, germinati<strong>on</strong> tests were c<strong>on</strong>ducted in towel<br />
paper and growed in c<strong>on</strong>stant temperature of 25°C and alternate of 20-30°C, with fotoperiod<br />
of 8 hours light and 16 darkness. It was evaluated the germinati<strong>on</strong> rate, index of<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> speed (IVG) and the average time of germinati<strong>on</strong> (T50). The germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
temperature and moisture c<strong>on</strong>tents, did not affected the percentage of germinati<strong>on</strong>, but it<br />
was shown a reducti<strong>on</strong> in the index of germinati<strong>on</strong> speed and the average time of<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> at 25 o C.<br />
92 - GERMINATION AND DORMANCY ELIMINATION IN SOME MEDICINAL<br />
PLANTS<br />
FARHOODI 1 , ROOZBEH, SHARIFZADEH, F., MAKIZADEH, M. & ESMAEILZADEH, H.<br />
University of Tehran, 1 f_shupi@yahoo.com<br />
According to increasing importance of medicinal plants cultivati<strong>on</strong>, this research was<br />
c<strong>on</strong>ducted. These plants have some inhibiting factors of germinati<strong>on</strong> which d<strong>on</strong>’t germinate<br />
easily infield and in order to crop those plants we need some mechanisms to stimulate them<br />
72
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
to germinate. The main objective of this study was to determine the best treatment for<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> and dormancy eliminati<strong>on</strong> in laboratory <strong>on</strong> following plants:<br />
Calendula officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia, Echinacea purpurea, Chrysanthemum<br />
cinerrariae folium and Nepta caturia. This research was c<strong>on</strong>ducted base <strong>on</strong> CRD with 4<br />
replicati<strong>on</strong>s in seed laboratory using following treatments GA 3 , KNO 3 , stratificati<strong>on</strong>, physical<br />
and chemical scratch. The results showed that there are significant differences between<br />
treatments, some of those plants had good germinati<strong>on</strong> under GA 3 treatments and some of<br />
them had good germinati<strong>on</strong> under KNO 3 treatment and some of them had germinati<strong>on</strong> under<br />
stratificati<strong>on</strong> treatment and finally using suitable treatment has led dormancy eliminati<strong>on</strong><br />
also promote germinati<strong>on</strong> and finally guarantee the growth of seedling in field.<br />
93 - THE USE OF THE ACCELERATED AGING TEST FOR ESTIMATING THE<br />
POTENTIAL OF SEEDLING EMERGENCE IN THE FIELD OF SOYBEAN SEED<br />
LOTS<br />
FRANÇA-NETO, J.B. 1 , KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C 1 , PÁDUA, G.P. 2 , HENNING, A.A. 1 & COSTA, N.P. 1<br />
1 Embrapa Soybean, Caixa Postal 231, CEP 86001-970, L<strong>on</strong>drina, PR, Brazil; franca@cnpso.embrapa.br;<br />
2 EMBRAPA/EPAMIG, Caixa Postal 351, CEP 38001-970 Uberaba, MG, Brazil<br />
The accelerated aging test (AAT) is used for estimating a vigour index of seed lots and also<br />
for estimating their storage potential. For soybean seeds an exposure period of 72 h at a<br />
c<strong>on</strong>stant temperature of 41ºC and 100% RH is recommended by <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g>. However very few<br />
studies which relate the results of AAT with soybean seedling emergence in the field (SEF)<br />
are available in the literature. Preliminary results obtained by Embrapa Soybean indicated<br />
that the AAT could be used for estimating SEF, if the test is applied to soybean seeds just<br />
before planting time, and the stress period is reduced to 24 h. The objective of this study<br />
was to verify the possibility of using the data of vigour provided by the AAT<br />
(41ºC/100%RH/24h) for predicting the potential of soybean SEF. Regressi<strong>on</strong> analyses were<br />
obtained with the results of vigour provided by the AAT with the <strong>on</strong>es of SEF during the<br />
period of five years, from 1998 to 2002. A total of 879 seed samples of different cultivars<br />
were evaluated in the study. In each of the study year the AAT with an exposure period of 24<br />
h was performed in October and in November (normal planting period for soybeans in Brazil)<br />
the evaluati<strong>on</strong>s o SEF were performed. All seed samples were treated with fungicide before<br />
planting in the field. The evaluati<strong>on</strong>s of SEF were d<strong>on</strong>e <strong>on</strong> the experimental field of Embrapa<br />
Soybean, in L<strong>on</strong>drina, Brazil. The regressi<strong>on</strong> analyses provided adjusted equati<strong>on</strong>s between<br />
the results of SEF and AAT. These analyses were individually evaluated for each study year<br />
and in c<strong>on</strong>juncti<strong>on</strong> for the five-year period. Comparing the individual equati<strong>on</strong>s obtained<br />
each year, it was observed that they were similar to each other. The c<strong>on</strong>juncti<strong>on</strong> analysis for<br />
the five-year period provided a regressi<strong>on</strong> equati<strong>on</strong> between SEF and AAT (SEF = 0,6316AAT<br />
+ 28,922; r2 = 0,83 ***), which was also similar to the individual equati<strong>on</strong>s obtained each<br />
year. This equati<strong>on</strong> was applied to all AAT results of 100 seed samples evaluated in 2002.<br />
The values of SEF estimated by this equati<strong>on</strong> were correlated with the actual recorded data<br />
of SEF, resulting in a coefficient of regressi<strong>on</strong> of 0.80, which was highly significant (P <<br />
0.001). This equati<strong>on</strong> was c<strong>on</strong>sidered reliable for estimating SEF of soybean seed samples in<br />
soils of L<strong>on</strong>drina, with soil temperature and moisture levels near to ideal c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
94 - THE USE OF THE TETRAZOLIUM TEST FOR PREDICTING THE<br />
POTENTIAL OF SEEDLING EMERGENCE OF SOYBEAN SEED LOTS<br />
FRANÇA-NETO, J.B. 1 , KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C 1 , PÁDUA, G.P. 2 , HENNING, A.A. 1 & COSTA, N.P. 1<br />
1 Embrapa Soybean, Caixa Postal 231, CEP 86001-970, L<strong>on</strong>drina, PR, Brazil; franca@cnpso.embrapa.br;<br />
2 EMBRAPA/EPAMIG, Caixa Postal 351, CEP 38001-970 Uberaba, MG, Brazil<br />
The tetrazolium test (TTZ) provides a number of seed quality parameters, such as vigour<br />
(TZ-Vig), viability (TZ-Viab), and indexes of mechanical damage, field weathering, and<br />
stinkbug damage. The soybean seed-producing sector has demanded research studies that<br />
relate the results obtained by this test with the potential seedling emergence in the field<br />
(SEF). This type of informati<strong>on</strong> will greatly c<strong>on</strong>tribute for increasing the precisi<strong>on</strong> of soybean<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
seed plantability. Additi<strong>on</strong>ally it will improve seed quality evaluati<strong>on</strong> just before they are<br />
commercialised. The objective of this study was to verify the possibility of using the data of<br />
viability and vigour provided by the TTZ for predicting the potential of soybean SEF.<br />
Regressi<strong>on</strong> analyses were obtained with the results of vigour and viability provided by the<br />
TTZ with the <strong>on</strong>es of SEF during the period of six years, from 1997 to 2002. A total of 1,117<br />
seed samples of different cultivars were evaluated in the study. In each of the study year the<br />
TTZ was performed in October and in November (normal planting period for soybeans in<br />
Brazil) the evaluati<strong>on</strong>s o SEF were performed. All seed samples were treated with fungicide<br />
before planting in the field. The evaluati<strong>on</strong>s of SEF were d<strong>on</strong>e <strong>on</strong> the experimental field of<br />
Embrapa Soybean, in L<strong>on</strong>drina, Brazil. The regressi<strong>on</strong> analyses provided adjusted equati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
between the results of SEF and TZ-Vig and TZ-Viab. The regressi<strong>on</strong> analyses were<br />
individually evaluated for each study year and in c<strong>on</strong>juncti<strong>on</strong> for the six-year period.<br />
Comparing the individual equati<strong>on</strong>s obtained each year, it was observed that the <strong>on</strong>es<br />
relating SEF and TZ-Vig were similar to each other. However this trend was not observed for<br />
the data relating SEF and TZ-Viab. This fact means that the TZ-Vig data is more reliable than<br />
those from TZ-Viab for estimating of SEF. The c<strong>on</strong>juncti<strong>on</strong> analysis for the six-year period<br />
provided regressi<strong>on</strong> equati<strong>on</strong>s between SEF and TZ-Vig and also TZ-Viab. Due to the fact<br />
that the individual equati<strong>on</strong>s for each year were more coherent and repeatable for TZ-Vig<br />
than for TZ-Viab, it was c<strong>on</strong>cluded that SEF is more precisely estimated using TZ-Vig<br />
informati<strong>on</strong> as reference. The obtained equati<strong>on</strong> for the six-year period involving SEF and<br />
TZ-Vig (SEF = 0,6165TZ-Vig + 35,716; r2 = 0,73 ***) was applied to all TZ-Vig of 100 seed<br />
samples evaluated in 2002. The values of SEF estimated by this equati<strong>on</strong> were correlated<br />
with the actual recorded data of SEF, resulting in a coefficient of regressi<strong>on</strong> of 0.79, which<br />
was highly significant (P < 0.001). This equati<strong>on</strong> was c<strong>on</strong>sidered reliable for estimating SEF<br />
of soybean seed samples in soils of L<strong>on</strong>drina, with soil temperature and moisture levels near<br />
to ideal c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
95 - EFFECTS OF HYDRATION AND DEHYDRATION PERIODS LENGTH ON<br />
THE COLEOPTILES AND ROOT GROWTH AND SEEDLING SURVIVAL OF 3<br />
WHEAT CULTIVARS AFTER REHYDRATION<br />
GHORBANI, M.H., ZEINALI, E. & SOLTANI., A.<br />
Dept. of Agr<strong>on</strong>., Gorgan Univ. of Agric. Sci., Gorgan., Iran, Email: ghorbani304@yahoo.com<br />
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings may meet dehydrati<strong>on</strong> between seed imbibiti<strong>on</strong> and<br />
emergence, particular in dryland farming. This laboratory experiment was c<strong>on</strong>ducted to<br />
study the effects of hydrati<strong>on</strong> and dehydrati<strong>on</strong> periods length <strong>on</strong> the coleoptile and root<br />
growth, seedling survival, and their ability to resume growth (after rehydrati<strong>on</strong>) of 3 wheat<br />
cultivars. <strong>Seed</strong>s of Golestan. Khazar-1 and Tajan cultivars were germinated for 4, 6 and 8<br />
days in suitable moisture c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. Then, seedlings were dehydrated for 2, 4 and 6 days.<br />
Number of normal seedling, lengths of coleoptiles and root, and dry weights of seed residues<br />
were measured after 7 days. Results showed that when seedlings were grown under suitable<br />
moisture c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s for 4 days, dehydrati<strong>on</strong> periods had no effect <strong>on</strong> the number of normal<br />
seedlings after rehydrati<strong>on</strong>, but an increase in the time of dehydrati<strong>on</strong> resulted to decrease<br />
the coleoptile and root length of 3 cultivars. Dehydrati<strong>on</strong> reduced normal seedlings and root<br />
lengths, significantly, when seedlings were placed under normal c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s before<br />
dehydrati<strong>on</strong> for 6 days or more. Reducti<strong>on</strong> in coleoptile lengths as affected by dehydrati<strong>on</strong><br />
was significant <strong>on</strong>ly for the treatment 8 days growth under suitable moisture c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s<br />
before dehydrati<strong>on</strong>. Dehydrati<strong>on</strong> period length had no effect <strong>on</strong> dry weights of seed residues<br />
in treatment 4 days growth under suitable moisture c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s before dehydrati<strong>on</strong>, while<br />
when seedlings were grown under suitable c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s for 6 days, increasing dehydrati<strong>on</strong> time<br />
followed by significant increase in dry weights of seed residues. In 8 days growth under<br />
suitable c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s before dehydrati<strong>on</strong>, increasing dehydrati<strong>on</strong> period length caused<br />
significant increase in seed residues <strong>on</strong>ly in Golestan cultivar. These results dem<strong>on</strong>strate that<br />
dehydrati<strong>on</strong> tolerance reduces as wheat seedlings develops. On the other hand, the length of<br />
dehydrati<strong>on</strong> can be effective <strong>on</strong> the ability of regrowth after rehydrati<strong>on</strong>. So this ability<br />
decreases as the length dehydrati<strong>on</strong> period increases<br />
74
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
96 - STORABILITY OF TOSSA JUTE (CORCLLORUS OLITORIOUS L.) SEEDS<br />
GHOSH, N., DAS, N.R. & GOSH, M.<br />
Faculty of Agriculture, B.c.Agril. University, B-9/110, Kalyani, Nadia-741235, West Bengal, India.<br />
Tossa jute (Corchorus olitorious L.) is a short day plant and commercially cultivated for bast<br />
fibre during l<strong>on</strong>g day. <strong>Seed</strong>s are small in size and orthodox in nature, without any dormancy.<br />
The experiment was c<strong>on</strong>ducted with five varieties of tossa jute using Artificial Aging test to<br />
determine inheritance pattern of storability. The result indicated that it was c<strong>on</strong>trolled mainly<br />
by Dominance, Additive and Epistatic comp<strong>on</strong>ents. Cytoplasmic genes also influenced the<br />
storability of tossa jute seeds, large seeds have better storability than small sized <strong>on</strong>es.<br />
Thus there is scope for improving storability of tossa jute seeds by selecti<strong>on</strong>. Storing in low<br />
temperature with low moisture c<strong>on</strong>tents of seeds at low Relative Humid C<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> gave<br />
better result.<br />
97 - EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GROWING CONDITIONS, PLANT DENSITIES<br />
AND YEARS ON THE QUALITY OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) SEEDS<br />
HEGYI, Z., KIZMUS, L. PINTÉR, J., BERZY, T. & MARTON, L.C.<br />
Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Mart<strong>on</strong>vásár<br />
The aim of the experiments was to investigate the effect of different locati<strong>on</strong>s, stand<br />
densities, years and cytoplasm <strong>on</strong> the germinati<strong>on</strong> ability of maize seed. It is important for<br />
hybrid maize seed breeders to be able to estimate field emergence <strong>on</strong> the basis of laboratory<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> tests (Gáspár 1968, Woodstock 1968). The germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage achieved in<br />
the laboratory should be seen as the theoretical maximum value of field emergence. The<br />
relatively few papers that have been published <strong>on</strong> the effect of the growing area <strong>on</strong> seed<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> ability (Russell and Teich 1967, Szundy 1978, Duraes et al. 1995, Waes 1995)<br />
suggest that the size of the growing area did not significantly influence the seed germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
ability, but had an effect <strong>on</strong> the grain yield.<br />
Twelve maize hybrids and their reciprocals were grown at three stand densities (51,000,<br />
68,880, 94,390 plants/ha) at five locati<strong>on</strong>s (Keszthely, Gönc, Gyöngyös, Sopr<strong>on</strong>horpács,<br />
Mart<strong>on</strong>vásár) for two years. After harvesting and drying, the seed were germinated<br />
according to the standard (MSZ 6354/3-82) in a C<strong>on</strong>vir<strong>on</strong> climatic chamber for seven days at<br />
25°C and 75 % RH.<br />
1. The locati<strong>on</strong> caused a significant difference in the germinati<strong>on</strong> ability of the hybrid<br />
seeds. Averaged over the two years, samples from Gyöngyös had the poorest<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> (89.1 %).<br />
2. The size of the growing area had no significant effect <strong>on</strong> seed germinati<strong>on</strong> ability.<br />
3. The year caused no significant difference in the germinati<strong>on</strong> ability of either the<br />
parental lines or of the hybrids.<br />
4. In most cases the differences between the laboratory germinati<strong>on</strong> ability of seed of<br />
direct and reciprocal hybrids were statistically significant. In both years the same<br />
direct or reciprocal variant germinated better for each hybrid.<br />
5. In both years the germinati<strong>on</strong> of the parental lines was compared with that of the<br />
direct and reciprocal hybrids. Averaged over the years, the parental lines had an<br />
average germinating ability of 90.3 %, while this figure was 95.3 % and 95.6 % for<br />
the direct and reciprocal hybrids. The degree of heterosis ranged from 102–114 %,<br />
being highest in Gyöngyös (114 %) and much the same (102–105 %) at the other<br />
four locati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
The results showed that the climatic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s at the growing sites affected seed<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> ability, while, as found by other authors, the size of the growing area had no<br />
significant effect <strong>on</strong> this property. In both years there was atmospheric drought in Gyöngyös,<br />
causing a substantial reducti<strong>on</strong> in the biological value of the seed. In several cases the<br />
cytoplasm had a significant effect <strong>on</strong> the germinati<strong>on</strong> ability of the direct and reciprocal<br />
hybrids.<br />
75
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
98 - LASER IRRADIATION EFFECTS ON MAIZE SEED VIGOUR<br />
HERNÁNDEZ AGUILAR¹, C., CARBALLO, C.², A., ARTOLA², A. & MICHTCHENKO¹, A.<br />
¹Instituto Politécnico Naci<strong>on</strong>al, Sepi-Esime, Zacatenco. Unidad Profesi<strong>on</strong>al “Adolfo López Mateo”. Col.<br />
Lindavista. México D.F., México. CP 07738, clauhaj@hotmail.com<br />
²Colegio de Postgraduados. IREGEP. Programa de Semillas. M<strong>on</strong>tecillo. Edo. de México. México. CP<br />
56180<br />
High seed quality is absolutely necessary in the c<strong>on</strong>text of modern crop producti<strong>on</strong> systems,<br />
and it is a specific requirement because affects crop establishment, growth and yield. <strong>Seed</strong><br />
vigour is an important seed quality comp<strong>on</strong>ent related with a rapid and uniform seedling<br />
emergence and development. C<strong>on</strong>sidering that a chr<strong>on</strong>ic problem in the seed industry is the<br />
producti<strong>on</strong> of seeds with low seed vigour; therefore, the development of a technique to<br />
enhance it is very important. For this proposes, the effects of low intensity laser irradiati<strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>on</strong> Zea mays L. seed vigour was studied. A factorial of three intensities and six times of<br />
AsAIGa laser radiati<strong>on</strong>, with an output power of 30 mW and wavelength of 660 nm, was<br />
applied in pre-sowing to seeds from a single cross hybrid. The laser seed irradiati<strong>on</strong><br />
significantly increased seedling emergence rate, seedling dry weight and emergence in soil.<br />
Due that laser irradiati<strong>on</strong> originated positive and negative bio-stimulati<strong>on</strong>s in seed vigour, it<br />
was very important to estimate the specific combinati<strong>on</strong> of parameters. In this study, the<br />
optimum combinati<strong>on</strong> was an intensity of 20 mW/cm2 during <strong>on</strong>e minute; this treatment<br />
originated highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) increases in seedling emergence rate (42.89%), in dry<br />
weight (63.24%) and emergence (48.07%) with relati<strong>on</strong> to the c<strong>on</strong>trol (without irradiati<strong>on</strong>).<br />
From these results the laser irradiati<strong>on</strong> seed enhancement technology deserves further<br />
investigati<strong>on</strong> in maize.<br />
99 - AN AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR VIGOR TESTING THREE-DAY-OLD<br />
SOYBEAN SEEDLINGS<br />
HOFFMASTER 1 , A.L., FUJIMURA 1 , K., MCDONALD* 2 , M.B. & BENNETT 2 , M.A.<br />
1 Department of Computer and Informati<strong>on</strong> Science, The Ohio State University, 2015 Neil Ave.,<br />
Columbus, Ohio 43210-1210 USA, ahoff@bigfoot.com)<br />
2 Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, 2021 Coffey Rd., The Ohio State University, Columbus,<br />
Ohio 43210-1086 USA<br />
An image processing computer applicati<strong>on</strong> to automatically assess the vigor of three-day-old<br />
soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill.) seedlings was developed. The software operates <strong>on</strong><br />
acquired digital images of soybean seed lots placed <strong>on</strong> a paper towel. Soybean seedlings<br />
were extracted away from the paper towel and c<strong>on</strong>verted into various digital<br />
representati<strong>on</strong>s. These representati<strong>on</strong>s were used to analyze the seedlings and segment<br />
them into normal and abnormal categories. The normal seedlings were further processed so<br />
that a <strong>on</strong>e-pixel-wide summary structure of the shape of the seedling was produced. From<br />
this summary structure, the software classified the seedlings into six type categories based<br />
<strong>on</strong> their shape. Each normal seedling was processed to remove the cotyled<strong>on</strong> porti<strong>on</strong> of the<br />
summary structure based <strong>on</strong> the type category it fell into. The remaining summary<br />
structure, with the cotyled<strong>on</strong> removed, was then used to compute the length of each<br />
seedling in pixels. From these length measurements, speed of growth and uniformity of<br />
growth values were computed. These two values were normalized and combined into a zero<br />
to 1,000 vigor index for the seed lot. Combined with the post-processing corrective features,<br />
this computer software was able to achieve highly accurate and standardized measurements<br />
of each soybean seedling, providing an alternative to the current method of manually<br />
measuring soybean seedlings for speed and uniformity of growth when performing a vigor<br />
test.<br />
76
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
100 - EFFECTS OF FERTILISATION DATES AND NITROGEN FORMS ON SEED<br />
WEIGHT AND GERMINATION CAPABILITY OF MAIZE INBRED LINES<br />
HOJKA 1 , ZDRAVKO, BOGDANOVIĆ 2 , DARINKA, MIRIĆ 1 , MLADEN, SREDOJEVIĆ 1 ,<br />
SLOBODANKA DRAGIĆEVIĆ 1 , VESNA & CVIJANOVIĆ 1 , GORICA<br />
1 Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia and M<strong>on</strong>tenegro<br />
2 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia and M<strong>on</strong>tenegro<br />
The present study was aimed at the determinati<strong>on</strong> of effects of different fertilisati<strong>on</strong> dates<br />
and nitrogen forms <strong>on</strong> seed weight and germinati<strong>on</strong> capability of maize inbred lines. Two<br />
maize inbred lines (PL 142 and PL 167) were fertilised with the following fertilisati<strong>on</strong><br />
combinati<strong>on</strong>s: (N min ) - PK: 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 and 60 kg K 2 O ha -1 applied in autumn (c<strong>on</strong>st.) +<br />
fertilisati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> the basis of the N-min method, with the additi<strong>on</strong> up to 100 kgNha -1 (in<br />
spring); N autumn - PK (c<strong>on</strong>st.) + N - 100 kgha -1 (applied in autumn); (N spring ) - PK (c<strong>on</strong>st.) + N<br />
- 100 kgha -1 (applied in spring); (N 1/2 ) - PK (c<strong>on</strong>st.) + N - 100 kgha -1 (1/2 applied in spring<br />
and the other 1/2 in autumn); (N 1/3 ) - PK (c<strong>on</strong>st.) + N - 100 kgha -1 (1/3 each applied in<br />
autumn, spring and side dressing), in the forms of amide, amm<strong>on</strong>ium-nitrate and amm<strong>on</strong>ia,<br />
as well as, c<strong>on</strong>trol with no fertilisers. The 4-replicate trial was set up according to the<br />
randomised complete-block design in the experimental filed of the Maize Research Institute, Zemun<br />
Polje, in the vicinity of Belgrade. <strong>Seed</strong> quality was analysed after harvest of maize inbred<br />
lines in accordance with <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> Rules.<br />
A 1000-seed weight and germinati<strong>on</strong> capability significantly varied in studied inbred lines in<br />
dependence <strong>on</strong> fertilisati<strong>on</strong> dates and nitrogen forms.<br />
The highest seed germinati<strong>on</strong> capability of maize inbred lines was obtained with the nitrogen<br />
fertiliser applied in autumn. Furthermore, germinati<strong>on</strong> capability was significantly higher with the<br />
applicati<strong>on</strong> of amm<strong>on</strong>ium-nitrate in the form of KAN fertiliser than with the applicati<strong>on</strong> of other<br />
nitrogen forms. The general c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> is that the N 1/3 variant with KAN as well as N autumn with any<br />
other nitrogen form favours the inbred PL 142 (during humid years), while N min and N autumn variants<br />
are suitable for the inbred PL 167 regardless of certain differences in humidity over years.<br />
101 - EVALUATION OF BARLEY SEED VIGOUR AND ITS RELATIONSHIP<br />
WITH FUNGI INFECTION<br />
HRSTKOVÁ, P. & CHLOUPEK, O.<br />
Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry Brno, Czech Republic<br />
The quality of spring malting barley caryopses (Hordeum vulgare L.) was examined using<br />
several parameters. Thirty six seed lots obtained from variety trials harvested in 2002 were<br />
evaluated. Vigour estimated as germinati<strong>on</strong> under stress c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s, i.e. low temperature<br />
and water stress, showed large differences am<strong>on</strong>g seed lots, which ranged from 20,5 to<br />
100% of germinated seeds.<br />
However the influence of locati<strong>on</strong> (i.e. envir<strong>on</strong>mental c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s) <strong>on</strong> vigour was much higher<br />
than that of cultivar, statistically significant differences am<strong>on</strong>g cultivars were found. Another<br />
criteri<strong>on</strong> was a fungi infecti<strong>on</strong> characterised by the presence and quantity of ergosterol.<br />
Significant negative correlati<strong>on</strong> between vigour and ergosterol c<strong>on</strong>tent suggests that the<br />
ergosterol analysis may c<strong>on</strong>tributed to the descripti<strong>on</strong> of seed quality.<br />
Acknowledgements: This research was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic<br />
(No. 521/02/153). We are grateful to Prof. Dr.Dr.h.c.W. Opitz v<strong>on</strong> Boberfeld for ergosterol<br />
analyses.<br />
77
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
102 - AN ALTERNATIVE VIGOR TEST FOR COLD TEST IN MAIZE<br />
H. ILBI 1 , H., KAVAK 1 , S., DUMAN 1 , I., ESER 2 , B., ILKER 3 , E. & GOKCOL 3 , A.<br />
1 Ege University, Fac. of Agriculture, Dept. of Horticulture, Bornova, Izmir, TURKEY, ilbi@ziraat.ege.edu.tr<br />
2 Ege University, <strong>Seed</strong> Technolgy Center, Bornova, Izmir, TURKEY<br />
3 Ege University, Fac. of Agriculture, Dept. of Field Crops, Bornova, Izmir, TURKEY<br />
This research was c<strong>on</strong>ducted to investigate an alternative test for cold test and field<br />
emergence test to evaluate maize seed vigor. Standard germinati<strong>on</strong> test, cool germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
tests at different temperatures (12, 15 and 18°C), cold test and field emergence test were<br />
performed in twelve maize seed lots. The cool germinati<strong>on</strong> at 15°C had the highest<br />
correlati<strong>on</strong> with field emergence and percentage of the high vigorous seedling in cold<br />
(r=0,881 and r=0,908, respectively). Standard germinati<strong>on</strong> test was found to have less<br />
correlati<strong>on</strong> with field emergence than the cool germinati<strong>on</strong> test at 15°C. The cool germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
test can be an alternative test for cold test to evaluate vigour differences between lots.<br />
103 - PROMISING VIGOR TESTS FOR AGED ONION SEEDS<br />
ILBI, HULYA & ESER, BENIAN<br />
Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey<br />
ilbi@ziraat.ege.edu.tr, eser@ziraat.ege.edu.tr<br />
Twenty-eight seed lots of two-<strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong> cultivar (Diana F1 and Aki) were created by aging seeds<br />
naturally to investigate the efficiency of the vigour tests related to aging. All seed lots were<br />
subjected to the following tests: germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage and abnormal seedling rate in<br />
standard germinati<strong>on</strong> test, cool germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage and abnormal seedling rate,<br />
electrical c<strong>on</strong>ductivity (E.C.), sugar and amino acid leakage from seed. As a c<strong>on</strong>sequence of<br />
seed deteriorati<strong>on</strong> by ageing, the standard germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage declined in low vigour<br />
lots. E.C., sugar and amino acid c<strong>on</strong>tents in seed leachate increased related to loss of seed<br />
vigour. The sugar leakage from seed lots was found to be highly correlated with performance<br />
in stress c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> e.g. cool germinati<strong>on</strong> test (r=-0,927), hence sugar leakage test appears<br />
to be suitable for evaluating seed quality in <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong> seeds and could be further developed as a<br />
rapid vigour test.<br />
104 - INFLUENCE OF ACCELERATED AGEING TECHNIQUE ON SEED QUALITY<br />
EVALUATION<br />
JAGADISH, G.V.<br />
Indo American Hybrid <strong>Seed</strong>s(I) Pvt.Ltd., Bangalore, India<br />
In high, medium and low vigour seeds of tomato, capsicum, <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong>, French bean and Radish;<br />
Physiological and bio-chemical parameters were drastically reduced due to the degree of<br />
accelerated ageing (AA). The germinati<strong>on</strong>, seedling vigour and emergence were affected in<br />
seed lots subjected to harsh AA of 98% RH and 42°C for 48 hrs (72 hrs in Radish). The<br />
growth and yield were also reduced significantly compared to mild AA of 80% RH and 42°C<br />
for 48 hrs (72hrs in Radish) and n<strong>on</strong>-aged seed lots. The correlati<strong>on</strong> between physiological<br />
and biochemical attributes amply revealed that the seedling growth rate parameters were<br />
positively and significantly correlated to germinati<strong>on</strong> and field emergence potential.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> quality was found to differ significantly am<strong>on</strong>g the high, medium and low vigour levels.<br />
Germinati<strong>on</strong>, seedling growth rate, seedling vigour, hypocotyls length, first counts<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
And field emergence were reduced with the decrease in vigour levels. In the field c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s<br />
also the manifestati<strong>on</strong> of vigour levels was extended; there was a reducti<strong>on</strong> in the growth<br />
rate, fruit<br />
Weight and number of fruits per plant and fruit yield.<br />
78
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
105 - THE CONDUCTIVITY TEST FOR RICE (ORYZA SATIVA)<br />
MIN-HEE JEONG & SANG-KEUN LEE<br />
Central <strong>Seed</strong> <strong>Testing</strong> Laboratory, Nati<strong>on</strong>al Agricultural Products Quality Management Services (NAQS),<br />
560, 3-Ga, Dangsan-D<strong>on</strong>g, Youngdeungpo-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea<br />
This study has carried out by the c<strong>on</strong>ductivity test, the most comm<strong>on</strong>ly used and evaluated<br />
as reproducibility method which included <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> rules, to predict field emergence more exactly<br />
and to reduce the period for germinati<strong>on</strong> test at the certificate stage of the rice in our<br />
country. The purpose of this experiment is to set up measurement c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s and evaluati<strong>on</strong><br />
standard of the rice.<br />
To examine the relati<strong>on</strong>ship between c<strong>on</strong>ductivity and standard germinati<strong>on</strong> values it was<br />
used samples of germinati<strong>on</strong> group like below 85%, 85-90% and above 90%. The hulled rice<br />
was used to be leak effectively. Initial seed moisture c<strong>on</strong>tents of all samples were between<br />
12-14%. The c<strong>on</strong>ductivity meter was chosen with a dip cell having a cell c<strong>on</strong>stant of 0.1 and<br />
a range of 0.5-200 µscm -1 because of small quantity of leakage in comparis<strong>on</strong> with Fabaceae.<br />
Results of the c<strong>on</strong>ductivity for the hulled rice were greater 200 seeds than 400 seeds in<br />
150 ml soak water at 25°C, but did not differ in 200ml soak water at 20°C. The leakage time<br />
of 20 hrs was significantly increased c<strong>on</strong>ductivity value in 20 hrs and 24 hrs. According to<br />
the c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s of results, the c<strong>on</strong>ductivity value of the rice was a significant correlati<strong>on</strong> with<br />
standard germinati<strong>on</strong> rate.<br />
106 - DETERMINATION OF SOYBEAN SEED OSMOTIC POTENTIAL PRIOR TO<br />
GERMINATION UNDER STRESS CONDITIONS<br />
KHAJEH-HOSSEINI 1 , MOHAMMAD, POWELL 1 , ALISON A. & BINGHAM 2 , IAN<br />
1 Department of Agriculture & Forestry, University of Aberdeen, Hilt<strong>on</strong> Campus, Hilt<strong>on</strong> Place, Aberdeen,<br />
AB24 4FA, Scotland, U.K<br />
2 SAC, Department of Agr<strong>on</strong>omy, Craibst<strong>on</strong>e Estate, Aberdeen, AB21 9YA, Scotland, U.K<br />
Measurement of the osmotic potential of seeds by thermocouple psychrometry is not suitable<br />
for use with seeds that have been subjected to stress during germinati<strong>on</strong> using PEG and<br />
NaCl, due to errors arise from c<strong>on</strong>taminati<strong>on</strong> of cell sap by PEG and NaCl in the apoplastic<br />
water. The osmotic potential of soybean seeds was therefore assessed by a modified form of<br />
a moisture release (MR) curve. Soybean seeds (cv. Williams) were imbibed either in<br />
dei<strong>on</strong>ised water or 421 mM (-1.9MPa) NaCl soluti<strong>on</strong> then dehydrated to a c<strong>on</strong>stant relative<br />
water c<strong>on</strong>tent (RWC) by placing them in PEG soluti<strong>on</strong>s at a range of water potentials from -<br />
0.5 to -6.5 MPa. <strong>Seed</strong>s were also imbibed directly in a range of PEG (-0.5 to -6.5 MPa)<br />
soluti<strong>on</strong>s until they reached an equilibrium moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent (MC) and the seed RWC<br />
calculated <strong>on</strong> the basis of a MC of 55% at full imbibiti<strong>on</strong>. The inverse of external water<br />
potential (1/ψ) at MC equilibrium was then plotted against the seed RWC, that is, as a MR<br />
curve which was used to determine seed osmotic potentials. At lower external water<br />
potentials of PEG soluti<strong>on</strong>s the seed osmotic potential was lower (i.e. more negative) in all<br />
cases. A lower osmotic potential at full turgor (RWC=100%) (-2.15 MPa) was observed for<br />
the seed pre-treated with NaCl compared with seed placed directly in PEG soluti<strong>on</strong>s<br />
(-1.79 MPa). MR curves give tissue-average values for osmotic potential, while the MC for<br />
the comp<strong>on</strong>ents of soybean at full imbibiti<strong>on</strong> are different. Therefore, the applicability of the<br />
MR technique may depend <strong>on</strong> the seed structure and the nature of seed water relati<strong>on</strong>s in<br />
different species particularly in stress c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
107 - EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND STORAGE ON SEED VIABILITY OF<br />
VALERIAN (VALERIANA SISYMBRIIFOLIA)<br />
KHAYYAM NEKOUEI, MOJTABA & BOARDBAR, ZARRINTAJ<br />
Department of Biotechnology, Isfahan Research center of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Iran,<br />
Isfahan, mojtabakhayam@hotmail.com<br />
Valeriana sisymbriifolia is <strong>on</strong>e of six species of valerian genus, which are distributed in north<br />
and center of Iran. Valerian is used as a relaxati<strong>on</strong> of Central Nervous System (CNS),<br />
antispasm activity.The relaxant effective of moderate relaxati<strong>on</strong> is from valepoteriates and<br />
sequie terpens. Because of problem for seed germinati<strong>on</strong> of Valeriana sisymbriifolia is not<br />
prevalent. Therefore producing high quality of seed and optimizing of storage c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> are<br />
very important in this process. In this study the effect of temperature and length of seed<br />
storage <strong>on</strong> two accessi<strong>on</strong> of valerian were investigated. Collecti<strong>on</strong>s of seed were c<strong>on</strong>ducted<br />
from Kho<strong>on</strong>sar and Ferid<strong>on</strong>shahr in Isfahan province while at least 50% of mature seed<br />
papus were emergence and also the form of inflorescence was villous. The seeds were then<br />
sterilized and packaged in a three layer aluminum envelop and were used in two separate<br />
experiment under (-10°C, +10°C, +25°C) and (-5°C, +5°C, +25°C) c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s respectively.<br />
Germinati<strong>on</strong> test was checked during <strong>on</strong>e year in first, third, sixth, ninth and finally twelfth<br />
m<strong>on</strong>th. The data were analyzed based <strong>on</strong> random experimental design as a factorial. The<br />
results showed that there was no significant difference for temperature storage, although the<br />
recommended temperature is between 0°C to 10°C while less than 0°C and more than<br />
25C may effect <strong>on</strong> seed quality. For the Kho<strong>on</strong>sar accessi<strong>on</strong>, seed storage was<br />
significant after sixth m<strong>on</strong>th. Viability deteriorati<strong>on</strong> after ninth m<strong>on</strong>th occurred but there was<br />
no significant after ninth and twelfth m<strong>on</strong>th (After <strong>on</strong>e year germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage<br />
decreased from 90% to 68%). For the Fereid<strong>on</strong>shahr accessi<strong>on</strong> also the same results (the<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage decreased from 95% to 75% after <strong>on</strong> year) were obtained<br />
108 - GERMINABILITY OF TREATED SOYBEAN SEED AS AFFECTED BY<br />
OXYGEN DIFFUSION RATE UNDER THE DIFFERENT SOIL MOISTURE<br />
CONTENT<br />
KIM 1 , SEOK H. & TAYLOR 2 , ALAN G.<br />
1 Department of Agr<strong>on</strong>omy, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gye<strong>on</strong>gsang Nati<strong>on</strong>al University,<br />
Chinju 660-701, KR-Republic of Korea<br />
2<br />
Department of Horticultural Sciences, NYSAES, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, US-United States<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> germinati<strong>on</strong> has been c<strong>on</strong>sidered largely in relati<strong>on</strong> to seed viability under the<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s of favorable moisture and oxygen supply in soil. We c<strong>on</strong>ducted experiments with<br />
two seed lot and two Captan treatments including 1) C<strong>on</strong>trol, 2) C<strong>on</strong>trol + Captan, 3) <strong>on</strong>e<br />
week-aged, and 4) <strong>on</strong>e week-aged + Captan. The oxygen diffusi<strong>on</strong> rate (ODR) was assessed<br />
under the different soil moisture c<strong>on</strong>tents, 17, 18, 19, 20 and 20.5% in the sandy loam soil.<br />
The aim of the present study was to determine the ODR that is characterized the optimum<br />
oxygen c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s in the soil and plays an important role in the emergence depending <strong>on</strong><br />
vigour of soybean seeds. We discovered a critical point of soil moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent that is lower<br />
than 20.5%, because the seed emergence was sharply decreased coupling to ODR decrease<br />
under 36.4 µg/m 2 .sec during c<strong>on</strong>ducting experiment. As 19 ~ 20 % of soil moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent<br />
levels, the percent emergence and number of normal seedling were greater at the seeds<br />
treated with Captan compared to c<strong>on</strong>trol. However, no difference was observed between with<br />
or without Captan treatment at different aged seeds. In the results, the value of 17% soil<br />
moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent might be c<strong>on</strong>sidered as the optimum c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> for soybean emergence,<br />
when ODR was reached 101.8 µg/m 2 .sec. The finding could provide a new insight <strong>on</strong> the<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> of soybean seeds about the relati<strong>on</strong>ship between the seed vigour and soil<br />
moisture c<strong>on</strong>tents.<br />
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Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
109 - PROLINE: USE AS AN INDICATOR OF TEMPERATURE STRESS IN<br />
SEEDS<br />
MACHADO NETO 1 , NELSON BARBOSA, CASTILHO CUSTÓDIO 1 , CECI, GATTI 3 , ANA BEATRIZ,<br />
PRIOLLI 3 , MARIA REGINA & MENDES CARDOSO 2 , VICTOR JOSÉ<br />
1 Universidade do Oeste Paulista - Curso de Agr<strong>on</strong>omia- UNOESTE - Rodovia Raposo Tavares Km572,<br />
Presidente Prudente SP 19067-175, nbmneto@agro.unoeste.br; nbmneto@ig.com.br<br />
2, 3 Universidade Estadual Paulista - Campus de Rio Claro - Av.24A, 1515 Rio Claro SP<br />
Stress due to temperature could lead to several metabolic alterati<strong>on</strong>s during the hole plant<br />
cycle including germinati<strong>on</strong>. To verify the effect of high or low temperatures, c<strong>on</strong>stant or in<br />
alternate cycles, 10 populati<strong>on</strong>s of beans seeds, 8 cultivars and two landraces, were<br />
submitted to distinct temperature cycles of 8, 18 or 37ºC during 96 h, or during 48h at 18ºC<br />
and after at 8 or 37ºC during more 48h. Am<strong>on</strong>g the cultivars, ‘IAC-Carioca-80SH’ and<br />
‘Rosinha G2’, were multiplied in replicates in two distinct fields, <strong>on</strong>e in Rio Claro (SP) and<br />
other in Presidente Prudente(SP). Dehulled seeds were grind in 3% sulphosalicylic acid. The<br />
resultant extract was double filtered and reacted with acid ninhidrin, being heated at 100ºC<br />
during 1h and immediately refrigerated in a cold bath. Proline was quantified at 520nm in a<br />
spectrophotometer. There were resp<strong>on</strong>ses to different envir<strong>on</strong>ments for each populati<strong>on</strong>, and<br />
there were also different answers between producti<strong>on</strong> fields, e.g., seeds produced in<br />
Presidente Prudente did not exhibited variati<strong>on</strong>s to alternate temperature during<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong>. Proline could be used as an indicator of stress temperature.<br />
110 - ASSESSMENT OF SEED VIGOUR AND STORABILITY OF HYBRID AND<br />
PARENTAL LINES OF SORGHUM<br />
MANOHAR REDDY, N., ANKAIAH, R. & MURALIMOHAN REDDY, B.<br />
Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Project, ANG Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, India,<br />
nsp_angrau@yahoo.com<br />
<strong>Seed</strong>s of SPH-468, SPH-504, CSH-9, CSH-6 and CSH-5 sorghum hybrids and their parental<br />
lines viz., MS 2077 A, CS 3541, 296A having above 80% germinati<strong>on</strong> and 8.5% initial seed<br />
moisture were subjected to accelerated ageing by keeping the seed in envir<strong>on</strong>mental<br />
chamber at 40±1°C and 85±2% RH for 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 days. The germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
percentage, seedling length and vigour index gradually decreased with the increase in period<br />
of accelerated ageing as a result of seed deteriorati<strong>on</strong> in hybrids as well as parents in all<br />
genotypes. Such decline in germinati<strong>on</strong>, seedling length and vigour index was high in 296 A,<br />
CSH-5, SPH-504 and CSH-6 and these were c<strong>on</strong>sidered as poor stores, SPH-468, CSH-9, CS-<br />
3541 were c<strong>on</strong>sidered as good storers due to higher values of germinati<strong>on</strong> and vigour.<br />
111 - IMBIBITION DAMAGE IN DRIED BEAN SEEDS<br />
MARTÍN, ISAURA, DE LA ROSA, LUCÍA & DE LA CUADRA, CELIA<br />
Centro de Recursos Fitogenéticos (CRF). INIA. Apartado 1045, 28800 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.<br />
The accurate estimati<strong>on</strong> of seed viability is a crucial aspect for c<strong>on</strong>trolling genetic erosi<strong>on</strong> in<br />
genebanks and therefore germinati<strong>on</strong> protocols should be set up carefully in each species.<br />
At the CRF genebank the seed viability of every accessi<strong>on</strong> is estimated before storage and<br />
