Teratosphaeria destructans in - Murdoch Research Repository ...
Teratosphaeria destructans in - Murdoch Research Repository ...
Teratosphaeria destructans in - Murdoch Research Repository ...
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<strong>Teratosphaeria</strong> <strong>destructans</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
Australia; Biosecurity threat or<br />
elusive native pathogen?<br />
V. Andjic 1,4 ,M. Glen 3 , B. Dell 1 , M.J. W<strong>in</strong>gfield 2 ,<br />
G. E. StJ. Hardy 1 , Treena Burgess 1<br />
1<br />
School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, <strong>Murdoch</strong> University, <strong>Murdoch</strong>, 6150, Australia<br />
2<br />
Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, 0002, South Africa<br />
3<br />
CSIRO Susta<strong>in</strong>able Ecosystems, Private Bag 12, Hobart, 7001, Australia<br />
4<br />
Australian Quarant<strong>in</strong>e and Inspection Service, Perth International Airport, 6105, Australia<br />
Email: vera.andjic@daff.gov.au
Eucalypts as plantations species<br />
‣ Native to Australia, few species found <strong>in</strong> Papua New<br />
Gu<strong>in</strong>ea, parts of Indonesia and Philipp<strong>in</strong>es.<br />
‣ Introduced from Australia to other parts of the<br />
world. Highly favoured plantation species (fast<br />
grow<strong>in</strong>g), provides pulp for paper <strong>in</strong>dustry.<br />
‣ To meet world demand for pulp and paper many<br />
commercial plantations have been established outside<br />
of Australia where eucalypts were grown as exotic<br />
species.<br />
‣ Many species trials have been established for genetic<br />
selection which led to clonal forestry that resulted <strong>in</strong><br />
diseases outbreaks.
<strong>Teratosphaeria</strong> <strong>destructans</strong><br />
=Phaeophleospora <strong>destructans</strong><br />
=Kirramyces <strong>destructans</strong><br />
‣ is a devastat<strong>in</strong>g eucalypt leaf pathogen first<br />
described by (W<strong>in</strong>gfield & Crous, 1996) from 1-3<br />
years old Eucalyptus grandis <strong>in</strong> Sumatra,<br />
Indonesia.<br />
‣ 2000-2001 has been reported from nurseries<br />
and young plantations <strong>in</strong> Thailand and Vietnam.<br />
‣ 2003-2005 T. <strong>destructans</strong> has been reported<br />
from native E. urophylla <strong>in</strong> East Timor and<br />
production nurseries <strong>in</strong> Ch<strong>in</strong>a.
Symptoms caused by T. <strong>destructans</strong> <strong>in</strong>clude:<br />
‣ leaf distortion<br />
‣ blight of young leaves, buds and shoots<br />
‣ severe defoliation of juvenile leaves on trees
Objective:<br />
To determ<strong>in</strong>e the population diversity and<br />
distribution of T. <strong>destructans</strong> <strong>in</strong> southeast<br />
Asia us<strong>in</strong>g multi gene phylogenies<br />
and microsatellite markers.
2005<br />
ITS-EF-BT-CHS-ATP6<br />
(over 2000bp ) not a s<strong>in</strong>gle bp difference<br />
99<br />
CMW11687<br />
CMW17916<br />
T. eucalypti<br />
100<br />
100<br />
CMW17919-Ch<strong>in</strong>a<br />
CMW19909-Ch<strong>in</strong>a<br />
CMW19832-Indonesia<br />
CMW17918-Indonesia<br />
CMW15089-Vietnam<br />
CMW15090-Vietnam<br />
CMW16123-Thailand<br />
CMW13337-Thailand<br />
T. <strong>destructans</strong>
‣ From 2003-2006 regular surveys were<br />
conducted <strong>in</strong> Northern Australia. A<br />
devastat<strong>in</strong>g disease was observed and<br />
thought to be caused by T. <strong>destructans</strong>.<br />
‣ However, the phylogenetic and<br />
morphological studies revealed that the<br />
<strong>Teratosphaeria</strong> sp. associated with these<br />
symptoms represents a new taxon<br />
described as <strong>Teratosphaeria</strong> viscidus.
