Strychnos 1990 - 2004 - Crops for the Future

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Author Title Year Source title Reference H. W. Pritchard, M. I. Daws, B. J. Fletcher, C. S. Gamene, H. P. Msanga and W. Ecological correlates of seed desiccation tolerance in tropical African dryland tree 2004 American Journal of Botany 91(6): 863-870 Abstract In the tropics, species with recalcitrant or desiccation-sensitive, Type III seeds are largely restricted to regions with comparatively high rainfall, because desiccation-induced seed death will be minimal in these environments. However, species with recalcitrant seeds do occur in drylands, although little is known about ecological adaptations to minimize seed death in these environments. Here, we present data for the seed desiccation tolerance of 10 African dryland species (Dovyalis caffra, Khaya senegalensis, Kigelia africana, Lannea microcarpa, Sclerocarya birrea, Strychnos cocculoides, Syzygium cumini, Trchilia emetica, Vitellaria paradoxa and Ximenia americana) and examine the relationships between seed size, rainfall at the time of seed shed, and desiccation tolerance for these and a further 70 species from the scientific literature. The combined data set encompasses species from 33 families. Three species (Syzygium cumini, T. emetica, and V. paradoxa) had desiccationsensitive seeds, and the remaining seven species investigated were desiccation-tolerant. The desiccation-sensitive species had large (>0.5 g) seeds, germinated rapidly, and had comparatively small investments in seed physical defenses. Furthermore, seed was shed in months of high rainfall (>60 mm). In comparison, for species with desiccation-tolerant seeds, seed mass varied across five orders of magnitude, and seed was shed in wet and dry months. Although infrequent in dryland environments (approximately 11% of the species examined here), species with desiccation-sensitive seeds do occur; large size, rapid germination, and the timing of dispersal all reduce the likelihood of seed drying. Furthermore, desiccation-sensitivity may be advantageous for large-seeded species by increasing the efficiency of resource use in seed provisioning. Author Title Year Source title Reference Brochado, C. D., A. P. de Almeida, B. P. Barreto, L. P. Costa, L. S. Ribeiro, R. L. Flavonol robinobiosides and rutinosides from Alternanthera brasiliana (Amaranth 2003 Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 14(3): 449-451 Abstract The extract of the medicinal species Alternanthera brasiliana Kuntze afforded six di- and triglycosyl kaempferol and quercetin derivatives. Their structures were elucidated based on the H-1- and C-13- NMR data and are reported here for the first time in this genus. Kaempferol 3-O-robinobioside and kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside significantly inhibited the human lymphocyte proliferation in vitro.
Author Title Year Source title Reference Frederich, M., M. Bentires-Ali, M. Tits, L. Angenot, E. Heinen and M. C. De Pau Apoptosis induction in human cancer cells by sungucine from Strychnos icaja root 2003 Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archives of Pharmacology 367(3): 260-265 Abstract Sungucine (SG) and isosungucine (ISG) are bisindole alkaloids characterized by a 5'-23 link between the two parts of the compounds, which are till now specific to Strychnos icaja. In this work, SG and ISG were submitted to the NCI's in vitro 60 human tumor cell line screen, where SG showed interesting selectivity (6X) against the tested leukemia cell lines. In HL60-treated cells, apoptosis was demonstrated by observation of apoptotic bodies formation, and phosphatidylserine exposition at cell surface. In HeLa-treated cells, the analysis of cellular cycle by flow cytometry showed G1 accumulation and a small sub-G1 peak that could be related to DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptosis. The eventual role of p53 was analyzed using wild-type HCT-116 colon cancer cells. Nevertheless, p53 and Bax expression were not modified in SG-treated cells. The cleavage of PARP by caspase-3 protease proved that apoptosis was also induced in this line. These results demonstrate that SG induces apoptosis, but also necrosis, in human cancer cell lines. Author Title Year Source title Reference Abstract Frederich, M., M. Bentires-Alj, M. Tits, L. Angenot, R. Greimers, J. Gielen, V. B Isostrychnopentamine, an indolomonoterpenic alkaloid from Strychnos usambaren 2003 Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 304(3): 1103-1119 -
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