every ten years, through germinati<strong>on</strong> tests c<strong>on</strong>ducted under <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> rules, with the necessary<br />
adaptati<strong>on</strong>s in each case. Incidence of imbibiti<strong>on</strong> damage has been detected in the routine<br />
CRF germinati<strong>on</strong> tests of some large-seeded legumes, such as beans. Imbibiti<strong>on</strong> injury is<br />
greater in very dry seeds and seed hydrati<strong>on</strong> pre-treatments are required when samples are<br />
stored at low moisture c<strong>on</strong>tents.<br />
In this work the effect of different seed moisture c<strong>on</strong>tents <strong>on</strong> seed imbibiti<strong>on</strong> damage was<br />
studied in six bean Spanish landraces. Three of them (V1,V2,V3) had white seed coats and<br />
the other three (V4,V5,V6) were dark coloured.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong>s of each variety were progressively desiccated, first in dehydrati<strong>on</strong> chamber (20ºC,<br />
20% R.H.) and then in silica gel. Hydrati<strong>on</strong> treatments at 100% R.H. were also performed in<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
order to obtain seeds with high moisture levels. Ten moisture c<strong>on</strong>tents were established,<br />
ranging from 5% to 25% m.c, and then seed viability and vigour were evaluated through<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> and electric c<strong>on</strong>ductivity tests.<br />
The electric c<strong>on</strong>ductivity measures showed a narrow relati<strong>on</strong> with the seed moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent.<br />
A clear c<strong>on</strong>ductivity increase was observed when seed moisture decreased, except for <strong>on</strong>e<br />
dark-coloured variety, V4, in which c<strong>on</strong>ductivity values remained c<strong>on</strong>stant. The str<strong>on</strong>gest<br />
desiccati<strong>on</strong> treatments induced some degree of hardseededness, specially in the variety, V5,<br />
this fact modifying the c<strong>on</strong>ductivity pattern. As the c<strong>on</strong>ductivity indicates the cellular<br />
membrane stability, these results dem<strong>on</strong>strate the inverse relati<strong>on</strong> between the seed<br />
moisture degree and the injuries provoked by a rapid imbibiti<strong>on</strong> in all landraces, except for<br />
V4, that showed no susceptibility to this type of damages.<br />
Same c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>s were obtained from germinati<strong>on</strong> tests although in that case the differences<br />
obtained were less pr<strong>on</strong>ounced.<br />
In other studies, white seeds were generally more susceptible to imbibiti<strong>on</strong> damages than<br />
dark seeds, but in our case the dark seed varieties V5 and V6 showed similar injuries than<br />
those with white seeds.<br />
112 - EMERGENCE OF MAIZE IN COLD SOIL<br />
MARTON 1 , L.C., KIZMUS 1 , L., HEGYI 1 , ZS. & ZÁBORSZKY 2 , S.<br />
1 Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Mart<strong>on</strong>vásár<br />
2 Georgik<strong>on</strong> Faculty, Veszprém University, Keszthely<br />
In Hungary the maximum yields are obtained from maize sown between 10–20 April. It is<br />
generally said that sowing can be begun when the soil temperature at the sowing depth no<br />
l<strong>on</strong>ger drops below 10°C. However, even when sowing is carried out at the optimum time, it<br />
may be followed by relatively l<strong>on</strong>g periods of cold weather leading to soil temperatures of<br />
less than 10°C. Investigati<strong>on</strong>s were thus made <strong>on</strong> the effect of cold spells of various length<br />
<strong>on</strong> the emergence of maize. The effect of sowing date (April, 3, 10 and 17), seed dressing<br />
agent (Captan, Carboxin + TMTD and untreated c<strong>on</strong>trol) and soil (heat-sterilised maize soil,<br />
sand, maize soil infected with Fusarium) <strong>on</strong> emergence was studied in a pot experiment,<br />
averaged over 5 maize hybrids.<br />
The results indicated that a l<strong>on</strong>g period of cold did not in itself reduce the emergence<br />
percentage. The pathogen, however, killed almost 100% of the undressed seeds. The<br />
dressing agents provided c<strong>on</strong>siderable protecti<strong>on</strong>, since there was 87% emergence even in<br />
the artificially infected treatment. A complete stand can thus be obtained even from very<br />
early sowing at the beginning of April if seed dressing is carried out efficiently.<br />
The number of days from sowing to emergence depended decisively <strong>on</strong> the sowing date. At<br />
the earliest sowing date the emergence time was twice that observed at the optimum sowing<br />
date. The time to emergence was <strong>on</strong>ly shortened by about half a day by dressing, averaged<br />
over the treatments. No significant difference was observed between the different sowing<br />
dates for the accumulated heat sum required for emergence. The emergence time is thus<br />
determined to the greatest extent by the temperature.<br />
As the result of the earliest sowing date the stand obtained with dressed seeds was more<br />
vigorous and their dry shoot mass was greater, when measured <strong>on</strong> the same date, than<br />
those emerging from later sown seed. The dry mass of plants emerging from undressed<br />
seeds sown in infected soil at the earliest sowing date was <strong>on</strong>ly 12% of that in the dressed<br />
treatment. Even at the 2nd and 3rd sowing dates plants originating from undressed seeds<br />
were <strong>on</strong>ly able to develop 70–72% of the dry shoot mass of plants from dressed seeds in<br />
infected soil.<br />
Soil-borne pathogens are thus capable not <strong>on</strong>ly of substantially reducing the emergence<br />
percentage, but also of retarding the growth and development of the emerged plants.<br />
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Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
113 - EFFECT OF FUNGICIDES ON STORABILITY OF RICE HYBRIDS AND<br />
THEIR PARENTAL LINES<br />
MEENA KUMARI, K.V.S., SAVITRI, H. & MURALIMOHAN, REDDY B.<br />
Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Project, ANG Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, India,<br />
nsp_angrau@yahoo.com<br />
Hybrid rice seeds of DRRH-1 (IR 58025A x IR 40750R), APHR-2 (IR 62829A x MTU 9992),<br />
ADTRH-1 (IR 58025A x IR 66R) and their parents having an initial germinati<strong>on</strong> of 85-90%,<br />
9-11% seed moisture and 4-12% total fungal col<strong>on</strong>ies (Curvularia lunata, Drechslera oryzae<br />
and Fusarium m<strong>on</strong>iliforme) were utilized for storability studies during 2000. The seed<br />
samples treated with thiram and captan @ 0.25% al<strong>on</strong>g with untreated seed were stored in<br />
two c<strong>on</strong>tainers viz., cloth bag and polythene bag (700 gauge) under ambient storage<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s at Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Project, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India. The observati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong><br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage, seed moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent, seedling vigour and total fungal col<strong>on</strong>ies at<br />
bim<strong>on</strong>thly intervals upto 18 m<strong>on</strong>ths were recorded. Irrespective of seed treatments and<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tainers used in the presentstudy, restorer lines (male parents) recorded higher<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> (80%), seedling vigour (1625) with lesser fungal col<strong>on</strong>ies (5-25%) during the<br />
entire storage period. Am<strong>on</strong>g the genotypes, IR 66R had a maximum storability of 16<br />
m<strong>on</strong>ths, while DRRH-1 had 10 m<strong>on</strong>ths with a germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage (80%) and fungal<br />
col<strong>on</strong>ies (10%), respectively. The present investigati<strong>on</strong> revealed that hybrids had less<br />
storability (10-12 m<strong>on</strong>ths) over their female parents (12 m<strong>on</strong>ths) and restorer lines (16<br />
m<strong>on</strong>ths). Irrespective of genotypes and treatments employed, seeds stored in polythene bag<br />
exhibited above 80% germinati<strong>on</strong> upto 14 m<strong>on</strong>ths as against 8 m<strong>on</strong>ths in cloth bag. <strong>Seed</strong><br />
treated with thiram and captan @ 0.25% had profound influence <strong>on</strong> genotypes particularly in<br />
polythene bag in extending the seed l<strong>on</strong>gevity as compared to c<strong>on</strong>trol in both the c<strong>on</strong>tainers.<br />
The improvement in storability of treated seed in polythene bag was due to less fungal<br />
col<strong>on</strong>ies. Captan treated seed stored in polythene bag was very effective in improving the<br />
shelf life of restorer lines (17 m<strong>on</strong>ths) and female parents (14 m<strong>on</strong>ths). Thus, the precious<br />
seed of hybrids and parental material can be stored safely for 1 to 1 ½ years with captan<br />
treatment and stored in polythene bags, respectively.<br />
114 - ACCELERATED AGEING TEST FOR WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM):<br />
REPRODUCIBILITY OF TWO AGEING METHODS<br />
MERIAUX 1 , BENOIT, LADONNE 2 , FABIENNE & FOUGEREUX 1 , JEAN-ALBERT<br />
1 FNAMS, Le Verger, 49800 Brain sur l’Authi<strong>on</strong> – France<br />
2 LABOSEM, Le Verger, 49800 Brain sur l’Authi<strong>on</strong> – France<br />
b.meriaux.fnams@wanadoo.fr<br />
In order to help French seeds companies for storage management of wheat seeds, we had to<br />
develop a test for a routine use. Accelerated ageing has been shown to be a predicting test<br />
for viability after storage but different methods can be used. The aim of the present study<br />
was to compare the reproducibility of two ageing methods.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong>s were aged at 45 C during 3 days up<strong>on</strong> water (~ 100% Relative Humidity) or during 7<br />
days up<strong>on</strong> a saturated soluti<strong>on</strong> of sodium chloride (~ 75% Relative Humidity). After ageing,<br />
percentage of normal seedlings was determined with a germinati<strong>on</strong> test. Each method was<br />
applied 4 times <strong>on</strong> 4 seed lots without or with fungicide seed treatment.<br />
At 100% RH, differences of germinati<strong>on</strong> values between rounds were very important (up to<br />
45%) and greater than tolerances for ageing test in <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g>' Rules. At 75% RH, differences<br />
between rounds were reduced and always lower than the <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g>’s tolerances for germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
test. Up<strong>on</strong> water, fungi development during ageing and / or germinati<strong>on</strong> test was observed.<br />
But the poor reproducibility of ageing method up<strong>on</strong> water was probably not <strong>on</strong>ly due to fungi<br />
if we c<strong>on</strong>sider that reproducibility is not improved by seed treatment.<br />
These results indicate that accelerated ageing test up<strong>on</strong> saturated soluti<strong>on</strong> of sodium<br />
chloride is more reproducible than accelerated ageing up<strong>on</strong> water.<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
115 - DETERMINATION OF STORAGE POTENTIAL OF WHEAT SEEDS:<br />
RELEVANCE OF AN ACCELERATED AGEING TEST USING NACL<br />
MERIAUX 1 , BENOIT, FOUGEREUX 1 , JEAN-ALBERT & LADONNE 2 , FABIENNE<br />
1 FNAMS, Le Verger, 49800 Brain sur l’Authi<strong>on</strong> – France<br />
2 LABOSEM, Le Verger, 49800 Brain sur l’Authi<strong>on</strong> – France<br />
b.meriaux.fnams@wanadoo.fr<br />
Temperature, moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent and storage potential of seeds affect their viability during<br />
storage. We have developed an accelerated ageing test using a saturated soluti<strong>on</strong> of sodium<br />
chloride (75% RH) to determine the storage potential of wheat seed lots. The aim of the<br />
study was to determine the relevance of this test applied to commercial wheat seed lots.<br />
From 2000 to 2002, 46 wheat seed lots were collected at harvest from seeds companies. For<br />
each lot, a sample of seeds was untreated and another was treated with fungicide. In<br />
november, accelerated ageing test (7 days at 45°C up<strong>on</strong> NaCl saturated soluti<strong>on</strong>) was<br />
applied to all the seed lots. At the same time, unaged seeds were stored in ambient c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong><br />
or in c<strong>on</strong>trolled unfavourable c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> (30°C and 15.5% seed moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent). <strong>Seed</strong><br />
quality was evaluated during storage a germinati<strong>on</strong> test.<br />
In ambient c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>, germinati<strong>on</strong> kept a high level after <strong>on</strong>e year. In unfavourable storage<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>, ageing is faster and, after 75 days ageing we observed large disparities between<br />
seed lots. It appeared that seed treatment slightly increased ageing. Germinati<strong>on</strong> after<br />
storage in unfavourable c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> and results of accelerated ageing test were close correlated<br />
(R² from 0.588 to 0.845) for both untreated and treated seeds. For untreated seeds,<br />
correlati<strong>on</strong>s were slightly lower when fungi development was observed during storage.<br />
Our results show that the accelerated ageing test using saturated soluti<strong>on</strong> of sodium chloride<br />
is a relevant test to determine the storage potential of wheat seed lots.<br />
116 - PREDICTION OF GERMINATION IN BRASSICA SPP USING THE BULK<br />
CONDUCTIVITY TEST<br />
MIRDAD 1 , ZOHAIR, POWELL 2 ALISON A. & MATTHEWS 2 , STAN<br />
1 Department of Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdul Aziz University, P.O.Box 80208, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi<br />
Arabia, zmirdad03@yahoo.com<br />
2 Department of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Aberdeen, Scotland AB24 5UA, UK<br />
This research aimed to determine whether measurements of solute leakage from seeds of<br />
cauliflower and cabbage by the bulk electrical c<strong>on</strong>ductivity test could be used to predict<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong>. Two approaches were used. Firstly, samples differing in germinati<strong>on</strong> were<br />
created by combining different proporti<strong>on</strong>s of living and dead seed within the test sample<br />
from 100% living to 10% living. This resulted in a clear correlati<strong>on</strong> (R 2 =0.99) between<br />
c<strong>on</strong>ductivity and actual germinati<strong>on</strong>. The sec<strong>on</strong>d approach was to produce samples having<br />
different germinati<strong>on</strong> as a result of ageing under different c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. <strong>Seed</strong>s were therefore<br />
aged at two moisture c<strong>on</strong>tents (15, 20%), for 0-120 h at 45°C. Germinati<strong>on</strong> decreased and<br />
c<strong>on</strong>ductivity increased with increased ageing time in both species. Where there was a wide<br />
range in the germinati<strong>on</strong> of aged samples (1- 100%), there was again a correlati<strong>on</strong> between<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> and leachate c<strong>on</strong>ductivity (R 2 > 0.92). When germinati<strong>on</strong> was high (90-100%)<br />
c<strong>on</strong>ductivity was closely correlated with the germinati<strong>on</strong> of cauliflower (R 2 > 0.70) although<br />
less so for cabbage (R 2 > 0.46). C<strong>on</strong>ductivity and germinati<strong>on</strong> values from both ageing<br />
treatments combined to give a single correlati<strong>on</strong> of 0.92 (normal germinati<strong>on</strong>) and 0.87<br />
(total germinati<strong>on</strong>) for cauliflower and 0.80 (normal germinati<strong>on</strong>) and 0.75 (total<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong>) for cabbage. Thus the leakage / germinati<strong>on</strong> relati<strong>on</strong>ship was apparently<br />
independent of the rate of ageing as influenced by seed moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent.<br />
84
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
117 - MAIZE SEEDS SHAPE AND POSITION IN THE EAR: EFFECTS ON THE<br />
QUALITY EVALUATED BY IMAGE ANALYSIS<br />
MONDO VITOR, HENRIQUE VAZ & CICERO, SILVIO MOURE<br />
São Paulo University, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, C.P. 09, 13418-900 Piracicaba – SP, Brazil,<br />
smcicero@esalq.usp.br<br />
The possibility of using the image analysis technique for assessing the quality of seeds is<br />
very promissing; it is a precisi<strong>on</strong> method that enables <strong>on</strong>e to examine, in detail, the<br />
damaged or altered regi<strong>on</strong>, its locati<strong>on</strong> and extent. As it is a n<strong>on</strong>-destructive method, the<br />
seeds being analyzed can be submitted to physiologic tests and thus, allow the relati<strong>on</strong>s of<br />
cause and effect to be established. Thus, the objective of this research was to study the<br />
effects of the positi<strong>on</strong>s of maize seeds <strong>on</strong> ears, <strong>on</strong> the quality, using the image analysis<br />
technique. For this purpose, ears of the cultivar DKB 212 were shelled in such a way as to be<br />
able to isolate the seeds from the proximal, intermediate and distal positi<strong>on</strong>s. The seeds<br />
coming from the positi<strong>on</strong>s referred to were physically characterized and assessed with regard<br />
to vigor and sanitary c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>. Simultaneously, the seeds were radiographed, photographed<br />
(ventral and dorsal faces) and destined for germinati<strong>on</strong> test; the normal, abnormal seedlings<br />
and dead seeds were also photographed. All the images obtained were made available <strong>on</strong> the<br />
computer in such a way that they could be examined simultaneously and thus make a<br />
complete diagnosis for each seed. Results indicate that the seeds from the proximal and<br />
intermediate positi<strong>on</strong>s show a similar quality and are superior to those from the distal<br />
positi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
118 - EVALUATION OF VIABILITY OF OIL PALM (ELAEIS GUINEENSIS.<br />
JACQ.) SEEDS BY TETRAZOLIUM TEST AND COMPARISON WITH<br />
GERMINATION AND IN VITRO CULTURE RESULTS<br />
MURUGESAN, P., VANANGAMUDI, K. & UMARANI, R.<br />
Department of <strong>Seed</strong> Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 003,<br />
Tamil Nadu., gesan70@rediffmail.com<br />
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) requires about two m<strong>on</strong>ths of high temperature (40°C)<br />
treatment to overcome its dormancy and 30 days for completi<strong>on</strong> of germinati<strong>on</strong>. To evaluate<br />
its viability within a short period of time different c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s of Triphenyl Tetrazolium<br />
Chloride (TTC) test was tried to standardize the durati<strong>on</strong> which gives satisfactory embryo<br />
staining in order to distinguish viable seed with that of n<strong>on</strong> viable. The excised embryo from<br />
Dura (255D) was tested with TTC and compared with results obtained from in vitro culture of<br />
embryo and standard germinati<strong>on</strong> test. The TTC c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s of 0.5 to 0.75% was<br />
appeared to gave satisfactory staining when treated embryos were kept under incubati<strong>on</strong> at<br />
40°C for four hours which was in close agreement with other tests.<br />
119 - STUDY OF HEAT TOLERANCE DURING GERMINATION IN GRAIN<br />
LEGUMES<br />
NEMESKÉRI, ESZTER<br />
Agr<strong>on</strong>a Ltd. Debrecen, Domokos M. Kert 72, H-4002 Debrecen Hungary<br />
In this work the effect of high germinati<strong>on</strong> temperature has been investigated <strong>on</strong> seed<br />
quality of soybean varieties and bean breeding lines grown under irrigated and n<strong>on</strong>irrigated,<br />
dry c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. The seeds were germinated at 24°C and at high temperature (28°C) in<br />
automatic thermostat. After four and eight days we expressed the degree of drought<br />
tolerance by the rate of abnormal and diseased seedlings. The bean seeds were very<br />
sensitive to high germinati<strong>on</strong> temperature, which doubled the rate of diseased seedlings<br />
compared with c<strong>on</strong>trols. The high temperature significantly increased the number of<br />
abnormal seedlings, which come from seeds of both species grown under n<strong>on</strong>irrigated, dry<br />
85
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. At the early stage of germinati<strong>on</strong> the selecti<strong>on</strong> to improve heat tolerance of beans<br />
based <strong>on</strong> abnormal seeds could be achieved at high temperature (28°C). The difference in<br />
drought tolerance am<strong>on</strong>g soybean varieties can not be expressed by the rate of increasing<br />
abnormal seedlings. At 28°C germinati<strong>on</strong> temperature the root development of bean<br />
seedlings was hampered; the average primary root length of bean varieties was 31.35<br />
percentage of the c<strong>on</strong>trol (24°C). The decrease was small (70.43%) in soybeans, the<br />
development of root seedling was hardly hampered under 28°C temperature. It appears that<br />
large-seeded bean lines with str<strong>on</strong>ger roots were less susceptible to high temperature than<br />
the small-seeded lines<br />
120 - INVESTIGATION ON GERMINATION ABILITY OF SOLIDAGO SPECIES<br />
(SOLIDAGO VIRGA-AUREA L., SOLIDAGO CANADENSIS L., SOLIDAGO<br />
GIGANTEA AIT.)<br />
NOVÁK I. 1 , DRAHOS ZS. 1 , TÓTH E. 2 & JANIK, G. 3<br />
1 BKÁ University, Faculty of Horticulture, Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Budapest<br />
2 Ökoherba Ltd., Herencsény<br />
3 Pann<strong>on</strong> Flóra Ltd., Budaörs<br />
Solidago virga-aurea L. has been introduced into the producti<strong>on</strong> in the recent years,<br />
however, the germinati<strong>on</strong> biology of this species has hardly been investigated. The two<br />
adventive species (Solidago canadensis L. and Solidago gigantea Ait.) are expanding<br />
intesively in Hungary and hardly any scientific data has been published <strong>on</strong> their germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
capacity yet. Therefore the aim of our study was to investigate the germinati<strong>on</strong> features of<br />
this three Solidago species.<br />
After <strong>on</strong>e year of storage period at +4ºC, the germinati<strong>on</strong> capacity of S. virga-aurea<br />
decreased significantly (from 62.5% to 24%), while in case of S. gigantea an after-ripening<br />
process was observed, in harm<strong>on</strong>y with former findings. The germinati<strong>on</strong> capacity of this<br />
species increased significantly from 35% to 73%. The germinati<strong>on</strong> rate of the achenes of S.<br />
canadensis has slightly increased: from 82.5% to 86% under the same storage<br />
circumstances. This high germinati<strong>on</strong> capacity and after-ripening process may c<strong>on</strong>tribute to<br />
the spread of the two adventive species in Hungary.<br />
The achenes of S. virga-aurea originated from 11 different places from Hungary germinated<br />
from 48% to 76%. The differences in the germinati<strong>on</strong> capacity remained accessi<strong>on</strong><br />
dependent even if they were grown <strong>on</strong> the same experimental field, and the achenes were<br />
collected from the same circumstances.<br />
121 - TETRAZOLIUM TEST FOR DETERMINING VIABILITY OF BRACHIARIA<br />
BRIZANTHA SEEDS<br />
NOVEMBRE 1 , ANA DIONISIA L.C., CAMMA 1 , HELENA M.C.P. & GOMES 2 , ROSANGELE B.R.<br />
1 USP/ESALQ/LPV, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba/SP, Brazil, adlcnove@esalq.usp.br<br />
2 SFFV-DDR/DFA/SP, Rua 13 de maio, 1558, 01327-2002 - São Paulo/SP., Brasil.<br />
The objective of this research was to evaluate the viability of Brachiaria brizantha seeds by<br />
tetrazolium test. Eight seed lots prec<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ed between paper during two, four and six<br />
hours at 35°C and 40°C or six and 16 hours at 30°C. <strong>Seed</strong>s were then bisected l<strong>on</strong>gitudinally<br />
through the embryo and immersed in a 0,075% tetrazolium chloride soluti<strong>on</strong> (staining at<br />
40°C for two hours). After those preliminary tests, seeds imbibed for six hours at 30°C were<br />
staining during <strong>on</strong>e, two and four hours at 35°C, 40°C and 45°C or six hours at 30°C. <strong>Seed</strong><br />
water c<strong>on</strong>tent (oven method, 105±3°C/24h) and germinati<strong>on</strong> (TP, 20-35°C, count at 7, 14<br />
and 21 days) were determined. The tetrazolium test is an efficient opti<strong>on</strong> to estimate the<br />
viability of Brachiaria brizantha seeds. C<strong>on</strong>sistent informati<strong>on</strong> resulted from the combinati<strong>on</strong><br />
of prec<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ing at 30°C for six hours (seed water c<strong>on</strong>tent of 25%) followed by a two hours<br />
staining at 40°C. This represents a c<strong>on</strong>siderable reducti<strong>on</strong> of time needed to perform the<br />
tetrazolium test for Brachiaria brizantha.<br />
86
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
122 - STORAGE STUDIES IN RICE HYBRID<br />
PATIL N.K.BIRADAR & SHEKHARGOUDA, M.<br />
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad -580 005.<br />
The success of hybrid rice technology not <strong>on</strong>ly depends <strong>on</strong> the producti<strong>on</strong> of quality seeds in<br />
large quantity, but also <strong>on</strong> maintaining the seed viability and vigour till the next sowing<br />
seas<strong>on</strong>. Hence, the knowledge <strong>on</strong> seed storability of rice hybrids and their parents is very<br />
essential to avoid huge financial losses.<br />
The results of the present investigati<strong>on</strong> reveal significant influence of genotypes, producti<strong>on</strong><br />
locati<strong>on</strong>, seed treatments, packaging material and storage period <strong>on</strong> seed viability and<br />
vigour. Irrespective of other factors, the seed quality parameters decreased steadily with the<br />
progress in storage period. The seed produced at Dharwad locati<strong>on</strong> record significantly<br />
higher seed quality parameters compared to Sirsi. The seed viability and vigour varied<br />
am<strong>on</strong>g the genotypes throughout the storage period. The hybrid seed and the male parent<br />
were found to be better store, whereas maintainer line exhibited poor storability. The seeds<br />
stored in polythene bag were superior over cloth bag for all quality parameters during the<br />
storage. The untreated seeds lost viability and vigour at a faster rate during storage<br />
compared to Thiram treated seeds.<br />
123 - COMPARISON OF THE THOUSAND KERNEL MASS AND GERMINATION<br />
ABILITY OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) LINES GROWN IN HUNGARY AND CHILE<br />
PINTÉR, J., HEGYI, Z., BERZY, T. & MARTON, L.C.<br />
Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Mart<strong>on</strong>vásár, Hungary<br />
For almost ten years now the Mart<strong>on</strong>vásár Institute has maintained a winter generati<strong>on</strong><br />
programme in Chile, in the southern hemisphere, where the climatic and ecological<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s are approximately the same as those in Hungary, in order to be able to raise two<br />
generati<strong>on</strong>s of maize a year. The UV-B level has been proved to be 25% higher in Chile <strong>on</strong><br />
average, resulting in physiological changes, generally negative, in some inbred lines<br />
compared with those grown in Hungary. These include asynchr<strong>on</strong>isati<strong>on</strong> of flowering,<br />
barrenness, greater pollen mortality, etc. Since the situati<strong>on</strong> is likely to worsen in Hungary,<br />
too, investigati<strong>on</strong>s were made to determine whether higher UV-B radiati<strong>on</strong> had any negative<br />
effect <strong>on</strong> the seed quality of Mart<strong>on</strong>vásár inbred lines. The data obtained would also allow a<br />
selecti<strong>on</strong> programme to be set up for the development of inbred lines with better tolerance of<br />
higher UV-B radiati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
The seed yield of 52 inbred lines sown in Hungary in 1999 and in Chile in the winter<br />
generati<strong>on</strong> programme in 1999/2000, all from the same source, was used for the<br />
measurement of thousand kernel mass and germinati<strong>on</strong> ability (according to the standard<br />
MSZ 6354/3-82). Germinati<strong>on</strong> took place in the phytotr<strong>on</strong>, in a C<strong>on</strong>vir<strong>on</strong> climatic chamber,<br />
for 7 days at 25°C with 75 % RH.<br />
The results obtained in the first year indicated that the germinati<strong>on</strong> ability of the<br />
Mart<strong>on</strong>vásár lines was significantly better (92 %) than that of lines grown in Chile (90%).<br />
For some genotypes the Chilean data were far worse than the average.<br />
The determinati<strong>on</strong> of thousand kernel mass also gave better results in Mart<strong>on</strong>vásár. The<br />
thousand kernel mass of the same lines was significantly higher in Mart<strong>on</strong>vásár (267.6 g)<br />
than in Chile (246.1 g). The MQ values obtained from two-way analysis of variance indicated<br />
that the locati<strong>on</strong> had a greater effect <strong>on</strong> this parameter than the variety.<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
124 - THEORETICAL EFFECTS OF ALTERED BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL<br />
PROPERTIES ON SALINITY TOLERANCE OF ACACIA SEEDS<br />
REHMAN, S 1 ., KIM, J.K 1 ., RHA, E.S 2 ., ASHRAF, M. 3 & HARRIS, P.J.C. 4<br />
1 Faculty of Biological Resources Science, College of Agriculture, Ch<strong>on</strong>buk Nati<strong>on</strong>al University, Ch<strong>on</strong>ju<br />
561-756, Republic of Korea.<br />
2 Life Resources Science, Plant Genetics & Breeding, Sunch<strong>on</strong> Nati<strong>on</strong>al University, Sunch<strong>on</strong>, 540-742,<br />
Republic of Korea.<br />
3 Botany Department, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan<br />
4 Biosciences, School of Science and Envir<strong>on</strong>ment, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK<br />
Multiple regressi<strong>on</strong> equati<strong>on</strong>s (Rehman et al., 2000) have been developed to predict the<br />
salinity tolerance of Acacia seeds, expressed as the I50 (the c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> of NaCl required<br />
to reduce final germinati<strong>on</strong> to 50% of the c<strong>on</strong>trol value in DW). Accurate predicti<strong>on</strong>s can be<br />
made using <strong>on</strong>e or more chemical and biological seed parameters. In this study the<br />
theoretical effect of varying final germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage in distilled water, germinati<strong>on</strong> rate<br />
in distilled water (Rate), Ca 2+ or K + c<strong>on</strong>tents and their ratios, as independent factors or<br />
related factors, <strong>on</strong> the predicted salinity tolerance (I50) of Acacia species was investigated.<br />
Simulati<strong>on</strong> of the effects of changing final germinati<strong>on</strong>, rate, calcium and potassium suggest<br />
the possibility of practical applicati<strong>on</strong> of these results to modify the salinity tolerance of<br />
seeds. The predicted I50 increased with increasing final germinati<strong>on</strong>. Similarly, the higher<br />
the rate of germinati<strong>on</strong>, the higher the predicted salt tolerance of Acacia species. The Ca 2+<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tent of seeds was found to be positively correlated with I50. Species with higher Ca 2+<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tents had a higher I50. This suggests that that I50 might be increased by increasing the<br />
Ca 2+ c<strong>on</strong>tents of seeds by pretreatment with calcium salts or by supplying these to the<br />
mother plants.<br />
125 - THE USE OF X-RAY FOR PREDICTION OF SEED VIABILITY IN CONES<br />
RØSOK BYE, HEIDI & MELAND EDVARDSEN, ØYVIND<br />
The Norwegian Forest <strong>Seed</strong> Stati<strong>on</strong>, P.Box 118, 2301 Hamar, Norway, heidi@skogfroverket.no<br />
Introducti<strong>on</strong><br />
The Norwegian Forest <strong>Seed</strong> Stati<strong>on</strong> collects c<strong>on</strong>es, produce and sell forest seeds to nurseries.<br />
Decisi<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> seed collecti<strong>on</strong>s often have to be taken <strong>on</strong> a few days notice. X-raying is a tool<br />
for quickly estimati<strong>on</strong> of seed viability in c<strong>on</strong>e samples and therefore crucial for obtaining<br />
quality seed. However, the method can under certain c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s diverge from the standard<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> test. The X-raying method is discussed in the light of a closer examinati<strong>on</strong> of a<br />
large number of c<strong>on</strong>e samples and gained experience through many years of operati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
The X-ray analysis of germinati<strong>on</strong> capacity<br />
X-raying were performed <strong>on</strong> seeds from 105 Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris c<strong>on</strong>e samples,<br />
collected in the period 1999–2003. A representative selecti<strong>on</strong> of 2 x 100 seeds from each<br />
c<strong>on</strong>e sample, were X-rayed. After processing, seeds were classified <strong>on</strong> the film and<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> capacity calculated, in accordance with a classificati<strong>on</strong> system and formula<br />
prepared by Milan Simak. A corresp<strong>on</strong>ding 21-day germinati<strong>on</strong> test, were used as<br />
comparis<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Results and experience gained<br />
Germinati<strong>on</strong> capacity between the two methods of analysis, varied with more than 10% in 29<br />
samples with a maximum of 31%. C<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s that may have influenced the X-raying<br />
precisi<strong>on</strong> in these samples, can be explained both with technical and biological as well as<br />
human related factors, such as:<br />
• Use of coarse-grained film, old processing liquid and film frames not suitable for X-<br />
ray penetrati<strong>on</strong><br />
• Large proporti<strong>on</strong>s of empty seeds in samples and the statistical model it self<br />
• Physiological immature seeds and seed damages invisible to X-rays<br />
• The experience of the laboratory assistant<br />
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Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
126 - THE EFFECT OF STORAGE ON GERMINATION OF ALFALFA (MEDICAGO<br />
SATIVA L.)<br />
RUTAR 1 , ROMANA & STJEPANOVIĆ 2 , MIRKO<br />
1 Agricultural Insitute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, e-mail: romana.rutar@kis.si<br />
2 Faculty of Agriculture, 31000 Osijek, Croatia<br />
The germinati<strong>on</strong> is the parameter of the seed quality and the storage c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s has the<br />
influence <strong>on</strong> it. Three different varieties of alfalfa were checked for germinati<strong>on</strong> capacity<br />
during thirteen years.<br />
The seed samples of three varieties: Osječka 10 = OS-10, Osječanka 88 = OS-88 and<br />
Slav<strong>on</strong>ka were stored at +4°C and 70% relative moisture for thirteen years. Each sample<br />
was checked for germinati<strong>on</strong> capacity each year during the whole period of storage. The<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> was determined according to the <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> method: c<strong>on</strong>stant temperature of 20°C<br />
with the prechilling. Thirteen-year seed storage has shown that the percentage of normal<br />
seedlings was the lowest in the first year: 53% at Slav<strong>on</strong>ka, 59% at OS-10 and 74% at OS-<br />
88. The highest value was reached in two or three years: 79% at Slav<strong>on</strong>ka, 82% at Os-10<br />
and 85% at Os-88. Afterwards a c<strong>on</strong>tinuous fall was perceived and after thirteen years the<br />
results are nearly similar as at the beginning: 51% at Slav<strong>on</strong>ka, 59% at OS-10 and 75 % at<br />
OS-88. The percentage of dead seeds was the lowest in the first year: 1% at OS-10, 2 % at<br />
OS-88 and 5% at Slav<strong>on</strong>ka, increased during the years and after thirteen years the results<br />
are: 37% at Slav<strong>on</strong>ka, 26% at OS-10 and 14% at OS-88. The % of hard seeds was the<br />
highest in the first year: 17% at OS-88, 28% at Slav<strong>on</strong>ka and 30% at OS-10. After two<br />
years <strong>on</strong>ly <strong>on</strong>e third of hard seeds were left and than they were reduced to their half next<br />
year, in the following years no essential changes were noticed. The results after 13 years<br />
are: 3% of hard seeds were found at OS-10 and Os-88 and 5% at Slav<strong>on</strong>ka.<br />
127 - DRYING METHODS EFFECTS ON GERMINATION AND DORMANCY OF<br />
COMMON VETCH (VICIA SATIVA) HARVESTED AT DIFFERENT MATURITY<br />
STAGES<br />
NEZAR H. SAMARAH<br />
Department of Crop Producti<strong>on</strong>, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid P.O. Box 3030,<br />
22110, Jordan, nsamarah@just.edu.jo.<br />
Comm<strong>on</strong> vetch seeds acquire the germinati<strong>on</strong> capability at specific developmental stage.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> maturity and drying methods may affect seed desiccati<strong>on</strong> tolerance, and seed<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> and dormancy. Field experiment was c<strong>on</strong>ducted to study the effect of pod<br />
maturity and drying methods <strong>on</strong> seed germinati<strong>on</strong> and dormancy of comm<strong>on</strong> vetch. Comm<strong>on</strong><br />
vetch plants were harvested at five pod developmental stages: beginning seed pod (BS),<br />
full-seed pod (FS), greenish-yellow pod (GY), yellow pod (Y), or brown pod (B) stage. <strong>Seed</strong>s<br />
of the harvested plants were dried at ambient c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> (28 ± 2) in three methods: seeds<br />
dried without pods, seeds dried within pods detached from plants, or seeds dried within pods<br />
attached to the plants. <strong>Seed</strong> moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent was recorded during the drying treatments.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> dry weight was measured before and after applying the drying treatments. Standard<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> test and speed of germinati<strong>on</strong> (as estimated by germinati<strong>on</strong> rate index) were<br />
measured for harvested seeds. <strong>Seed</strong>s harvested at BS and FS stage and dried without pods<br />
had significantly lower germinati<strong>on</strong> (< 55%) and GRI, and higher dormancy than seeds<br />
harvested at GY, Y, and B stages, indicating that seeds dried without pods acquired the<br />
maximum germinati<strong>on</strong> capability when seeds were harvested at or after GY stage (slightly<br />
prior to seed physiological maturity). <strong>Seed</strong>s drying within pods detached/or attached with<br />
plants improved the percentage of seed germinati<strong>on</strong> (> 92%), GRI, and reduced the<br />
percentage of dormant and dead seeds and abnormal seedlings when seeds were harvested<br />
at the BS and FS pod stages, indicating that “after ripening” of seed within pods reduced<br />
seed dormancy and improved seed desiccati<strong>on</strong> tolerance, germinati<strong>on</strong>, and GRI. <strong>Seed</strong>s<br />
harvested at or after GY stage attained the maximum germinati<strong>on</strong> (> 95%) with no<br />
significant differences am<strong>on</strong>g the drying treatments. In c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>, comm<strong>on</strong> vetch seeds<br />
dried without pod attained maximum germinati<strong>on</strong> when seeds were harvested at or after GY<br />
stage. <strong>Seed</strong> drying within pods detached/ or attached with plants reduced the rate of seed<br />
89
27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
moisture loss, increased seed dry weight, reduced seed dormancy, resulting in improving<br />
seed germinati<strong>on</strong> and speed of germinati<strong>on</strong> when seeds were harvested at early<br />
developmental stages.<br />
128 - ESTIMATION OF TOTAL PHENOLICS IN SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX L.)<br />
EXUDATES AND SEED QUALITY DURING ACCELERATED AGEING<br />
SIMIĆ 1 , A., SREDOJEVIĆ 2 , S., TODOROVIĆ 1 , M., ÐUKANOVIĆ 2 , L., DAMJANOVIĆ 3 , M. &<br />
SPASIĆ, M. 1<br />
1 Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 14-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and<br />
M<strong>on</strong>tenegro (marijat@chem.bg.ac.yu)<br />
2 Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, Slobodana Bajica1, 11080 Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia and<br />
M<strong>on</strong>tenegro (E-mail: kolcar@hotmail.com)<br />
3 Galenika Fitofarmacija a.d., Batajnički drum bb, 11080 Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia and M<strong>on</strong>tenegro (Email:<br />
milandamjanovic@yahoo.com)<br />
Three soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars were tested for resp<strong>on</strong>se of viability to accelerated<br />
ageing. The freshly harvested seeds were high quality (the percentage of germinati<strong>on</strong> were<br />
higher than 95%). Samples aged at 44 ºC and nearly 100% relative humidity (RH) did not<br />
deteriorated within two to three days. After that period percentage of normal seedlings<br />
started to decline whereas percentage of abnormal seedlings started to rice up. The curves of<br />
abnormal seedlings changes attained maximum between 8 th and 9 th days of treatment when<br />
a slow decrease occurred. The amount of total phenolics in seed exudates was estimated by<br />
Prussian blue and Folin Denis methods. Results obtained with both methods were in mutual<br />
agreement although change in phenolic c<strong>on</strong>tents during accelerated ageing were clearer and<br />
absolute numeric values were higher in determinati<strong>on</strong> by Prussian blue assay. The high<br />
correlati<strong>on</strong> was obtained am<strong>on</strong>g the c<strong>on</strong>tent of total phenolics in exudates and percentage of<br />
abnormal seedlings in the course of accelerated ageing. The present studies indicate that<br />
measurement of total phenolics in seed exudates may be suitable for estimati<strong>on</strong> of seed<br />
quality.<br />
129 - EVALUATION OF THE VIABILITY AND VIGOUR OF TOMATO SEEDS BY<br />
TETRAZOLIUM TEST.<br />
SANTOS, MAGALI A.O., MARCOS-FILHO 1 , JULIO & NOVEMBRE 2 , ANA DIONISIA L.C.<br />
USP/ESALQ/LPV, CP 09, 13418-900 - Piracicaba/SP, Brasil.<br />
1 jmarcos@esalq.usp.br<br />
2 adlcnove@esalq.usp.br<br />
Procedures for the tetrazolium test to identify viability and vigour of tomato seeds<br />
(Lycopersic<strong>on</strong> lycopersicum L.) were studied in this research. First, seed viability was<br />
determined <strong>on</strong> four lots from cultivar Bruna. <strong>Seed</strong>s were imbibed between paper for two,<br />
three and four hours at 40°C or 45°C and then bisected l<strong>on</strong>gitudinally leaving seed intact at<br />
distal end. Staining was performed during <strong>on</strong>e, two and three hours in a 0,075% tetrazolium<br />
chloride soluti<strong>on</strong> at 40°C. Tetrazolium seed viability was compared to results of germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
and seedling emergence tests. The tetrazolium test to evaluate seed vigour was performed<br />
using cultivars Debora Max and Acclaim each represented by three lots. Interpretati<strong>on</strong><br />
c<strong>on</strong>sidered three categories (high vigour, low vigour and n<strong>on</strong>-viable seeds); the results were<br />
compared to those of germinati<strong>on</strong>, seedling emergence, accelerated aging and c<strong>on</strong>trolled<br />
deteriorati<strong>on</strong> tests. The best results were obtained with the combinati<strong>on</strong> of three hours<br />
imbibiti<strong>on</strong> at 45°C (seed water c<strong>on</strong>tent from 44,8% to 46,4%) and staining for three hours<br />
at 40°C. The tetrazolium test was c<strong>on</strong>sidered as a c<strong>on</strong>sistent opti<strong>on</strong> for the evaluati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
viability and vigour of tomato seeds.<br />
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130 - EFFECT OF DROUGHT CAUSED STRESS ON THE QUALITY AND YIELD<br />
OF SOYBEAN SEED<br />
TATIĆ, MLADEN, BALEŠEVIĆ-TUBIĆ, SVETLANA, MILADINOVIĆ, JEGOR & ĐORĐEVIĆ, VUK<br />
Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia and<br />
M<strong>on</strong>tenegro<br />
Stress caused by unfavorable envir<strong>on</strong>mental c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s during soybean seed (Glycine max<br />