2006<br />
ITS-EF-BT<br />
12 fixed polymorphic sites<br />
99<br />
CMW11687<br />
CMW17916<br />
T. eucalypti<br />
100<br />
100<br />
100<br />
CMW17919-Ch<strong>in</strong>a<br />
CMW19832-Indonesia<br />
CMW15092-Vietnam<br />
CMW16120-Thailand<br />
T. <strong>destructans</strong><br />
100<br />
MUCC452 – Australia<br />
MUCC453 – Australia<br />
MUCC454 - Australia<br />
MUCC455 - Australia<br />
T. viscidus
‣ In 2007, T. <strong>destructans</strong> was reported from the<br />
Tiwi Island and Derby <strong>in</strong> Australia.
99<br />
CMW11687<br />
CMW17916<br />
T. eucalypti<br />
100<br />
99<br />
CMW17919-Ch<strong>in</strong>a<br />
CMW19832-Indonesia<br />
CMW15092-Vietnam<br />
CMW16120-Thailand<br />
DFR1168 – East Timor<br />
DFR1169 – East Timor<br />
2007<br />
ITS-EF-BT<br />
6 bp differences across Asian and<br />
Australian isolates<br />
TI8 – Tiwi’s, NT<br />
TIC3 – Tiwi’s, NT<br />
100 T. <strong>destructans</strong><br />
75<br />
78<br />
TI15 – Tiwi’s, NT<br />
TIC2 – Tiwi’s, NT<br />
TI28 – Tiwi’s, NT<br />
100<br />
85<br />
100<br />
89<br />
TID3 – Tiwi’s, NT<br />
TIF1 – Tiwi’s, NT<br />
B1d – Derby, WA<br />
B3a – Derby, WA<br />
B3b – Derby, WA<br />
MUCC452 - Mareeba, QLD<br />
MUCC453 – Mareeba, QLD<br />
MUCC454 - Mareeba, QLD<br />
MUCC455 - Mareeba, QLD<br />
T. viscidus
2008<br />
30<br />
12<br />
3<br />
61<br />
2<br />
8<br />
30<br />
Haplotype network based on sequence data from three<br />
nuclear genes (ITS, EF1-α and β-tubul<strong>in</strong>) and the<br />
flank<strong>in</strong>g regions from 3 microsatellite loci (VA1, VA2 and<br />
VA13). Colours correspond to collection location as<br />
shown on the map. Only 20 representative isolates were<br />
<strong>in</strong>cluded from Asian collections (yellow).
VA1 VA2 VA13 DIVERSITY(%)<br />
CHINA (30) A A A 0.0<br />
THAILAND (12) A A A 0.0<br />
VIETNAM (14) A A A<br />
INDONESIA (61) A A-C A 3.2<br />
TIMOR (2) A-B C A<br />
DERBY (8) C D B-C 28.5<br />
TIWI (30) D-G E-I D-I 32.1<br />
NO. HAPLOTYPES 7 9 9
Conclusions:<br />
‣ Diversity <strong>in</strong> Northern Australia much greater<br />
than that <strong>in</strong> Asia suggests T. <strong>destructans</strong><br />
orig<strong>in</strong>ates from Australia.<br />
‣ However, it is possible that the isolates from<br />
Derby and Tiwi Islands could be discrete species<br />
or part of a cont<strong>in</strong>uum that is T. <strong>destructans</strong>.<br />
‣ If cryptic species, then <strong>Teratosphaeria</strong><br />
<strong>destructans</strong> would still be considered a biosecurity<br />
threat.<br />
‣ Further studies are required to determ<strong>in</strong>e if T.<br />
<strong>destructans</strong> is a biosecurity threat or an elusuve<br />
native pathogen.<br />
‣ Meanwhile new diseases are emerg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
Australia caused by other <strong>Teratosphaeria</strong> spp.<br />
which are impact<strong>in</strong>g on productivity of sub-tropical<br />
eucalypt plantations.
2010<br />
Good bye!
Acknowledgments:<br />
‣ This work was funded <strong>in</strong> part by the Australian<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Council DP0343600 and DP0664334.<br />
‣ Vera Andjic is a recipient of a <strong>Murdoch</strong><br />
University Doctoral <strong>Research</strong> Scholarship.<br />
‣ We also acknowledge fund<strong>in</strong>g from various<br />
grants to the University of Pretoria l<strong>in</strong>ked to<br />
tree protection research and a collaborative<br />
research agreement l<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g the University of<br />
Pretoria and <strong>Murdoch</strong> University.<br />
‣ P. Barber and P. Dolok Saribu are thanked for<br />
collect<strong>in</strong>g isolates from Indonesia.<br />
‣ Mike W<strong>in</strong>gfield and Bernie Dell for photos.