(L.) Merr.) producti<strong>on</strong> can later influence the quality of the seed. <strong>Seed</strong> germinati<strong>on</strong> and seed<br />
vigor are significant traits of quality of the seed which depend <strong>on</strong> agroecological factors.<br />
Three varieties: Afrodita, Balkan, and Vojvodjanka bel<strong>on</strong>ging to different maturity groups<br />
were used in this study. The seed was produced at Rimski Sancevi (with no irrigati<strong>on</strong>), and<br />
Srbobran (with irrigati<strong>on</strong>). The study was c<strong>on</strong>ducted in three years differing in climatic<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s: favorable year, year with extreme drought and high temperatures, and year close<br />
to drought <strong>on</strong>e. Obtained results showed that stress caused by drought, and high<br />
temperatures significantly decreased quality of soybean seed (energy of germinati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong>, mass of 1000 seeds, and purity). Severe drought during soybean producti<strong>on</strong><br />
exerted greater influence <strong>on</strong> decreasing the yield of soybean than the quality of seed.<br />
Irrigati<strong>on</strong> increased the yield, and the quality of soybean seed, which pointed out the<br />
possibility of using irrigati<strong>on</strong> for lowering the effect of stress caused by l<strong>on</strong>g-term drought.<br />
131 - PHYSIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL EVALUATION IN MELON SEEDS<br />
(CUCUMIS MELO L.)<br />
TORRES, S.B. 1 & MARCOS-FILHO 2 , J.<br />
1 EMPARN, P.O. Box 188, 59020-390, Natal, RN, Brazil (sbtorres.emparn@rn.gov.br)<br />
2 USP/ESALQ, P.O. Box 9, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil (jmarcos@esalq.usp.br)<br />
This research was carried out to study procedures for c<strong>on</strong>trolled deteriorati<strong>on</strong>, accelerated<br />
aging, electrical c<strong>on</strong>ductivity, and potassium leakage tests, to establish their efficiency for<br />
identificati<strong>on</strong> of different levels of vigour in mel<strong>on</strong> seed lots (Cucumis melo L.). The hybrids<br />
“AF-646” and “AF-682” each represented by five seed lots were submitted to tests of<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong>, seedling emergence, and seed moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent determinati<strong>on</strong>. Results<br />
indicated that the c<strong>on</strong>trolled deteriorati<strong>on</strong> and the accelerated aging tests, both traditi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
and saturated salt accelerated aging, provided c<strong>on</strong>sistent identificati<strong>on</strong> according to their<br />
physiological potential, producing results comparable to those of germinati<strong>on</strong> and seedling<br />
emergence tests, thus dem<strong>on</strong>strating their sensitivity for vigour evaluati<strong>on</strong> of mel<strong>on</strong> seeds.<br />
On the other hand, the electrical c<strong>on</strong>ductivity test did not show to be an alternative for<br />
mel<strong>on</strong> seed vigour evaluati<strong>on</strong>, while the potassium leachate test needs further studies to<br />
adjust the methodology, including c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> possible genotype effects.<br />
132 - SEED VIABILITY, VIGOR AND STORAGE POTENTIAL OF GARDEN<br />
CRESS (LEPIDIUM SATIVUM L.).<br />
VERMA, S.S., KUMAR, R., VERMA, P.K. & DAHIYA, B.S.<br />
Department of <strong>Seed</strong> Science & Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar- 125 004; INDIA<br />
The Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.), also known as water cress or chandrasur is a<br />
cruciferous (Rabi), errect herbaceous glabrous annual plant of great medicinal value. The<br />
seeds, beside the propagating material, also useful in curing a number of deadly diseases<br />
like leprosy, scury, dysentry, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, leucorrhoea, asthma, cough, skin<br />
diseases, seminal weakness etc. <strong>Seed</strong>s can also be administered to cause aborti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Therefore, the crop is of immense importance to grow at commercial scale and hence the<br />
present study was undertaken to determine seed viability, vigor and storage potential.<br />
Results predicted high degree of aliveness by the dehydrogen-enzyme activity (viability<br />
test). The standard germinati<strong>on</strong> was tested in Between the paper (BP), Top of the paper<br />
(TP) and Quartz sand (S) and at three different temperatures (20°C, 25°C and 30°C). High<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> per cent was recorded in BP (97.33%) followed by S (89.33%) at 20°C<br />
temperature for seven days. Minimum germinati<strong>on</strong> percent was recorded in TP (87.33%)<br />
method. The seedling vigor index was also found maximum in BP and S substrata,<br />
respectively. Results also showed high germinati<strong>on</strong> in TP (99.33%) method after giving the<br />
substrata treatment of 0.2% KNO 3 . It showed that the treatment of 0.2% KNO 3 enhanced<br />
the vigourness of the seedlings. The stress tolerance capacity of the seed was determined by<br />
placing the seed in accelerated ageing chamber at high temperature (40±1°C) and high<br />
relative humidity (100%). Less germinati<strong>on</strong> was recorded in BP (30.00%) and TP (38.00%)<br />
substarta even after 24 h of accelerated ageing period. The germinati<strong>on</strong> potential of seed<br />
declined drastically and it c<strong>on</strong>firms that the Garden cress seed cannot withstand the adverse<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s like other cruciferous crops, and hence, it is not recommended for l<strong>on</strong>g storage<br />
period.<br />
133 - STUDIES ON VIABILITY AND VIGOR IN FENUGREEK SEEDS STORED<br />
UNDER AMBIENT CONDITIONS<br />
VERMA, SHER SINGH, KUMAR, SANDEEP & KUMAR, RAMESH<br />
Department of <strong>Seed</strong> Science & Technology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University ,<br />
Hisar-125004, Haryana-INDIA, vermas21@hotmail.com<br />
42 seed lots of fenugreek (Trig<strong>on</strong>ella foenum-graecum L.) comprised of three seed lots of 14<br />
genotypes were analyzed for standard germinati<strong>on</strong> (%), seedling length (cm), seedling dry<br />
weight (mg), seedling vigor index-I, accelerated ageing test, tetrazolium test (%),<br />
dehydrogenase activity test, pH exudates test, electrical c<strong>on</strong>ductivity test (µ mhos/cm/seed)<br />
and emergence rate index. Results revealed that the germinati<strong>on</strong> percent of all the 14<br />
genotypes remained above the Minimum <strong>Seed</strong> Certificati<strong>on</strong> Standard (70%) limit in six<br />
m<strong>on</strong>ths and 18 m<strong>on</strong>ths old seeds. Significant decline in germinati<strong>on</strong>, seedling length,<br />
seedling dry weight, seedling vigor index-I, tetrazolium test, dehydrogenase activity test,<br />
accelerated ageing test, pH of seed leachates and emergence rate index was observed as the<br />
age of seeds increased, however this decline was more rapid in 2½ year old seeds stored<br />
under ambient c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. Electrical c<strong>on</strong>ductivity increased significantly with increase in the<br />
age of the seeds. Germinati<strong>on</strong> percent, seedling length, seedling vigor index-I, seedling dry<br />
weight, dehydrogenase activity test, tetrazolium test, accelerated ageing test, pH of seed<br />
leachates were positively and significantly correlated with emergence rate index. Results also<br />
revealed that the germinati<strong>on</strong> percent, seedling dry weight and dehydrogenase activity tests<br />
were found reliable predictors of emergence rate index. So, these parameters can be used as<br />
reliable predictors of field performance.<br />
134 - SEED MATURITY AND HETEROCARPY ON SEED QUALITY IN ZINNIA<br />
VIJAYAN, R., NATESAN, P. & MURUGESAN, P.<br />
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, <strong>Seed</strong> Science and Technology Laboratory, Laley Road, Coimbatore-<br />
641003, India, gesan70@rediffmail.com<br />
Zinnia elegans L. is mostly grown in the c<strong>on</strong>trolled c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> in major part of the world. In<br />
India, it is possible to grow commercially in the field c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>. But seeds show slow and<br />
protracted germinati<strong>on</strong>. Hence, stages of full maturity, heterocarpy of achene (size, shape<br />
and colour) were investigated to know the correct harvest time and germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
improvement, respectively. Results indicated that the physiological maturity occurred 40<br />
days after anthesis. <strong>Seed</strong>s retained in British Sieve Size (BSS) 6 x 6 was found to give<br />
superior seed quality characters. BSS 8 x 8 was found optimum with maximum seed<br />
recovery and satisfactory seed quality. Achenes of Z. elegans can be separated into four<br />
categories as obl<strong>on</strong>g light brown, obl<strong>on</strong>g dark brown, linear dark brown and linear light<br />
brown based <strong>on</strong> pericarp colour and shape. Significant seed quality differences are observed<br />
am<strong>on</strong>g above categories.<br />
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135 - COMPARISON OF THREE METHODS OF MOISTURE CONTENT<br />
ADJUSTMENT: THEIR IMPACT ON GERMINATION AND VIGOUR TESTING<br />
WAGNER, M. HELENE, PREVEAUX, ANNE, BEAULATON, MATTHIEU & DUCOURNAU, SYLVIE.<br />
GEVES-SNES, rue Georges Morel, B.P. 24, 49 071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France<br />
marie-helene.wagner@geves.fr<br />
The three methods for raising a required moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent (MC) recommanded by the <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Vigour <str<strong>on</strong>g>Handbook</str<strong>on</strong>g> were compared at 3 MC levels and <strong>on</strong> 4 species : bean, pea, soyabean and<br />
rapeseed.<br />
These methods differ in the speed of hydrati<strong>on</strong> for seeds : the quickest <strong>on</strong>e (few minuts) is<br />
the water added (WA) method using a micropipette to add water missing in the seeds to<br />
reach the required MC, followed by the filter paper (FP) method (few hours) where seeds are<br />
imbibed <strong>on</strong> a moist paper till they reach the required MC. The last <strong>on</strong>e is the high relative<br />
humidity (HRH) method which is the most equilibrate method for seeds but c<strong>on</strong>suming time<br />
(few days or weeks). It c<strong>on</strong>sists in placing seeds in an incubator with high relative humidity<br />
and low temperature till they reach the required MC. The 3 methods were firstly compared in<br />
their accuracy to give the required MC: the FP method gave the best results for any moisture<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tent level. When required MC increased, the accuracy of the three methods decreased<br />
especially for HRH method.<br />
Then, methods of adjustment were compared up<strong>on</strong> the results they provided <strong>on</strong> different<br />
quality tests: germinati<strong>on</strong>, c<strong>on</strong>ductivity and c<strong>on</strong>trolled deteriorati<strong>on</strong> (accelerated ageing for<br />
soyabean) tests. Germinati<strong>on</strong> test was independant from the MC adjustment method for any<br />
specie, except for some bean seed lots. The three methods were equivalent <strong>on</strong> pea seeds for<br />
any quality testing. For the other species, WA was the most penalizing method and affected<br />
vigour results.<br />
136 - CONDUCTIVITY TEST ON DIFFERENT SPECIES AMONG THE MOST<br />
IMPORTANT CROPS IN FRENCH AGRICULTURE.<br />
WAGNER, M. HELENE, PREVEAUX, ANNE, MOIZAN, ELISE & DUCOURNAU, SYLVIE<br />
GEVES-SNES, rue Georges Morel, B.P. 24, 49 071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France<br />
marie-helene.wagner@geves.fr<br />
Bulk c<strong>on</strong>ductivity test <strong>on</strong> garden pea was introduced in <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> Rules in January 2002. To get a<br />
larger useful test, we try to extend it to other species am<strong>on</strong>g the most cultivated in the<br />
French producti<strong>on</strong>: wheat, maize, rapeseed, sunflower, and lucerne. Five species were<br />
chosen because of their different storage tissues: oil crops, starchy <strong>on</strong>es and legume and<br />
because they represent different kind of botanical seeds: akene, caryopsis and single seed.<br />
Five samples were used by specie and analysed with a c<strong>on</strong>ductivity meter fitted with a dip<br />
cell having a cell c<strong>on</strong>stant 1 cm -1 . The temperature of the c<strong>on</strong>ductivity test was fixed at 20°C<br />
like for pea but the other parameters of the test were adjusted to the size of samples and to<br />
the kind of seed storage tissues.<br />
Finally, three methodologies can be suggested for rapeseed, wheat and maize, which are<br />
accurate and repeatable and which can classify seed lots more tightly than germinati<strong>on</strong> test.<br />
They should now be validated with comparative tests between different laboratories and with<br />
field emergence results.<br />
Some work is still to be d<strong>on</strong>e <strong>on</strong> sunflower because of the electrolytes leakage from the<br />
pericarp more or less important bel<strong>on</strong>g to the variety. For lucerne seeds, so much variability<br />
is met with hardseededness and to solve this problem, recovery and weighing of hard seeds<br />
is not enough.<br />
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137 - AN ACCURATE GERMINATION TEST FOR FIELD EMERGENCE<br />
PREDICTION OF SOYBEAN SEED<br />
WONGVARODOM, V. SANTIPRACHA, W. & SANTIPRACHA, Q.<br />
Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of S<strong>on</strong>gkla University, Hat Yai,<br />
S<strong>on</strong>gkhla 90110, Thailand, w<strong>on</strong>gvarodom@yahoo.com<br />
An accurate germinati<strong>on</strong> test was studied to evaluate the field emergence of soybean seed.<br />
Seven varieties of soybean namely CM. 2, CM. 60, NS. 1, RM. 1, SJ. 4, SJ. 5, and ST. 2<br />
seed of various qualities were used. They were subjected to tests of standard germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
and field emergence. An accurate germinati<strong>on</strong> test was d<strong>on</strong>e under room c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s by<br />
planting the seed in 1,000 g of soil in plastic baskets size 19x26x6 cm at 1 cm depth and<br />
watering at 70% of plant available water every 2 days. The germinati<strong>on</strong> evaluati<strong>on</strong>s were<br />
d<strong>on</strong>e at 3 days. Three soil types: sandy loam, silt loam, and clay were used in the test.<br />
Germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage, speed of germinati<strong>on</strong>, seedling growth rate as shoot length and<br />
shoot dry weight were measured. The accurate germinati<strong>on</strong> test had a high correlati<strong>on</strong><br />
(r=0.914-0.976) with field emergence of all varieties of all soybean seed qualities in the<br />
three soil types.<br />
138 - FDA ANALYSIS OF KENYAN AND UK ORCHID SPECIES<br />
WOOD 1 , CHRISTOPHER B., MUGAMBI 2 , GEORGE K. & PRITCHARD 1 , HUGH W.<br />
1 <strong>Seed</strong> C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> Department, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex,<br />
RH17 6TN, UK. Email: c.wood@rbgkew.org.uk<br />
2 Nati<strong>on</strong>al Museums of Kenya, East African Herbarium, P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi, Kenya<br />
The vital stain fluorescein diacetate (FDA) was used to assess the viability of a range of<br />
orchid species. For 10 UK orchid species, in vitro asymbiotic germinati<strong>on</strong> was compared with<br />
FDA viability assessments. In total, 23 seed lots were tested, and dem<strong>on</strong>strated a linear<br />
relati<strong>on</strong>ship between germinati<strong>on</strong> and FDA viability, with a slope close to unity. In additi<strong>on</strong>,<br />
the pattern of seed viability loss during artificial ageing at 60°C was m<strong>on</strong>itored in <strong>on</strong>e<br />
species, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, and found to be similar, though not statistically identical, when<br />
measured by germinati<strong>on</strong> and FDA staining. The test was also used to assess the viability of<br />
an additi<strong>on</strong>al 26 UK species and nine Kenyan species. In c<strong>on</strong>trast to the UK species, FDA<br />
substantially under-estimated the viability of Kenyan species tested, due to problems with<br />
stain permeability and embryo pigmentati<strong>on</strong>. Thus, whilst the FDA test can provide a<br />
dependable and accurate measurement of viability in UK orchids, further work is needed<br />
before it can be adopted for seed viability testing throughout the Orchidaceae.<br />
139 - EVALUATION OF COTTON SEEDLING VIGOUR IN OSMOTIC STRESS<br />
ZANGI, M.R.<br />
Board of scientific, Cott<strong>on</strong> Research Institute of IRAN, mrzangi@yahoo.com<br />
Envir<strong>on</strong>mental stress decreased crop producti<strong>on</strong> about 71 percent. Drought stress is the<br />
most limitati<strong>on</strong> factor for agriculture producti<strong>on</strong> in the arid and semiarid regi<strong>on</strong>s. For this<br />
reas<strong>on</strong>, investigati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> various aspects of drought <strong>on</strong> species and drought resistance<br />
improvement are much important.<br />
This study was c<strong>on</strong>ducted to evaluate 12 cott<strong>on</strong> genotypes resistance to osmotic stress.<br />
Osmotic treatments were 0, -2, -4, -6, -8 bar. The experiment design was c<strong>on</strong>ducted as a<br />
factorial experiments in completely randomized design . The first level was osmotic stress<br />
and the sec<strong>on</strong>d levels were 12 genotypes. Variables were seedling dry mater, seedling fresh<br />
weight, normal seedling number, radicle and hypocotyl length and germinati<strong>on</strong> rate. An<br />
increase in osmotic stress up to –8 bar caused a increasing in the germinati<strong>on</strong> rate. -8 bar of<br />
osmotic stress had the highest germinati<strong>on</strong> rate and normal seedling number. Genotypes<br />
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had different level of seedling vigour in osmotic stress. Sahel genotype had the highest<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> rate.<br />
140 - STUDY OF IRANIAN LANDRACE OF COTTON GENOTYPES RES<str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g>NCE<br />
TO SALINITY IN GERMINATION STAGE<br />
ZANGI, M.R.<br />
Board of scientific, Cott<strong>on</strong> Research Institute of IRAN, mrzangi@yahoo.com<br />
About 40 percentage of 220000 ha of cott<strong>on</strong> farms challenge germinati<strong>on</strong> in Iran. Yield<br />
decreased 20-30 percent in salinity soil. Improvement of saline soil has a lot of cost and<br />
time. The most approach is crop breeding for salt resistance. This study was c<strong>on</strong>ducted to<br />
evaluate 12 cott<strong>on</strong> genotypes resistance to salinity in the germinati<strong>on</strong> stage. Salinity<br />
treatments were 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ds/m).<br />
The experiment design was c<strong>on</strong>ducted as a factorial experiments in completely randomized<br />
design. The first level was salinity stress and the sec<strong>on</strong>d levels were 12 genotypes. Variables<br />
were seedling dry mater, seedling fresh weight, normal seedling number, radicle and<br />
hypocotyl length and germinati<strong>on</strong> rate. An increase in salinity up to 20 ds/m caused a<br />
reducti<strong>on</strong> in the seedling fresh weight, radicle length, hypocotyl length and germinati<strong>on</strong> rate,<br />
but to increase seedling dry matter. Genotypes had different level of resistance to salinity<br />
stress. Garmsar landrace genotype had the highest seedling dry matter and radicle length<br />
and hypocotyl length. Varzaneh Jozagh landrace genotype had the highest germinati<strong>on</strong> rate.<br />
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4. <strong>Seed</strong> Systems in Emerging and Developing Ec<strong>on</strong>omics<br />
Topics: Development and status of seed systems; seed quality management; evaluati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
seed quality; role of informal and formal seed sector<br />
141 - PROBIT MODELLING OF SEED PHYSIOLOGICAL DETERIORATION IN<br />
HUMID TROPICAL SEED STORES<br />
DANIEL, I. O.<br />
Department of Plant Breeding & <strong>Seed</strong> Technology, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta,<br />
Nigeria, daniel@unaab.edu.ng, drdayodaniel@yahoo.com<br />
In a preliminary trial to model seed deteriorati<strong>on</strong> in tropical seed warehouses, two survival<br />
data sets of maize and soybean seeds stored under the prevailing ambient room c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s<br />
of the humid tropics were subjected to PROBIT analysis. The analysis of individual seed<br />
survival data for all seed lots showed n<strong>on</strong>-significant χ 2 (p>0.05), suggesting that seed<br />
deteriorati<strong>on</strong> under the humid tropical seed stores will follow the normal distributi<strong>on</strong> pattern<br />
as earlier described by the Ellis and Roberts (1980) seed viability model. Estimates of seed<br />
l<strong>on</strong>gevity parameters like the slope of the seed survival model were negative showing that<br />
seeds were systematically deteriorating over the three m<strong>on</strong>ths storage period. The tolerance<br />
distributi<strong>on</strong> of the year-2001 data estimated from the probit procedure gave µ of 114.7 days<br />
and σ of 92.1 days for maize seeds, µ of 43.8 days and σ of 60.8 days for soybean seeds<br />
respectively, the µ representing time to 50% seed viability loss while σ representing time to<br />
lose 1% seed viability under storage. The results showed significant differences in seed<br />
deteriorati<strong>on</strong> rates and ultimate l<strong>on</strong>gevity between the two different species. Initial seed<br />
quality before storage also resulted in differences in rates of seed deteriorati<strong>on</strong>, high initial<br />
seed quality positively influenced seed deteriorati<strong>on</strong> and ultimate l<strong>on</strong>gevity in storage. Model<br />
parameters for predicting seed l<strong>on</strong>gevity under tropical seed warehouse c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s were<br />
estimated for seed lots with initial germinati<strong>on</strong> within those of the seed lots used in the trial.<br />
142 - SEED PRODUCTION AND ANDRO-STERILITY IN NORMAL AND<br />
QUALITY PROTEIN MAIZE (QPM) IN MEXICO<br />
ESPINOSA-CALDERÓN 1 , ALEJANDRO, TADEO-ROBLEDO 2 , MARGARITA, GÓMEZ-MONTIEL 3 ,<br />
NOEL, SIERRA-MACÍAS 3 , MAURO, REYES M. 3 , CESAR, CABALLERO H. 3 , F., PALAFOX C. 3 , A.,<br />
BETANZOS M 3 ., E. & COUTIÑO E 3 ., B.<br />
1 <strong>Seed</strong> Producti<strong>on</strong> Program, Nati<strong>on</strong>al Research Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock (INIFAP,<br />
Mexico). espinoale@yahoo.com.mx<br />
2 Nati<strong>on</strong>al Aut<strong>on</strong>omous University of Mexico (UNAM, Mexico). yadeorobledo@yahoo.com<br />
3 Maize Program, Nati<strong>on</strong>al Research Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock (INIFAP), Mexico.<br />
Mexico has the potential to produce some 270,000 hectares with quality protein maize. Since<br />
1998, a significant number of researchers from the Nati<strong>on</strong>al Research Institute of Forestry,<br />
Agriculture and Livestock (INIFAP), have been working with CIMMYT researchers to obtain<br />
some QPM varieties and hybrids. As a result of this effort, some high-yielding materials with<br />
good agr<strong>on</strong>omic characteristics have been developed. But it has proven to be much more<br />
difficult to c<strong>on</strong>vince farmers to use the seed of the new materials. In 1999, INIFAP released<br />
26 hybrids and varieties, but <strong>on</strong>ly a few of these are used. One important problem is that the<br />
Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Producing Company (PRONASE) is bankrupt. One possibility to increase the<br />
seed adopti<strong>on</strong> rate of QPM hybrids is to use andro-sterility. INIFAP researchers have been<br />
working for many years with the progenitors of the hybrids of normal quality. Three new<br />
hybrids with the andro-sterile scheme have been released recently, and mixes (H-48 AE, H-<br />
50 AE, H-153 AE). The new andro-sterile versi<strong>on</strong> of those hybrids has better yield (15%)<br />
again the initial versi<strong>on</strong>. It is necessary to have the complete andro-sterile scheme. Work is<br />
currently under way to achieve the complete andro-sterile scheme, as well as to identify and<br />
develop inbred lines that have the fertility restoring capacity. In the case of QPM hybrids,<br />
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work started in 1999, by introducing andro-sterility to the basic lines, and by trying to<br />
identify restoring lines. Progress has been achieved, and now the program has sec<strong>on</strong>d and<br />
third inbreds towards achieving quality protein in elite lines. Restoring lines have also been<br />
identified, and these are used as restoring d<strong>on</strong>ors to the QPM lines.<br />
143 - A CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEFINITION OF BATCH SIZE – CONTROL<br />
UNITS AND MINIMUM AVERAGE SAMPLE FOR ANALYSIS OF THE SEEDS OF<br />
SOME FOREST TREE SPECIES IN CROATIA<br />
GRADEČKI, M. & POŠTENJAK, K.<br />
In Croatia forest seed husbandry has a l<strong>on</strong>g traditi<strong>on</strong> which is interwoven in written<br />
documents and legislati<strong>on</strong> and c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s inherited – raised pine cultures severalcenturies<br />
old. The area of Croatia is extremely diverse, and although it <strong>on</strong>ly covers 0,59 % of the area<br />
of Europe, 4 500 ( 36,93 %) of the plant species in Europe (totalling 12184) can be found<br />
here. However, today we are witnessing the drastic c<strong>on</strong>sequences of disrupti<strong>on</strong> of forest<br />
ecosystems, which can be seen in forest seed husbandry, by the increasing need for greater<br />
amounts of seeds which are necessary for supplementing natural reforestati<strong>on</strong>. In order to<br />
satisfy as far as possible the demand for seeds and at the same time to protect the disrupted<br />
forest ecosystemis rati<strong>on</strong>al managment of seeds is necessary, during which it is particularly<br />
important to preserve the biodiversity of paricular species.<br />
The law in Croatia differentiates selected seed and normal seed from acknowledged seed<br />
stands. Acknowledged seed stands are phenotypically the best parts of the forest for certain<br />
species which are separted within a certain seed unit in order to satisfy the need for seed of<br />
certain species in the area of a particular seed unit. In Croatia there are three districts with<br />
79 ecological – management types, which are a good guideline for definiti<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> of seed units<br />
and c<strong>on</strong>sequently their area (the average area ranges from 250 to 69,250 ha). The size of<br />
the area of acknowledged seed stands in particular seed units depends <strong>on</strong> several<br />
parameters, am<strong>on</strong>g which the following are important: mixsture ratio (according to the<br />
number of trees) of seed species, relati<strong>on</strong> of normal and acual number of trees by ha,<br />
average age of stands, average degree of crown defoliati<strong>on</strong>, periodic full seed crop, and<br />
success of natural reforestati<strong>on</strong> (average optimal area in a certain seed unit ranges from<br />
0,003 % to 20.0 % of the area of the seed unit, i. e. 5 to 210 ha, and the average annual<br />
producti<strong>on</strong> of forest seed in a certain seed unit ranges from 13,75 kg for Spruce to 10 086 kg<br />
for Peduncled Oak).<br />
The batch of forest seed should be gathered from the area of <strong>on</strong>e seed unit, i. e. there may<br />
be more, but <strong>on</strong> the whole it should be a guarantee of protecti<strong>on</strong> of the biodiversity and<br />
preservati<strong>on</strong> of the particular ecotype of individual tree species. Croatian legislati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
standars in forest seed husbandry, with regard to batches and minimal samples, differ<br />
significantly from <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> standards. This difference is c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ed by several specific<br />
parameters which have determined these differences (differences are from 0 to 2 000 %)<br />
and which functi<strong>on</strong> as protecti<strong>on</strong> of the biodiversity of a certain species and rati<strong>on</strong>al use of<br />
seed.<br />
144 - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO GERMINATION TESTING BASED ON<br />
BAYES THEOREM<br />
JACKISCH, W.<br />
Sächsische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft, Waldheimer Str. 219, DE 01683 Nossen, Germany,<br />
Win.Jackisch@t-<strong>on</strong>line.de<br />
Bayesian methods have gained increasing popularity in different fields as an alternative to<br />
classical statistical methods in the last few decades. In this paper the hypothesis is tested<br />
whether Bayesian estimati<strong>on</strong> methods could be used to reduce the sample size in the<br />
traditi<strong>on</strong>al 400-seed germinati<strong>on</strong> test. The basic idea for this approach is the incorporati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
M<strong>on</strong>te Carlo estimates into a reduced seed germinati<strong>on</strong> test. In a simulated germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
study with 10.000 runs an identical frequency distributi<strong>on</strong> of the germinati<strong>on</strong> results from<br />
each replicati<strong>on</strong> was observed. By using Bayes theorem the probability distributi<strong>on</strong> for larger<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
sample sizes could be calculated from <strong>on</strong>e or two replicati<strong>on</strong> distributi<strong>on</strong>s. In the case of<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> assessment, when prior probabilities are unknown, the prior could be estimated<br />
from an initial sample. In the studies an initial sample size of 2 x 100 tested seeds has been<br />
chosen. The germinati<strong>on</strong> results of the initial samples were augmented by two binomial<br />
generated M<strong>on</strong>te Carlo estimates as substitute for the missing values of the traditi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
sample size. All results of the alternative procedure indicated a smaller distributi<strong>on</strong> than the<br />
expected germinati<strong>on</strong> distributi<strong>on</strong> of the standard method. Data sets from commercial seed<br />
lots have been used to check the findings. This proposed alternative procedure for<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> assessment c<strong>on</strong>firmed identical results in both the simulati<strong>on</strong> study and the<br />
collected data sets of commercial seed lots. All observed distributi<strong>on</strong>s are computable by the<br />
Bayes theorem. The posterior distributi<strong>on</strong>s from the reduced 200-seed germinati<strong>on</strong> test<br />
augmented by two generated M<strong>on</strong>te Carlo estimates showed deviati<strong>on</strong>s similar to 800-seed<br />
tests caused by the c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>al probability of the initial sampling. Thus, the alternative<br />
approach seems to have a great potential for the required point estimati<strong>on</strong> in germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
testing.<br />
145 - EESNET – AN EASTERN EUROPEAN BRIDGE TO THE GLOBAL SEED<br />
SECTOR<br />
KŘEHLÍK, LUDĚK<br />
CMSSA - Czech <strong>Seed</strong> Trade Associati<strong>on</strong>, Antala Staska 30, 140 02 Praha 4, Czech Republic<br />
ph<strong>on</strong>e +420 222 135 295, fax +420 222 135 294, ofice@cmssa.cz<br />
Disintegrati<strong>on</strong> in the regi<strong>on</strong> of central and Eastern Europe has been a notable feature not<br />
avoiding the seed sector. Regardless the direct ec<strong>on</strong>omical needs of the countries, the Czech<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> Trade Associati<strong>on</strong> (CMSSA) developed an effort to assist the countries of the regi<strong>on</strong> in<br />
collecti<strong>on</strong> of the informati<strong>on</strong> from the global seed sector development and development of<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tacts with the rest of the world.<br />
That effort resulted in establishment of the Eastern European <strong>Seed</strong> Network (EESNET) in<br />
2000. EESNET has been recognised by all internati<strong>on</strong>al seed organisati<strong>on</strong>s as a useful tool to<br />
share the informati<strong>on</strong> in the regi<strong>on</strong> and they participate via their supreme representatives<br />
each year in the Annual Meetings organised by EESNET. Those meetings are attended well by<br />
people from private sector as well as governmental instituti<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
EESNET is now a group of 9 countries and after 4 of them will join EU in 2004, it will<br />
probably c<strong>on</strong>tinue its activity in a more extended framework, depending <strong>on</strong> a decisi<strong>on</strong> of the<br />
countries those will be active within the group. The priority of the future EESNET missi<strong>on</strong><br />
should be to extend the collaborati<strong>on</strong> with the internati<strong>on</strong>al seed organisati<strong>on</strong>s, especially in<br />
European level, in order to establish the trustful envir<strong>on</strong>ment in the regi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
146 - PROPOSAL FOR THE REHABILITATION OF THE SOUTH SEED<br />
LABORATORY BY WESTERN OR EUROPEAN (NORTH) SEED LABORATORY<br />
“IN CASE SENASEM SEED LABORATORY IN BUKAVU SOUTH – KIVU<br />
PROVINCE IN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO”.<br />
MAZAMBI BYAKOMBE, JONATHAN<br />
SENASEM’s Provincial Coordinator and their Technicians<br />
(no summary)<br />
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147 - SEED TESTING OF UNSHELLED SEED LOTS OF GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS<br />
HYPOGEA L.)<br />
MITI, FRANCISCO<br />
SCCI, Box 350199, Chilanga, ZAMBIA. Fax. 260-1-278170, E-mail: franciscomiti@hotmail.com<br />
Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L) is <strong>on</strong>e of the major food and cash crops for small-scale<br />
farmers in Zambia. However, increased producti<strong>on</strong> of the crop is hindered by lack of good<br />
seeds. Certified seed are less comm<strong>on</strong> for the crop due to high seed loses.<br />
The internati<strong>on</strong>al rules for seed testing of the Internati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> <strong>Testing</strong> Associati<strong>on</strong> (<str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g>)<br />
provides that a shelled groundnut seed lot is tested and therefore marketing is d<strong>on</strong>e <strong>on</strong><br />
shelled seed lot. Shelled seed lots experience a lot of seed damage and lose viability quickly<br />
thereby discouraging seed business. Such difficulties are delaying the growth of the<br />
groundnut industry as introducti<strong>on</strong> of better seeds from other areas is frustrated by huge<br />
loses incurred in the transportati<strong>on</strong>. In the tropics, high temperatures too accelerate the<br />
deteriorati<strong>on</strong> of the groundnut seed viability particularly when shelled.<br />
This paper proposes an alternative procedure for the testing of unshelled groundnut seed lot.<br />
The unshelled groundnut seed lot is sampled and purity analysis d<strong>on</strong>e <strong>on</strong> the unshelled<br />
sample. The pure seed fracti<strong>on</strong> of the sample is then shelled and the shelling percentage<br />
determined. The shelled nuts become a working sample for the germinati<strong>on</strong> test following<br />
the current <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> rules. The tested unshelled seed lot can thus be certified for sale under<br />
respective nati<strong>on</strong>al regulati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
148 - THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COTTAGE SEED INDUSTRY IN ZAMBIA<br />
MITI, FRANCISCO<br />
SCCI, Box 350199, Chilanga, ZAMBIA. Fax. 260-1-278170, E-mail: franciscomiti@hotmail.com<br />
The majority of Zambia’s farming community is small-scale and is locate in rural areas where<br />
seed availability is poor due to poor infrastructure. They also lack cash to buy seed and<br />
depend <strong>on</strong> local and unimproved seed which yields poorly. To promote agricultural<br />
producti<strong>on</strong> the government of Zambia and its cooperating partners initiated the development<br />
of the cottage (rural) seed industry in about mid 1990s for a sustainable seed delivery<br />
system in rural areas.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> quality c<strong>on</strong>trol has been decentralized and the private sector participates in it by way of<br />
licensing while the <strong>Seed</strong> C<strong>on</strong>trol and Certificati<strong>on</strong> Institute (SCCI) m<strong>on</strong>itors the licensing<br />
scheme. Licensees inspect and sample seed lots that are tested mainly by satellite<br />
laboratories that have since been established.<br />
Foundati<strong>on</strong> seeds are obtained from public research while the government extensi<strong>on</strong> service<br />
guides farmers in seed producti<strong>on</strong>. In all provinces, smallholder seed growers multiply and<br />
market improved seeds within their communities. During the 2000/2001 seas<strong>on</strong>, seed<br />
enough for about 10% smallholder farmers was produced by smallholder seed growers. The<br />
seeds are packaged in factory labelled plastic bags and are mainly sold to the local faming<br />
community. Some seeds change hands by the barter system. <strong>Seed</strong> provisi<strong>on</strong> has become a<br />
major source of income for seed growers. Other regular activities include seed promoti<strong>on</strong>s,<br />
training, awareness <strong>on</strong> gender and HIV/AIDS.<br />
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149 - EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL DAMAGES IN SOYBEAN SEEDS BY<br />
IMAGE ANALYSIS 1<br />
OBANDO FLOR 2 , EBERT PEPE, CICERO 3 , SILVIO MOURE, DE BARROS FRANÇA NETO 4 , JOSÉ<br />
& KRZYZANOWSKI 4 , FRANCISCO CARLOS<br />
1 Part of the thesis presented for the first author for attainmment of the heading of Doctor in Agr<strong>on</strong>omy<br />
2 Eng. Agr., PhD; Departament of <strong>Seed</strong>s – Nati<strong>on</strong>al Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA-Lima - Perú)<br />
eobando@inia.gob.pe<br />
3 Eng. Agr., PhD; Departament of Crop Science, ESALQ/USP, CP 09, 13418-900 Piracicaba-SP-Brazil<br />
4 Eng. Agr., PhD., EMBRAPA- (CNPSo). CP 1061, CEP 86001 L<strong>on</strong>drina, PR -Brazil<br />
The present work had the objective of developing a n<strong>on</strong>-c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al method for<br />
determinati<strong>on</strong> of mechanical damage in soybean seeds, and also to verify its relati<strong>on</strong> to the<br />
physiological quality, using the technique of image analysis. Unlike to the traditi<strong>on</strong>al tests,<br />
this technique provides the analysis of seeds without destroying them, and together with<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> test, it can be observed that the damages detected in the image analysis is<br />
really important because of their influence in the germinative process. The research was<br />
carried out with three cultivars of soybean (FT-2, FT-10 and IAC-2), possessing different<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tents of lignin in the seed coat (different behaviors to the resistance for mechanical<br />
damages). The mechanical damages had been caused by means of the pendulum test in six<br />
different regi<strong>on</strong>s of the seeds. The image analysis identified external and internal mechanical<br />
damages was made by means of image analysis and by means of tetazolium test.The image<br />
analysis identified external and internal mechanical damages in soybean seeds, and also,<br />
was efficient to detect weathering and stink-bug damages. The image analysis presented a<br />
good correlati<strong>on</strong> will the tetrazolium test when it was c<strong>on</strong>sidered the evaluati<strong>on</strong> of the<br />
mechanical damage and the viability of the seeds.<br />
150 - EVOLUTION OF SEED QUALITY IN WHEAT AND CORN SOWN IN<br />
PAMPA REGION OF ARGENTINA, DURING THE AGRICULTURAL PERIOD<br />
1993-2002 .<br />
*PERETTI, A., CINALLI,C., BERRUET, H. & BARIFFI, H.<br />
Unidad Integrada Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias-Estación Experimental Agropecuaria INTA Balcarce<br />
C.C. 276. (7620) Balcarce. Argentina, sembalc@balcarce.inta.gov.ar, tel-fax : 0054 2266 439141<br />
Argentina is the fifth world producer of wheat and corn, the fourth world exporter of wheat<br />
and the sec<strong>on</strong>d of corn. The surface sown with wheat is 6.000.000 ha and 3.000.000 ha with<br />
maize.<br />
The southeast of Buenos Aires province, in the pampas regi<strong>on</strong>, c<strong>on</strong>tributes with 30% to<br />
wheat nati<strong>on</strong>al producti<strong>on</strong> (14.000.000 t<strong>on</strong>s), and 5% to maize (15.000.000 t<strong>on</strong>s) The <strong>Seed</strong><br />
Analysis Laboratory of Unidad Integrada Balcarce receives samples from an area of 4 milli<strong>on</strong><br />
hectares, and seed quality diagnosis reflects the trend of seed market. In this study the<br />
evoluti<strong>on</strong> of wheat and maize seed quality sown in this area during the period 1993 – 2002<br />
was estimated. The samples were processed by standard germinati<strong>on</strong>, accelerated ageing,<br />
cold test (<str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g>), and by methanol at 20%.<br />
The samples of wheat evaluated, mainly Triticum aestivum L.,were 2355. Mean standard<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> of each crop seas<strong>on</strong> ranged from 86% in 1995 to 93% in 1999 and 2001 .The<br />
maximum of samples below the official level of tolerance (germinati<strong>on</strong> 85%) was registered<br />
in 2002 (26%), the minimum (4%) in 1999. Only 20% of sown wheat were certified<br />
seeds.Samples of Zea mays L. were 1684. The highest annual mean germinati<strong>on</strong> reached<br />
97% in 1998 and 2001, the lowest 88% in 1993.The percentage of samples below the<br />
tolerance (90%) ranged from 35% to 3%. Vigour tests showed the increasing quality of<br />
seed, with high vigour in more than half of the samples analyzed. Certified seeds were sown<br />
in almost 100% of sowing surface.<br />
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151 - Maize seed producti<strong>on</strong> at the Agricultural Engineering Department of<br />
the Nati<strong>on</strong>al Aut<strong>on</strong>omous University of Mexico (UNAM)<br />
TADEO-ROBLEDO 1 , MARGARITA, ESPINOSA-CALDERÓN 2 , ALEJANDRO, MARTÍNEZ-<br />
MENDOZA 1 , RAFAEL & PIÑA DEL VALLE 3 , ANGEL<br />
1 Nati<strong>on</strong>al Aut<strong>on</strong>omous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico, tadeorobledo@yahoo.com<br />
2 <strong>Seed</strong> producti<strong>on</strong> Program, Nati<strong>on</strong>al Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research (INIFAP,<br />
Mexico) espinoale@yahoo.com.mx,<br />
3 Ceres de Mexico, <strong>Seed</strong> Producti<strong>on</strong> Company.<br />
Since 1984, the Agricultural Engineering Department of the Cuautitlan Superior Studies<br />
Institute – Nati<strong>on</strong>al Aut<strong>on</strong>omous University of Mexico (UNAM), with the support of CIMMYT<br />
and other instituti<strong>on</strong>s, has developed a str<strong>on</strong>g maize plant breeding, seed producti<strong>on</strong> and<br />
seed technology program, oriented towards the development of highland (2200-2600 masl)<br />
and transiti<strong>on</strong> (1800-2200 masl) envir<strong>on</strong>ments. For these envir<strong>on</strong>ments, nine materials were<br />
released in the period 1995-2003, with high yielding and other good agr<strong>on</strong>omic<br />
characteristics. Initially, the materials were reproduced by the Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Producti<strong>on</strong><br />
Company (PRONASE); however, this scheme failed as PRONASE underwent several<br />
restructuring phases and is currently bankrupt and in the process disappearing. Under these<br />
circumstances, a new scheme for seed producti<strong>on</strong> is needed, and <strong>on</strong>e alternative is smallscale,<br />
private seed companies and seed producers’ associati<strong>on</strong>s. With the assistance of<br />
students from the <strong>Seed</strong> Producti<strong>on</strong> and Technology class, and from those doing social<br />
service, field study, or thesis prior to graduati<strong>on</strong>, new inbred lines and the best combinati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
of three-way hybrids and OPVs are being evaluated. The main objective is to obtain good<br />
maize materials as favorable alternatives for highland and transiti<strong>on</strong> z<strong>on</strong>es in México, and to<br />
help increase the use of improved seed in these envir<strong>on</strong>ments, currently at very low levels of<br />
6% y 37% respectively. In both regi<strong>on</strong>s, UNAM materials compete favorably with materials<br />
from private seed companies, and we expect that when more and better materials are<br />
available, improved seed can be put in farmers’ hands at fair prices and quality seed.<br />
152 - CHARACTERIZATION OF RAPESEED, MUSTARD AND TARAMIRA<br />
CULTIVARS USING MATURE PLANT CHARACTERS<br />
YADAV 1 , SHIV KUMAR, YADAV 2 , T.P. & RAM 3 , C.<br />
1 Divisi<strong>on</strong> of seed science and Technology, IARI, New Delhi-110012, India<br />
2 Oil <strong>Seed</strong> Secti<strong>on</strong>, Department of Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar – 125004,<br />
India<br />
3 Department of <strong>Seed</strong> Science and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar – 125004,<br />
India<br />
Eighteen mustard (Raya) i.e. Brassica juncea (L), four rapeseed (toria) i.e. Brassica<br />
campestris (L). and <strong>on</strong>e cultivar each of Brassica campestris var. Yellow Sars<strong>on</strong>, Brassica<br />
campestris var. Brown Sars<strong>on</strong>, Brassica napus (L). and Eruca sativa (L). (Taramira) were<br />
studied for 14 various quantitative and qualitative characters for two years. Mature plant<br />
characters like growth habit, mature leaf shape, mature leaf color, intensity of mature leaf<br />
color, stem pubescence, mature plant height, number of primary branches, number of<br />
sec<strong>on</strong>dary branches, main shoot length, morphotype uniformity and basal side shoot<br />
development were used to classify the varieties, which provided a sound classificati<strong>on</strong><br />
system as these characters exhibit distinct varietal patterns. The mature leaf color,<br />
morphotype uniformity and plant height were the plant characters that showed c<strong>on</strong>tinuous<br />
differences during both the seas<strong>on</strong>s. Hence, all the other characters studied were found<br />
useful for the purpose of cultivar identificati<strong>on</strong>. A list of key characters useful in variety<br />
identificati<strong>on</strong> was also prepared. It was possible to distinguish all the cultivars individually<br />
using the seed key.<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
5. <strong>Seed</strong> Lot Hygiene<br />
Topics: weed c<strong>on</strong>taminati<strong>on</strong>; seed-borne pathogens, pests; endophytes, phytosanitary<br />
standards<br />
153 - BIO-DETERIORATION OF FENNEL (FOENICULUM VULGARE MILL.)<br />
SEEDS DUE TO SEED BORNE FUNGI<br />
AGRAWAL, MUKTA & SAXENA, SHUBHRA<br />
Department of Home Science, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302 004, India<br />
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is an important seed spice grown in India. Rajasthan is <strong>on</strong>e<br />
of the leading States in its producti<strong>on</strong>. It is comm<strong>on</strong>ly used as mouth freshener, flavourant<br />
and has rich medicinal properties. To study the biodeteriorati<strong>on</strong> of fennel seeds due to microorganisms,<br />
122 seed samples were collected from the various Agro-climatic z<strong>on</strong>es of<br />
Rajasthan State. Dry seed examinati<strong>on</strong> revealed besides the asymptomatic seeds, the<br />
presence of moderately and heavily discoloured seeds affecting the seed quality adversely. A<br />
total of 92 fungal species of 39 genera were recorded in seed samples with varied incidence<br />
in moistened blotter test. Species of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Curvularia,<br />
Fusarium, Phoma and Trichothecium were dominant.<br />
Biochemical studies of seed samples of fennel naturally infected with species of Alternaria,<br />
Aspergillus, Cercospora, Curvularia, Drechslera, Fusarium, Phoma and Trichothecium<br />
individually or in various combinati<strong>on</strong>s caused a significant change in total carbohydrate,<br />
protein, lipids, fibre, phenol and volatile oil c<strong>on</strong>tents of seeds as compared to the healthy<br />
seeds.<br />
154 - EFFECT OF SEED- BORNE INFECTION OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM<br />
SCHLECHT. EX FR. ON SEED QUALITY OF FENNEL SEED AND ITS<br />
MANAGEMENT<br />
AGRAWAL, KAILASH & DWIVEDI, MANISHA<br />
Botany Research Lab., P.G. Department of Botany, Agrawal P.G. College, Jaipur 302 003, IN- INDIA<br />
mkashn@hotmail.com<br />
A study of 127 seed samples of fennel bel<strong>on</strong>ging to 21 districts of Rajasthan State, India<br />
revealed F. oxysporum in 58 samples from 16 districts with 1-51% incidence. Histopathology<br />
of naturally infected seeds revealed the pathogen localized to carpophore, pericarp and seed<br />
coat <strong>on</strong>ly in asymptomatic seeds whereas in carpophore, pericarp, seed coat, endosperm in<br />
moderately and heavily discoloured seeds and in embryo also in heavily discoloured seeds.<br />
The mycelium was inter-as well as intracellular .The pathogen caused pre-and post<br />
emergence losses and produced seedling symptoms. In general , a significant decrease<br />
(P
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
155 - COMBINED EFFECTS OF SEED TREATMENT WITH CARBOXIN-THIRAM<br />
AND INSECTICIDE ON GERMINATION AND SEEDLING DAMPING -OFF<br />
DISEASE IN COTTON<br />
AZADDISFANI, F. & NARAGHI, L.<br />
Board of scientific, Cott<strong>on</strong> research Institute of IRAN, F_azaddisfani@yahoo.com<br />
The cott<strong>on</strong> is <strong>on</strong>e of the most important crop plants. Different c<strong>on</strong>trol methods are<br />
recommended for Pathogens and pests (especially Trips) in seedling stage. Comm<strong>on</strong>ly the<br />
most c<strong>on</strong>trol method is seed Treatment with fungicide and insecticide combined applicati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
On regarding to reports about unfavorable effects <strong>on</strong> seed germinati<strong>on</strong>, it is needed that<br />
these effects are studied <strong>on</strong> Sahel seed Treatment with Carboxin –Thiram (comm<strong>on</strong> fungicide<br />
in Iran) and insecticides (Larvin and Gaucho) in laboratory and greenhouse with infected soil<br />
(field soil) and sterile soil.<br />
These experiments were c<strong>on</strong>ducted indivisual and factorial. The first factor was dose levels<br />
(maximum, medium, minimum and without Carboxin-Thiram,) and sec<strong>on</strong>d factor was<br />
insecticides (Without insecticide, Gaucho and Larvin). Experiments were c<strong>on</strong>ducted in<br />
complete randomized design in laboratory and greenhouse. Studied characters were<br />
included of germinati<strong>on</strong> rate I laboratory, main root length, number of lateral root, height,<br />
dry weight, root dry weight (after 40 days), seedling damping-off, emergences rate (after 12<br />
days) in greenhouse. Laboratory study results indicated that germinati<strong>on</strong> rate was n<strong>on</strong><br />
significant. In sterile soil, all of traits were significant (except seedling damping -off).<br />
Applicati<strong>on</strong> of medium dose wit gaucho increased total number of lateral root. On the other<br />
hand, larvin without fungicide reduced this character. In infected soil , main root length,<br />
seedling damping-off and emergences rate were significant. Applicati<strong>on</strong> of minimum dose<br />
(Carboxin-Thiram) without insecticide c<strong>on</strong>trolled seedling damping-off disease. This<br />
treatment had the most of emergences rate. So applicati<strong>on</strong> of minimum dose was caused<br />
inciting and increase of emergences rate.<br />
156 - GREENHOUSE AND FIELD EVALUATION OF SEED TREATMENT<br />
CHEMICAL IN RELATION TO ROOT CHARACTERS IN COTTON<br />
AZADDISFANI, F. & NARAGHI, L.<br />
Board of scientific, Cott<strong>on</strong> research Institute of IRAN, F_azaddisfani@yahoo.com<br />
In this research, influence Sahel seed treatment with Baytan and insecticides is studied <strong>on</strong><br />
root parameters that included of main root length, lateral root number and lateral root length<br />
in first, sec<strong>on</strong>d, third and forth secti<strong>on</strong> of main root, root dry weight in field (Gorgan) and<br />
greenhouse. Greenhouse experiments were included of infected soil (field soil) and sterile<br />
soil. These experiment were c<strong>on</strong>ducted individual and factorial. The first factor was dose<br />
levels of (maximum, medium, minimum and without Carbendazim) and sec<strong>on</strong>d factor was<br />
insecticides (Larvin, Gaucho and without insecticide). Experiment was c<strong>on</strong>ducted in complete<br />
randomized design in greenhouse but experiment was c<strong>on</strong>ducted in randomized complete<br />
block design in field.<br />
Field results were showed that lateral root number, lateral root length in first, sec<strong>on</strong>d and<br />
forth root secti<strong>on</strong> were significant. Applicati<strong>on</strong> maximum dose of Baytan without insecticides<br />
caused increase of lateral root number (14.45) and medium dose combined with Gaucho was<br />
caused reduce of lateral root number.<br />
In greenhouse with infected soil, characters such as main root length , lateral root length in<br />
first and forth root secti<strong>on</strong> were significant. Applicati<strong>on</strong> Gaucho without Baytan had the most<br />
of main root length (6.25 cm) and applicati<strong>on</strong> medium dose of Baytan without insecticide had<br />
the least of main root length. In sterile soil, seed treatment with Baytan and insecticides<br />
was caused difference except lateral root length in sec<strong>on</strong>d root secti<strong>on</strong>. Applicati<strong>on</strong> medium<br />
dose of Baytan with Larvin increased lateral root number. Gaucho treatment without Baytan<br />
had the most of root dry weight and Larvin treatment with minimum had the least of root dry<br />
weight.<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
157 - INFLUENCE OF CARBENDAZIM AND INSECTICIDE ON ROOT<br />
PARAMETERS OF COTTON SEEDLING<br />
AZADDISFANI, F.<br />
Board of scientific, Cott<strong>on</strong> research Institute of IRAN, F_azaddisfani@yahoo.com<br />
Stand establishment of cott<strong>on</strong> seedlings is <strong>on</strong>e of the most critical stages in cott<strong>on</strong><br />
producti<strong>on</strong>. Regarding to reports about unfavorable effects of seed treatment with fungicides<br />
and insecticides combined applicati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> seed germinati<strong>on</strong>, in this survey effect of Sahel<br />
seed treatment with Carbendazim and insecticides were studied <strong>on</strong> main root length, lateral<br />
root number and lateral root length in first , sec<strong>on</strong>d, third and forth secti<strong>on</strong> of main root,<br />
root dry weight in field (Gorgan) and Greenhouse. Greenhouse experiments were included of<br />
infected soil (field soil) and sterile soil. These experiment were c<strong>on</strong>ducted individual and<br />
factorial. The first factor was dose levels of (maximum, medium, minimum and without<br />
Carbendazim) and sec<strong>on</strong>d factor was insecticides (Larvin, Gaucho and without insecticide).<br />
Experiment were c<strong>on</strong>ducted in complete randomized design in greenhouse but experiments<br />
were c<strong>on</strong>ducted in randomized complete block design in field.<br />
Results were indicated in field that combined applicati<strong>on</strong> different doses of Carbendazim and<br />
insecticide were caused changes <strong>on</strong> lateral root number, lateral root length in first and<br />
sec<strong>on</strong>d secti<strong>on</strong>. Applicati<strong>on</strong> of maximum dose with Gaucho had the most of lateral root<br />
number and maximum dose of Carbendazim treatment with Larvin had the least of lateral<br />
root number. In infected soil (greenhouse), all of the characters were significant except<br />
lateral root number, lateral root length in root third secti<strong>on</strong> and root weight. However in<br />
sterile soil, every characters were significant. C<strong>on</strong>trol treatment had the most of lateral root<br />
number and the least of weight root, actually this treatment had weak roots, <strong>on</strong> the other<br />
hands maximum dose of Carbendazim (without insecticide) had the least of weight root. So<br />
all of the treatments were caused decreasing of lateral root number except Gaucho<br />
treatment.<br />
158 - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEEDLING VIGOUR AND DAMPING-OFF<br />
DISEASE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF COTTON<br />
AZADDISFANI, F. & ZANGI, M.R.<br />
Board of scientific, Cott<strong>on</strong> research Institute of IRAN, F_azaddisfani@yahoo.com<br />
<strong>Seed</strong>ling diseases cause a decreasing yield and are usually the major disease problems in<br />
cott<strong>on</strong> producti<strong>on</strong> in the world. Several soil-borne fungicide are resp<strong>on</strong>sible; however,<br />
cultural and envir<strong>on</strong>mental factors that delay seed germinati<strong>on</strong> seedling growth make the<br />
problem more severe. Since that causal agent of the disease is a soil borne fungus,<br />
therefore, chemical c<strong>on</strong>trol is not always effective. In additi<strong>on</strong> to this, wide spread use of<br />
chemicals results in polluti<strong>on</strong> of the envir<strong>on</strong>ment and appearance of resistant races of the<br />
pathogen, need for the search of alternative methods to c<strong>on</strong>trol this disease is clearly<br />
obvious. Genotypes of Damping-off resistance could be promising alternative method.<br />
In this study the possibility of use of seed-seedling vigour was investigated for selecti<strong>on</strong><br />
damping-off resistance. genotypes were 4 different species cott<strong>on</strong>. Genotypes were<br />
Barbadence 5539, Siokra324, Sahel, Arboreum, Oltan, Giza, T-14, red leaf okra, Arya and<br />
Gokrova. Studied variables were germinati<strong>on</strong> rate, normal seedling number, radicle and<br />
hypocotyl length, radicle and hypocotyl fresh weight, radicle and hypocotyl dry weight, and<br />
damping- off of 10, 20, 30 days. Damping off was calculated to minus laboratory<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> and field emergences. Phenotypic correlati<strong>on</strong> between all of traits and dampingoff<br />
made significant correlati<strong>on</strong> (excepted to radicle fresh weight and radicle dry weight).<br />
Genotypic correlati<strong>on</strong> between all of traits and damping-off made significant correlati<strong>on</strong><br />
(excepted to radicle dry weight). The genotypic correlati<strong>on</strong> between hypocotyl dry weight<br />
and damping-off (after 10 days) was significant (r=-0.87, p>0.01) and between germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
rate and damping-off (after 10 days) was significant (r=0.85, p>0.01). Genotypic variati<strong>on</strong><br />
of normal seedling number was 78, and genotypic variati<strong>on</strong> of 10, 20, 30 days damping-off<br />
were 213, 224 and 187.<br />
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Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
159 - RESIDUE EFFECT OF SEED TREATMENT WITH CARBOXIN-THIRAM IN<br />
RELATION TO SOME SEED-SEEDLING PARAMETERS IN COTTON<br />
AZADDISFANI, F. & ZANGI, M.R.<br />
Board of scientific, Cott<strong>on</strong> research Institute of IRAN, F_azaddisfani@yahoo.com<br />
<strong>Seed</strong>ling damping-off disease is important cott<strong>on</strong> disease in the world. Comm<strong>on</strong>ly, seed<br />
treatment (especially Carboxin-Thiram) c<strong>on</strong>trol disease. Because unused seed treated,<br />
unfavorable effects of seed treatment with Carboxin-Thiram are important.<br />
In this research, Sahel cultivar seed was treated with Carboxin-Thiram. After 120 days,<br />
different characters were studied. Traits were first germinati<strong>on</strong> count, sec<strong>on</strong>d germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
count, third germinati<strong>on</strong> count, germinati<strong>on</strong> rate, normal seedling number, hypocotyl length,<br />
radicle length, dry and fresh weight of radicle and hypocotyl in laboratory.<br />
Results showed that CarboxinThiram decreased first germinati<strong>on</strong>, sec<strong>on</strong>d germinati<strong>on</strong>, third<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong>, normal seedling number, germinati<strong>on</strong> rate, hypocotyl length.<br />
160 - STUDY OF SAFFLOWER SEED MYCOFLORA IN IRAN<br />
BAHADORANI, H. & RHIAHI, H.<br />
Mycology Lab, Department of Biology, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin,Tehran, IRAN<br />
hbahadorani@yahoo.de<br />
Fungal species associated with seed of 20 varieties of safllower seeds (Carthamus tinctorius)<br />
from different part of IRAN were studied. For Isolati<strong>on</strong> of fungi, different methods such as<br />
Agar plate , Blotter and Freezing methods were used. For each test four hundred seeds of<br />
each varieties were tested using four replicati<strong>on</strong>.In total, 411 fungal strain were isolated<br />
from seed coats and emberyo .The number of fungal genera and species was 17 and 34<br />
respectively. The maximum associati<strong>on</strong> was recorded for Alternaria carthami Chowdhury<br />
(35.4%), A. alternata Keissler(12%), Acrom<strong>on</strong>ium strictum W.Gams (1.25%), Aspergillus<br />
niger Van tiegham (11%), A. fumigatus fresen (4%), Fusarium moliniforme J.sheld (3.75%),<br />
Penicillium chrysogenum Thom (7.3%) and Ulocladium atrum Preuss (4%). In additi<strong>on</strong>,<br />
species such as Acrom<strong>on</strong>ium strictum W.Gams, Chaetomium globosum kunze, Cladosporium<br />
herbarum preuss, C.macrocarpum preuss, C. spaerospermum Penz, Mucor racemosus<br />
Fresen, Stemphylium botrysum Wallr, Ulocaldium botrytis preuss and U.charactarum<br />
(preuss) Simm<strong>on</strong>s were reported from safflower seed for the first time.Am<strong>on</strong>g the all<br />
varieties, maximum and minimum incidence of fungi were observed in Mahali Esfehan<br />
(10.43%) and Arac 295 (1.27%) respectively. This study attempt was made to identify<br />
mycoflora of safflower to provide informati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> seed health program.<br />
161 - SEED-BORNE FUNGUS IN A TRITICUM SEED COLLECTION OF A<br />
GERMPLASM BANK<br />
BLANCO 1 , R., DE LA CUADRA 2 , C., BIELZA 3 , P. & TELLO 1 , J.C.<br />
1 Departamento de Producción Vegetal, ETSI Agrónomos, Universidad de Almería. La Cañada de San<br />
Urbano s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain<br />
2 Centro de Recursos Fitogenéticos, INIA. Apartado 1045, 28800 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain<br />
3 Departamento de Producción Agraria. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería. Agr<strong>on</strong>ómica. Universidad<br />
Politécnica de Cartagena. Paseo Alf<strong>on</strong>so XIII, s/n 30203 Cartagena<br />
The Centro de Recursos Fitogenéticos is dedicated to the c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> of plant genetic resources<br />
for food and agriculture, it is the documentati<strong>on</strong> Center and manage de seed base bank of the<br />
nati<strong>on</strong>al network in this subject and posses large active collecti<strong>on</strong>s of cereals and legumes.<br />
The Triticum aestivum genetic resources collecti<strong>on</strong> in the genebank of CRF is formed by 1759<br />
accessi<strong>on</strong>s with a high percentage of Spanish landraces. The multiplicati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
characterizati<strong>on</strong> are well d<strong>on</strong>e and the seeds have not presented any problem after a period<br />
of c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> (desiccated and cold stored) of ten years.<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
It is very important to have in account the seeds health of the collecti<strong>on</strong>, as recommended<br />
by FAO/IPGRI, for good c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> practices and to avoid pathogens extensi<strong>on</strong> through<br />
germplasm exchange. But in the last year a new reas<strong>on</strong> reinforce this importance, because it<br />
seems that fungus exudati<strong>on</strong>s present in the flour for food can affect human health.<br />
For all these reas<strong>on</strong>s was established a cooperati<strong>on</strong> between the curator of CRF and the<br />
pathologists of the Plant Producti<strong>on</strong> Department at Almeria University with this subject:<br />
Screening of the accessi<strong>on</strong>s from the point of view of its sanitary state: detecti<strong>on</strong> of seed<br />
borne pathogens fungi specially dangerous for Spanish crop, i.e. Fusarium, and evaluati<strong>on</strong><br />
of fungus exudati<strong>on</strong> as a sources of human problems through the flour for food.<br />
290 accessi<strong>on</strong>s of Triticum aestivum and 420 of Triticum turgidum Spanish landraces were<br />
analyzed to detect presence of seed-borne pathogen fungi. One hundred seeds (ten Petri<br />
dishes with ten seeds each) were incubated under agar plate test methodology, using PDA<br />
substrate (and also KOMADA for Fusarium species) during 2-6 days at 17-23ºC. Fungi<br />
identificati<strong>on</strong> under microscope.<br />
As we can observe the fungi species that have a significant presence in this Triticum genetic<br />
resources collecti<strong>on</strong> are: Alternaria and Fusarium m<strong>on</strong>iliforme in T. aestivum and Alternaria,<br />
Cladosporimu, Fusarium m<strong>on</strong>iliforme and Penicillium in T. turgidum.<br />
These fungi species have been selected to compared the number of infected seeds with the<br />
percentage of germinati<strong>on</strong>, hundred seed weight, origin and multiplicati<strong>on</strong> year of the<br />
accessi<strong>on</strong>s, in order to look for a correlati<strong>on</strong> between them. The data will be subjected to<br />
analysis of variance and correlati<strong>on</strong> coefficient.<br />
162 - ERADICATION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SEED-BORNE DRECHSLERA<br />
TERES ON BARLEY<br />
CARMONA 1 , M.A., BARRETO 1,2 , D.E., MOSCHINI 3 , R. & REIS 4 , E.M.<br />
1 Fitopatología. Facultad de Agr<strong>on</strong>omía. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Av. San Martín 4453 (1417),<br />
Capital Federal, Argentina, macarm<strong>on</strong>a@si<strong>on</strong>.com)<br />
1 y 2 IMYZA, INTA, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina<br />
3 Instituto de Clima y Agua , INTA, CC Nº 25 (1712) Castelar, Argentina.<br />
4 Fitopatología. Faculdade de Agr<strong>on</strong>omía e Medicina Veterinaria Universidade de Passo Fundo. C. P. 566,<br />
99001-970, Passo Fundo R. S. Brasil.<br />
Net blotch, caused by Drechslera teres (Sacc.) Shoem., is an important disease of barley in<br />
Argentina. <strong>Seed</strong> is an efficient mean for both short and l<strong>on</strong>g distance disseminati<strong>on</strong>. To<br />
prevent the introducti<strong>on</strong> of the pathogen into the field, seed treatment has been<br />
recommended. However, the efficiency of fungicides is about 50 to 70%. More adequate<br />
fungicides need to be tested. The objectives of this research were to evaluate fungicides for<br />
eradicating D. teres in the seed and to study disease epidemiology in naturally infected and<br />
eradicated seeds. In vitro, three fungicides were evaluated: iminoctadine, guazatine and<br />
thiram + iprodi<strong>on</strong>e at 150, 200, 250 and 300 g or ml /100 kg of seed. <strong>Seed</strong>s of Q. Pampa<br />
with 68.75% of D. teres incidence was used in the tests. The epidemiology study, under field<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s, including two plots of 80 m 2 , separated by 20 m. One plot was sown with<br />
eradicated seed (iprodi<strong>on</strong>e + thiram, 300 g / 100 kg) and the sec<strong>on</strong>d plot was the untreated<br />
check. Crop growth and disease observati<strong>on</strong>s were recorded at 7 days intervals. The<br />
incidence of diseased plumules and leaves, severity, airborne spores, yield comp<strong>on</strong>ents and<br />
seed re-infecti<strong>on</strong>, were assessed. In vitro test indicated that the three fungicides eliminated<br />
D. teres at the dosage of 300 g or ml. Under field c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s, the eradicati<strong>on</strong> was not<br />
obtained, but the disease was significantly less severe in the treated plot and the disease<br />
severity and did not reach the alarm threshold for foliar chemical c<strong>on</strong>trol.<br />
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Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
163 - HARVEST AND STORAGE OF THE COMMON AND HARD WHEAT SEEDS<br />
HEALTHINESS.<br />
CARNEIRO 1 , . L.M.T.A., BIAGI 2 , J.D., FREITAS 3 , J.G., CARNEIRO 4 , M.C. & BOLPETTI 5 , A.N.<br />
1 UNICAMP, Campinas State University, Brazil, lualves@agr.unicamp.br<br />
2 UNICAMP, biagi@agr.unicamp.br<br />
3 Campinas Agr<strong>on</strong>omy Institute, Brazil<br />
4,5 UNICAMP<br />
The c<strong>on</strong>taminati<strong>on</strong> with molds during the storage, is a factor that, interacting with<br />
temperature and humidity, may increase the deteriorati<strong>on</strong> of stored seeds. The objective of<br />
the work was to evaluate the influence of the time of harvest and the storage in the seed<br />
healthiness of comm<strong>on</strong> and hard wheat. The experiments were installed with 2 genotypes of<br />
comm<strong>on</strong> wheat (Triticum aestivum L), IAC-24, harvested with 30.0, 21.2 and 12.2% of<br />
moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent and IAC-289, harvested with 35.0, 23.4 and 12.5% of moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent; e<br />
1 genotype of hard wheat (Triticum durum L.) IAC-1003, harvested with 31.6, 22.2 and<br />
11.7% of moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent. The seeds of 1st and 2sd harvest were dried at 40, 60 and 80°C<br />
until they reached 13.0% of moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent. Dried seeds were then stored in polyethylene<br />
packets for a period of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 m<strong>on</strong>ths at 20±2°C, and the seed healthiness were<br />
evaluated using the blotter test at IAC’s Plant Pathology Laboratory and the water activity<br />
was determined during the storage. With the early harvest, it had a reducti<strong>on</strong> of the<br />
incidence of some molds of field, as Alternaria alternata, Bipolaris sorokiniane and Fusarium<br />
spp, and a higher incidence of molds storage, mainly the Penicillium spp. The seeds<br />
harvested with higher moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent showed a higher water activity.<br />
164 - POTENTIALITY OF THE WATER RESTRICTION TECHNIQUE IN HEALTH<br />
TESTING AND IN STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION OF BIPOLARIS<br />
SOROKINIANA AND WHEAT SEEDS<br />
CELANO, M.M 1 ; MACHADO, J.C 1 .; JACCOUD FILHO, D.S 2 & GUIMARÃES, R.M 1<br />
1 Universidade Federal de Lavras,MG, Brazil, CEP 37200-000, machado@ufla.br<br />
2 Universidade Estadual de P<strong>on</strong>ta Grossa, PR, CEP 84010-330<br />
Results of previous investigati<strong>on</strong> indicated that water restricti<strong>on</strong> of blotter substrate<br />
produced by mannitol and NaCl at potential of -0.8 to -1.1 MPa proved to be efficient to<br />
reduce seed germinati<strong>on</strong> of wheat seeds during incubati<strong>on</strong> period of 7 days without affecting<br />
fungal development. From a comparis<strong>on</strong> between both freezing and water restricti<strong>on</strong><br />
techniques by examining sixty seed samples it was shown that mean incidence of Bipolaris<br />
sorokiniana was similar in both cases and incidence of Pyricularia grisea, Aspergillus<br />
ochraceus, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Epicoccum purpuracens was higher in water<br />
restricti<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>. Mean incidence of Fusarium graminearum and Drechslera tritici repentis<br />
was lower at higher osmotic potential of the blotter substrate. In the study <strong>on</strong> the interacti<strong>on</strong><br />
of Bipolaris sorokiniana and wheat seeds, the use of water restricti<strong>on</strong> technique was of<br />
extreme help in grouping seeds with different inoculum potential of that fungus. From the<br />
sowing of those different groups of seeds it was possible to evaluate the effects of that<br />
fungus <strong>on</strong> the performance of the seeds by means of germinati<strong>on</strong> and vigour tests and<br />
measurement of plant size and weight. <strong>Seed</strong>s with higher inoculum potential of B.sorokiniana<br />
presented the lowest values of all variables c<strong>on</strong>sidered in the evaluati<strong>on</strong> of this trial.<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
165 - PLANTS WITH PROSPECTS TO BE USED IN AGRICULTURAL CROPS<br />
PROTECTION AGAINST DISEASES<br />
CHAKAEVA 1 , A.SH., KOTOVA 2 , V.V. & CHERMENSKAYA 2 , T.D.<br />
1 Kyrgyz Research Institute for Livestock, Veterinary and Pastures, anara@hotbox.ru<br />
2 All-Russian Institute of Plant Protecti<strong>on</strong>, modus_agendi@aport2000.ru)<br />
Search for new biologically active compounds of plant origin is a promising directi<strong>on</strong> of the<br />
development of ecologically safe means of plant protecti<strong>on</strong> from a complex of hazardous<br />
organisms. The study and applicati<strong>on</strong> of biologically active plant substances in<br />
phytopathogen c<strong>on</strong>trol take <strong>on</strong> special significance nowadays, what is c<strong>on</strong>nected with the<br />
ecological importance of plant protecti<strong>on</strong> and the tasks of envir<strong>on</strong>mental protecti<strong>on</strong>. But<br />
many aspects of this problem remain insufficiently studied. We have carried out the search<br />
and study of new active compounds of plant origin having fungicide and growth-stimulating<br />
activity. Over the period of 2002-2003, we have carried out the screening of more than 50<br />
plant extracts and estimated the effect that the biologically active substances c<strong>on</strong>tained in<br />
them had <strong>on</strong> phytopathogenic fungi.<br />
The laboratory screening of showed that some preparati<strong>on</strong>s of this range displayed good<br />
results in restricting phytopathogenic fungi col<strong>on</strong>ies growth <strong>on</strong> nutrient mediums,<br />
suppressing their spore genesis, changing the col<strong>on</strong>ies texture and colour. Plants of the<br />
family Ranunculaceae (Ak<strong>on</strong>it so<strong>on</strong>garicum Stapf. and Ad<strong>on</strong>is parviflora Fisch.) deserve<br />
special attenti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
The interest to these plants is rooted in ancient times. For example, the Greek name was<br />
given to ac<strong>on</strong>ite by Dioscorides, “ak<strong>on</strong>it<strong>on</strong>” meaning “pois<strong>on</strong>”, that is the plant of which a<br />
pois<strong>on</strong>ous substance was obtained to kill beasts of prey. Later it was found out that this<br />
plant c<strong>on</strong>tained the alkaloid ac<strong>on</strong>itine and its derivatives (Gorelova, 1986).<br />
It is also known about the applicati<strong>on</strong> of ac<strong>on</strong>ite in plant protecti<strong>on</strong>. According to V.F.<br />
Kovtunenko e.a. (1972), the extract of ac<strong>on</strong>ite leaves was successfully used to c<strong>on</strong>trol the<br />
tick Tetranychys urticae Koch, the green apple louse, the raspberry weevil and some leafeating<br />
insects. It has also been determined that the extracts have fungicidal effect <strong>on</strong> the<br />
powdery mildew of apple-trees and other crops.<br />
According to literature data (Poshkurlat, 2000; Komissarenko e.a., 1975) ad<strong>on</strong>is c<strong>on</strong>tains a<br />
number of biologically active substances bel<strong>on</strong>ging to different polyphenol compound<br />
(flav<strong>on</strong>oids, glycosides, coumarins, etc.), as well as water-soluble polysacharides, including<br />
ad<strong>on</strong>itoxin. All these substances can act as biogenic elicitors – substances that can induce<br />
defense reacti<strong>on</strong>s in plants and increase their resistance to diseases (Tyuterev, 2002).<br />
In the series of our experiments in vitro 1% soluti<strong>on</strong>s of ethanolic extracts of these plants<br />
can inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungi: Fusarium oxysporum (alfalfa isolate),<br />
Verticillium albo-atrum (alfalfa isolate), Fusarium nivale, F. solani (isolates of fodder plants)<br />
and Colletotrichum lupini when they are cultivated <strong>on</strong> nutrient mediums. So, when the<br />
ac<strong>on</strong>ite extract was introduced in the nutrient medium (KDA), the col<strong>on</strong>y diameter of the<br />
fungi decreased after 9 days of their cultivati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> nutrient mediums as follows: V. alboatrum<br />
- 3 times, C. lupini – 3 times, F. oxysporum и F. nivale. 2 times in comparis<strong>on</strong> with<br />
the c<strong>on</strong>trol variant (Fig. 1). The ac<strong>on</strong>ite extract suppressed the spore genesis of the fungus<br />
V. albo-atrum и C. gloeosporioides sharply. The productivity of spore formati<strong>on</strong> (the number<br />
of the fungus c<strong>on</strong>idia) <strong>on</strong> the nutrient mediums treated with the ac<strong>on</strong>ite extract reduced 9<br />
times in V. albo-atrum and 5 times in C. lupini in comparis<strong>on</strong> with the c<strong>on</strong>trol test.<br />
The microscopic analysis revealed different morphological changes, anomalies in the<br />
character of fungi mycelium growth, the development of mainly substrate weakly branching<br />
mycelium, its vacuolizati<strong>on</strong>; in some hyphas the aggregati<strong>on</strong> of the cytoplasm and the<br />
destructi<strong>on</strong> of hyphas was observed. The data show the high fungicide activity of ac<strong>on</strong>ite<br />
extracts.<br />
Some regularities of phytopathogenic fungi inhibiting in vitro were also established when<br />
ad<strong>on</strong>is was used. It was recorded that the growth of the fungus strains tested was reduced<br />
by 8-30%.<br />
In vegetati<strong>on</strong> experiments against a severe infecti<strong>on</strong> background with the introducti<strong>on</strong> of the<br />
infectious material of F. oxysporum (10 g per kg of soil) and sowing alfalfa seeds treated<br />
with 1% soluti<strong>on</strong> of the ethanolic extract of ad<strong>on</strong>is (the seeds had been soaked for 15<br />
minutes) a protective effect and an increase in the resistance to fusarial root rot was<br />
determined. The infecti<strong>on</strong> of sprouts and shoots by F. oxysporum and, c<strong>on</strong>sequently, the<br />
108
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
destructi<strong>on</strong> of plants in the variants with treated seeds declined from 55% (in the c<strong>on</strong>trol<br />
variant) to 12.5 % (Fig. 2). The high stimulating effect of the ad<strong>on</strong>is extract was established<br />
also after the treatment of sainfoin and spring wheat seeds. Thus, an increase in the<br />
laboratory germinati<strong>on</strong> capacity of sainfoin from 60 to 80 % was recorded, the sprouts mass<br />
grew 1.8 – 2 times; the seed germinati<strong>on</strong> energy of spring wheat rose by 30%.<br />
In field c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s, the treatment of roses, apple-trees and potatoes with the extracts of<br />
ad<strong>on</strong>is and ac<strong>on</strong>ite performed twice (in June and July), under the c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s of the<br />
epiphytous disease development, promoted the reducti<strong>on</strong> of the development of hazardous<br />
diseases <strong>on</strong> these crops. The data presented <strong>on</strong> the diagrams (Figures 3 and 4) evidence the<br />
high protective effect of the preparati<strong>on</strong>s against Sphaerotheca pannosa Fr. Zev. Var. Rosae<br />
Wor<strong>on</strong>. and Venturia inaequalis (CKe) Wint. The biological effectiveness of the ad<strong>on</strong>is extract<br />
was 60% against Sphaerotheca pannosa Fr. Zev. Var. Rosae Wor<strong>on</strong>., and 61% against<br />
Venturia inaequalis (CKe) Wint. The biological effectiveness of the ac<strong>on</strong>ite extract was 85.6%<br />
against Sphaerotheca pannosa Fr. Zev. Var. Rosae Wor<strong>on</strong>. and 71.7% against Venturia<br />
inaequalis (CKe) Wint. The effectiveness of the extracts in the c<strong>on</strong>trol of potato phytophthora<br />
rot was insignificant and did not exceed 37.5%. So, Ad<strong>on</strong>is and ac<strong>on</strong>ite may be regarded as<br />
promising plants to be used in the development of ecologically clean means of protecting<br />
plants from diseases.<br />
Bibliography<br />
1. A.P. Gorelova. Introducti<strong>on</strong> of ac<strong>on</strong>ites in the subarctic z<strong>on</strong>e.- The Academy of Sciences of<br />
the USSR, the Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden, Apatity, 1986.- p. 111-116.<br />
2. V.F. Kovtunenko, T.D. Budarina, T.I. Plekhanova, D.A. Muravyova. On the incecticide and<br />
fungicide properties of Ac<strong>on</strong>itum. In: Plant Protecti<strong>on</strong> from Pests and Diseases. Moscow, the<br />
GBG of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1972. – p. 148-150.<br />
3. N.F. Komissarenko, V.Ya. Yatsuk. The chemical compounds of the overground part of<br />
Ad<strong>on</strong>is – Rastitelnye Resursy, 1975.- Vol. 11.- Issue 4.- p. 515-517.<br />
4. A.P. Poshkurlat. The genus Ad<strong>on</strong>is L.- Moscow: Nauka –<br />
Interperiodika, 200, 1982.- p. 171-193.<br />
166 - NATIVE TREE SEEDBORNE FUNGI FROM THE BRAZILIAN ATLANTIC<br />
FOREST.<br />
DOS SANTOS, A.F., DE S. MEDEIROS, A.C. & DE SOUSA, V.<br />
Embrapa Florestas – Nati<strong>on</strong>al Forest Research Center of EMBRAPA, Cx. P. 319, 83411-000, Colombo, PR<br />
– BRAZIL, alvaro@cnpf.embrapa.br<br />
The purpose of the present work was to investigate and identify fungi <strong>on</strong> seeds of five native<br />
trees. Two methods (standard blotter and agar plate test) were used to evaluate the<br />
incidence of fungi <strong>on</strong> seeds. Twenty three fungi genera were identified: Aspergillus sp.,<br />
Penicillium sp, Pestalotia sp., Helminthosporium sp., Trichoderma sp., Chaetomium sp.,<br />
M<strong>on</strong>ilia sp., Alternaria sp., Ulocladium sp., associated with “pau-cigarra” (Senna multijuga,<br />
Leguminosae-Fabaceae) seeds; Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Pestalotia sp., Penicillium sp.,<br />
Aspergillus sp., Trichoderma sp., Chaetomium sp.,Nigrospora sp., Geotrichum sp. and Mucor<br />
sp. associated with “aroeira-vermelha” (Schinus terebinthifolius, Anacardiaceae) seeds;<br />
Fusarium sp., Phomopsis sp., Colletotrichum sp., Cladosporium sp., Alternaria sp.,<br />
Aspergillus sp., Pestalotia sp., M<strong>on</strong>ilia sp.,Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp. and Geotrichum sp<br />
associated with “angico” (Piptadenia paniculata, Leguminosae-Fabaceae) seeds; Fusarium<br />
sp., Cladosporium sp., Alternaria sp., Septoria sp., Botryodiplodia sp. and Colletotrichum sp.<br />
associated with “vacum” (Allophylus edulis, Sapindaceae) seeds; and Phomopsis sp., Phoma<br />
sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Curvularia sp., Per<strong>on</strong>ospora sp., Pestalotia sp.,<br />
Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Trichoderma sp., Rhizopus sp., Chaetomium sp., Ascochyta<br />
sp. and Stilbum sp. associated with “cedro” (Cedrela fissilis Vell., Meliaceae). It was<br />
c<strong>on</strong>cluded that the best management is need in order to reduce seed c<strong>on</strong>taminati<strong>on</strong> of these<br />
native species.<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
167 - CONTROL OF SOYBEAN SEED-BORNE PATHOGENS BY FOLIAR<br />
FUNGICIDE APPLICATIONS IN ARGENTINA<br />
GALLY, M. 1 , CARMONA, M. 1 , GRIJALBA, P. 1 , BARRETO, D. 1Y2 , SUGIA, V. 1 & ARRUABARRENA,<br />
N. 1<br />
1 Facultad de Agr<strong>on</strong>omía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. mgally@agro.uba.ar<br />
2 IMYZA, INTA, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina<br />
Pampeana Central Regi<strong>on</strong> is the main important soybean (Glycine max) producing area of<br />
Argentina. Combinati<strong>on</strong> of no tillage and soybean m<strong>on</strong>oculture has caused great increment of<br />
damages caused by diseases last years. The prevalent late seas<strong>on</strong> diseases of soybean in the<br />
regi<strong>on</strong> are: brown spot (Septoria glycines), Cercospora blight (C. kikuchii), anthracnose<br />
(Colletotrichum truncatum, Glomerella glycines) and pod and stem blight (Diaporthe<br />
phaseolorum var. sojae). Some of these pathogens are often found infecting harvested<br />
seeds. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the incidence of seed-borne pathogens<br />
and the efficiency of foliar fungicides to reduce seed infecti<strong>on</strong>. Trials were c<strong>on</strong>ducted through<br />
2001 to 2003 growing seas<strong>on</strong>s in no-tilled m<strong>on</strong>oculture commercial soybean crops.<br />
Treatments were arranged in a complete random block design. Triazoles, benzimidazoles and<br />
strobirulins fungicides, pure or mixed, were applied <strong>on</strong>ce in reproductive soybean stages R3<br />
or R5. <strong>Seed</strong> health testing was c<strong>on</strong>ducted using the blotter paper test. Most frequent<br />
pathogens in seeds were: C. kikuchii, Phomopsis sojae., and different species of Fusarium.<br />
All fungicide treatments significantly c<strong>on</strong>trolled <strong>on</strong>ly C. kikuchii. Yield was significantly higher<br />
in treated plots. No difference was detected between the time of fungicide applicati<strong>on</strong>. It was<br />
c<strong>on</strong>cluded that <strong>on</strong>e foliar applicati<strong>on</strong> of fungicide in R3 or R5 did not reduce seed infecti<strong>on</strong> by<br />
some important seed-borne pathogens under the envir<strong>on</strong>ment c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s of the Pampeana<br />
Regi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
168 - EFFECTS OF SEED INFECTION LEVEL BY ASCOCHYTA PINODES ON<br />
BLIGHT DEVELOPMENT AND SEED YIELD OF FIELD PEA UNDER FIELD<br />
CONDITIONS<br />
GORFU 1 , DEREJE & SANGCHOTE 2 , SOMSIRI<br />
1 Holetta Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia., dgorfu@yahoo.com<br />
2 Kasetsart University, Department of Plant Pathology, P.O.Box 1090, Bangkok 10903, Thailand.,<br />
agrsrs@ku.ac.th<br />
The development of Ascochyta blight [Ascochyta pinodes (teleomorph = Mycosphaerella<br />
pinodes)] and seed yield of field pea (Pisum sativum) were studied using 0, 10 and 20%<br />
seed infecti<strong>on</strong> levels of three varieties under field c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s at Denbi and Holetta, Ethiopia,<br />
in 2002. <strong>Seed</strong> infecti<strong>on</strong> significantly influenced the emergence percentage (EP) being 81.7,<br />
79.6 and 73.9% at Denbi and 87.7, 83.0 and 81.5% at Holetta for 0, 10 and 20% seed<br />
infecti<strong>on</strong> respectively. Ascochyta infecti<strong>on</strong> started as foot rot, minute flecks <strong>on</strong> stems and<br />
rarely <strong>on</strong> leaves at about five weeks after sowing (WAS) and the incidence accorded seed<br />
infecti<strong>on</strong> up to about seven WAS. Then a sharp increase of incidence to over 95% within a<br />
week at different times at both locati<strong>on</strong>s subverted the effect of seed infecti<strong>on</strong>. After<br />
establishment, the blight progress was not so different for seed infecti<strong>on</strong> levels and varieties.<br />
A steady increase of blight was recorded until mid September and then faster <strong>on</strong>ly at Denbi.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> yield was significantly influenced by seed infecti<strong>on</strong> with a mean of 1.03, 0.80 and 0.71<br />
t/ha at Denbi and 2.23, 2.16 and 1.98 t/ha at Holetta for 0, 10 and 20% seed infecti<strong>on</strong><br />
respectively. <strong>Seed</strong> infecti<strong>on</strong> by A. pinodes up to 10% showed no significant yield reducti<strong>on</strong> in<br />
the subsequent crop.<br />
110
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
169 - ROLE OF BIOCONTROL AGENTS IN THE SUPPRESSION OF SEED<br />
BORNE PATHOGENIC MYCOFLORA AND THEIR EFFECT ON SEED QUALITY<br />
IN SORGHUM [SORGHUM BICOLOR (L.) MOENCH]<br />
INDIRA, S., MUTHUSUBRAMANIAN, V., TONAPI, V.A., & SEETHARAMA, N.<br />
Nati<strong>on</strong>al Research Centre for Sorghum, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India,<br />
vilast<strong>on</strong>api@hotmail.com<br />
The scope of bioc<strong>on</strong>trol agents in the c<strong>on</strong>trol of sorghum grain molds was investigated both<br />
invitro as well invivo. Their utility in enhancing the germinati<strong>on</strong> and seedling vigour of mold<br />
infected seeds were assessed. The bioc<strong>on</strong>trol agents, Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, T.<br />
hamatum, T. koeningii and Pseudom<strong>on</strong>as fluorescens (Isolates collected from the state of<br />
Tamil Nadu, India) were efficient in checking the growth of mold pathogens when grown in<br />
Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) as dual cultures. The bacterial bioagent P. fluorescens was most<br />
efficient in checking the growth of all the test pathogens viz., Fusarium m<strong>on</strong>iliforme,<br />
Curvularia lunata and Alternaria alternata (66.8, 68.5 and 64.9 % inhibiti<strong>on</strong> of col<strong>on</strong>y growth<br />
respectively) followed by other bioagents for their antag<strong>on</strong>istic effect. The in vivo<br />
effectiveness of the bioagents got enhanced when combined with other comp<strong>on</strong>ents like<br />
host-resistance, cultural and chemical c<strong>on</strong>trol strategies, paving way for a possible<br />
Integrated Disease Management. The percent incidence and severity of molds were lowest<br />
(19.44 and 13.5 respectively) with the treatment T6 (seeds harvested at physiological<br />
maturity + propic<strong>on</strong>azole @ 0.02 % + P. fluorescens @ 1× 108 cfu ml-1) that recorded<br />
maximum 100 seed weight (2.905 g), followed by 2.871g in in T2 (seeds harvested at<br />
physiological maturity + P. fluorescens). The effect of bioagents in enhancing the<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> and seedling vigour was most promising. Of all the treatments, P. fluorescens<br />
resulted in maximum germinati<strong>on</strong> (88 %) and seedling vigour (2635.60 vigour index),<br />
followed by treatment with T. viride (86.6 % and 2478.47 respectively).<br />
170 - HEALTH QUALITY OF SEEDS IMPORTED BY THE STATE OF PARANÁ<br />
JACCOUD-FILHO 1 , D.S., HIAR, C.P., COLTURATO, A.B., BOBATO, E., PASSINI, F.B. ZAMPIER,<br />
I. & MELLO, R.P.<br />
Universidade Estadual de P<strong>on</strong>ta Grossa, UEPG. Av. Carlos Cavalcanti 4748, Campus Uvaranas, Bloco F,<br />
CEP 84030-900, P<strong>on</strong>ta Grossa-PR, BRASIL, dj1002@uepg.br<br />
The state of Paraná stands out nati<strong>on</strong>aly for its developed and highly technical agriculture.<br />
However, due to the limited producti<strong>on</strong> of seeds in Brasil, especially that of vegetables,<br />
flowers and spices, Paraná needs to import a significant amount of seeds from many<br />
countries. The objective of this project was to identify and measure the level of incidence of<br />
fungi present in the imported seeds, as well as to evaluate the potential risk of<br />
c<strong>on</strong>taminati<strong>on</strong> of such seeds for the agriculture of the state of Paraná. The method used was<br />
the Blotter Test Method, with the seeds being incubated for a period of 12h day light / 12h<br />
dark, at a temperature of 22ºC for seven days. Afterwards, the seeds were observed in<br />
steroscopic and commom optical microscopes for the identificati<strong>on</strong> of the fungi present. 251<br />
batches of seeds were analysed, of which 69% were of vegetables, 31% were flowers, spices<br />
and medicinal plants, from EUA (32%), Denmark (31%), Italy (18%), Chile (6%), France<br />
(5%), Holland (5%), Japan (2%) and Germany (1%). The fungi observed with more<br />
frequency were: Alternaria alternata, Fusarium spp., Alternaria brassicicola, Curvularia sp.,<br />
Phoma sp., Drechslera sp., Bipolaris sp., Lepthosphaerulina sp. and Alternaria zinniae.<br />
Am<strong>on</strong>g the countries that export seed to Paraná, the higher frequencies of fungi incidence<br />
were observed in seed batches from France (71%), Italy (71%), Holland (71%), Chile<br />
(65%), Denmark (54%), EUA (46%) and Japan (14%) respectively. In general, the seed<br />
batches presented a satisfactory health level, probably because the majority of the batches<br />
had been previously treated with fungicides. The elaborati<strong>on</strong> of a catalogue with the fungi<br />
identified in the seeds of the different species is in its final phase.<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
171 - DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF SEED<br />
TREATMENT AGAINST SEED-BORNE PATHOGENS IN ORGANIC FARMING<br />
JAHN, M. 1 & KOCH, E. 2<br />
Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry<br />
1 Institute for Integrated Plant Protecti<strong>on</strong>, Stahnsdorfer Damm 81, D-14532 Kleinmachnow,<br />
M.Jahn@bba.de<br />
2 Institute for Biological C<strong>on</strong>trol, Heinrichstraße 243, D-64287 Darmstadt<br />
In the future, c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>ally produced seed will not be allowed for organic farming. A<br />
deadline for deviati<strong>on</strong>s is set at 1 January 2004. <strong>Seed</strong>-borne diseases tend to increase and<br />
develop into a problem without adequate c<strong>on</strong>trol. According to the principles of organic<br />
farming to cut out synthetic plant protecti<strong>on</strong> products effective n<strong>on</strong>-chemical seed treatment<br />
methods are necessary for the c<strong>on</strong>trol of seed-borne diseases. Physical as well as biological<br />
measures can be taken into account. Am<strong>on</strong>g physical methods, the „classical“ methods of<br />
thermotherapy, partly combined with moisture (hot water, hot steam, hot air), but also<br />
modern methods like electr<strong>on</strong> or microwave treatment seem to be possible. Am<strong>on</strong>g biological<br />
methods, applicati<strong>on</strong>s of plant strengthening products (e.g. botanicals, microbial products)<br />
and biological plant protecti<strong>on</strong> products (e.g. botanicals, antag<strong>on</strong>ists) are a possibility.<br />
In the last decade, a lot of work has been d<strong>on</strong>e to develop several measures or to adapt such<br />
methods to different crops. Hot water treatment, hot air treatment, electr<strong>on</strong> treatment,<br />
treatments with plant extracts, and treatments with microbial products have been examined<br />
for the use in cereals and vegetables. The aim is to introduce this methods in agricultural<br />
and horticultural practice. Important cereal and vegetable crops (wheat, rye, barley, carrot,<br />
cabbage, celery, parsley, lamb´s lettuce) with their most important seed-borne pathogens<br />
(Tilletia caries, Ustilago spp., Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp., Phoma spp., Septoria spp.,<br />
Per<strong>on</strong>ospora valerianellae, Xanthom<strong>on</strong>as campestris) are included.<br />
It can be established that the c<strong>on</strong>trol of most seed-borne pathogens <strong>on</strong> the plants is possible<br />
by <strong>on</strong>e or more of the menti<strong>on</strong>ed methods.<br />
Altogether, it is now the aim to provide a rank of alternative measures to select the most<br />
suitable method for each special situati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
172 - MYCOFLORA AND POLYPHENOLS OF BAMBARA GROUNDNUT<br />
KOLA, M.E. 1 , AVELING, T.A.S. 1 , REGNIER, T.J.C. 1 & HALL, A.N. 2<br />
1 Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute<br />
(FABI)<br />
2 Laboratory for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa<br />
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) is an important legume crop which is<br />
rich in protein c<strong>on</strong>tent and is grown and c<strong>on</strong>sumed by small-scale farmers. In this study the<br />
percentage mycoflora infecting seeds of variously coloured Bambara groundnut varieties was<br />
determined. <strong>Seed</strong>s of six different coloured varieties were surface sterilised, plated <strong>on</strong> agar<br />
media, incubated for seven days and the fungi were identified and percentage infecti<strong>on</strong><br />
determined. Dark coloured seeds were less infected by seed mycoflora than light coloured<br />
seeds. To determine whether seed coat surface topography played a role in infecti<strong>on</strong>, seeds<br />
were dissected in two, placed <strong>on</strong> stubs, coated with gold and examined with the scanning<br />
electr<strong>on</strong> microscope (SEM). The c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> of phenylpropanoids in the seed and the<br />
localisati<strong>on</strong> of the main phenolic compounds were also determined. <strong>Seed</strong> coat secti<strong>on</strong>s (10<br />
µm thickness) were cut with a Cryostat microtome and mounted in glycerine or vanillin-HCl<br />
and stained with Neu reagent. The secti<strong>on</strong>s were viewed under normal and/or UV (360 nm)<br />
and blue (420 nm) light illuminati<strong>on</strong> using an epifluorescence microscope. SEM indicated that<br />
there were no distinct morphological differences am<strong>on</strong>g the topography of the different<br />
coloured seed coats. Dark coloured seed coats stained with vanillin-HCl were darkly<br />
pigmented red showing the presence of proanthocyanidins in the epidermis and<br />
parenchymatous layer. Dark coloured seeds emitted a str<strong>on</strong>g blue fluorescence under UV<br />
illuminati<strong>on</strong> indicating the presence of large quantities of polyphenolic compounds, which<br />
may play a role in suppressing the infecti<strong>on</strong> of these seeds by mycoflora.<br />
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173 - ULTRASTRUCTURAL DAMAGE AND GERMINATION REDUCTION IN<br />
COWPEA SEEDS DUE TO FUMONISIN B 1<br />
KRITZINGER, Q. & AVELING, T.A.S.<br />
Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute,<br />
University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa<br />
Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] seed plays an important role in the nutriti<strong>on</strong> of many<br />
subsistence farmers and rural communities. The seeds are pr<strong>on</strong>e to fungal infestati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
mycotoxin c<strong>on</strong>taminati<strong>on</strong> during sub-optimal storage c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. Fum<strong>on</strong>isin B 1 (FB 1 ),<br />
primarily produced by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum, has been detected in<br />
cowpea seeds. Surface-disinfected seeds were imbibed for 10 h in 50 ml sterile distilled water<br />
amended with FB 1 to yield final c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s of 10, 25, 50, 100 ppm. Slow imbibed seeds<br />
(placed in moist paper towels) were incubated at 25˚C for 10 h (positive c<strong>on</strong>trol). <strong>Seed</strong>s<br />
placed in sterile distilled water for the same period of time served as the negative c<strong>on</strong>trol.<br />
Each treatment was replicated three times. Percentage germinati<strong>on</strong> was determined<br />
according to the Internati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> <strong>Testing</strong> Associati<strong>on</strong> (<str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g>) rules. Radicle and plumule<br />
length was measured after 8 days. Parts of the embry<strong>on</strong>ic axes and cotyled<strong>on</strong> tissues were<br />
removed and prepared for transmissi<strong>on</strong> electr<strong>on</strong> microscopy. All the toxin c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
significantly decreased seed germinati<strong>on</strong>. Radicle el<strong>on</strong>gati<strong>on</strong> was inhibited by 10, 25 and 50<br />
ppm c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s whereas no significant reducti<strong>on</strong> in plumule length was noted. FB 1<br />
treated embry<strong>on</strong>ic tissues indicated compacti<strong>on</strong> of the protoplasm and separati<strong>on</strong> of the<br />
plasmalemma from the cell wall. Lipid bodies accumulated, which seemed to be lining the cell<br />
wall. This was also found in treated cotyled<strong>on</strong> tissues. It appeared that the lipid bodies were<br />
structurally disrupted. This is the first study to dem<strong>on</strong>strate the phytotoxic effects of FB 1 <strong>on</strong><br />
cowpea seeds.<br />
174 - INTEGRATED RESEARCH PROGRAMS ON SEED PATHOLOGY AND<br />
RELATED FIELDS AT THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF LAVRAS-MG, BRAZIL: A<br />
SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCE<br />
MACHADO, J.C., VIEIRA, M.G.G.C., GUIMARÃES, R.M., VON PINHO, E.V.R, CARVALHO, M.L.M<br />
OLIVEIRA, J.A. & VIEIRA, A.R.<br />
Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), MG, Brazil,- CEP 37200-000, machado@ufla.br<br />
The integrated approach of seed pathology, seed producti<strong>on</strong> and technology is a goal that<br />
has been pursued at the Federal University of Lavras for many years in the attempt to tackle<br />
problems <strong>on</strong> a global view looking at maximizati<strong>on</strong> of resources. Faculty members of the<br />
University involved in the seed producti<strong>on</strong> chain come together in projects with participati<strong>on</strong><br />
of students of different levels. Graduate dissertati<strong>on</strong>s and thesis are included in those<br />
projects and developed under the supervisi<strong>on</strong> of multi-discipline Committees. The definiti<strong>on</strong><br />
of topics for investigati<strong>on</strong> is based <strong>on</strong> demands collected to seed producers and users.<br />
Successful examples of integrated programs are the studies focusing <strong>on</strong> applicati<strong>on</strong> of water<br />
restricti<strong>on</strong>/ osmo-priming technology in seed health testing and in the process of infecting<br />
seeds with pathogens. Effects of microorganisms in seed physiology testing - tetrazolium,<br />
electrical c<strong>on</strong>ductivity and aging have been also investigated and the results show the need<br />
to pay more attenti<strong>on</strong> to such interacti<strong>on</strong>s. Interference of microorganisms in results of<br />
genetic purity testing has been also dem<strong>on</strong>strated in some cases. Studies <strong>on</strong> interacti<strong>on</strong><br />
between seed and microorganisms during storage reveal that, for many cases, inoculum<br />
viability of field fungi declines during storage, then leading seeds to express germinati<strong>on</strong> at<br />
their potential. In studies <strong>on</strong> chemical seed treatment performance of the treatment is<br />
largely influenced by the physiological c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s of the seeds.<br />
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175 - EVALUATION ON THE INDUCTION OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED<br />
PROTEINS BY METHYLOBACTERIUM SPP PPFMS-OS-07 AND ITS EFFECT ON<br />
RICE CHALLENGED WITH RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI<br />
MADHAIYAN 1 , MUNUSAMY, SENTHILKUMAR 2 , MURUGAIYAN, SESHADRI 1 , SUNDARAM,<br />
SUNDARAM 2 , SUBBIAH & SA 1 , TONGMIN<br />
1 Dept. of Agricultural Chemistry, Chungbuk Nati<strong>on</strong>al University, Che<strong>on</strong>gju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Korea,<br />
Tel.: 82-43-261-2561; Fax.: 82-43-271-5921, mmadhaiyan@hotmail.com<br />
2 Dept of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamilnadu,<br />
India<br />
Pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic (PPFM) bacteria bel<strong>on</strong>ging to Methylobacterium<br />
spp are persistence col<strong>on</strong>izers of all plant leaf surfaces and transmit through seeds. They<br />
utilize methanol as preferred carb<strong>on</strong> source and can exert slow growth <strong>on</strong> multicarb<strong>on</strong><br />
compounds. They have been shown to stimulate seed germinati<strong>on</strong> and plant development. In<br />
the present study, we have studied the impact of an Indian isolate Methylobacterium sp.<br />
(PPFMs-Os-07) <strong>on</strong> rice (var. Co47) seed germinati<strong>on</strong> and plant growth. Significant<br />
differences were observed when paddy seeds were treated PPFM and <strong>on</strong> foliar sprays.<br />
Significant c<strong>on</strong>trol of sheath blight was also observed when plants were inoculated with<br />
Rhizoct<strong>on</strong>ia solani (TNAU-01) under pot culture c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. Rice plants sprayed with<br />
Methylobacterium spp strain PPFMs-Os-07 showed increased activity of all enzymes and<br />
phenolic c<strong>on</strong>tent <strong>on</strong> day <strong>on</strong>e after applicati<strong>on</strong>. Maximum activity of phenylalanine amm<strong>on</strong>ia<br />
lyase and peroxidase was observed <strong>on</strong> fourth day and β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase <strong>on</strong> fifth<br />
day after treatment.<br />
176 - INTRODUCTION OF SEED BORNE ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI FOR<br />
ENHANCEMENT OF STRESS TOLERANCE IN TALL FESCUE<br />
NEKOUEI 1 , M. KHAYYAM, MIRLOHI 2 , AGHA.FAKHR & SHAHAB 3 , M. NADERI<br />
1 Department of Biotechnology, Isfahan Research Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Iran,<br />
Isfahan, P. O. Box: 81785-199<br />
2 Department of Agr<strong>on</strong>omy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology,<br />
Iran<br />
3 Agriculture Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Iran, Karaj, P. O. Box: 31535-1897<br />
Tall fescue is a popular pasture grass grown in many countries. A systematic endophytic<br />
fungus, Acrem<strong>on</strong>ium coenophialum, lives in a symbiotic associati<strong>on</strong> within tall fescue and<br />
may impart superior competitiveness to the plant through increased resistance to pests,<br />
tolerance to drought and improvements in other agr<strong>on</strong>omic traits. The assessment of the<br />
infecti<strong>on</strong> status and viability of endophytic fungi would open the possibility of identifying<br />
potentially novel endophyte strains for enhancement of stress tolerance in grasses. In this<br />
study several accessi<strong>on</strong>s of tall fescue were collected from various regi<strong>on</strong>s of Iran, identified<br />
and evaluated for the presence of endophyte. The accessi<strong>on</strong>s were mainly distributed in the<br />
northern and western part of the country with relatively more precipitati<strong>on</strong>. Detecti<strong>on</strong> of<br />
endophytic fungi in tall fescue seeds showed that 84.2% of the accessi<strong>on</strong>s were infected with<br />
endophyte at infecti<strong>on</strong> rates of 20 to 95%. The results of the endophytic fungi detecti<strong>on</strong> in<br />
greenhouse-grown and field-grown tall fescue seedlings indicated that viable fungal<br />
endophyte occurred in 73.3% of total tall fescue accessi<strong>on</strong>s evaluated. The in vitro isolati<strong>on</strong><br />
and culture of endophyte c<strong>on</strong>firmed the result obtained from greenhouse and field<br />
experiments.<br />
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Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
177 - EVALUATION OF FIVE ESSENTIAL OILS FROM AROMATIC PLANTS OF<br />
CAMEROON FOR CONTROLLING SEED-BORNE BACTERIA OF RICE (ORYZA<br />
SATIVA L.)<br />
NGUEFACK 1,3, *, J., SOMDA 1,2 , I., MORTENSEN 1 , C.N. & AMVAM ZOLLO 3 , P.H.<br />
1 Danish Government Institute of <strong>Seed</strong> Pathology for Developing Countries (DGISP), Thorvaldsensvej 57,<br />
DK-1871 Frederiksberg C., Denmark.<br />
2 Rural Development Institute, Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.<br />
3 Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaounde-I, Box 812 Yaounde Camero<strong>on</strong>.<br />
*Corresp<strong>on</strong>ding author address<br />
Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé-I, Box 812 Yaoundé Camero<strong>on</strong>. E-mail:<br />
jnguefack@uycdc.uninet.cm or jnguefack2001@yahoo.com; Tel.: +237 2312243<br />
Five essential oils (EO) extracted from Cymbopog<strong>on</strong> citratus, M<strong>on</strong>odora myristica, Ocimum<br />
gratissimum, Thymus vulgaris and Zingiber officinale were investigated for their inhibitory<br />
effect against five seed-borne bacteria, Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae, Burkloderia<br />
glumae, Burkholderia plantarii, Xanthom<strong>on</strong>as oryzae pv. oryzae and Xanthom<strong>on</strong>as oryzae pv.<br />
orizicola. Different degrees of bacterial growth inhibiti<strong>on</strong> by the EO at 1:10 diluti<strong>on</strong> (v/v)<br />
were recorded in term of inhibiti<strong>on</strong> z<strong>on</strong>e using the agar diffusi<strong>on</strong> method. The EO from O.<br />
gratissimum and T. vulgaris were the most effective giving against the five bacteria tested<br />
mean inhibiti<strong>on</strong> z<strong>on</strong>es of 14 mm and 10 mm diameter, respectively. Moderate activity was<br />
observed for the EO from C. citratus and Z. officinale with respectively, mean inhibiti<strong>on</strong><br />
z<strong>on</strong>es of 7 mm and 2 mm diameter, while the EO from M. myristica was less inhibitory. X.<br />
oryzae pv. oryzicola and X. oryzae pv. oryzae were the most and the least sensitive strains<br />
regardless the EO. These effects against seed-borne bacteria indicated the possible ability of<br />
each essential oil as a seed protectant.<br />
The potential use of the two most effective EO extracted from O. gratissimum and T.<br />
vulgaris, was investigated for their ability to c<strong>on</strong>trol seed to seedling transmissi<strong>on</strong> of A.<br />
avenae subsp. avenae and the seed-borne infecti<strong>on</strong> of X. oryzae in naturally infected seeds<br />
using the cassette holder method and liquid assay, respectively. Four rice cultivars were<br />
tested and the EO applied as slurry significantly reduced the seed transmissi<strong>on</strong> of A. avenae<br />
subsp. avenae by 60% to 80% from seeds with infecti<strong>on</strong> of 32%. The vigour of rice seedlings<br />
raised from the treated seeds was better compared to that of seedlings from the untreated<br />
seeds. Although we failed to detect Xanthom<strong>on</strong>ads am<strong>on</strong>g the yellow bacteria <strong>on</strong> mXOS<br />
medium, the treatment with EO also reduced the total cells counts of bacteria at a range of<br />
92%-97%. Both EO also increased the germinati<strong>on</strong> capacity of the treated seeds with 13%<br />
to 23%. On-farm evaluati<strong>on</strong> need to be carry out.<br />
178 - SEED HEALTH STATUS OF DIFFERENT COTTON VARIETIES<br />
RAJESWARI, B., MEENA KUMARI, K.V.S. & MURALIMOHAN REDDY, B.<br />
Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Project, ANG Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, India,<br />
nsp_angrau@yahoo.com<br />
<strong>Seed</strong>s of twenty five varieties of cott<strong>on</strong> were subjected to seed health and germinati<strong>on</strong> by<br />
blotter method and germinati<strong>on</strong> paper towel method, respectively. Fuzzy seeds recorded<br />
more percentage of fungal flora (6.4%) as compared to delinted seeds (0.1%). The<br />
predominant seed borne mycoflora in fuzzy seeds (Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria macrospora<br />
and Fusarium m<strong>on</strong>iliforme) and in delinted seeds (Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium sp.) were<br />
recorded under laboratory c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. Fuzzy seeds recorded low per cent germinati<strong>on</strong> (45-<br />
60%) as compared to delinted seeds (60-80%). Farmers are advised to adopt use of delinted<br />
cott<strong>on</strong> seeds to reduce mycoflora and increase germinati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
179 - SEED TREATMENTS FOR ORGANIC VEGETABLE PRODUCTION<br />
SCHMITT, ANNEGRET & KOCH, ECKHARD<br />
Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (BBA), Institute for Biological C<strong>on</strong>trol,<br />
Heinrichstr. 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany, a.schmitt@bba.de, fax: +49 6151 407290<br />
Due to the difficulty in organic farming of producing pathogen free seeds, and the lack of<br />
simple, effective n<strong>on</strong>-chemical methods for seed sanitati<strong>on</strong>, a substantial part of the seed<br />
used by European organic vegetable growers is still derived from c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al producti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
This will be str<strong>on</strong>gly restricted after the year 2003 (EU Council regulati<strong>on</strong> 2092/91).<br />
In March 2003, an EU-project "<strong>Seed</strong> Treatments for Organic Vegetable Producti<strong>on</strong>" (QLRT-<br />
2002-02239; STOVE) was initiated. The project is aimed at improving currently available,<br />
n<strong>on</strong>-chemical methods for c<strong>on</strong>trol of seed-borne vegetable pathogens and to develop new<br />
methods which are acceptable to organic farming.<br />
The participants are:<br />
- Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (BBA), Germany (M.<br />
Jahn, E. Koch, C. Kromphardt, A. Schmitt)<br />
- Plant Research Internati<strong>on</strong>al (PRI), Wageningen, Netherlands (S. Groot, J. v.d. Wolf)<br />
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Schweden (G. Forsberg, B.<br />
Gerhards<strong>on</strong>)<br />
- University of Gothenburg, Sweden (T. Amein, S. Wright)<br />
- Findus R & D AB, Bjuv, Sweden (R. Stegmark, M. Wikström)<br />
- Nunhems Zaden BV, Haelen, Netherlands (J. v.d. Berg)<br />
- Nunhems Zaden (Hild), Marbach, Germany (M. Mistele, S. Werner)<br />
- University of Turin, (Agrinnova) Italy (M. Gullino, F. Tinivella)<br />
- Horticulture Research Internati<strong>on</strong>al (HRI), Wellesbourne, Great Britain (S. Roberts)<br />
Together with three physical methods (hot water, hot air and electr<strong>on</strong> treatment), microorganisms<br />
and other agents of natural origin acceptable to organic farming will be included in<br />
the project. Initially, the three physical methods are being adapted for different vegetable<br />
species (e.g. carrot, parsley, cabbage, lamb`s lettuce, basil, bean) and their respective seedborne<br />
pathogens (e.g. A. dauci, S. petroselini, X. campestris, P. valerianellae, Fusarium spp.,<br />
C. lindemuthianum). In parallel, potential alternative seed treatments (micro-organisms,<br />
plant extracts, inducers of resistance) are also being tested. The efficacy of the methods will<br />
be compared in glasshouse and field trials, and selected combinati<strong>on</strong>s will be evaluated.<br />
Special regard will be placed <strong>on</strong> physiological factors determining the sensitivity of seeds<br />
towards the physical methods.<br />
The results of the first experiments will be presented.<br />
(See http://www.stove-project.net/ for further informati<strong>on</strong>).<br />
180 - SEEDBORNE AND QUARANTINE SIGNIFICANT FUNGAL PATHOGENS<br />
OF SORGHUM, PEARL MILLET, CHICKPEA, PIGEONPEA AND GROUNDNUT<br />
THAKUR, R.P. & GIRISH, A.G.<br />
Internati<strong>on</strong>al Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra<br />
Pradesh, India; r.thakur@cgiar.org<br />
The ICRISAT gene bank holds 104600 germplasm accessi<strong>on</strong>s of its five research mandate<br />
crops (sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pige<strong>on</strong>pea, and groundnut) for their utilizati<strong>on</strong> in<br />
genetic improvement of these crops. The Plant Quarantine Laboratory at ICRISAT facilitates<br />
the exchange of seed material of the germplasm accessi<strong>on</strong>s and breeding lines following the<br />
standard seed health testing procedures and strictly adhering to the plant quarantine<br />
regulati<strong>on</strong>s of Government of India. During 1989-2003, seed health testing of 411760<br />
milli<strong>on</strong> seed samples for export to 156 countries, 39 seedborne fungal species were<br />
recorded: 16 <strong>on</strong> sorghum; 9 <strong>on</strong> pearl millet, 6 <strong>on</strong> chickpea, 10 <strong>on</strong> pige<strong>on</strong>pea and 8 <strong>on</strong><br />
groundnut. The highest infected samples were of pige<strong>on</strong>pea (6.2%) and the lowest of pearl<br />
millet (1.2%). Of these, 24 fungal species bel<strong>on</strong>ging to 18 genera, including Fusarium (wilt),<br />
116
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
Per<strong>on</strong>osclersopora and Sclerospora (downy mildew), Sporisorium (smut), Claviceps (ergot),<br />
Ascochyta (blight), Colletotrichum (anthracnose), and Macrophomina (root rot) were of plant<br />
quarantine importance. Some of the infected seed samples were treated with systemic<br />
(benomyl) and n<strong>on</strong>-systemic (thiram) fungicides to eradicate the seedborne infecti<strong>on</strong> to<br />
facilitate safe export of seed material, while others for which chemical treatments are not<br />
known were detained and destroyed. The entire process of seed health testing and export<br />
has been highly successful without even a single omissi<strong>on</strong> so far. However, the pathogen<br />
diagnostic protocols needs upgrading to include DNA-based technologies and new fungicides<br />
tried for eradicating other pathogens.<br />
181 - EFFECTS OF INCUBATION TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY<br />
ON FUNGAL SPORULATION, MOLD SEVERITY AND SEED QUALITY IN<br />
SORGHUM [SORGHUM BICOLOR (L.) MOENCH]<br />
TONAPI 1A , V.A., RACHNA 1B , M.R., NAVI 1C , S.S., THAKUR 1 , R.P., REDDY 1 , R.K.,<br />
BANDYOPADHYAY 1D , R. & SEETHARAMA 1A , N.<br />
1. Internati<strong>on</strong>al Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, 502 324, AP,<br />
India, vilast<strong>on</strong>api@hotmail.com<br />
1a. Nati<strong>on</strong>al Research Center for Sorghum (NRCS), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, AP, India<br />
1b. Department of Botany, University of Pune,<br />
1c. Current address: Plant Pathology Department, College of Agriculture, Iowa State University, Ames,<br />
Iowa 50011–1020, USA,<br />
1d. Internati<strong>on</strong>al Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria<br />
Grain mold, induced by a number of n<strong>on</strong>-specific fungi, causes substantial loss to seed/grain<br />
yield and quality in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Fungal sporulati<strong>on</strong> and grain<br />
mold severity are greatly influenced by temperature and relative humidity (RH) levels. We<br />
studied the effects of varying incubati<strong>on</strong> temperatures (25, 27 and 28ºC) and RH levels (85,<br />
90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100%) <strong>on</strong> sporulati<strong>on</strong> of and grain mold severity by three major<br />
mold fungi (Curvularia lunata, Fusarium m<strong>on</strong>iliforme, and Bipolaris australienssis) <strong>on</strong><br />
selected four resistant, four moderately resistant and four susceptible sorghum genotypes.<br />
Results indicated both fungal sporulati<strong>on</strong> and grain mold severity increased <strong>on</strong> most sorghum<br />
genotypes with increasing incubati<strong>on</strong> temperature from 25 to 28ºC and increasing RH levels,<br />
particularly from 95 to 98%. A linear relati<strong>on</strong>ship was obtained between RH levels and grain<br />
mold severity and fungal sporulati<strong>on</strong>. The highest sporulati<strong>on</strong> of all the three fungi occurred<br />
at 28ºC and 98% RH after 5 days of incubati<strong>on</strong>. Am<strong>on</strong>g the three fungi, C. lunata grew and<br />
sporulated faster than B. australienssis and F. m<strong>on</strong>iliforme, in that order. Am<strong>on</strong>g the<br />
sorghum genotypes, IS 25017 supported the least sporulati<strong>on</strong> and had the lowest mold<br />
severity, followed by IS 8545 and PVK 801. <strong>Seed</strong> quality parameters, such as seed<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong>, seedling vigor index, field emergence potential, Dehydrogenase and λ-amylase<br />
activities declined significantly with increasing temperature and RH levels that supported<br />
heavy sporulati<strong>on</strong> and grain col<strong>on</strong>izati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
182 - SEED-BORNE FUNGI OF FLOWER PLANTS AND THEIR<br />
PATHOGENICITY<br />
WU, WEN-SHI, LI, YUEH-LING & WU, HUI-CHEN<br />
Taiwan Hospitality and Tourism College, Hualien County, Taiwan 974<br />
<strong>Seed</strong>s of 19 different species in 16 genera of flowering crops were health-tested by blotter<br />
method in this study. Thirty- four different species of fungi in 20 genera were found am<strong>on</strong>g<br />
these seeds. Am<strong>on</strong>g them, Curvularia brachyspora <strong>on</strong> sunflower, Alternaria cosmosa <strong>on</strong><br />
yellow cosmos and Alternaria patula <strong>on</strong> French marigold were new-recorded seed-borne<br />
pathogens. Except ageratum, baby’s breath, salvia, statice, stokesia and pansy, newrecorded<br />
seed-borne fungi existed am<strong>on</strong>g seeds of the rest species of tested flowering crops.<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
183 - DRECHSLERA VERTICILLATA IN BROMUS PICTUS SEEDS, A<br />
PATAGONIAN NATIVE POACEA: PATHOGENICITY AND ITS TRANSMISSION<br />
FROM THE INFECTED PLANT DEBRIS<br />
ZAPATA, RAUL, GAETAN, SILVIA, MADIA, MARTA & MANGIONE, JOSE<br />
Catedra de Fitopatologia.Facultad de Agr<strong>on</strong>omia Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martin 4453<br />
(1417). CAPITA FEDERAL, Moldes 1572 . 2 "12" .(1426) Capital Federal, Nuñez 2091. (1429) Capital<br />
Federal, AR-ARGENTINA, rzapata@agro.uba.ar<br />
Bromus pictus (Hook) is a native Poacea that plays a key role in sheep husbandry in the<br />
argentine Patag<strong>on</strong>ia. Its natural resowing is affected by a fungus which col<strong>on</strong>izes the seeds<br />
and prevents germinati<strong>on</strong>. From naturally infected B. pictus seeds -bearing stromatic<br />
structures with c<strong>on</strong>idia- collected in Rio Mayo (45º 25º S, 70º 20º W), Chubut province,<br />
Argentina was identified Drechslera verticillata (O’ Hara) Shoem. Its pathogenicity in B.<br />
pictus seeds and its transmissi<strong>on</strong> from the infected plant debris were verified through several<br />
tests. The fungus, cultured in V8 juice and carrot agar plates, developed black olivaceus<br />
col<strong>on</strong>ies with stromatic structures. Brown, straight with rounded extremes, 3-7 septated and<br />
clear apical cells c<strong>on</strong>idia were observed. They ranged from 60.5µ -16.03 µ to 83 µ -14.8 µ.<br />
B. pictus seeds -immersed in sterile water with fungal c<strong>on</strong>idia (104 c<strong>on</strong>idia/ml) and placed<br />
in trays with sterilized sand and between filter papers in slides carriers. The experiments<br />
were carried out in bioclimatic chamber at 24ºC and artificial light. Inoculated seeds did not<br />
germinate while 80% of the c<strong>on</strong>trols did. Black stromata with c<strong>on</strong>idia and single c<strong>on</strong>idia <strong>on</strong><br />
c<strong>on</strong>idiophores were recovered from inoculated seeds. <strong>Seed</strong>s located close to plant debris<br />
bearing fungal stromata had 70% of failures in germinati<strong>on</strong>.This is the first report of D.<br />
verticillata as pathogen of B. pictus seeds in Argentina and the most austral occurrence of<br />
this fungal microorganism.<br />
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Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
6. <strong>Seed</strong> Improvement<br />
Topics: Dormancy breaking; seed sorting; priming; chemical and biological c<strong>on</strong>trols; prestorage<br />
treatments; pelleting<br />
184 - THE PROSPECTS FOR SMOKE AND OTHER FIRE-SIMULATION<br />
TREATMENTS FOR THE GERMINATION TESTING OF SEED CONSERVATION<br />
COLLECTIONS<br />
ALI, NATASHA, S. & PROBERT, ROBIN J.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex,<br />
RH17 6TN, UK. n.ali@kew.org.uk<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> germinati<strong>on</strong> in numerous species has been shown to be stimulated by smoke and its<br />
role in the natural regenerati<strong>on</strong> process of plants from fire-pr<strong>on</strong>e habitats is unquesti<strong>on</strong>ed.<br />
However, despite the fact that smoke, applied as an aerosol or as an aqueous soluti<strong>on</strong>, is<br />
now widely used in habitat restorati<strong>on</strong> projects for stimulating the germinati<strong>on</strong> of buried<br />
seeds, neither smoke <strong>on</strong> its own or in combinati<strong>on</strong> with other fire-related treatments are<br />
widely used in routine seed germinati<strong>on</strong> testing in seed banks. Thus a variety of smoke<br />
products applied factorially with surgical treatment, potassium nitrate, dry after-ripening and<br />
dry heat were tested <strong>on</strong> seed c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> collecti<strong>on</strong>s with known dormancy problems. Forty<br />
three species from 24 families were tested. Only five collecti<strong>on</strong>s resp<strong>on</strong>ded positively to<br />
smoke treatment al<strong>on</strong>e, and a further 15 resp<strong>on</strong>ded to smoke when additi<strong>on</strong>al dormancy<br />
breaking factors were also present. Twenty <strong>on</strong>e collecti<strong>on</strong>s did not resp<strong>on</strong>d to smoke and in<br />
four collecti<strong>on</strong>s germinati<strong>on</strong> was reduced by smoke. The study has shown that smoke<br />
treatment could be used as a germinati<strong>on</strong> cue in routine viability tests for some species<br />
especially when combined with other dormancy breaking factors.<br />
185 - MATRICONDITIONING INTEGRATED WITH CHEMICAL AND<br />
BIOLOGICAL SEED TREATMENTS TO IMPROVE STAND ESTABLISHMENT<br />
AND YIELD OF CORN<br />
ANDREOLI, C. & DE ANDRADE, R.V.<br />
Embrapa Soja, Cx. Postal 231, L<strong>on</strong>drina, PR 860061-970, Brazil, andreoli@cnpso.embrapa.br<br />
One of the main reas<strong>on</strong>s of low yield of corn (Zea mays L.) is seed quality, which affects<br />
initial stand and plant density. The main objective of this work was to study the integrati<strong>on</strong><br />
of matric<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ing with chemical (Captan®) and biological seed treatments (Bacillus) <strong>on</strong><br />
stand establishment and yield of corn, under tropical c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s of Sete Lagoas, MG and<br />
under cool c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s of P<strong>on</strong>ta Grossa, PR., as well as to see if the biopriming could improve<br />
the vigour of seed lots with low quality. In order to reach such objectives, two trials were<br />
carried out at Embrapa Milho and Sorgo, Sete Lagoas, MG, in 1996 and 1998 and a third <strong>on</strong>e<br />
was c<strong>on</strong>ducted at Embrapa SNT in P<strong>on</strong>ta Grossa, PR, in 1997. <strong>Seed</strong>s of hybrid corn were<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ed in the presence of Bacillus (600 mg.kg -1 of seed), Bacillus+Captan® and GA 4+7<br />
(100 µM). In the third trial, two seed lots with initial germinati<strong>on</strong> of 95% and 85% were<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ed with MC and with MC+Bacillus at rate of 20: 5: 20, at 22ºC for 48 hours. Data<br />
were recorded for seedling emergence at 10 and 20 days, final stand, emergence rate, ear<br />
number.ha -1 , ear and grain yield per hectare. The results showed that the seed treatment<br />
with Captan® and Bacillus improved stand establishment and yield of 23,4 and 15,8%,<br />
respectively, in relati<strong>on</strong> to n<strong>on</strong>-treated seeds. Grain yield of corn did not resp<strong>on</strong>d to<br />
matric<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ing treatment with GA 4+7 at Sete Lagoas, MG. Under cold c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s, the<br />
treatment with Captan® and MC+Bacillus improved stands but not increased yield of corn<br />
hybrids. In the third trial, the initial seed quality affected stand establishment and yield of<br />
corn and the integrati<strong>on</strong> of MC with chemical and biological seed treatments was effective in<br />
ameliorating seed quality and yield of corn, especially under stress c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. Biopriming<br />
with Bacillus seed treatment was effective in improving the vigour of seed lots with low<br />
quality.<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
186 - EFFECT OF SEED TREATMENTS AND CONTAINERS ON STORABILITY<br />
OF SUNFLOWER SEEDS<br />
ANKAIAH, R., MANOHAR REDDY, N. & MURALIMOHAN REDDY, B.<br />
Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Project, ANG Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, India,<br />
nsp_angrau@yahoo.com<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> of sunflower hybrids APSH-11, LDMRSH-1 and LDMRSH-3 and their parents having<br />
above 80% germinati<strong>on</strong> and initial seed moisture of 6.5% seed moisture were treated with<br />
Metalaxyl @ 6g/kg seed and stored in cloth bag, cloth bag + polythene bag (350 guage) and<br />
polythene bag (700 guage) al<strong>on</strong>g with c<strong>on</strong>trol (untreated seed) under ambient c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s of<br />
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India. Irrespective of genotype and seed treatment, seed stored<br />
in cloth bag + polythene bag recorded more than certificati<strong>on</strong> standard germinati<strong>on</strong> (70%)<br />
even after 15 m<strong>on</strong>ths of storage. Treated seeds stored in polythene bag showed more than<br />
70% germinati<strong>on</strong> even after 15 m<strong>on</strong>ths in all genotypes. Untreated seeds stored in<br />
polythene bags had 70% germinati<strong>on</strong> upto 6 m<strong>on</strong>ths in MRHA-1, 207-A, MRHA-2, 7-1B, upto<br />
9 m<strong>on</strong>ths in MRSH-1, 338A, LDMRSH-3, RHA-271; and 12 m<strong>on</strong>ths in APSH-11. Treated seed<br />
stored in cloth bag showed 70% germinati<strong>on</strong> upto 12 m<strong>on</strong>ths in 338A, MRHA-1, LDMRSH-1,<br />
APSH-11 and 7-1A. The seed stored in polythene bag and kept in cloth bag after treatment<br />
resulted in higher vigour in all genotypes when compared to seeds stored in remaining<br />
treatments.<br />
187 - CHEMICAL-INDUCED SEED POTENTIATION AND FIELD<br />
PERFORMANCE OF GRASS PEA AND BLACK GRAM CULTIVARS<br />
BHATTACHARJEE*, A., PATI, C.K. & MISHRA, V.K.<br />
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany and Forestry, Vidyasagar<br />
University, Midnapore – 721 102, West Bengal, India<br />
Field performance of grass pea and black gram with respect to their growth, metabolic status<br />
and yield attributes was analysed from the plants, raised from seeds which experienced<br />
pretreatment with two growth retardants (chlorocholine chloride, CCC and Na-dikegulac) and<br />
an antioxidant (ascorbic acid). Pretreatment of grass pea and black gram seeds with the<br />
chemicals for 6+6 hours (in two instalments) followed by accelerated ageing treatment<br />
(99.1% RH , 32 ± 2°C) for 30 days slowed down the ageing-induced rapid loss of<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong>. The chemical-pretreated seed samples showed T 50 (time required for 50% seed<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong>) values whereas c<strong>on</strong>trol samples failed to show 50% germinati<strong>on</strong> even in<br />
extended germinati<strong>on</strong> period. The levels of chlorophyll, protein, insoluble carbohydrate, DNA<br />
and RNA as well as activity of the enzyme catalase in leaves of the plants (30 days old)<br />
developed from the chemical pretreated seeds were found to be significantly higher than<br />
c<strong>on</strong>trol samples. Ageing-induced augmentati<strong>on</strong> of soluble carbohydrate level and activity of<br />
IAA oxidase enzyme in leaves of the plants was lower in the chemical pretreated samples<br />
than c<strong>on</strong>trol <strong>on</strong>es. Plant performance, measured in terms of time (days) required to <strong>on</strong>set of<br />
flowering, fruiting and senescence, was better when they were raised from chemical<br />
pretreated seeds. Again, the chemical-pretreated plant samples showed higher yield<br />
attributes than c<strong>on</strong>trol <strong>on</strong>es and these were recorded in terms of total number of pods per<br />
plant, total number of seeds per pod as well as 1000 seed weight. The promising effect of<br />
the chemicals <strong>on</strong> storage potentiati<strong>on</strong> of seeds and subsequent enhancement of plant vigour<br />
and crop yield is apparent in this investigati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
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Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
188 - EFFECT OF SODIUM-DIKEGULAC, ASCORBIC ACID AND EUCALYPTUS<br />
OIL ON VIGOUR AND VIABILITY OF SUNFLOWER SEEDS UNDER STRESS<br />
STORAGE ENVIRONMENT<br />
BHATTACHARJEE*, A., CHAKRABARTI, D., KANP U.K. & DAS, R.K.<br />
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany & Forestry, Vidyasagar University,<br />
Midnapur-721102, West Bengal, India, alokebc@yahoo.co.in<br />
An experiment was c<strong>on</strong>ducted to evaluate the viability and vigour status of chemical treated<br />
seeds of a sunflower cultivar stored under stressful storage envir<strong>on</strong>ment called accelerated<br />
ageing treatment. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. MRSF-1051) seeds lost viability at a<br />
rapid pace under accelerated ageing c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> (99.5% RH, 32±2°C temperature).<br />
Pretreatment of the seeds with aqueous soluti<strong>on</strong>s of sodium-dikegulac (Na-dikegulac; 2,3: 4-<br />
6-di-O-isopropylidine-∝-L-xylo-2 hexalofuranosate) and ascorbic acid for 8 hours as well as<br />
vapour treatment of the seeds with Eucalyptus oil for 60 days slowed down accelerated<br />
ageing-induced reducti<strong>on</strong> of seed germinability and TTC (2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium<br />
chloride) stainability. Reducti<strong>on</strong> of insoluble carbohydrate and DNA levels as well as activities<br />
of catalase, peroxidase and dehydrogenase in seed kernels during the forced ageing period<br />
was ameliorated to a significant extent in the chemical pretreated seed lots of sunflower. On<br />
the other hand, ageing-induced progressive increase of protease activity and levels of amino<br />
acids and soluble carbohydrates were remarkably arrested in seed lots pretreated with all the<br />
chemicals.<br />
C<strong>on</strong>sidering the changes of all the vigour indicative physiological and biochemical<br />
parameters, the treatments were found to be effective for enhancing vigour and viability of<br />
seeds of the sunflower cultivar stored under artificially induced adverse storage situati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
189 - HERBAL MANIPULATIVE METHOD FOR STORAGE POTENTIATION OF<br />
MUNG BEAN AND SUNFLOWER SEEDS<br />
BHATTACHARJEE*, A. CHAKRABARTI, D., DAS, R.K. & KANP, U.K.<br />
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany & Forestry, Vidyasagar University,<br />
Midnapur-721102, West Bengal, India, E-mail: alokebc@yahoo.co.in<br />
Herbal manipulati<strong>on</strong> of potential status of mung bean and sunflower seeds was critically<br />
analysed under artificial stress storage c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>. Accelerated ageing treatment (99.5% RH,<br />
32 ± 2°C) <strong>on</strong> the seeds for 60 days resulted in progressive fall of seed germinati<strong>on</strong> with the<br />
increase of ageing durati<strong>on</strong>. <strong>Seed</strong> pretreatment with aqueous plant extracts of neem<br />
(Azadirachta indica), kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) and asoke (Saraca asoka)<br />
ameliorated such ageing-induced deleterious effect <strong>on</strong> seed germinability in both the seed<br />
species. Ageing-induced enhancement of seed moisture levels was significant particularly at<br />
later observati<strong>on</strong> periods (40 and 60 days after ageing). Changes of germinability and<br />
moisture c<strong>on</strong>tents of the seeds were associated with the proporti<strong>on</strong>al fall of protein, insoluble<br />
carbohydrate, DNA and RNA levels in seed kernels with the advancement of ageing durati<strong>on</strong><br />
regardless of the c<strong>on</strong>trol and treated samples. <strong>Seed</strong> pretreatment with the plant extracts<br />
efficiently retarded the ageing-induced reducti<strong>on</strong> of the biochemical parameters. C<strong>on</strong>versely,<br />
ageing-induced enhancement of the activity of IAA-oxidase was arrested by the seed<br />
pretreating agents. Promising effect of the selected Indian herbal agents <strong>on</strong> storage<br />
potentiati<strong>on</strong> of mung bean and sunflower seeds is discussed.<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
190 - COMPARISON OF PRIMING AND SUBSEQUENT DRYING TECHNIQUES<br />
FOR ONION SEED LOTS: EFFECTS ON GERMINATION AND VIGOUR<br />
CASEIRO, ROSELI F., BENNETT, MARK A. & MARCOS-FILHO, JULIO<br />
Universidade de Sao Paulo, ESALQ, Dept. of Producao Vegetal/USP, Av. Padua Dias, 11,<br />
P.O. Box 09, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, BR-Brazil<br />
The effects of osmopriming (aerated PEG-8000 soluti<strong>on</strong>), hydropriming and drum priming <strong>on</strong><br />
percentage and speed of germinati<strong>on</strong> were compared <strong>on</strong> six lots of <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong> (Allium cepa)<br />
seeds. Osmopriming was performed at -0.5 MPa and -1.0 MPa for 24 h and 48 h. In the<br />
hydropriming procedure, seeds were moistened between 2, 4 or 6 layers of paper towel for<br />
48 h or 96 h. The optimal amount of water added and treatment period for the drum priming<br />
varied am<strong>on</strong>g seed lots. Resp<strong>on</strong>se to priming varied am<strong>on</strong>g seed lots and, in general, less<br />
vigorous <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong> seed lots did not resp<strong>on</strong>d well to treatments. The drum priming was efficient<br />
for seed hydrati<strong>on</strong> but the results showed reduced percentage and speed of germinati<strong>on</strong> in<br />
most of the seed lots. Hydropriming improved seed physiological potential and was selected<br />
for the subsequent study of drying procedures after seed c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ing. Experimental drying<br />
procedures included: fast drying at 35°C – 40°C and 40% R.H. for 48h; slow drying (20°C<br />
and 50-55% R.H.) for 72 h; seed incubati<strong>on</strong> in PEG-8000 soluti<strong>on</strong> or in water bath at 40°C<br />
for 1, 3 or 5h or by seed exposure to 35°C for 1 or 2 days. After the slow drying and all<br />
incubati<strong>on</strong> procedures, seeds were submitted to fast drying until they reached 6.0% to 8.0%<br />
water c<strong>on</strong>tent. Effects of drying <strong>on</strong> primed seeds were evaluated by germinati<strong>on</strong>, accelerated<br />
ageing and electrical c<strong>on</strong>ductivity tests. Results identified the fast drying method as the most<br />
efficient to preserve the beneficial effects of <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong> seed priming although <strong>on</strong>ly the seed<br />
incubati<strong>on</strong> in PEG-8000 soluti<strong>on</strong> drastically reduced <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong> seed germinati<strong>on</strong> and vigour.<br />
191 - EVALUATION OF GERMINATION CAPACITY AND PRIMING<br />
TECHNIQUES IN SESLERIA VARIA, A PLANT FOR RESTORATION OF<br />
CALCAREOUS GRASSLANDS<br />
CASTIGLIONI, A., COLOMBO A. & TOSCA, A.<br />
F<strong>on</strong>dazi<strong>on</strong>e Minoprio - Centro Regi<strong>on</strong>ale per la Tutela della Flora Autoct<strong>on</strong>a, Viale Raim<strong>on</strong>di, 54 - 22070<br />
Vertemate c<strong>on</strong> Minoprio - Como – Italy, tosca@f<strong>on</strong>dazi<strong>on</strong>eminoprio.it<br />
The purpose of this work is to evaluate priming techniques in Sesleria varia, a promising<br />
plant for restorati<strong>on</strong> of calcareous grasslands. Beside its geotechnical proprieties, it helps to<br />
recreate highly diverse floristic associati<strong>on</strong>. Due to its low germinability and seed producti<strong>on</strong>,<br />
currently the use of Sesleria varia cannot be applied efficiently in seed mixtures for<br />
restorati<strong>on</strong>. Viability and germinati<strong>on</strong> capacity of seeds produced ex situ by F<strong>on</strong>dazi<strong>on</strong>e<br />
Minoprio, were evaluated. Tetrazolium test was set up and it indicated that seed viability was<br />
poor. Gibberellic acid A3 was tested at different c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s but no statistically significant<br />
differences were observed at 48 hours priming. Gibberellic acid priming at 0.29 mM was<br />
tested versus the water <strong>on</strong>ly or the potassium nitrate soluti<strong>on</strong>. Gibberellic acid performed the<br />
best germinati<strong>on</strong> percentages (over 25%) when priming lasted 24 hours. Even water priming<br />
showed a decrease in the germinability with l<strong>on</strong>ger times. Potassium nitrate showed the<br />
worse percentage of germinati<strong>on</strong>, half of those of gibberellic acid at all the durati<strong>on</strong>s tested.<br />
Mean time to germinati<strong>on</strong> decreased with l<strong>on</strong>ger times for all the treatments. In comparisi<strong>on</strong><br />
with 7 and 14 days, seeds stored for 28 days after priming with gibberellic acid decreased<br />
slightly their germinati<strong>on</strong> rate and prol<strong>on</strong>ged the time to germinati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
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192 - EFFECTS OF SEED OSMOPRIMING ON GERMINATION OF PEPPER<br />
SEED AT LOW TEMPERATURES.<br />
CAVALLARO, V., IERNA, A. & MAUROMICALE, G.<br />
C<strong>on</strong>siglio Nazi<strong>on</strong>ale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.) Istituto per i Siustemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo<br />
(I.S.A.Fo.M.), Sezi<strong>on</strong>e Colture Erbacee Strategiche di Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, Catania, Italy,<br />
valeriacav@katamail.com<br />
Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) is classified as a warm-seas<strong>on</strong> plant requiring relatively high<br />
temperatures for successful seed germinati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Since the particular climatic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s of the Mediterranean regi<strong>on</strong> permit early producti<strong>on</strong>s<br />
for pepper, in cold greenhouse, plastic tunnels or seedbeds, sowings are frequently<br />
anticipate to late winter or early spring. In these periods, temperatures are equal or lower<br />
than minimum for the germinati<strong>on</strong>, so seeds take l<strong>on</strong>ger to germinate and are subjected<br />
during emergence to biotic and abiotic stresses. As a c<strong>on</strong>sequence, delayed and erratic<br />
plantlet emergence and establishment may result.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> priming has generally been successful in increasing rate, uniformity, and percentage of<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> of many species.<br />
Pre-treatment of pepper seed in osmotic soluti<strong>on</strong> moreover, hastening the germinati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
emergence, especially at suboptimal temperatures, would be of significant ec<strong>on</strong>omic value in<br />
the producti<strong>on</strong> of greenhouse raised plants. For this reas<strong>on</strong>, our Secti<strong>on</strong> carried out a<br />
research aiming at studying the effects <strong>on</strong> pepper germinati<strong>on</strong> charateristics of different seed<br />
priming treatments with organic and inorganic salts (PEG, KNO 3 and KNO 3 +K 2 HPO 4 ) under<br />
a wide range of temperatures (from 10 to 25 °C). Two varieties were used.<br />
At temperature of 10°C, next to the lower threshold of germinati<strong>on</strong> temperature for this<br />
species, untreated seed (c<strong>on</strong>trol) does not germinate, whereas treated seed with organic<br />
and inorganic salts showed germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage ranging from 20 to 99 %. Even at<br />
higher temperatures (13 and 16 °C), where treated and untreated seeds showed a good<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage, osmoc<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ing with organic and inorganic salts drastically<br />
reduced mean germinati<strong>on</strong> time.<br />
193 - THE EFFECTS OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL ON THE MOISTURE<br />
CONTENT AND GERMINATION OF SHELLESS RUBBER SEEDS (HEVEA<br />
BRASILIENSIS MUELL-ARG) DURING SIXTEEN DAYS’ STORAGE.<br />
CHARLOQ & CHAIRUNNISA HARIS, T.<br />
Fac. of Agriculture, Univ. of North Sumatera, Ind<strong>on</strong>esia<br />
The usual method for transportati<strong>on</strong> of rubber seeds from the Rubber <strong>Seed</strong> Center to<br />
farmers’ plantati<strong>on</strong> is in the form of intact rubber seeds, with the shells, which often raise<br />
problems in grading their freshness, and due to bad road c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s, cause the seeds to<br />
arrive after more than <strong>on</strong>e week at their destiny, and loose much of their viability. Therefore<br />
the Rubber <strong>Seed</strong>s Center suggested to send shelless rubber seeds, in order to be able to<br />
show seed freshness, with much reducti<strong>on</strong> in transportati<strong>on</strong> costs. Since shelless seeds are<br />
very pr<strong>on</strong>e to drying and damage, a study was c<strong>on</strong>ducted with the aim to maintain seed<br />
viability during 16 days’ storage. The airdried shelless rubber seeds were immersed for 10<br />
minutes in soluti<strong>on</strong>s of PEG-6000 at the c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s of 0% (c<strong>on</strong>trol), 15%, 30% and<br />
45%, followed by airdrying, and then the seeds were stored in plastic bags for 4, 8, 12 and<br />
16 days. <strong>Seed</strong> moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent after storage, seed germinati<strong>on</strong> during storage and seed<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> after storage were observed. Results showed that PEG soluti<strong>on</strong>s were effective<br />
in maintaining the seeds moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent during storage; after 16 days’ storage, PEG<br />
soluti<strong>on</strong> at the c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> of 45% showed highest germinati<strong>on</strong> (81%) and lowest<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> during storage (4.28%), which were even much better after more shorter<br />
storage periods, i.e. more than 90% germinati<strong>on</strong> and less than 1% germinati<strong>on</strong> in storage.<br />
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194 - ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF 3’, 4’, 7 - TRIHYDROXY FLAVONE<br />
ISOLATED FROM BAUHINIA SCANDENS BY CONTROLLING THE IRREGULAR<br />
ACTIVITIES OF SOME ENZYMES IN FUNGAL INFECTED SEEDS OF PISUM<br />
SATIVUM, PHASEOLUS AUREUS PHASEOLUS MUNGO AND CICER<br />
AERIETINUM.<br />
CHATTERJEE, PADMA & BARDHAN, ARUNEEMA<br />
Department of BOT ANY, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Kalyani, Kalyani,<br />
District, Nadia, Pin Code – 741235, West Bengal. India<br />
The aim of this work focuses an approach towards a n<strong>on</strong>-chemical as well as a n<strong>on</strong>hazardous<br />
c<strong>on</strong>trol of Fugal infecti<strong>on</strong> in seeds of Pisum sativium, Phaseolus aureus, Phaseolus<br />
mungo and Cicer aerietinum. The 50% aqueous ethanolic extract of Bauhinia scandens was<br />
partiti<strong>on</strong>ed over Petroleum ether, diethyl ether and chloroform. Antifungal activity was<br />
located in the diethyl ether fracti<strong>on</strong> by spore germinati<strong>on</strong> and agar cup methods. An<br />
antifungal compound purified by preparative thin layer chromatography was isolated from<br />
the diethyl ether fracti<strong>on</strong> and was chemically identified as 3’, 4’, 7 - trihydroxy flav<strong>on</strong>e by uv<br />
spectral analysis. The compound (m.p. 255°C) showed absorbance in Methanol at max nm<br />
235, 250sh, 309 and 343 and exhibited the characteristic shifts <strong>on</strong> additi<strong>on</strong> of chemical<br />
reagents (NaOAc, NaOAc/H 3 Bo 3 , AlCh, AICl 3 /HCI and NaoMe).<br />
<strong>Seed</strong>s of Pisum sativum, Phaseolus aureus Phaseolus mungo and Cicer aerietinum infected<br />
with col<strong>on</strong>y of Fusarium sp and Alternaria sp were pretreated with different c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s of<br />
the above compound. The activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, protease and amylase were<br />
studied in n<strong>on</strong>-infected, infected and pretreated seeds. Results indicated that n<strong>on</strong>-infected<br />
seeds had low activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, but in the infected seeds there was a<br />
sharp rise in their activities. Interestingly enough the pretreated seeds showed low enzyme<br />
activities like those of the n<strong>on</strong>-infected Olles. Protease and amylase activities were high in<br />
n<strong>on</strong>infected seeds and low in the infected <strong>on</strong>es. Here also pretreatment of the infected seeds<br />
with the isolated flav<strong>on</strong>e raised the activities of protease and amylase like those in the<br />
healthy <strong>on</strong>es.<br />
195 - SOME EXAMPLES OF BENEFITS BROUGHT BY SEED TREATMENT<br />
TECHNOLOGIES FOR DIFFERENT SPECIES GERMINATION<br />
DENISE, SOPHIE & BAZIN, MICHELLE<br />
Bayer CropScience Cérès <strong>Seed</strong> Technology - Méréville France.<br />
A part from well-known benefits of seed technologies such as sowability improvement,<br />
delivery of seeds protecti<strong>on</strong> products in accurate doses, some enhancement of germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
can be obtained by priming, pelleting, film-coating or any specific process.<br />
• Priming allows a better germinati<strong>on</strong> speed and improves growth homogeneity<br />
Pelleting comp<strong>on</strong>ents can be well adapted to a specific species by :<br />
- the choice of relevant comp<strong>on</strong>ents,<br />
- the size of pellets,<br />
- the positi<strong>on</strong> of active ingredient(s)<br />
Film-coating can improve emergence speed by covering the possible natural cracks of<br />
seed coat and/or avoiding some c<strong>on</strong>taminati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
Process of treatment can guarantee a good storage of the treated seeds by the way of<br />
adapted drying.<br />
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Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
196 - TREATMENTS FOR BREAKING DORMANCY OF CEREAL SEEDS<br />
DUCOURNAU 1 , S., GARREAU 1 , P., FOUGEREUX 2 , J.A., MERIAUX 2 , B., AUDE 3 , L., MALLET 1 , L.<br />
PREVEAUX 1 , A. & LECHAPPE 1 , J.<br />
1 GEVES-SNES, rue Georges Morel, BP 24, 49 071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France. sylvie.ducournau@geves.fr<br />
2 FNAMS, Le Verger, 49 800 Brain sur l’Authi<strong>on</strong>, France.<br />
3 LABOSEM, Le Verger, 49800 Brain sur l’Authi<strong>on</strong>, France.<br />
Prechilling, preheating and gibberellic acid are methods prescribed by I.S.T.A rules for<br />
breaking dormancy of cereal seeds. These prescripti<strong>on</strong>s are not very precise especially for<br />
the durati<strong>on</strong> of the prechilling period. Then we have tried to find the shorter durati<strong>on</strong> of a<br />
prechilling treatment to break efficiently the dormancy of cereal at the temperature of °C.<br />
We also compared the efficiency of the three methods for breaking dormancy.<br />
For wheat and barley seed lots tested freshly after harvest, a two days prechilling is<br />
sufficient to break dormancy. Results have been reproduced two different years with seed<br />
lots of various dormancy levels.<br />
The three methods for breaking dormancy were compared <strong>on</strong> freshly harvested seeds of<br />
Triticum durum. On Triticum aestivum, <strong>on</strong>ly two methods (prechilling and GA3) were tested.<br />
Gibberellic acid at 0.05% is as efficient as prechilling at 5°C during 7 days for Triticum<br />
aestivum. For Triticum durum, preheating (seven days at 3°C) is as efficient as gibberellic<br />
acid. When seeds are c<strong>on</strong>taminated with Microdochium nivale, poorer germinati<strong>on</strong> is<br />
observed after prechilling.<br />
Theses results show that prechilling at °C durati<strong>on</strong> seems to be reduced at 2 days. The three<br />
different methods are both efficient for breaking dormancy, but a 7 days prechilling reduces<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> of Triticum durum when applied <strong>on</strong> seeds c<strong>on</strong>taminated with Microdochium<br />
nivale.<br />
197 - MORPHOLOGY AND GERMINATION OF BREU-BRANCO A DORMANT<br />
NON-ORTHODOX TREE SEED FROM THE AMAZON.<br />
FERRAZ 1 , I.D.K., GROTH 2 , D. & COSTA 3 , M.M.<br />
1 Nati<strong>on</strong>al Institute for Amaz<strong>on</strong> Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil, iferraz@inpa.gov.br;<br />
2 FEAGRI/Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil, groth@dglnet.com.br;<br />
3 INPA<br />
The genus Protium, from the Burseraceae family, is well known for its aromatic resins<br />
occurring in all parts of the trees. Its species are getting recently special attenti<strong>on</strong> from the<br />
Brazilian cosmetic industry as for example P. heptaphyllum. The fruit (1,8 x 1,5 x 1,3 cm) is<br />
a dehiscent red drupe. At maturati<strong>on</strong> the white fleshy mesocarp is exposed, attracts birds<br />
and m<strong>on</strong>keys and completely covers (1,5–3,5 mm thick) the st<strong>on</strong>e. Thus the seed is<br />
botanically a pyrene, measuring 1,3 x 0,8 x 0,7 cm with a characteristic semicol<strong>on</strong> shape and<br />
an extremely hard endocarp, which c<strong>on</strong>tributes to >60% of the seed dry weight. TSW of<br />
fresh seeds directly after extracti<strong>on</strong> from the fruits was 390g and MC 46,7%. The two<br />
cotyled<strong>on</strong>s that c<strong>on</strong>tain the seed reserves are c<strong>on</strong>nected with l<strong>on</strong>g petioles to the minute<br />
embry<strong>on</strong>ic axis and probably both meristems are rudimentary. Germinati<strong>on</strong> of fresh seeds<br />
was low 9% and a physical resistance of the endocarp was assumed. The emergence occurs<br />
at the sharp end of the seed. Clipping off this end, germinati<strong>on</strong> was not increased (9%), as<br />
damage of the embryo was probably not avoidable. In a further treatment the seeds were<br />
dried <strong>on</strong> the lab bench for 24 hours with the aim to retract the embryo from the protrusi<strong>on</strong><br />
z<strong>on</strong>e before clipping, thus germinati<strong>on</strong> could be increased significantly to 32%. Further<br />
drying with or without clipping did not result in any germinati<strong>on</strong>, indicating n<strong>on</strong>-orthodox<br />
seed storage behavior. <strong>Seed</strong>ling morphology was hypogeal and cryptocotylar. Leave<br />
arrangement and leave type was variable, and some seedlings had cataphylls. The first<br />
leaves were normally opposite, further leaves spirally arranged. Leaves of Burseraceae<br />
family are composed but all seedlings of this species had at least 2 to 6 simple leaves.<br />
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198 - EFFECTS OF HYDRATION AND DEHYDRATION PERIOD LENGTHS ON<br />
THE COLEOPTILES AND ROOT GROWTH AND SEEDLING SURVIVAL OF 3<br />
WHEAT CULTIVARS AFTER REHYDRATION<br />
GHORBANI, M.H. ZEINALI, E. & SOLTANI, A.<br />
Dept. of Agr<strong>on</strong>., Gorgan Univ. of Agric. Sci., Gorgan , Iran, ghorbani304@yahoo.com<br />
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings may meet dehydrati<strong>on</strong> between seed imbibiti<strong>on</strong>s and<br />
emergence, particular in dryland farming. This laboratory experiment was c<strong>on</strong>ducted to<br />
study the effects of hydrati<strong>on</strong> and dehydrati<strong>on</strong> period lengths <strong>on</strong> the coleoptiles and root<br />
growth, seedling survival, and their ability to resume growth (after rehydrati<strong>on</strong>) of 3 wheat<br />
cultivars. Golestan, Khazar-1 and Tajan seed cultivars were germinated for 4, 6 and 8 days<br />
in without drought stress c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>. Then, seedlings were dehydrated for 2, 4 and 6 days and<br />
rehydrated. Number of normal seedling, lengths of coleoptiles and root, and dry weights of<br />
seed residues were measured after 7 days. Results showed that when seedlings were grown<br />
under suitable moisture c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s for 4 days or less (unpublished data) before dehydrati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
the length of dehydrati<strong>on</strong> periods had no effect <strong>on</strong> the number of normal seedlings after<br />
rehydrati<strong>on</strong>, but an increase in the time of dehydrati<strong>on</strong> resulted to decries the coleoptiles<br />
and root length of 3 cultivars. Dehydrati<strong>on</strong> reduced normal seedlings and root lengths,<br />
significantly, when seedlings were placed under normal c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s before dehydrati<strong>on</strong> for 6<br />
days or more. Reducti<strong>on</strong> in coleoptiles lengths as affected by dehydrati<strong>on</strong> was significant<br />
<strong>on</strong>ly for the treatment 8 days growth under suitable moisture c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s before dehydrati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Dehydrati<strong>on</strong> period length had no effect <strong>on</strong> dry weights of seed residues in treatment 4 days<br />
growth under suitable moisture c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s before dehydrati<strong>on</strong>, while when seedlings were<br />
grown under suitable c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s for 6 days, increasing dehydrati<strong>on</strong> time followed by<br />
significant increase in dry weights of seed residues. In 8 days growth under suitable<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s before dehydrati<strong>on</strong>, increasing dehydrati<strong>on</strong> period length caused significant<br />
increase in seed residues <strong>on</strong>ly in Golestan cultivar. These results dem<strong>on</strong>strate that<br />
dehydrati<strong>on</strong> tolerance reduces as wheat seedlings develop. On the other hand, the length of<br />
dehydrati<strong>on</strong> can be effective <strong>on</strong> the ability of regrowth after rehydrati<strong>on</strong>. So this ability<br />
decreases as the length dehydrati<strong>on</strong> period increases.<br />
199 - MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DISPERSAL UNIT AND<br />
GERMINATION STAGE DEVELOPMENT OF CORDIA CURASSAVICA (JACQ.)<br />
ROEM. & SCHULT. – BORAGINACEAE.<br />
1 GROTH, D., AGUIAR 2 , R.H., CARNEIRO 3 , L.M.T.A. & FANTINATTI 4 , J.B.<br />
FEAGRI/Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Box 6011, Postal Code 13083-970, Campinas-SP, Brazil;<br />
1 groth@dglnet.com.br; 2 rosahel@agr.unicamp.br; 3 lualves@agr.unicamp.br; 4 jbfant@ig.com.br<br />
Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult., known as erva-baleeira, is a native specie from<br />
Brazil and has commercial and medicinal importance. The leaves are aromatics and people<br />
used it as antiphlogistic. The majority of the native and pi<strong>on</strong>eer species need studies about<br />
the propagati<strong>on</strong> methods, morphology, germinati<strong>on</strong>, l<strong>on</strong>gevity, physiology, c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
seed health. The objective of these work was make drawings and descripti<strong>on</strong>s of the external<br />
and internal characteristics, of the dispersal unit of Cordia curassavica, such as shape, type,<br />
size, texture and color of the pericarp and the embryo type, shape, size, texture and positi<strong>on</strong><br />
in relati<strong>on</strong> to the storage tissue (endosperm). It was also studied the morphology of the<br />
post-seminal development stages. Morphological characterizati<strong>on</strong> of the dispersal unit is<br />
important to help the identificati<strong>on</strong> of a botanical specie, to evaluate and separate species<br />
that compose soil seed banks, in the manipulati<strong>on</strong> and c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> of the wild fauna, in<br />
study of food supply for herbivorous, in successi<strong>on</strong> and regenerati<strong>on</strong> in forestry ecosystems<br />
and natural regenerati<strong>on</strong> of degraded areas. The knowledge of the post-seminal development<br />
stages and the morphological aspects of seedlings allows the identificati<strong>on</strong> of families, genus<br />
and species; are also important in the identificati<strong>on</strong> of the plants of a certain regi<strong>on</strong>; in<br />
studies of the ecology of the specie and of forestry inventory in a regi<strong>on</strong>; to knowledge the<br />
factors that are resp<strong>on</strong>sible for the competiti<strong>on</strong> intra and inter specific within a vegetal<br />
community and to make easy the interpretati<strong>on</strong> of a germinati<strong>on</strong> test in a seed testing<br />
laboratory.<br />
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Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
200 - MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SIX SEEDS OF<br />
ARBOREOUS SPECIES WITH ORNAMENTAL POTENCIAL.<br />
GROTH, D.<br />
FEAGRI/Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Box 6011, Postal Code 13083-970, Campinas-SP, Brazil;<br />
groth@dglnet.com.br<br />
The morphological characterizati<strong>on</strong> of seeds is an important task to help the identificati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
a botanical specie in a seed testing laboratory, in soil seed bank and in studies of successi<strong>on</strong><br />
and regenerati<strong>on</strong> in forestry ecosystems. There is a deficiency of specialized bibliography<br />
which described seeds of tropical arboreous species. <strong>Seed</strong>s, like most reproductive<br />
structures, are relatively stable under varying envir<strong>on</strong>mental c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s and their basic<br />
internal organizati<strong>on</strong> varies <strong>on</strong>ly slightly am<strong>on</strong>g related species and genera and the<br />
differences that can exist may be regarded as significant phylogenetically and can be used in<br />
the tax<strong>on</strong>omical identificati<strong>on</strong>. The objective of this work was make drawings and<br />
descripti<strong>on</strong>s of the external and internal characteristics, such as shape, type, size, texture<br />
and color of the seed coat and the embryo type, shape, size, texture and positi<strong>on</strong> in relati<strong>on</strong><br />
to the endosperm. The studied seeds are: Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae R.Br.; occurs<br />
from Minas Gerais State to Rio Grande do Sul State); Aspidosperma riedlii M.Arg.<br />
(Apocinaceae Juss.; occurs from São Paulo State to Minas Gerais State); Patag<strong>on</strong>ula<br />
americana L. (Boraginaceae Juss.; occurs from São Paulo State to the Northwest of Rio<br />
Grande do Sul State); Jacaratia spinosa (Aubl.) A. DC. (Caricaceae Juss.; occurs from South<br />
of Bahia State to the States of Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso do Sul);<br />
Lafoensia pacari St. Hil. (Lythraceae Lindl.; occurs in the States of Minas Gerais, São Paulo and<br />
Mato Grosso do Sul to Santa Catarina State); Coutarea hexandra Schum. (Rubiaceae Juss.;<br />
occurs from Amaz<strong>on</strong>as State to São Paulo State).<br />
201 - EFFECTS OF ELECTROSTATIC FIELD TREATMENT ON PINE SEED<br />
GERMINATION<br />
GUI, ZHI-BIN & QIAO, LI-MIN<br />
Microelectr<strong>on</strong>ics Institute, Xidian University, Xi an, 710071, China, zhbgui@xidian.edu.cn<br />
Tree seed of pine, Pinus tabulaeformis Carr., as well as other species, such as tree seeds<br />
with shallow dormancy are widely used in mountain and desert areas for reforestati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
grassland with airplane sowing seeds in northern China, were treated by electrostatic fields<br />
to enhance germinati<strong>on</strong>, quantities and quality of young seedling to explore theoretical<br />
relati<strong>on</strong>ships between electrostatic field treatment and changes in seed vigour. We found<br />
that treatment results depended <strong>on</strong> the form of energy used, treatment dosage, process and<br />
index of early stage of seeds. Results showed that the optimal dosage was 500 kV/m for 10<br />
min for treatment of dry or wet seeds for improvement of both germinati<strong>on</strong> and root<br />
development during initial germinati<strong>on</strong> and middle and later stages of seedling development.<br />
202 - EFFECT OF STRATIFICATION IN POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL SOLUTIONS<br />
ON GERMINATION OF THREE NORTH AMERICAN SHRUB SPECIES.<br />
HARRINGTON, JOHN T. & ROSNER, LEE, S.<br />
New Mexico State University Mora Research Center, Mora, NM 87732, joharrin@nmsu.edu<br />
Cercocarpus m<strong>on</strong>tanus, Amelanchier alnifolia, and Shepherdia canadensis are North<br />
American shrub species with seeds exhibiting physiological dormancy overcome by<br />
stratificati<strong>on</strong> (moist prechill). Germinati<strong>on</strong> of these species occurs during stratificati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
reducing the number of healthy n<strong>on</strong>-dormant seeds available for sowing at the end of<br />
treatment. The effectiveness of incubating seeds in polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000, molecular<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
weight 8000u) soluti<strong>on</strong>s to reduce germinati<strong>on</strong> during stratificati<strong>on</strong> was examined for each<br />
species using a factorial arrangement of PEG c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s and 3ºC stratificati<strong>on</strong> durati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
PEG treatments reduced both moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent and germinati<strong>on</strong> during stratificati<strong>on</strong> in a<br />
dose-dependent manner for each species. Incubati<strong>on</strong> in PEG at c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s necessary to<br />
suppress germinati<strong>on</strong> during stratificati<strong>on</strong> had differential effects <strong>on</strong> the total germinati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
each species, ranging from no reducti<strong>on</strong> in total germinati<strong>on</strong> of A. alnifolia to a large<br />
reducti<strong>on</strong> in the total germinati<strong>on</strong> of S. canadensis. A discussi<strong>on</strong> of reduced oxygen<br />
availability in PEG stratificati<strong>on</strong> soluti<strong>on</strong>s and its effect <strong>on</strong> metabolic processes leading to<br />
dormancy release or sec<strong>on</strong>dary dormancy inducti<strong>on</strong> is presented. Species variability in<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>se to stratificati<strong>on</strong> in PEG is discussed in terms of this effect.<br />
203 - SEED QUALITY EVALUATION OF VARIOUS DENSITY FRACTIONS OF<br />
POLYMER COATED COTTONSEED<br />
HOPPER 1,2 , N.W., OLIVIER 1 , D.B. & WEDEGAERTNER 3 , T.C.<br />
1 Texas Tech University, 2 Texas Agricultural Experiment Stati<strong>on</strong>, and 3 Cott<strong>on</strong> Incorporated<br />
Currently cott<strong>on</strong>seed is prepared for planting by the process of delinting (removal of lint and<br />
linters). This is accomplished by exposing the “fuzzy” seed to acid. Following hydrolysis and<br />
removal of the fibers, the seeds are passed over a gravity table to remove the low density<br />
(quality) seed, treated with various chemicals, and bagged for transport. Delinting using<br />
acid poses certain hazards to the seed, workers, machinery, and the envir<strong>on</strong>ment. Studies<br />
are currently being c<strong>on</strong>ducted where the l<strong>on</strong>ger fibers are removed by mechanical delinting<br />
(leaving the short linter fibers) followed by coating the seed and linters with a polymer to<br />
allow for seed flowability. To be a viable system the polymer coating must not impede the<br />
gravity separati<strong>on</strong> (removal) of the low quality seed and must not slow or impede<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> and emergence. Four polymer treatments were imposed <strong>on</strong> mechanically<br />
delinted seed of three cott<strong>on</strong> cultivars. Subsequently the seed were density separated into<br />
three fracti<strong>on</strong>s (light, medium, and heavy) using an air separati<strong>on</strong> system. Viability and<br />
vigor tests performed <strong>on</strong> the seed indicated that polymer coated seed could be effectively<br />
separated such that an inferior low density fracti<strong>on</strong> could be separated from the higher<br />
quality medium and heavy fracti<strong>on</strong>s. The data further suggest that polymer coating of the<br />
seed up to 2% of the seed weight did not reduce the rate or total germinati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
emergence.<br />
204 - EFFECTS OF PRE-SOWING TREATMENTS ON EMERGENCE<br />
CHARACTERISTICS OF TWELVE TRUE POTATO SEED (TPS) GENOTYPES.<br />
IERNA 1 , A. & TENORIO 2 , J.<br />
1 C<strong>on</strong>siglio Nazi<strong>on</strong>ale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.) Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo<br />
(I.S.A.Fo.M.), Sezi<strong>on</strong>e Colture Erbacee Strategiche di Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, Catania, Italy, e-mail:<br />
anita.ierna@tiscali.it<br />
2 Internati<strong>on</strong>al Potato Center (C.I.P.), A.P. 1558, Lima 12, Peru<br />
Potato propagati<strong>on</strong>, carried out traditi<strong>on</strong>ally by seed-tubers, produces some disadvantages<br />
due to difficulty and high trasport costs of the seed-tubers and also to their short storage<br />
time and unreliable phitosanitary status. These disadvantages are particularly important in<br />
developing countries where they limit producti<strong>on</strong> and c<strong>on</strong>sumpti<strong>on</strong> of potatoes. True potato<br />
seed (TPS) is c<strong>on</strong>sidered an alternative propagati<strong>on</strong> method able to limit or eliminate some<br />
disadvantages linked to seed-tuber utilisati<strong>on</strong>. TPS may show, however, poor percentage and<br />
uniformity of germinati<strong>on</strong> and low seedling vigour due to dormancy.<br />
The effects of seed treatments with some substances, such as gibberellic acid and potassium<br />
salts have been investigated, but a large variability of effectiveness has resulted in relati<strong>on</strong><br />
to various causes: genotype, stage of seed development, air temperature during emergence,<br />
seed age etc. For this reas<strong>on</strong> it seemed useful to study the effects of presowing treatments<br />
with gibberellic acid - GA3 (1500 ppm) and KNO3+K3PO4 (–1.0 MPa) soluti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong><br />
emergence characteristics and seedling growth of twelve TPS genotypes originated by<br />
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potato crosses in two Peruvian localities: La Molina and San Ram<strong>on</strong>, characterised by<br />
different climatic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Both pre-sowing treatments increased percentage, rate and uniformity of emergence and dry<br />
weight of seedlings. This positive effect was more evident in La Molina than in San Ram<strong>on</strong>.<br />
KNO3+K3PO4 treatment determined higher velocity and uniformity of emergence, and<br />
c<strong>on</strong>sequently greater seedling dry weight too, as compared to the GA3 treatment.<br />
The results showed the very important role of genotype and female parent in determining<br />
the different resp<strong>on</strong>se to pre-sowing treatment.<br />
205 - EFFECT OF PRE-SOWING TREATMENT (PST) ON SEED GERMINATION,<br />
ESTABLISHMENT AND YIELD.<br />
JAGADISH, G.V.<br />
Indo American Hybrid <strong>Seed</strong>s(I)_Pvt.Ltd.,Bangalore,India<br />
Pre-sowing treatment (PST) <strong>on</strong> seed lots of Tomato (Cv. Pusa Ruby), Capsicum (Hybrid<br />
Bharath) and Oni<strong>on</strong> (Cv. Pusa Red) with GA 3 200 ppm and 100 ppm (24 hrs), Kinetin 50<br />
ppm (24 hrs); K 2 HPO 4 and Na 2 HPO 4 at 150 mM (48 hrs), KN0 3 200 mM (48 hrs) and PEG-1.2<br />
MPa (7 days) and Mannitol –1.24 Mpa (6 days) and hydrati<strong>on</strong> – dehydrati<strong>on</strong> (48 hrs) at 20°C<br />
caused for an increased rate of germinati<strong>on</strong>, hypocotyl length and emergence in the field<br />
compared to untreated seeds. In Tomato, PST with GA 3 (200 ppm), KNO 3 (200 mM), K 2 HPO 4<br />
& Na 2 HPO 4 (150 mM), Mannitol (–1.24 Mpa) significantly increased establishment, plant<br />
growth and number of leaves at all stages of growth. Kinetin (50 ppm) and hydrati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
dehydrati<strong>on</strong> treatment recorded significant increase in plant height and foliage. Further,<br />
significant increase in number of fruits and fruit weight per plant and total fruit yield were<br />
obtained with these PSTs.<br />
In Capsicum Hybrid Bharath, significant increase in establishment (with GA 3 200 ppm, KNO3<br />
200 mM and Na 2 KPO 4 150 mM); growth and number of leaves (with GA 3 200 ppm, Kinetin 50<br />
ppm, KNO3 200 mM, Mannitol –1.24 Mpa; hydrati<strong>on</strong>-dehydrati<strong>on</strong>, K 2 HPO 4 and Na 2 HPO 4 at<br />
150 mM,) were found.<br />
On the c<strong>on</strong>trary, significant yield increase was recorded in PST with GA 3 (200 ppm), KNO 3<br />
(200 mM) and Na 2 KPO 4 (150 Mm), PEG -1.2 MPa .In case of Oni<strong>on</strong> Cv. Pusa Red; plant<br />
stand, growth and number of bulb leaves were significantly greater using PST with GA 3 200<br />
ppm, KNO 3 200 mM , K 2 HPO 4 and Na 2 HPO 4 at 150 mM, Mannitol at –1.24 MPa and PEG –<br />
1.2 MPa. Hydrati<strong>on</strong>-dehydrati<strong>on</strong> did show significant difference in plant height and bulb<br />
leaves <strong>on</strong>ly. Significant bulb yield was recorded using PSTs GA 3 at 200 ppm, Kinetin 50 ppm,<br />
KNO 3 at 200 mM, K 2 HPO 4 and Na 2 HPO 4 at 150 mM, Mannitol at –1.24 MPa and PEG –1.2<br />
MPa. The increase in fruit yield was possibly due to the initial advantage of higher percent<br />
increase in establishment, growth and foliage.<br />
206 - THE INFLUENCE OF AERATED HYDRATION SEED TREATMENT ON<br />
TOMATO SEED INVIGORATION<br />
KHAJEH-HOSSEINI 1 , MOHAMMAD & POWELL 1 , ALISON A.<br />
1 Department of Agriculture & Forestry, University of Aberdeen, Hilt<strong>on</strong> Campus, Hilt<strong>on</strong> Place, Aberdeen,<br />
AB24 4FA, Scotland, U.K<br />
Single seed lots from two varieties of tomato, Falat C-H and Early Urbana Y were identified<br />
as having low and high vigour, based <strong>on</strong> the initial assessment of laboratory germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
(LG) and c<strong>on</strong>trolled deteriorati<strong>on</strong> (CD) vigour test (20% mc and 45 o C for 24 h). <strong>Seed</strong>s of<br />
each lot were also aged at 20% mc and 45 o C for 24h. Aerated hydrati<strong>on</strong> (AH) treatment of<br />
unaged and aged seeds was carried out for 6 to 48 h in perspex columns with dei<strong>on</strong>ised<br />
water, placed in a growth cabinet at 20 o C and aerated by an aquarium pump. Both unaged<br />
and aged seeds of Falat (low vigour) seeds had 93% germinati<strong>on</strong> with 40% and 16% normal<br />
seedlings respectively. Unaged Early Urban Y (high vigour) had 99% germinati<strong>on</strong> and 96%<br />
normal seedlings, while aged seeds had 95% germinati<strong>on</strong> and 90% normal seedlings. AH<br />
treatment improved the number of normal seedlings in Falat C-H from 40% to 93% and<br />
from 16% to 91% in unaged and aged seeds respectively. In c<strong>on</strong>trast AH treatment had no<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
clear effect <strong>on</strong> Early Urban Y seeds improvement. Therefore, AH treatment clearly improved<br />
the vigour of low vigour seeds (cv. Falat C-H) in terms of the number of normal seedlings.<br />
This observati<strong>on</strong> could be explained by the repair of the deteriorati<strong>on</strong> that had led to the low<br />
vigour and high proporti<strong>on</strong> of abnormal seedlings in Falat C-H seeds.<br />
207 - EFFECT OF CHILLING TEMPERATURE, CHILLING DURATION AND<br />
INCUBATION TEMPERATURE ON SEED GERMINATION CHARACTERISTICS<br />
OF CEDRUS DEODARA [(G.D<strong>on</strong>) D.D<strong>on</strong>)]<br />
MUGHAL 1 , A.H. & THAPLIYAL 2 , R.C.<br />
1. Divisi<strong>on</strong> of Forestry SKUAST (K), Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India, 190011.<br />
ahmughal1@rediffmail.com ; ahmughal1@yahoo.co.in<br />
2. Divisi<strong>on</strong> of Silviculture, FTSL, F R I, Dehradun, Uttranchal, India, 248006.<br />
The present study <strong>on</strong> effect of chilling and incubati<strong>on</strong> temperature <strong>on</strong> various seed<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> parameters of Cedrus deodara made it clear that the seeds resp<strong>on</strong>ded to chilling<br />
and as a result of dormancy break due to chilling all the parameters viz. germinati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> value and mean germinati<strong>on</strong> time excelled. <strong>Seed</strong> sources revealed significant<br />
differences with maximum germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage and germinati<strong>on</strong> value after<br />
pretreatments being recorded at Srinagar. Minimum germinati<strong>on</strong> was recorded at<br />
Panchalthan in South Kashmir. Mean germinati<strong>on</strong> time also recorded the same pattern. From<br />
the point of view of chilling temperature 3°C proved to be significantly better compared to<br />
chilling at 9°C. However, northern and eastern aspect seed sources resp<strong>on</strong>ded well to chilling<br />
at 9°C also, while as southern and western aspect seed sources resp<strong>on</strong>ded well to chilling at<br />
3°C <strong>on</strong>ly probably due to the fact that under natural c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s if higher chilling temperature<br />
will be required then probably the seeds will germinate after rains in winter <strong>on</strong> warmer<br />
slopes, which will not be in the interests of the seedlings as they are liable to get damaged<br />
due to frost in winter m<strong>on</strong>ths. Besides with the increase in chilling durati<strong>on</strong> all the<br />
parameters excelled. Incubati<strong>on</strong> temperatures also recorded significant differences <strong>on</strong> the<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage, mean germinati<strong>on</strong> time and germinati<strong>on</strong> value of seeds. 30°C<br />
incubati<strong>on</strong> temperature proved significantly better followed by 30/20°C.<br />
All the two-way interacti<strong>on</strong>s studied revealed significant differences. Interacti<strong>on</strong> between<br />
incubati<strong>on</strong> temperature and chilling temperatures revealed that 30°C incubati<strong>on</strong> temperature<br />
and a chilling temperature of 3°C is significantly better for all the recorded parameters.<br />
Interacti<strong>on</strong> between chilling durati<strong>on</strong> and chilling temperature recorded better values at 3°C<br />
chilling with durati<strong>on</strong> of 4 weeks. Interacti<strong>on</strong> further reveals that if chilling is to be prol<strong>on</strong>ged<br />
then either of the two chilling temperatures i.e. 3°C and 9°C are effective in breaking<br />
dormancy. Similarly, interacti<strong>on</strong> between incubati<strong>on</strong> temperature and chilling durati<strong>on</strong><br />
revealed that with the increase in length of stratificati<strong>on</strong> seed develops a capacity for<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> at lower temperature, which explains the reas<strong>on</strong> for the seeds dispersed in<br />
autumn to germinate in spring when temperatures are low.<br />
208 - CHARACTERIZATION OF WATER STATUS IN PRIMED SEEDS OF<br />
TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.) BY SORPTION PROPERTIES<br />
AND NMR RELAXATION TIMES.<br />
NAGARAJAN 1 , SHANTHA, PANDITA 2 , VINOD K. & MODI 2 , B.S.<br />
1 Nuclear Research Laboratory, shantha@iari.res.in<br />
2 Regi<strong>on</strong>al stati<strong>on</strong>, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, India<br />
The enhanced laboratory and field emergence characteristics of osmo and halo primed<br />
tomato seeds (cv. Pusa Ruby) were related to changes in hydrati<strong>on</strong>-dehydrati<strong>on</strong> kinetics,<br />
modified sorpti<strong>on</strong> properties and NMR relaxati<strong>on</strong> behaviour of humidified seeds. The<br />
hydrati<strong>on</strong>-dehydrati<strong>on</strong> rates were lower in primed seeds thereby suggesting the protecti<strong>on</strong> of<br />
seed coat membrane integrity. Water sorpti<strong>on</strong> isotherms were c<strong>on</strong>structed for primed and<br />
unprimed seeds by equilibrating over different water activities (a w ) at 25°C. The analysis of<br />
the isotherms by D’Arcy-watt equati<strong>on</strong> revealed that priming has reduced the number of<br />
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Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
str<strong>on</strong>g binding sites and the associated water c<strong>on</strong>tent significantly and increased slightly the<br />
number of weak binding sites and the associated water c<strong>on</strong>tent. This re-distributi<strong>on</strong> of water<br />
that increased the molecular mobility and availability of seed water may be the reas<strong>on</strong> for<br />
the higher speed of germinati<strong>on</strong> of primed seeds. The changes in transverse relaxati<strong>on</strong> time<br />
T 2 of seed water and its comp<strong>on</strong>ents measured in vivo using nuclear magnetic res<strong>on</strong>ance<br />
spectroscopy showed interesting difference between primed and unprimed seeds. With<br />
increase in humidificati<strong>on</strong> time, the T 2 of primed seeds could be resolved into three<br />
comp<strong>on</strong>ents with varying mobilities and the c<strong>on</strong>trol seeds had <strong>on</strong>ly two comp<strong>on</strong>ents till 10<br />
days of humidificati<strong>on</strong>. The third fracti<strong>on</strong> with very low molecular mobility that appeared <strong>on</strong>ly<br />
in primed seeds and accounted for about 50% of prot<strong>on</strong> populati<strong>on</strong> was assigned to<br />
embry<strong>on</strong>ic tissue water. The relaxati<strong>on</strong> times of other two comp<strong>on</strong>ents of seed water<br />
identified as cytoplasmic bulk water and extra-cellular free water also showed higher values<br />
in primed seeds. Hence we propose that better performance of primed seeds may be<br />
attributed to the modificati<strong>on</strong>s to seed water binding properties and re-organizati<strong>on</strong> of seed<br />
water so as to hydrate the embry<strong>on</strong>ic tissue and to increase molecular mobility of<br />
cytoplasmic bulk water required for various metabolic activities during germinati<strong>on</strong> process.<br />
209 - THE SHORT-TIME STORABILITY OF VEGETABLE SEEDS AFTER<br />
HYDRATION TREATMENT<br />
PAZDERA, J.<br />
Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Department of Plant Producti<strong>on</strong>, Kamýcká 957, 165 21<br />
Prague, Czech Republic, pazdera@af.czu.cz)<br />
Storability of vegetable seeds after hydrati<strong>on</strong> treatment was evaluated in this experiment.<br />
Two seed lots of radish, <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong>, carrot and spinach were treated by prehydrati<strong>on</strong> and by<br />
osmotic priming in PEG 6000 soluti<strong>on</strong>. The seed lots were dried after treatment and stored in<br />
plastic boxes in 20°C and -18°C for 0, 2 and 6 m<strong>on</strong>th. After this periods seed germinati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
MTG and germinati<strong>on</strong> energy were tested.<br />
The differences between treated samples of all four crops and between their untreated<br />
c<strong>on</strong>trols after six m<strong>on</strong>th were <strong>on</strong>ly small and n<strong>on</strong> – significant. The significant differences<br />
between seed lots stored in different temperatures after six m<strong>on</strong>th were not registered.<br />
Generally is possible to say that short storage of these seed lots after hydrati<strong>on</strong> treatment<br />
had not significant influence <strong>on</strong> seed parameters after storage.<br />
210 - ENHANCING SEED GERMINATION RATE OF FOUR TURFGRASS<br />
GENERA BY ACID TREATMENTS<br />
SALEHI, H. & KHOSH-KHUI, M.<br />
Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran,<br />
hsalehi@shirazu.ac.ir<br />
Turfgrasses are comm<strong>on</strong>ly propagated by seeds. In some genera of turfgrasses, presence of<br />
low germinati<strong>on</strong> percentages or rates are the main problems in seed propagati<strong>on</strong>. The<br />
present investigati<strong>on</strong> was undertaken to determine the best c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> and durati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
sulfuric acid treatment for seeds of following turfgrass genera: Cynod<strong>on</strong> dactyl<strong>on</strong> [L.] Pers.;<br />
Festuca rubra L. var. rubra ‘Shadow’; Lolium perenne L. ‘Barball’ and Poa pratensis L.<br />
‘Meri<strong>on</strong>’. In the first experiment, sulfuric acid was used with c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s of 0 (c<strong>on</strong>trol),<br />
25, 50, 75 and 100% for 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min. In the sec<strong>on</strong>d experiment, effects of<br />
light/dark (16/8) or dark c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> germinati<strong>on</strong> rates of different menti<strong>on</strong>ed genera were<br />
investigated using the best specific acid treatments. Each treatment was replicated 4 times<br />
with 100 seeds per replicate kept in plastic petri dishes. Results indicated that in Cynod<strong>on</strong>,<br />
using 50% acid for 20-25 min had highest germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage (GP) and mean daily<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> (MDG) in light/dark; in Festuca, using 25% acid for 15 min had highest GP and<br />
MDG in light/dark; in Lolium using 50% acid for 10 min had highest MDG in dark and in Poa,<br />
using 50% acid for 15-25 min had highest MDG in dark. Both Cynod<strong>on</strong> and Poa had the<br />
highest and Festuca had the lowest GPs. Cynod<strong>on</strong> and Festuca had the highest and lowest<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
MDGs, respectively. This simple procedure, with c<strong>on</strong>siderable results, may be replaced to<br />
time-c<strong>on</strong>suming and expensive methods such as seed priming.<br />
211 - QUICK RELEASE OF GOLDENRAIN-TREE (KOELREUTERIA<br />
PANICULATA LAXM.) SEED DORMANCY<br />
SHI RHA 1 , EUI, REHMAN 2 , SHAFIQ, PARK 3 , IN-HWAN &. KIM 2 , JIN-KEY<br />
1 Department of Life Resources Science Plant Genetics & Breeding, Sunch<strong>on</strong> Nati<strong>on</strong>al University,<br />
Sunch<strong>on</strong>, 540-742, Republic of Korea<br />
2 Faculty of Bioresources Science, College of Agriculture, Ch<strong>on</strong>buk Nati<strong>on</strong>al University, Ch<strong>on</strong>ju 561-756,<br />
Republic of Korea.<br />
3 Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture, Kyungpook Nati<strong>on</strong>al University (KNU),<br />
Taegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.<br />
Goldenrain-tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.) is wide spread as an ornamental tree and is<br />
mostly propagated from seeds but like other temperate trees, it has pr<strong>on</strong>ounced seed<br />
dormancy. K. paniculata seeds exhibit both seed coat and embryo dormancy (Rehman and<br />
Park, 2000) which changes with maturity of seeds (Park and Rehman, 1999). It was found<br />
that unscarified seeds failed to germinate after any pre-treatments. Similarly, seeds soaked<br />
or soaked and redried without chilling were unable to germinate. However, seeds that were<br />
scarified, without soaking or soaking-redrying, gave 44% germinati<strong>on</strong> after 60 days of moist<br />
chilling. The germinati<strong>on</strong> was increased to more than 50% when seeds were soaked or<br />
soaked-redried in DW or GA for 5 h and moist chilled for 60 days (DW) and 30 days (GA). On<br />
the other hand, the germinati<strong>on</strong> of seeds soaked for 24 h and moist chilled was very low, but<br />
was higher if the seeds were redried after soaking. Dry chilling after soaking or soakingredrying<br />
for 24 h also promoted germinati<strong>on</strong>, and maximum germinati<strong>on</strong> (>50%) was<br />
achieved after 15 days of dry chilling. In general, higher germinati<strong>on</strong> was associated with<br />
higher germinati<strong>on</strong> rate, i.e., faster germinati<strong>on</strong>, except dry chilled seeds that were slow to<br />
germinate despite their higher germinati<strong>on</strong>. These results clearly indicated that K. paniculata<br />
seeds soaking and soaking-redrying prior chilling increased the germinati<strong>on</strong> and reduced the<br />
time of dormancy breaking compared to c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al chilling treatment.<br />
References<br />
Park, I.-H. and Rehman, S. (1999). Studies <strong>on</strong> seed dormancy: <strong>Seed</strong>s maturati<strong>on</strong> in relati<strong>on</strong><br />
to dormancy in goldenrain-tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.). Acta Horticulturae (ISHA)<br />
504: 199-208.<br />
Rehman, S. and Park, I.-H. (2000). Effect of GA and chilling <strong>on</strong> the dormancy of goldenraintree<br />
(Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.) seeds. Scientia Horticulturae 85: 319-324.<br />
212 - STUDY OF SEED DORMANCY, AFTER-RIPENING, AND POLYPEPTIDE<br />
PATTERNS OF DORMANT AND NON-DORMANT SEEDS IN IRANIAN WHEAT<br />
(TRITICUM AESTIVUM)<br />
TAVAKKOL-AFSHARI, REZA & JETEZADI-JAMAVAD<br />
Department of Agr<strong>on</strong>omy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.<br />
tavakkol@ut.ac.ir<br />
Pre-harvest sprouting seriously reduces durum grain quality and is c<strong>on</strong>sidered as an<br />
important grading criteri<strong>on</strong> in all market classes of wheat (Triticum spp.). In most cases the<br />
major factor being utilized in breeding programs is seed dormancy. To study seed dormancy<br />
and after-ripening, 30 bread wheat cultivars were grown under field c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s in a<br />
randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicati<strong>on</strong>s. This study was c<strong>on</strong>ducted<br />
at the University of Tehran’s Research Farm (Karaj) in 2001 and 2002. Days to 50%<br />
heading, 50% anthesis, and Zadok's growth stage 92 (ZGS92) were recorded for all<br />
cultivars. At ZGS92 spikes were harvested and the grain moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent was measured for<br />
all cultivars. <strong>Seed</strong> dormancy test was c<strong>on</strong>ducted at two temperatures (10°C, 20°C) and seed<br />
dormancy index was calculated. To determine the length of seed dormancy, after-ripening<br />
tests c<strong>on</strong>ducted for six weeks. For measuring α-amylase activity, the falling number test was<br />
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Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
used. Results showed that there were significant genetic variati<strong>on</strong>s am<strong>on</strong>g Iranian bread<br />
wheat for all aforementi<strong>on</strong>ed traits. These variati<strong>on</strong>s can be used in breeding programs for<br />
improvement of pre-harvest sprouting resistance in wheat. To test the hypothesis that<br />
differential protein synthesis is resp<strong>on</strong>sible for maintaining seed dormancy in wheat, we<br />
compared the polypeptide patterns of dormant and n<strong>on</strong>-dormant embryos of wheats. The<br />
results dem<strong>on</strong>strate that steady-state levels of specific proteins differ between dormant and<br />
n<strong>on</strong>-dormant embryos during early imbibiti<strong>on</strong>s, and these differences may be associated with<br />
maintaining and/or breaking seed dormancy.<br />
213 - THE ROLE OF OSMOPRIMING ON GERMINATION OF SUGARBEET<br />
SEEDS UNDER DROUGHT STRESS<br />
TAVAKKOL-AFSHARI, REZA & JALILIAN, ALI<br />
Department of Agr<strong>on</strong>omy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.<br />
tavakkol@ut.ac.ir<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> priming is a technique to improve seed and seedling performance. The purpose of<br />
priming is to reduce germinati<strong>on</strong> time and improve stand and percentage of germinati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
This research was counducted under laboratory c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s at University of Tehran in 2002. In<br />
this study sugar beet seeds of two geneticaly m<strong>on</strong>ogerm varieties (Rasol and 276) were<br />
selected and primed with polyethylene glycol (PEG) over various times. After determining the<br />
optimum potential and time for priming, the primed and c<strong>on</strong>trol (unprimed) seeds tested<br />
under simulated drought stress using PEG soluti<strong>on</strong>s (0, -2, -4 and –6 bars). Germinated<br />
seeds were counted every 24 h for 10 days. Also the number of normal seedlings were<br />
detected. The result showed that the best osmotic potential for priming of sugar beet seeds<br />
was -1.2 Mpa for 5 days, which increased germinati<strong>on</strong> up to 8% and 14% for 276 and Rasol<br />
varieties, respectively. Drought stress decreased germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage for both primed<br />
and n<strong>on</strong> primed seed, however, this reducti<strong>on</strong> was lower for primed seeds compared to n<strong>on</strong><br />
primed seeds. Mean germinati<strong>on</strong> time (MTG) was affected by drought stress, but primed<br />
seeds reached their 50% germinati<strong>on</strong>in 0.7 to 1.4 days so<strong>on</strong>er.<br />
214 - STUDIES ON SEED COLORING IN CEREALS, PULSES, OIL SEEDS AND<br />
TOMATO<br />
TONAPI 1 , VILAS A., BABU P. 2 , HARINATH ANSARI 2 , N.A. & SEETHARAMA 1 , N.<br />
1 Nati<strong>on</strong>al Research Centre for Sorghum, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India;<br />
vilast<strong>on</strong>api@hotmail.com<br />
2 Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding & <strong>Seed</strong> Science and Technology, Acharya N G Ranga<br />
Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India<br />
The investigati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> seed colouring were c<strong>on</strong>ducted with Paddy, Sorghum , Maize, Bajra ,<br />
Redgram, Blackgram, Bengalgram , Castor , Sunflower , Safflower , Soybean and Tomato<br />
encompassing 25 dyes namely Rhodomine-B, Cott<strong>on</strong> blue, Fuchsine, Neutral Red, Gentian<br />
Violet. Methylene blue. Crystal violet, C<strong>on</strong>gored, Fast green, Bromocresol Purple, Phenol red,<br />
Nigrosine, Erichro black T, Amm<strong>on</strong>ium purpureate (mureoxide), Bromocresol green,<br />
Malachite green, Methyl red, Methyl orange, Tital yellow, Indigo carmine al<strong>on</strong>g with<br />
commercially available natural dyes in the market namely Kumkum, Yellow, Pink, Blue and<br />
Brick red to develop color standards. The dye soluti<strong>on</strong>s were prepared at 0.75%<br />
c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> by dissolving 0.25 g of dye in 16.5 ml water and 15.0 ml ethylene glycol.<br />
The various dyes had significant promoting as well as inhibitory impact <strong>on</strong> mean seed<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> (95-21%), vigor index (3349 – 271), field emergence potential (94 – 17.6%)<br />
and speed of germinati<strong>on</strong> (38.0 – 0.33) and their performance under stress tests across<br />
crops and cultivars under investigati<strong>on</strong>. Electrical c<strong>on</strong>ductivity of seed leachate was in the<br />
range of 128 to 431 µmhos/cm and α-amylase (7.0 – 5.16 mm) and Dehydrogenase activity<br />
(0.4 to 0.32) were also affected. The seed germinati<strong>on</strong> in exhausti<strong>on</strong> test significant declined<br />
(81 – 20.6%) significantly.<br />
Rhodamine-B, Neutral red, Crystal violet. Fast green, Fuchsine, Mureoxide, C<strong>on</strong>gro red,<br />
Phenol red and Gentian violet are the best suited dyes for seed coloring, since these dyes<br />
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enhanced seed and seedling characters, enzyme activity. The most deleterious dyes were<br />
natural dyes Brick red, Pink, Blue and Kumkum. Other dyes were in mid range.<br />
215 - HIGH STORAGE TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON BRACHIARIA BRIZANTHA<br />
SEED DORMANCY RELEASING<br />
USBERTI, R.<br />
Plant Protecti<strong>on</strong> Agency, Caixa Postal 960, CEP 13.073-001, Campinas, Brazil. usberti@cati.sp.gov.br<br />
The genus Brachiaria presents a double mechanism of seed dormancy, which could be<br />
partially overcame either by H 2 SO 4 scarificati<strong>on</strong> or after an open-storage period. This<br />
mechanism affects germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage results, which are most of the times lower than<br />
those obtained by the tetrazolium test. Brachiaria brizantha (palisade grass) seeds show a<br />
wide applicati<strong>on</strong> to set pasture fields, due to a good adaptati<strong>on</strong> and a high forage producti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
The main aim of this research was to check the effect of high storage temperatures <strong>on</strong> seed<br />
dormancy releasing. Four 1996 B. brizantha seed lots were analysed under 8 c<strong>on</strong>stant<br />
moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent (varying from 3% to 18%) and 3 temperatures (40, 50 and 65°C). Twelve<br />
subsamples for each seed lot / moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent / temperature were sealed in aluminium foil<br />
packets (250 seeds) and stored in incubators maintained at 40, 50 and 65°C (±0.5°C)<br />
during variable periods, from nine minutes to 200 days. The germinati<strong>on</strong> tests were<br />
performed using 4x50 intact and scarified seed replicates. The hazardous effect of those high<br />
storage temperatures seemed to be compensated by higher seed dormancy releasing,<br />
increasing germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage until a specific point, depending of the temperature and<br />
storage period; however, from that point <strong>on</strong>, the effect of high temperature was deleterious<br />
to seed germinati<strong>on</strong>. The best seed dormancy releasing results were achieved at 50°C, not<br />
taking into account seed moisture c<strong>on</strong>tents.<br />
216 - EFFECTS OF SOLID MATRIX PRIMING ON FREE AMINO ACID<br />
ACCUMULATION AND WATER STATUS IN LOBLOLLY PINE (PINUS TAEDA<br />
L.) SEEDS<br />
WU 1,2 , LUGUANG, HALLGREN 1 , STEPHEN W., MORT 4 , ANDREW HUANG 1 , YINGHUA CONWAY 3 ,<br />
KENNETH E. & PAN 1,2 , YUNRONG<br />
1 Department of Forestry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA, l.wu@botany.uq.edu.au<br />
( 2 present address: Botany Department, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld 4072 Australia);<br />
3 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK,<br />
74078, USA; hallgrn@okstate.edu<br />
4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK<br />
74078, USA<br />
Experiments were c<strong>on</strong>ducted to approach solid matrix priming (SMP) effects <strong>on</strong> free amino<br />
acid accumulati<strong>on</strong> and <strong>on</strong> water status in seed tissues of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.).<br />
C<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s of most free amino acids increased after two d SMP and remained high till the<br />
late stage of SMP in embryo. Proline, abundant in n<strong>on</strong>-primed seed tissues, increased 2.5-<br />
fold at four d SMP, which c<strong>on</strong>tributed more than 50% of the osmotic adjustment generated<br />
by total amino acids. C<strong>on</strong>sistently, water potential and osmotic potential decreased in<br />
embryo during SMP. In additi<strong>on</strong>, all free amino acids c<strong>on</strong>tent increased after four d<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> in both embryo and megagametophytes. Pre-priming treatment of seeds with<br />
thiol protease inhibitors (E64, CuCl 2 , or HgCl 2 ) diminished the SMP effects <strong>on</strong> free amino acid<br />
accumulati<strong>on</strong>, osmotic adjustment, and enhancement of thiol protease activity. The results<br />
suggest that thiol protease may be induced by SMP and involved in protein degradati<strong>on</strong> that<br />
generates free amino acids for osmotic adjustment and seed invigorati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
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217 - SOLID MATRIX PRIMING OF LOBLOLLY PINE (PINUS TAEDA) SEEDS<br />
REVERSES AGING EFFECTS AND OVERCOMES SEED COAT RESTRAINT TO<br />
GERMINATION<br />
WU 1,2 , LUGUANG, HALLGREN 1 , STEPHEN W., YINGHUA HUANG 1 , FERRIS 1 , DAVID M. &<br />
CONWAY 3 KENNETH E.<br />
1 Department of Forestry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA ( 2 present<br />
address: Botany Department, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld 4072 Australia);<br />
3 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK<br />
74078, USA<br />
The sensitivity of radicle emergence of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seeds to reduced water<br />
potential (ψ) was studied to determine the effects of solid matrix priming (SMP), the seed<br />
coat restraint, and artificial aging <strong>on</strong> germinati<strong>on</strong> rapidity (hydrotime, θ Η ,), synchr<strong>on</strong>y (σ ψb )<br />
and tolerance of low ψ. Final germinati<strong>on</strong> data was determined for a range of ψ from -1.8 to<br />
0.0 MPa and analyzed by a germinati<strong>on</strong> rate model (Gummers<strong>on</strong> 1986) using probit analysis<br />
that was developed for herbaceous plants. This model provided a good fit for the pine seed<br />
data. SMP improved final germinati<strong>on</strong> at all levels of ψ and improved all germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
parameters. Artificial aging reduced the levels of all germinati<strong>on</strong> parameters but the effect<br />
was reversed by SMP. The seed coat was a major restraint to radicle emergence that could<br />
be partially reduced by SMP. The employed model dem<strong>on</strong>strated the family with heavier seed<br />
coat showed greater seed coat restraint. The seed coat restraint appeared to act as a barrier<br />
to radicle emergence that could be overcome by the development of embryo turgor bey<strong>on</strong>d a<br />
threshold.<br />
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7. Physiological Basis of <strong>Seed</strong> Quality<br />
Topics: <strong>Seed</strong> development; desiccati<strong>on</strong>; storage; molecular, cellular and biochemical aspects<br />
of germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
218 λ-AMYLASE IN SEED AND SEEDLINGS OF CORN AT DIFFERENT<br />
DETERIORATION LEVELS<br />
APARECIDA FESSEL 1 , SIMONE, SADER 2 , RUBENS, SERRA NEGRA VIEIRA 3 , ELISA & DE<br />
RESENDE VON PINHO 4 , ÉDILA VILELA<br />
1 Agr<strong>on</strong>omist, Doctorate Graduate Student, <strong>Seed</strong> Producti<strong>on</strong> and Technology FCAV/UNESP University –<br />
Campus of Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, (SP),Brasil . Zip Code: 14884-900. sifessel@fcav.unesp.br<br />
2 Full Professor Crop Science Dept. – College of Agrarian Sciences. Campus of Jaboticabal UNESP<br />
UNIVERSITY. Zip Code: 14884-900. Jaboticabal, (SP), Brazil. rsader@fcav.unesp.br<br />
3 Agr<strong>on</strong>omist, Doctorate Graduate Student, Lavras Federal University (UFLA), Agriculture Dept., Minas<br />
Gerais State (MG), Brazil<br />
4 Associated Professor, UFLA University, Lavras, Agriculture Dept., (MG), Brazil. edila@ufla.br<br />
This research was carried out with the objective of verifying the λ-amylase activity in corn<br />
seeds and seedlings at different deteriorati<strong>on</strong> levels. Were used hybrid corn seeds lot 9569<br />
from the Dow AgroSciences <strong>Seed</strong> Company with a moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent of 15% and aged for 24,<br />
48, 72, 96, 120 and, 144 hours. For the enzyme extracti<strong>on</strong> were chosen at random 400<br />
seeds and placed to germinate for 70 hours at 25ºC. After this period half of the sample had<br />
the seedling removed and macerated at liquid nitrogen and in the other part related to the<br />
seedlings was discarded and the seeds ground in a cold mill at 4ºC. Was verified a low λ-<br />
amylase in the seedlings and a higher activity in the seeds. Smaller enzymatic activity was<br />
observed in aged seeds for a period of 144 hours, indicating a low activity in deteriorated<br />
seeds. According to the obtained results was c<strong>on</strong>cluded that to detect the λ amylase activity<br />
is suggested to use pre-germinated seeds excluding the seedlings, so can be correlated the<br />
loss of viability and the decaying of the enzyme activity.<br />
219 - WATER ACTIVITY AS A BETTER APPROACH THAN MOISTURE<br />
CONTENT FOR FOREST SEEDS MOISTURE MANAGEMENT.<br />
BALDET 1 , PATRICK, SCHEVIN 2 , PATRICK, VALLANCE 3 , MICHEL & VERGER 3 . MICHEL<br />
1 Cemagref, unité Ressources génétiques et Plants forestiers, Domaine des Barres, F-45290<br />
Nogent sur Verniss<strong>on</strong>.<br />
2 Institut des Sciences de l'Evoluti<strong>on</strong>, UMR CNRS 5554, Université M<strong>on</strong>tpellier II, place<br />
Eugène Bataill<strong>on</strong>, F- 34095 M<strong>on</strong>tpellier cedex 05.<br />
3 INRA, UE 995, Avenue de la Pomme de Pin - Ard<strong>on</strong> BP 20619, F- 45166 Olivet cedex<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> moisture is a key factor influencing seed quality and an c<strong>on</strong>tinual challenge for forest<br />
seed industry. Moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent (MC) is the most comm<strong>on</strong> procedure used to assess<br />
moisture of forest seeds; for a given species, the range of optimal water c<strong>on</strong>tent for storage<br />
has been defined both by know-how and c<strong>on</strong>ducting tests.<br />
However, this approach is not always reliable because it does not take into account the<br />
chemical properties of water remaining in dried materials. On the c<strong>on</strong>trary, the c<strong>on</strong>cept of<br />
activity of water (Aw) quantifies the vapour pressure generated by the moisture present in<br />
hygroscopic products like organic substances. It is known as the chemical potential of water.<br />
Aw has been widely used for decades by food industry. In this discipline it is very well-known<br />
that the reactivity and depreciating ability of hydrolytic reacti<strong>on</strong>s, enzymes activity, lipid<br />
oxidati<strong>on</strong> or biotic agents growth are dependent <strong>on</strong> Aw rather than <strong>on</strong> MC.<br />
C<strong>on</strong>sequently, Aw is more c<strong>on</strong>sistent to define stability moisture for organic materials<br />
preservati<strong>on</strong>. The relati<strong>on</strong>ship between Aw and MC is pictured by the sorpti<strong>on</strong>/desorpti<strong>on</strong><br />
isotherm. This c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong> is rather stable for standardized organic materials like sugars or<br />
flours where it is possible to use equally MC or Aw for moisture assessment. Forest seeds are<br />
picked from natural stands or seed orchards where a high genetic diversity is sought after.<br />
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Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
The combinati<strong>on</strong> of genetic and envir<strong>on</strong>mental factors results in unpredictable seed<br />
characteristics.<br />
The R&D project we carry out in cooperati<strong>on</strong> with French forest seed companies Vilmorin and<br />
ONF aims to:<br />
a) the experimental c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> of sorpti<strong>on</strong> isotherms of different seed lots to<br />
dem<strong>on</strong>strate the c<strong>on</strong>sequent variability am<strong>on</strong>g different seed lots for a<br />
given species,<br />
b) calculate the water activity of greater stability <strong>on</strong> the basis of desorpti<strong>on</strong><br />
isotherms and in accordance with bibliographic references,<br />
c) dem<strong>on</strong>strate the effectiveness of water activity assessment versus moisture<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tent evaluati<strong>on</strong><br />
d) finally, to transfer the Aw technique to ONF and Vilmorin for seed moisture<br />
c<strong>on</strong>trol.<br />
Aw applied to forest seeds moisture management is now regularly being used by Vilmorin<br />
and <strong>on</strong> the way to be by ONF.<br />
220 - MAPPING QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI CONTROLLING SEED<br />
LONGEVITY IN MAIZE.<br />
CASARINI, E. FRASCAROLI, E.GAMBERINI, G. & CONTI, S.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> l<strong>on</strong>gevity is a very crucial trait for trade and for c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> of genetic resources in<br />
seed banks. It has been proved that defoliati<strong>on</strong> of mother plant during kernel maturati<strong>on</strong> can<br />
improve cold tolerance of germinating seeds. This study was aimed to analyse the effect of<br />
defoliati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> seed l<strong>on</strong>gevity and to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involved. For this<br />
purpose, a mapping populati<strong>on</strong> of 171 F 2:3 families was chosen, generated from two inbred<br />
lines (Lo1016 and Lo964), differing for cold tolerance at germinati<strong>on</strong> and for reacti<strong>on</strong> to<br />
defoliati<strong>on</strong>. Plants were selfed in 1998 and seeds were harvested from defoliated (D) or n<strong>on</strong>defoliated<br />
(ND) individuals. <strong>Seed</strong>s were evaluated for germinati<strong>on</strong> in 1999 and then kept at<br />
about 12% of moisture, sealed in plastic boxes at room temperature (17°C-30°C). After five<br />
years, germinati<strong>on</strong> at 25°C was measured. Leaf removal caused a noticeable increase of<br />
seed l<strong>on</strong>gevity, with different effects <strong>on</strong> families. Composite interval mapping was used to<br />
identify QTL for reacti<strong>on</strong> to defoliati<strong>on</strong>. From a preliminary analysis, five putative QTL were<br />
detected in D and five in ND populati<strong>on</strong>, explaining about 21% and 33% of variability,<br />
respectively. Two of them were in comm<strong>on</strong>, and both parents c<strong>on</strong>tributed alleles increasing<br />
seed germinati<strong>on</strong>. Mapping of QTL will allows the detecti<strong>on</strong>, localisati<strong>on</strong> and characterisati<strong>on</strong><br />
of genetic factors c<strong>on</strong>tributing to seed vigour and l<strong>on</strong>gevity. The presence of genomic regi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
possibly involved in reacti<strong>on</strong> to defoliati<strong>on</strong> and its relati<strong>on</strong> with seed l<strong>on</strong>gevity and tolerance<br />
to cold is also discussed.<br />
221 - THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT POST-HARVEST DRYING METHODS ON<br />
SEED QUALITY FROM CAPSULES OF FOXGLOVE (DIGITALIS PURPUREA L.)<br />
HARVESTED AT THREE STAGES OF MATURITY.<br />
CONEYBEER, JULIA, ADAMS, JOHN & PROBERT, ROBIN J.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex,<br />
RH17 6TN, UK. j.adams@kew.org.uk<br />
Capsules of foxglove representing three stages of maturity were harvested <strong>on</strong> a single day.<br />
For each maturity stage, capsules were divided into four drying treatments. 1) capsules held<br />
for 10 d under ventilated ambient c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s prior to seed extracti<strong>on</strong> and drying. 2) capsules<br />
open dried in a seed bank dry room (15°C and 15% RH). 3) capsules dried in a cloth bag in<br />
the dry room (standard c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s for seeds from dry dehiscent fruits). 4) capsules dried in a<br />
ventilated box in the dry room. Overall, the differences in seed quality related to capsule<br />
maturity were comparatively small. As expected highest seed quality was recorded in seed<br />
extracted from the most mature capsules that had began to dehisce at the time of harvest.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong>s quality from these capsules was not influenced by subsequent drying method.<br />
However, seed quality was affected by drying method in less mature capsules where<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
relatively slow drying led to highest seed quality. For the least mature capsules, seeds were<br />
l<strong>on</strong>gest lived in ageing tests when the capsules were held under ambient c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s for 10 d.<br />
For capsules of intermediate maturity, seed viability was highest when seeds were dried in a<br />
ventilated box.<br />
222 - PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN COTTON SEEDS<br />
DURING DETERIORATION.<br />
DIAS, D.C.F.S., FREITAS, R.A., DIAS, L.A.S. & OLIVEIRA, M.G.A.<br />
Department of Fitotecnia / BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36571-000, Viçosa -MG, Brazil,<br />
dcdias@ufv.br<br />
This work was carried out aiming to evaluate the physiological and biochemical changes in<br />
cott<strong>on</strong> seeds during natural and artificial aging. <strong>Seed</strong>s from two varieties (Fabrika and IAC-<br />
20 RR) were stored during 12 m<strong>on</strong>ths under envir<strong>on</strong>mental c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> and in a cool room<br />
(13°C). In order to evaluate alterati<strong>on</strong>s during artificial aging, the seeds were aged at 42°C<br />
and 100% RH for 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h. Physiological quality (standard germinati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
accelerated aging and cool germinati<strong>on</strong> tests) and biochemical assays (lypoxigenases, acid<br />
phosphatase and tripsin inhibitor activities, and lipids c<strong>on</strong>tent) were performed at 0, 2, 4, 6,<br />
8, 10 and 12 m<strong>on</strong>ths storage and after each artificial aging period. The seeds stored under<br />
envir<strong>on</strong>mental c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s and in cool room were also evaluated by electrical c<strong>on</strong>ductivity test<br />
and seedling emergence in sand. Deteriorated seeds, naturally and artificially aged, had<br />
decreasing <strong>on</strong> germinati<strong>on</strong>, vigor and lypoxigenase, acid phosphatase, tripisin inhibitor<br />
activities and lipids c<strong>on</strong>tent. However, it was not possible to determine corresp<strong>on</strong>dence<br />
between physiological and biochemical changes in both naturally and artificially aged seeds.<br />
223 - CONSERVATION OF SEEDS FROM PATA-DE-VACA (BAUHINIA<br />
FORFICATA).<br />
DODE 1 , LUCIANA BICCA, DA SILVEIRA LAZZAROTTO 2 , SIMONE ROSA, GONÇALVES 3 , CIANE<br />
XAVIER & ANDRÉ TILLMANN 4, MARIA ÂNGELA<br />
1 Catholic University of Pelotas, 2 BIC/UCPel, 3 ProBIC/FAPERGS, 4 UFPel, luciana@ufpel.tche.br<br />
The maintenance of genetic diversity is a determining factor in the propagati<strong>on</strong> of medicinal<br />
plants and recovery of [degraded] deforested areas. The arboreal species Bauhinia forficate<br />
is frequently used in urban planting to recover these deforested areas; it also has a<br />
medicinal value and can be propagated in an efficient form using seeds. Cryopreservati<strong>on</strong> is<br />
an alternative method for the l<strong>on</strong>g-term c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> of seeds; it drastically reduces the<br />
physiological activity of the c<strong>on</strong>served material at ultralow temperatures, usually liquid<br />
nitrogen (-196°C). The aim of this research was to establish a cryopreservati<strong>on</strong> protocol and<br />
determine the effect of cryoprotectants during storage. The seeds were submitted to 6<br />
treatments: negative c<strong>on</strong>trol; cryopreservati<strong>on</strong> in liquid nitrogen; liquid nitrogen and the<br />
cryoprotectant glycerol (50%); glycerol (50%) <strong>on</strong>ly; liquid nitrogen and osmotic prec<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ing<br />
(glucose 0.4 M); osmotic pre-c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ing (glucose 0.4 M) <strong>on</strong>ly. The process of<br />
cryopreservati<strong>on</strong> was carried out for 1.5 h in liquid nitrogen and the samples defrosted in a<br />
waterbath at 37°C for 10 minutes. The seeds were then tested for the ability to germinate at<br />
28°C in damp paper rollers; the seeds were evaluated at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. 28 days<br />
after planting the highest percentage of germinati<strong>on</strong> was observed in those seeds osmotically<br />
pre-c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ed and those stored in liquid nitrogen (91% and 89% respectively). The lowest<br />
percentage of germinati<strong>on</strong> was observed in those samples osmotically pre-c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ed and<br />
cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen (73%). The seeds from Pata-de-Vaca can be stored at<br />
ultralow temperatures without changing their ability to germinate.<br />
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224 - THE INVESTIGATION OF MAIZE SEEDLINGS GROWTH ORIGINATED<br />
FROM AGED OF SEEDS. I RELATIONS OF MASS AND PHOSPHORUS<br />
DRAGIČEVIĆ 1 , V., SREDOJEVIĆ 1 , S., VRVIĆ 2 , M., IVANOVIĆ 3 , M., ĐUKANOVIĆ 1 , L. & KOLAR-<br />
ANIĆ 4 , L.J.<br />
1 Maize Research Institute "Zemun Polje", Slobodana Bajića 1, 11185 Zemun Polje, Serbia and<br />
M<strong>on</strong>tenegro<br />
2 Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11001 Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O.Box 158, Serbia<br />
and M<strong>on</strong>tenegro<br />
3 Institute for, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia and M<strong>on</strong>tenegro<br />
4 Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11001 Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O.Box 158,<br />
Serbia and M<strong>on</strong>tenegro<br />
The investigati<strong>on</strong> was set up to study mass and phosphorus (carrier of bounded energy)<br />
partiti<strong>on</strong>ing in seedlings influenced by accelerated ageing of maize hybrid seeds (dent and<br />
sweet maize). The damages originated from seed ageing influenced the drop of germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
percentage with reduced growth of root and shoot via mass and phosphorus retaining in<br />
seed rest of seedlings. As well, root and shoot had lower c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> in relati<strong>on</strong> to seed<br />
rest, with lesser hydrolysis and biosynthesis. The behaviour of seedlings was similar to<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s of low phosphorus nutriti<strong>on</strong>. They could growth by different mass and phosphorus<br />
distributi<strong>on</strong> in relati<strong>on</strong> to seedlings originated from n<strong>on</strong>-aged seeds – in directi<strong>on</strong> to root<br />
dominati<strong>on</strong>. In the hybrid with better mass and phosphorus efficiency (dent maize) growth<br />
realizes with phosphorus allocati<strong>on</strong> to root and cell volume increasing, opposite to the hybrid<br />
with slighter mass and phosphorus efficiency (sweet maize) realizes with dry mass and<br />
phosphorus allocati<strong>on</strong> to root. The higher ability to c<strong>on</strong>serve germinati<strong>on</strong> with elevated mass<br />
and phosphorus efficiency, as it was found in dent hybrid could be coupled with mechanisms<br />
of rati<strong>on</strong>al energy utilizati<strong>on</strong> in c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s of reduced mass and phosphorus ability.<br />
Authors' aim: is explorati<strong>on</strong> of seed ageing and its influence <strong>on</strong> biochemical reacti<strong>on</strong>s in<br />
seeds and seedlings originated from aged seeds, including degradati<strong>on</strong> of stored and<br />
antioxidative biomolecules. On the other hand lays investigati<strong>on</strong> of stimulative substances <strong>on</strong><br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> and growth processes.<br />
Major findings: represents simple methods for screening of seed materials' c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> and <strong>on</strong><br />
this basis classificati<strong>on</strong> of genotypes in to groups with “good” and “bad” ability to c<strong>on</strong>serve<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong>. Then again, there was determined several groups of natural and synthetic<br />
substances with hormetic effectiveness <strong>on</strong> germinati<strong>on</strong> and growth process in plants.<br />
225 - THE INVESTIGATION OF MAIZE SEEDLINGS GROWTH ORIGINATED<br />
FROM AGED OF SEEDS. II RELATIONS OF WATER AND PHOSPHORUS<br />
DRAGIČEVIĆ 1 , V., SREDOJEVIĆ 1 , S., VRVIĆ 2 , M., TODOROVIĆ 2 , M., ĐUKANOVIĆ 1 , L. &<br />
KOLAR-ANIĆ 3 , L.J.<br />
1 Maize Research Institute "Zemun Polje", Slobodana Bajića 1, 11185 Zemun Polje, Serbia and<br />
M<strong>on</strong>tenegro<br />
2 Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11001 Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O.Box 158, Serbia<br />
and M<strong>on</strong>tenegro<br />
3 Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11001 Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O.Box 158,<br />
Serbia and M<strong>on</strong>tenegro<br />
The quantificati<strong>on</strong> of growth processes from energy point of view in seedlings represents the<br />
balance of free energy - water accumulati<strong>on</strong> and bounded energy - utilizati<strong>on</strong> of reserve<br />
phosphorus from seed. The search was set up to study water and phosphorus partiti<strong>on</strong>ing in<br />
seedlings influenced by accelerated ageing of maize hybrid seeds (dent and sweet maize).<br />
The root and shoot of seedlings originated from aged seeds has elevated water and<br />
phosphorus amounts per 1 g of dry mass. It was observed reduced water and enlarged<br />
phosphorus share in root but amplified water and declined phosphorus share in shoot. As the<br />
initial growth of seedlings dictates increased request for energy amounts, it could be<br />
supposed that growth of seedlings originated from aged seeds was realized by support of<br />
free energy in shoot and bounded energy utilizati<strong>on</strong> in root. The noticed changes were more<br />
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intensive in seedlings of sweet maize hybrid. In thus, the equilibrium between free and<br />
bounded energy could represent the key of rati<strong>on</strong>al energy use.<br />
Authors' aim: is explorati<strong>on</strong> of seed ageing and its influence <strong>on</strong> biochemical reacti<strong>on</strong>s in<br />
seeds and seedlings originated from aged seeds, including degradati<strong>on</strong> of stored and<br />
antioxidative biomolecules. On the other hand lays investigati<strong>on</strong> of stimulative substances <strong>on</strong><br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> and growth processes.<br />
Major findings: represents simple methods for screening of seed materials' c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> and <strong>on</strong><br />
this basis classificati<strong>on</strong> of genotypes in to groups with “good” and “bad” ability to c<strong>on</strong>serve<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong>. Then again, there was determined several groups of natural and synthetic<br />
substances with hormetic effectiveness <strong>on</strong> germinati<strong>on</strong> and growth process in plants.<br />
226 - REACTION TO DEFOLIATION AT DIFFERENT TIMES DURING SEED<br />
DEVELOPMENT AND TOLERANCE TO COLD AT GERMINATION IN MAIZE.<br />
FRASCAROLI, E., CASARINI, E., FELTRAMI, E. & CONTI, S.<br />
A preliminary study made <strong>on</strong> a few maize inbred lines suggested the presence of genetic<br />
variability for the acquisiti<strong>on</strong> of tolerance to cold, at germinati<strong>on</strong>, of seeds produced by<br />
plants subjected to defoliati<strong>on</strong> during seed development. Objective of this study was to<br />
ascertain if the genotypic resp<strong>on</strong>se to defoliati<strong>on</strong> is influenced by the developmental stage in<br />
which the treatment is applied. Inbred lines B73, Lo1016 and Lo964 were c<strong>on</strong>sidered, based<br />
<strong>on</strong> the previous results. One-hundred-and-fifty plants for each inbred were grown in the<br />
field, selfed and defoliated at 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36 and 39 days after pollinati<strong>on</strong>, or<br />
n<strong>on</strong>-defoliated (ND). Six hours after defoliati<strong>on</strong>, from D and ND plants, immature seeds were<br />
collected for fresh and dry weight measures, and for ABA c<strong>on</strong>tent analysis. All the traits<br />
utilized to describe seed developmental stage pointed out differences am<strong>on</strong>g genotypes. In<br />
Lo1016, low levels of ABA were detected at all stages, while Lo964 and B73 showed an<br />
increase of the horm<strong>on</strong>e c<strong>on</strong>tent during development. Mature seeds were evaluated for<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> at 25°C (G25) and at 9°C (G9). Inbred line Lo1016 showed an improvement of<br />
tolerance to cold after defoliati<strong>on</strong> at all times of treatment, both as mean time to germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
(MTG at 9°C) and as germinability (G9/G25). The genotypes here investigated could thus<br />
represent a suitable material for the genetic dissecti<strong>on</strong> of tolerance to cold at germinati<strong>on</strong><br />
and for the analysis of the expressi<strong>on</strong> of genes involved in the acquisiti<strong>on</strong> of the trait.<br />
227 - WATER UPTAKE PATTERN IN VIGNA RADIATA SEEDS DURING<br />
INCUBATION UNDER CHILLING TEMPERATURE AND CYCLOHEXIMIDE<br />
TREATMENT<br />
KAR, RUP KUMAR & CHAKRABORTY, RAJKUMAR<br />
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati University,<br />
Santiniketan 731 235, West Bengal, INDIA<br />
Present investigati<strong>on</strong> aimed to study the water uptake by whole seeds (intact or scarified) or<br />
by embry<strong>on</strong>ic axes (attached or detached) of mung bean (Vigna radiata) during early<br />
incubati<strong>on</strong> and influence of chilling temperature (4ºC) and cycloheximide (10 -4 M; CHI)<br />
treatment. In case of intact seeds, water uptake by whole seeds started after a lag period of<br />
4 h during incubati<strong>on</strong> at room temperature (30ºC), while no uptake occurred at all at 4º C<br />
during early incubati<strong>on</strong>. Scarified seeds showed a faster uptake of water without a lag period<br />
at 30ºC and chilling treatment slowed down such uptake. On the other hand, CHI treatment<br />
could prevent water uptake by whole seeds very little in case of intact seeds although<br />
somewhat prevented in scarified seeds. When intact seeds were preincubated in water at<br />
30ºC for 6 h before embry<strong>on</strong>ic axes (either attached with cotyled<strong>on</strong>s or detached) were<br />
m<strong>on</strong>itored for water uptake, incubati<strong>on</strong> at 4ºC totally prevented water uptake by axes.<br />
Similarly, water uptake by embry<strong>on</strong>ic axes was prevented also by CHI treatment, although<br />
there was an initial rise in fresh weight in case of axes treated with CHI in detached<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>. In case of scarified seeds water uptake by embry<strong>on</strong>ic axes (attached and<br />
detached) was m<strong>on</strong>itored during incubati<strong>on</strong> at 4º C following a preinubati<strong>on</strong> at 30ºC for 1 h.<br />
In c<strong>on</strong>trol sets water uptake by attached axes was somewhat faster than detached <strong>on</strong>es.<br />
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Chilling treatment almost prevented water uptake in both cases. Similarly, CHI treatment in<br />
case of scarified seeds also prevented water uptake in case of both attached and detached<br />
embry<strong>on</strong>ic axes.<br />
228 - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ABSCISIC ACID, GIBBERELLINS AND<br />
PRECOCIOUS GERMINATION OF MALTING BARLEY KERNELS<br />
KLEMŠ, M., HRSTKOVÁ, P., FIŠEROVÁ, H., PROKEŠOVÁ, Z., VLAŠÁNKOVÁ, E. & PROCHÁZKA,<br />
S.<br />
Department of Botany and Plant Physiology,Faculty of Agr<strong>on</strong>omy, Mendel University of Agriculture and<br />
Forestry Brno, Zemědělská 1, Brno 613 00, Czech Republic<br />
We studied the relati<strong>on</strong>ship between preharvest sprouting of kernels in intact ears of barley<br />
(cvs. Akcent and Kr<strong>on</strong>a) and the activities of the abscisic acid and gibberellins in the stages of<br />
wax and full maturity of kernels. Barley ears were incubated for 5 days in a darkened room<br />
under 98% relative humidity, after 8-hour treatment with <strong>on</strong>e of the following soluti<strong>on</strong>s: 10<br />
µM of abscisic acid (ABA), 20 µM of flurid<strong>on</strong>e, 10 µM of gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) and 30 µM<br />
m<strong>on</strong>ensin. In the wax stage the kernels of c<strong>on</strong>trol variants of both cultivars did not grow<br />
through the ears. After treatment with gibberellin and flurid<strong>on</strong>e the kernels of the Akcent<br />
cultivar grew through (30%). M<strong>on</strong>ensin applicati<strong>on</strong>s c<strong>on</strong>siderably suppressed growing through<br />
in ears of both cultivars. In the stage of full maturity growing through was observed in all<br />
variants of both cultivars with the excepti<strong>on</strong> of those treated with m<strong>on</strong>ensin (less than 5%).<br />
The dry matter in germinating kernels from ears incubated <strong>on</strong> m<strong>on</strong>ensin in full maturity was<br />
higher than from the other variants. Abscisic acid treatment inhibited germinati<strong>on</strong>. The level<br />
of endogenous ABA decreased in all variants within 5 days of ear incubati<strong>on</strong> in the<br />
germinators. Flurid<strong>on</strong>e applicati<strong>on</strong> did not reduce the ABA c<strong>on</strong>tent until full maturity compared<br />
to the untreated c<strong>on</strong>trols. A higher β-glucosidase activity was detected after gibberellin<br />
applicati<strong>on</strong> in the stage of wax maturity. Gibberellin activity was higher after ear incubati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong><br />
gibberellin, flurid<strong>on</strong>e or m<strong>on</strong>ensin in the stage of full maturity of kernels.<br />
Acknowledgement: This research was supported by the project of the Czech Ministry of<br />
Educati<strong>on</strong> (No. MSM 4321 00001).<br />
229 - MICROHARDNESS OF COTTON-SEED HULLS<br />
KRAKHMALEV, V.A. & PAIZIEV, A.A.<br />
Institute of an electr<strong>on</strong>ics of an Academy of Sciences of Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent<br />
Microhardness method is testing tool for difference materials under indentati<strong>on</strong> by a<br />
diam<strong>on</strong>d pyramid at small loading (from 1 up to 20 gauss). The impressi<strong>on</strong>s, obtained at<br />
that, have the microscopical sizes and do not damage the investigated sample.<br />
Microhardness of a material is determined by value of a micro volume of an impressi<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong><br />
the sample. The maximum efficiency of the microhardness method is reached at the<br />
simultaneous microscopical c<strong>on</strong>trol of an investigated material. In this case it is possible to<br />
investigate mechanical properties of separate structural elements, to study and to c<strong>on</strong>trol<br />
physical c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> of thin surface layers <strong>on</strong> the articles, films under different mechanical,<br />
chemical and heat treatments.<br />
It is rather perspective applying of the microhardness method to agricultural objects. The<br />
available informati<strong>on</strong> in this respect are rather limited. In particular, in the given work the<br />
microhardness method in first is applied to research and testing of mechanical properties of<br />
cott<strong>on</strong>-seed hulls. Till now problems of strength and resiliency of seed cover for difference<br />
cott<strong>on</strong> sorts are studied unsufficiently, and the data about physical-mechanical properties of<br />
separate structural layers of seed cover absent in general.<br />
On the assumpti<strong>on</strong> about an isotropy of properties of a seed cover is theoretically showed,<br />
that maximal permissible load, which <strong>on</strong>e can stand the seed without damage of a germ,<br />
depends <strong>on</strong> microhardness of seed cover and main radius of curvatures of a surface in a<br />
loading point. According to outcomes of outside epidermis microhardness measurement is<br />
computed, that the maximal load for lateral part of the seed surface is 26, for halasal part<br />
is 52 and for micropilar part 131 gauss.<br />
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The analysis has shown, that generally microhardness of cott<strong>on</strong>-seed hull both in accross -<br />
track directi<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> cott<strong>on</strong> cover, and al<strong>on</strong>g each layer is distributed n<strong>on</strong>uniformly. The<br />
research of an outside epidermal layer, pigmental and columnar layer for microhardness has<br />
shown, that 40-45% of cott<strong>on</strong> seeds have heightened strength of micropilar part, 35-40%<br />
have heightened strength for halasal parth and 3-10% of seeds have identical<br />
microhardness <strong>on</strong> the all part of seed cover. And for 10-25% seeds the microhardness of a<br />
lateral part is more than microhardness of micropilar and halasal parts simultaneously. It is<br />
showed, that in the deep of seed cover there is thin interlayer of a material with<br />
anomalously<br />
large value of microhardness. Sudden change of microhardness is watched in a thin layer of<br />
seed cover, passing through top ends of columnar cells and almost coincident with a socalled<br />
light line. The comparis<strong>on</strong> of microhardness for different layers of seed cover with<br />
microhardness of some metals dem<strong>on</strong>strates, that for most mature cott<strong>on</strong> seeds of a sort<br />
108-Ф an outside epidermis outside pigmental and crystalliferous layers have same<br />
hardness, as the annealed aluminum, and columnar layer at a level of a light line have<br />
hardness as for annealed brass.<br />
As the microhardness now becomes the relevant characteristic of physical-mechanical<br />
properties of seed cover and determines number of defects in a fiber at ginning of cott<strong>on</strong><br />
raw, it is interesting to learn (at identical damp) microhardness of cott<strong>on</strong>-seed hull of the<br />
diversified cott<strong>on</strong> sorts. Such analysis is made for 22 cultivated sorts and more 10 wild<br />
cott<strong>on</strong> sorts. Such analysis the microhardness of an outside epidermis, selecti<strong>on</strong> feature to<br />
generate different morphological defects in a fiber, easiness for interrupti<strong>on</strong> of microscopical<br />
piece of seed cover together with a fiber allows beforehand to forecast clogging up a fiber<br />
by seed cover. The analysis dem<strong>on</strong>strates, that the greatest hardness of an outside<br />
epidermis have the sorts 108-Ф, 149-Ф, Аз-512, 9155. the seeds of the majority of the wild<br />
cott<strong>on</strong> have higher microhardness, than cultural. However, for some from wild cott<strong>on</strong> the<br />
hardness of outside epidermis is not heigh . The variety G. harknessii Brandg, G. Trilobum<br />
Skovsted and G. Stocksii M. Masi are as example to such cott<strong>on</strong> sorts.<br />
It is remarkable, that the microhardness of a columnar layer is practically c<strong>on</strong>stant for seed<br />
cover of any sorts and kinds of cott<strong>on</strong> and has values from 20 up to 22 kg / мм 2 . From 32<br />
investigated cott<strong>on</strong> seeds the sort 108-Ф is particular, as its microhardness at the<br />
menti<strong>on</strong>ed above level of secti<strong>on</strong> is <strong>on</strong> 3-5 kg / мм 2 higher. This fact indicates, that the<br />
hardness of cott<strong>on</strong>-seed hull depends not <strong>on</strong> its general thickness, and from a ratio of<br />
separate thicknesses of columnar layer and its anomalously solid part. The heightened<br />
hardness of an abnormal part located near light line, is c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ed by a accumulati<strong>on</strong><br />
degree in a columnar layer of different substances, in particular cutin.<br />
230 - EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE GERMINATION OF GRAIN<br />
AMARANTH<br />
LOONAT 1 , T.A. VAN DEN HEEVER 2 E. & HAMMES 3 , , P.<br />
1 Nati<strong>on</strong>al Department of Agriculture, Private Bag X 3917, North End, Port Elizabeth, 6056 South Africa,<br />
2 ARC-Roodeplaat, Private Bag X 293, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa and 3 Department of Plant Producti<strong>on</strong><br />
and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0002 South Africa<br />
Amaranthus is produced as a grain or leafy vegetable in many parts of southern Africa and<br />
has potential commercial importance. It is comm<strong>on</strong>ly known as Thepe (Tswana; Sotho),<br />
Imbuya (Xhosa) Utyutu (Zulu) and Vowa (Venda). Several Amaranthus species utilize the C 4<br />
photosynthetic pathway and c<strong>on</strong>sequently exploit carb<strong>on</strong> dioxide more efficiently resulting in<br />
this crop being more heat and drought tolerant than most agr<strong>on</strong>omic crops. These qualities<br />
have created a renewed interest in Amaranthus as an alternative crop. To make optimal use<br />
of the growing seas<strong>on</strong>, planting under cool soil c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s is often necessary. The objective<br />
of this investigati<strong>on</strong> was to establish the effect of temperature (12, 17, 22 and 28°C) <strong>on</strong><br />
seed germinati<strong>on</strong> of A. hypoch<strong>on</strong>driacus (unknown landrace) and A. cruentus (cv. Amar and<br />
Anna). Whereas overall germinati<strong>on</strong> was advanced by increasing the temperature, <strong>on</strong>ly A.<br />
hypoch<strong>on</strong>driacus germinated abundantly at temperatures as low as 12°C. A.<br />
hypoch<strong>on</strong>driacus had a germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage of 70% at 12°C while A. cruentus had a<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage of less than 1% at the same temperature.<br />
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231 - STUDIES ON LOCALISATION OF SEED DETERIOATION AND SEED<br />
TREATMENTS TO CONTROL SEED DEGENERATION IN SUNFLOWER<br />
(HELIANTHUS ANNUS L.)<br />
NAGI REDDY, Y., KESHAVULU, K., MANOHAR REDDY, N., ANKAIAH R. & MURALIMOHAN<br />
REDDY, B.<br />
Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Seed</strong> Project, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030,<br />
India<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> deteriorati<strong>on</strong> causes loss of viability in storage and c<strong>on</strong>sequently affects the potential<br />
performance under field c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. The process of seed deteriorati<strong>on</strong> starts from<br />
physiological maturity <strong>on</strong>wards and this degenerative process c<strong>on</strong>tinues until it is planted.<br />
Various factors (climate, moisture stress at critical stages, nutrient stress, pest and diseases)<br />
affect the initial quality of seed thereby gradually affecting storage potentiality. Four m<strong>on</strong>ths<br />
aged seed lots of APSH 11, sunflower hybrid and its parental lines (7-1A, 7-1B and RHA 271)<br />
were treated with thiram @ 2.5 g/kg and invigorated with Na2HPO4 @ 10-3 M and KNO3 @<br />
0.5% for localisati<strong>on</strong> of seed deteriorati<strong>on</strong> studies. <strong>Seed</strong> deteriorati<strong>on</strong> began from the tip of<br />
the radicle and extended to hypocotyl and finally to embry<strong>on</strong>ic axis. The most sensitive site<br />
pr<strong>on</strong>e to seed deteriorati<strong>on</strong> in sunflower was radicle, then plumule and cotyled<strong>on</strong>s. The<br />
cotyled<strong>on</strong>s were resistant to deteriorati<strong>on</strong>. Hydrati<strong>on</strong>-dehydrati<strong>on</strong> treatments particularly<br />
KNO3 @ 0.5% was found effective to prevent release of free radicles, lipid peroxidati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
improving the shelf life of the seed.<br />
232 - STORAGE OF SEEDS FROM ALBIZIA LEBBECK (L.) BENTH. UNDER<br />
AMBIENT CONDITIONS IN CUBA.<br />
NAVARRO * , MARLEN & MESA, A.R.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> Producti<strong>on</strong> and Technology Research Project. Experimental Stati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> Grass and Forages “Indio<br />
Hatuey”. Matanzas. CP 44280. Cuba. ( * boulandier@indio.atenas.inf.cu)<br />
With the objective of evaluating the effect of the storage of seeds from Albizia lebbeck (L.)<br />
Benth. under ambient c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s in Cuba <strong>on</strong> viability and germinati<strong>on</strong> and thus identifying<br />
and characterizing the dormancy period in this species, the performance of these seeds<br />
during 11 m<strong>on</strong>ths in a storehouse was studied, for which a simple classificati<strong>on</strong> design was<br />
used with four replicati<strong>on</strong>s of 100 seeds each; and the evaluati<strong>on</strong>s were carried out at 0, 2,<br />
5, 7, 9 and 11 m<strong>on</strong>ths of storage (m.o.s.). The variables measured were: percentage of<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> and viability, as well as hard and dormant seeds; variance analyses were<br />
performed for comparing the means. It was determined that during the time from harvest to<br />
the beginning of storage A. lebbeck seeds are not deteriorated. Or at least the damage is not<br />
perceptible; while as physiological age increases, the seeds age progressively but naturally;<br />
the decrease of viability followed a sigmoid pattern and an inversely proporti<strong>on</strong>al relati<strong>on</strong><br />
was observed between this parameter and the physiological age of seeds; from the 2 m.o.s.<br />
there was and inducti<strong>on</strong> toward sec<strong>on</strong>dary dormancy stages.<br />
Key words: Albizia lebbeck, storage, viability, germinati<strong>on</strong>, dormancy<br />
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233 - SEED RESPIRATION IN TWO MACROTHERMAL SPECIES DURING<br />
GERMINATION AS AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE AND OSMOCONDITIONING<br />
PATANE’, CRISTINA, D’AGOSTA, GIUSEPPINA, AVOLA, GIOVANNI & IACOPONI ELISA<br />
CNR-Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (ISAFoM) - Sezi<strong>on</strong>e Colture Erbacee<br />
Strategiche, via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania (Italy)<br />
Tel.: +39095234480; Fax: +39095234449. c.patane@unict.it<br />
With the aim at studying, in two macrothermal species (sunflower and grain sorghum), the<br />
effect of temperature and osmoc<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ing up<strong>on</strong> seed respirati<strong>on</strong>, as an index of its<br />
metabolic activity, an experiment was carried out where, starting from initial seed imbibiti<strong>on</strong><br />
up to visible radicle appearance, the CO 2 released from seeds was m<strong>on</strong>itored. Two<br />
temperatures, with 25°C as optimal and 15°C as suboptimal, and two seed treatments, with<br />
the first represented by an untreated c<strong>on</strong>trol and the sec<strong>on</strong>d <strong>on</strong>e by seeds primed in a<br />
250 gl -1 of Polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) osmotic soluti<strong>on</strong>, were compared.<br />
In both species, osmopriming make faster but not higher the seed germinati<strong>on</strong>; at 15°C, the<br />
maximum respirati<strong>on</strong> value reached in the two seed treatments was similar but in primed<br />
seed it was recorded earlier than c<strong>on</strong>trol. Moreover, a different sensitivity to temperature<br />
and seed osmoc<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ing was ascertained in the two species. In sunflower, at 15°C,<br />
priming increased the respirati<strong>on</strong> rate (+186%) compared to c<strong>on</strong>trol just after 5 hours from<br />
initial seed imbibiti<strong>on</strong>; at this temperature, high respirati<strong>on</strong> levels in the c<strong>on</strong>trol as well (up<br />
to 12 micromoles 10-3 CO 2 s -1 10 g of dry seeds) where recorded. In sorghum, a positive<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>se to osmopriming was observed in terms of seed respirati<strong>on</strong>, but after 5 hours this<br />
last was the 90% higher than the c<strong>on</strong>trol <strong>on</strong>e; also, a maximum value of 6 micromoles at<br />
15°C for unprimed seeds was achieved, showing a higher sensitivity of this species to<br />
suboptimal temperature compared to sunflower.<br />
234 - SEED MOISTURE DISTRIBUTION IN A SOYBEAN PLANT<br />
PESKE, SILMAR T., HÖFS, ALBERTO & HAMER, ELTON<br />
Federal University of Pelotas, C.P.354, Pelotas RS, Brazil, peske@ufpel.tche.br<br />
It is comm<strong>on</strong> to see in any soybean plant, that seeds reach maturity at different times. So,<br />
the objective of the present study was to determine the magnitude of the seed moisture<br />
distributi<strong>on</strong> at different stages of maturati<strong>on</strong> in a soybean plant. The field study was<br />
c<strong>on</strong>ducted in a tropical regi<strong>on</strong> in the state of Mato Grosso – Brazil. The field was established<br />
with foundati<strong>on</strong> seeds of MTBR-45 cultivar, and at flowering, 100 plants were marked at<br />
same maturity stage. Harvesting began when seeds had still high moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent where, at<br />
each time during 16 days, 100 pods with two seeds, from two plants, were harvested. These<br />
seeds from each pod were hand treshed individually and determined the moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent.<br />
The results revealed that there is a great distributi<strong>on</strong> of seed moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent in a soybean<br />
plant, where at field maturity, the magnitude can reach more than 10 percentage points.<br />
Also, in order to have all seeds with safe moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent for storage, an high percentage of<br />
seeds will be waiting for more than four days to be harvested. It is recommended that<br />
harvesting be accomplished when seed MC c<strong>on</strong>tent be 15-18% in order to minimize field<br />
deteriorati<strong>on</strong> and, artificial drying, even when the seeds have low MC, due to their high<br />
moisture range.<br />
235 - SEED DEVELOPMENT IN HIMALAYAN MAPLE (ACER CAESIUM)<br />
PHARTYAL * S.S. & THAPLIYAL, R.C.<br />
Forest Tree <strong>Seed</strong> Laboratory, Forest Research Institute, DehraDun (UA) INDIA<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> development in Acer caesium was studied from anthesis to maturati<strong>on</strong> during the year<br />
1997 and 1998 at a site in the western Himalayas in India. <strong>Seed</strong>s matured in 210-225DAA<br />
(days after anthesis). There were slight differences in fruit and seed c<strong>on</strong>stituents in two<br />
144
Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
different years of study. With the progress of maturity, pericarp and testa colours of seed<br />
turned dark brown. This stage coincided with maximum dry matter, germinati<strong>on</strong> per cent,<br />
minimum fresh weight and moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent (MC). MC in all parts of samara showed an<br />
abrupt decline during the final phase (210-225DAA) of maturati<strong>on</strong> and stabilized around 12-<br />
14% in mature seed. Changes in both calcium and potassium were not very c<strong>on</strong>sistent while<br />
the sugar c<strong>on</strong>tent declined and remained relatively at low c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> during the entire<br />
course of seed development. C<strong>on</strong>trary to this, starch c<strong>on</strong>tent first decreased upto 75DAA<br />
then increased sharply till 195-210DAA. Similar increasing trends are shown by the protein<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tent, which reach peak when seed undergoes a desiccati<strong>on</strong> phase with the maturity. The<br />
study further revealed that A. caesium seed underwent a triphasic development pattern after<br />
anthesis.<br />
236 - PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF WELSH ONION SEEDS (ALLIUM<br />
FISTULOSUM L.) DURING REDUCING OF GERMINATION PERCENTAGE AND<br />
ITS HORMONE REGULATION<br />
QINGQUAN, S., RONGQI, G. & YANPING, Y.<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> Science and engineering department, Agr<strong>on</strong>omy Academy, Shand<strong>on</strong>g Agricultural University,<br />
Taian, Shand<strong>on</strong>g Province, 271018, P. R. China<br />
<strong>Seed</strong> germinati<strong>on</strong> percentage (GP) is nearly correlative with the c<strong>on</strong>tent of iPAs<br />
(Isopentenyladenosine Group) and ABA in Welsh <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong> (Allium fistulosum L.) seeds. The<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tent of iPAs of Welsh <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong> seeds reduces with the reducing of seed GP, but the c<strong>on</strong>tent<br />
of ABA of Welsh <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong> seeds increases with reducing of seed GP. With the reducing of GP of<br />
Welsh <strong>on</strong>i<strong>on</strong> seeds, damnificati<strong>on</strong> degree of cell membrane becomes ingravescence, it<br />
increases that the c<strong>on</strong>tent of amino acid and soluble sugar and K + thickness and c<strong>on</strong>tent of<br />
amino acid in seeds is, but it decreases obviously that the fresh weight of a seedling and the<br />
vigor index and the value of pH. The effect of horm<strong>on</strong>e regulati<strong>on</strong> is different from high to<br />
low GP of seeds. Being treated for 14h according to “1mg/l KT+1mg/l GA 3 ”, horm<strong>on</strong>e<br />
regulati<strong>on</strong> could have notability effect for the seeds (83.5%>GP>61.5%), most notability<br />
effect for the seed (18.5%>GP>11.5%), and no notability effect for the dead seeds<br />
(GP=0%).<br />
237 - MONITORING THE DETERIORATION PROCESS IN CORN SEEDS<br />
RUBENS SADER 1 , SIMONE APARECIDA FESSEL 2 e ÉDILA VILELA DE RESENDE VON PINHO 3<br />
1 Crop Science Dept. – College of Agrarian Sciences. Campus of Jaboticabal UNESP UNIVERSITY. Zip<br />
Code: 14884-900. Jaboticabal, São Paulo State (SP), Brazil, rsader@fcav.unesp.br<br />
2 <strong>Seed</strong> Producti<strong>on</strong> and Technology FCAV/UNESP – Campus of Jaboticabal, SP, sifessel@fcav.unesp.br<br />
3 Federal LavrasUniversity (UFLA), Lavras, Agriculture Dept., Minas Gerais State, Brazil, edila@ufla.br<br />
This research was developed with the objective of m<strong>on</strong>itoring the deteriorati<strong>on</strong> process in<br />
seeds and embri<strong>on</strong>ary corn tissues. It was used an hybrid corn seed lot 9569 from the Dow<br />
AgroSciences <strong>Seed</strong> Company. The seeds were evaluated in relati<strong>on</strong> to it’s water c<strong>on</strong>tent,<br />
standard germinati<strong>on</strong> test and seed vigor (electrical c<strong>on</strong>ductivity, accelerated aging and TZ)<br />
and field emergence. The enzymatic activity was tested in the enzymes: alcohol<br />
dehydrogenase, catalase, transaminase oxalacetate, glutamate dehydrogenase and<br />
peroxidase. For the enzymes extracti<strong>on</strong> was selected at random two hundred seeds<br />
secti<strong>on</strong>ed and divided in the three parts: coleoptile-plumule; seminal-roots and, the<br />
mesocotyl and the third <strong>on</strong>e’s composed by the coleorhiza, radicle, including in all the parts<br />
the scutellum and the endosperm. Was observed higher activity of the enzymes in the<br />
seminal roots and the mesocotyl and in the radicle- coleorhiza, and was c<strong>on</strong>cluded that the<br />
corn seeds start to deteriorate firstly in these regi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
238 - THE BIOCHEMICAL ASPECT OF MASS, PHOSPHORUS AND WATER<br />
CONTENT IN SOYBEAN SEEDLINGS. RELATION TO THEIR CONTENT IN SEED<br />
SREDOJEVIĆ S. 1 , SREBRIĆ M. 1 , DJUKANOVIĆ L. 1 , PIPER P. 1 , VRVIĆ M. 2 , KOLAR-ANIĆ L.J. 3<br />
1 Maize Research Institute "Zemun Polje", Slobodana Bajića 1, 11185 Zemun Polje, Serbia and<br />
M<strong>on</strong>tenegro<br />
2 Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 6, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and M<strong>on</strong>tenegro<br />
3 Faculty of Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 6, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and M<strong>on</strong>tenegro<br />
The growth of seedlings and plants of four soy bean sorts depended of seed mass and<br />
phosphorus in it, than of water absorpti<strong>on</strong> and soil sorts. The water income had diluted the<br />
seed substance from 9000 gL -1 down to the 154 gL -1 . Diluti<strong>on</strong> was the highest in sort with<br />
highest input of water but the highest c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> was finding in the sort with the greatest<br />
seed mass.<br />
The mass and phosphorus in relati<strong>on</strong> seed: seedling expressed release of substance of about<br />
20 % in examined seven days old seedlings. Opposite to the mass release, of phosphorus<br />
was with bright range without any regularity c<strong>on</strong>nected to sorts or substrates. Further more<br />
the same parameters in the relati<strong>on</strong> seedling: plant was shown that <strong>on</strong>ly 1/4 to 1/3 of<br />
substance enter to the plant. The grater share of phosphorus was detected in plant grown <strong>on</strong><br />
substratum compared to the same in c<strong>on</strong>trol. It could be described to superset P in plant, or<br />
to slight influx independently of soil type.<br />
According to the ratio of water in seedling plant, both the substance and water were directed<br />
to plant in shernozem; water in eutric cambisol and substance in pseudogley.<br />
239 - EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DRYING RATES ON THE VIABILITY OF SEEDS<br />
OF COFFEA CANEPHORA PIERRE.<br />
STTELA DELLYZETE VEIGA FRANCO DA ROSA 1 , DELACYR DA SILVA BRANDÃO JÚNIOR 2 ,<br />
ÉDILA VILELA DE R. VON PINHO 3 , ANDRÉ DELLY VEIGA 4 , LUIZ HILDEBRANDO DE C. SILVA<br />
1 Embrapa Café, Cepecafé, CP 37, Campus Ufla/Dag, Cep 37200-000, Lavras, MG, sttelaveiga@ufla.br;<br />
2 -Pesquisador Dr., FAPEMIG/Ufla/Dag, CP 37, Cep 37.200-000, Lavras, MG;<br />
3 Ufla/Dag, CP 37, Cep 37.200-000, Lavras, edila@ufla.br;<br />
4 Mestrando do curso de Fitotecnia da Ufla/Dag, Lavras, MG, adelly2@yahoo.com.br<br />
Desiccati<strong>on</strong> tolerance of seeds <strong>on</strong>ly depends up<strong>on</strong> characteristics inherent to the species, of<br />
the developmental stage and of the c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s under which the seeds are dried, particularly<br />
up<strong>on</strong> the velocity which water is removed from the seeds. Slow drying may induce tolerance<br />
to desiccati<strong>on</strong> in orthodox seeds but in c<strong>on</strong>trast in recalcitrant seeds results into less<br />
tolerance, being that the faster dehydrati<strong>on</strong> may be achieved, less is water c<strong>on</strong>tent in which<br />
seeds or embry<strong>on</strong>ic axes may be dried without losing viability. Coffea seeds are regarded as<br />
of intermediary behavior for they tolerate a relative dehydrati<strong>on</strong> when compared with those<br />
orthodox and re sensitive to low temperatures. The objective of this work was to verify the<br />
effect of different drying rates <strong>on</strong> the viability and the storability of Coffea canefora Pierre<br />
seeds. The experimental design was completely randomized, a 3 x 3 factorial scheme with<br />
three drying rates (fast, intermediary and slow), five final water c<strong>on</strong>tents of drying (50, 40,<br />
30, 20 and 15% bu) and two storage temperatures under hermetic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s (10 and<br />
20ºC). Germinati<strong>on</strong> and vigor evaluati<strong>on</strong>s by the root protrusi<strong>on</strong> tests at fifteen days of<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> of cotiled<strong>on</strong>ary leaves at 45 days of germinati<strong>on</strong>, of emergence velocity index,<br />
were accomplished so<strong>on</strong> after drying treatments, at two and four m<strong>on</strong>ths of storage. It was<br />
found that with reducing water c<strong>on</strong>tent of the seeds occurred the reducti<strong>on</strong> of the values of<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> and vigor of seeds, for all the drying rates, the highest reducti<strong>on</strong>s in<br />
physiological quality occurred when seeds were dried fast and the best results did with the<br />
intermediary drying rate. There was an effect of drying and storage temperature <strong>on</strong> the<br />
physiologic quality of seeds, the lowest values of germinati<strong>on</strong> and vigor were observed <strong>on</strong><br />
seeds with the poorest water c<strong>on</strong>tents and stored at 20ºC. Coffea canephora seeds were<br />
tolerant to desiccati<strong>on</strong> up to 15% bu of water c<strong>on</strong>tent and may be stored for four m<strong>on</strong>ths<br />
under hermetic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s and under temperature of 10ºC.<br />
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240 - EXOGEN CAFFEINE INHIBITS THE IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYOS OF<br />
COFFEA ARABICA L. AND COFFEA CANEPHORA PIERRE.<br />
STTELA D. VEIGA FRANCO DA ROSA 1 , CÍNTIA GUIMARÃES DOS SANTOS 2 , RENATO PAIVA 3 ;<br />
RENATO MENDES GUIMARÃES 3 , LEONARDO QUEIROZ DE MELO 4 , ANDRÉ DELLY VEIGA 5 .<br />
1 Embrapa Café, Cepecafé, CP 37, Campus Ufla/Dag, Cep 37200-000, Lavras, MG, sttelaveiga@ufla.br;<br />
2 Doutoranda curso de Fisiologia Ufla/Dbio, CP 37, Cep 37.200-000, Lavras, MG,<br />
cintiagsantos@hotmail.com.br ;<br />
3 Ufla/Dag, CP 37, Cep 37.200-000, Lavras;<br />
4 Engenheiro Agrônomo, Departamento Técnico da Agrichem do Brasil, lqmelo@yahoo.com.br;<br />
5 Mestrando do curso de Fitotecnia da Ufla/Dag, Lavras, MG, adelly2@yahoo.com.br<br />
The slow germinati<strong>on</strong> of coffee seeds remains n<strong>on</strong>-clarified though it is always stressed in<br />
studies <strong>on</strong> physiologic aspects of this species. The presence of the endocarp poor water and<br />
O 2 uptake, the presence of natural inhibitors or horm<strong>on</strong>al balance have been suggested.<br />
Caffeine, an alcholoid present in coffee seeds amounts to 1 to 2% of the dry weight of the<br />
seed or a mean of 40mM and may inhibit seed germinati<strong>on</strong> or seedling growth but studies of<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong> of coffee seeds by acti<strong>on</strong> of endogen and/or exogen caffeine are scarce. The<br />
present work was intended to investigate the effect of exogen caffeine up<strong>on</strong> germinati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
development of embryos of Coffea arabica L. and of Coffea canephora Pierre. The experiment<br />
was c<strong>on</strong>ducted in the Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos/Fisiologia Vegetal/DB of the UFLA, by<br />
utilizing berries at the red ripe stage of the cultivars Rubi and Apoatã IAC-2258. After<br />
desinsfetati<strong>on</strong> of the berries for 30 minutes’ immersi<strong>on</strong> in sodium hypochloride (20% i.a) and<br />
washing for three times in distilled and autoclaved water, the embryos were removed and<br />
inoculated in an aseptic way <strong>on</strong> Petri dishes with 50% MS medium added of sucrose and<br />
supplemented with different c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s of caffeine (0.00; 0.5; 0.10; 0.15; 0.20; 0.25;<br />
0.30 and 0.40%). The embryos were kept in growth room at 27+-2°C and light intensity of<br />
13 umol.s-1.m-2 for 23 days, when shoot length, root length and seedling fresh weight were<br />
evaluated. Five days after cultivati<strong>on</strong>, the percentage of emissi<strong>on</strong> of radicles and cotyled<strong>on</strong>s,<br />
computing the embryos with open cotyled<strong>on</strong>s ad with expanded radicles. The experimental<br />
design utilized was completely randomized with 6 replicates per treatment, each replicate<br />
being mad up of 5 embryos. Germinati<strong>on</strong> and development of embryos of Coffea arabica L.<br />
and of Coffea canephora Pierre are affected by exogen caffeine, this effect being more<br />
drastic in rootlets than in cotyled<strong>on</strong>s In embryos of Coffea arabica L., caffeine c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
superior to 0.20% drastically affected radicle emissi<strong>on</strong>. As opposed, rootlet emissi<strong>on</strong> in<br />
embryos of Coffea canephora Pierre is not affected at all up to the c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s of 0.30%,<br />
denoting that this species is less sensitive to the effects of exogen caffeine.<br />
241 - FORMATION OF COFFEE SEEDLINGS OF COFFEA ARABICA L.; CV RUBI BY<br />
UTILIZING SEEDS AND BERRIES AT DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES<br />
STTELA DELLYZETE VEIGA FRANCO DA ROSA 1 , LEONARDO Q. DE MELO 2 , ANDRÉ DELLY<br />
VEIGA 3 , SIRLEI DE OLIVEIRA 3 , CARLOS ALBERTO SPAGGIARI DE SOUZA 4 , VINÍCIUS DE<br />
ARAÚJO AGUIAR 5 .<br />
1 Embrapa Café, Cepecafé, CP 37, Campus Ufla/Dag, Cep 37200-000, Lavras, MG, sttelaveiga@ufla.br;<br />
2 Engenheiro Agrônomo, Departamento Técnico da Agrichem do Brasil, lqmelo@yahoo.com.br<br />
3 Mestrando do curso de Fitotecnia da Ufla/Dag, Lavras, MG, adelly2@yahoo.com.br;<br />
4 Pesquisador Dr. Ceplac/Cepec/Linhares, ES, carlosspaggiari@bol.com.br ;<br />
5 Aluno de Agr<strong>on</strong>omia/Ufla).<br />
Coffee seeds present slow and germinati<strong>on</strong> and poor storage potential which makes seedling<br />
formati<strong>on</strong> in a suitable time and under climatic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s favorable to crop establishment.<br />
The propagati<strong>on</strong> of the coffee tree by means of the seedlings from seeds is still widely<br />
performed and the reducti<strong>on</strong> of the time for the obtaining of well developed and vigorous<br />
seedlings, aiming at the good establishment of the stand and reducti<strong>on</strong> of the percentage of<br />
re-planting. Taking into account that coffee seeds acquire their maximum germinati<strong>on</strong> at the<br />
verde cana and cereja stages, the present work was performed with a view to testing<br />
alternative for obtaining of seedlings, by utilizing the seeds and berries at several<br />
developmental stages. The experiment was c<strong>on</strong>ducted in the seedling nursery of the Coffee<br />
Producti<strong>on</strong> Sector of the Universidade Federal de Lavras. The design was in randomized<br />
blocks with four replicates and the seedlings were produced in small bags with an earth,<br />
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27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>ISTA</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress – <strong>Seed</strong> Symposium<br />
manure, simple phosphate and potassium chloride substrate (standard substrate). Nine notillage<br />
treatments were tested: 1) sowing of the berrie at the green stage ; 2) of the berrie<br />
at the green stage after 10 days from harvest; 3) of the berrie at the yellow stage;4) of the<br />
berrie at the yellow stage after days from harvest; 5) of the berrie at the red ripe stage; 6)<br />
of the seed of the red ripe, desmucilada and dried up to 15% of water c<strong>on</strong>tent; 7) of the<br />
seed of red ripe, desmucilada, dried up to 15% without parchment 8) of the seed of red ripe,<br />
desmucilado, dried up to 15% of water c<strong>on</strong>tent and pre-deepened into water for six days and<br />
9) of the seed of the cherry fruit , desmucilado and dried up to 15% without parchment and<br />
pre-deepened in water for six days. To verify the effect of the treatments, after 140 day from<br />
the start of the experiment, the emergence percentage (E), the emergency velocity index<br />
(EVI) and the percentage o seedlings with at least <strong>on</strong>e pair of true leaves (TL) was evaluated<br />
and after six m<strong>on</strong>ths the evaluati<strong>on</strong> of by means of seedlings was proceeded by means of<br />
measurements of stem diameter (D), plan height (H), of the dry matter of the root system<br />
(DMRS), of the dry matter of the shoot (DMS), of the leaf area (LA) and of the number of<br />
pairs of leaves (NPL). The treatments which stood out, according to the statistic analysis,<br />
were sowing of green berry, of seeds with and without a parchment and of seeds without a<br />
parchment and deepened in water for six days for the characteristics E, D DMRS and NPL.<br />
The seedlings from the sowing of seeds from berrie at the red ripe stage and without a<br />
parchment were the <strong>on</strong>es which presented the best performance of growth.<br />
242 - GERMINABILITY AND DESICCATION TOLERANCE IN CORN SEEDS<br />
HARVESTED AT DIFFERENT MATURATION STAGES<br />
VON PINHO R.G., FARIA, M.A.V.R., VON PINHO, É.V.R., GUIMARÃES, R.M. & FREITAS, F.E.O.<br />
Agr<strong>on</strong>omy Departament / Federal University of Lavras, Brazil, zip: 37200-000, ph<strong>on</strong>e: 55 3538291315,<br />
renzo@ufla.br<br />
Aiming at obtaining additi<strong>on</strong>al subsides to decisi<strong>on</strong>-making c<strong>on</strong>cerning harvest time and<br />
drying of corn seeds <strong>on</strong> ears, biochemical and physiological aspects of seeds harvested at<br />
different milk line stages and submitted to artificial drying was studied The experiments were<br />
accomplished at <strong>Seed</strong> Laboratory of Federal University of Lavras, Brazil. <strong>Seed</strong>s of the hybrids<br />
AG-9090, AG-9010, DKB-350 and DKB-747, produced by M<strong>on</strong>santo do Brasil S.A in the 2000<br />
winter in the towns of Iraí de Minas – MG, Campo Florido – MG, Miguelópolis – SP and Guaíra<br />
– SP were utilized. In each field, four rows were demarcated where 100 ears per milk line<br />
stage (namely ML2, ML3, ML4 and ML5, c<strong>on</strong>taining , respectively, 25%, 50%, 75% and<br />
100% of hardened endosperm), were harvested. The ears were transported to that lab and<br />
were sampled for determinati<strong>on</strong> of seed water c<strong>on</strong>tent. After straw removal, ears were taken<br />
to experimental dryers where they were dried at initial temperature of 35 o C till they reached<br />
20% of water c<strong>on</strong>tent, followed by temperature of 42 o C up to 12% of water c<strong>on</strong>tent. Tests of<br />
germinati<strong>on</strong>, electric c<strong>on</strong>ductivity, cold test without soil and accelerated aging,<br />
electrophoresis analyses of α-amylase and heat resistant proteins were carried out, utilizing<br />
freshly harvested or dried seeds. We c<strong>on</strong>cluded that the germinability of corn seeds<br />
increases with water loss in the field and is fully obtained by means of a moderate drying of<br />
the seeds harvested from milk line stage 3 (ML3), phase in which seeds already achieved<br />
desiccati<strong>on</strong> tolerance and present a high physiological quality.<br />
243 - TOLERANCE OF CORN SEEDS TOWARDS HIGH DRYING<br />
TEMPERATURE: BIOCHEMICAL AND ANATOMICAL ASPECTS<br />
VON PINHO, E.V.R., ROVERI JOSÉ, S.C.B., VON PINHO, R.G. & RAMALHO, M.A.P.<br />
Agr<strong>on</strong>omy Departament / Federal University of Lavras, Brazil, zip: 37200-000, ph<strong>on</strong>e: 55 3538291315,<br />
edila@ufla.br<br />
Several mechanisms have been involved in the acquisiti<strong>on</strong> and maintenance of desiccati<strong>on</strong><br />
tolerance. The objective of this research was to evaluate the biochemical aspects, as the α-<br />
amylase’s activity and the electrophorectic patterns of the heat resistant proteins, and also<br />
the anatomical aspects of the seed pericarp, that could be associated with the high drying<br />
temperature tolerance. <strong>Seed</strong>s from lines, produced in 1999/2000, classified as tolerant and<br />
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Budapest, Hungary, May 17 th – 19 th , 2004<br />
intolerant to high drying temperature, and seeds from hybrids which present significant<br />
reciprocal effect, produced in 2000/2001, were used. The seeds were harvested with 35%<br />
moisture c<strong>on</strong>tent and dried at 45 o C. <strong>Seed</strong>s dried under shadow were utilized as c<strong>on</strong>trol in<br />
1999/2000. The α- amylase enzyme was extracted from germinated seeds from each<br />
material in TRIS – HCl 0,2 M buffer, and the heat resistant proteins, of the embri<strong>on</strong>ary axes,<br />
in TRIS – HCl 0,05 M buffer. <strong>Seed</strong>s that presented superior physiological quality, evaluated<br />
by the germinati<strong>on</strong> test, also presented greater band intensity for the α-amylase enzyme. A<br />
higher c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> of heat resistant proteins, of molecular weight between 18 and 44,1<br />
kDa was verified, in seeds from the tolerant lines. The electrophorectic patterns of the heat<br />
resistant proteins were similar amid the hybrid seeds which presented significant reciprocal<br />
effect. Differences in seed tolerance to high drying temperature were related to the physical<br />
characteristics of the pericarp. <strong>Seed</strong>s from lines and hybrids that presented denser pericarp<br />
structure, formed by more compact cells, were more sensitive to high drying temperature.<br />
149