Notes on Relativity and Cosmology - Physics Department, UCSB

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26 CHAPTER 1. SPACE, TIME, AND NEWTONIAN PHYSICS PHY101 or PHY211. I suggest that you take the opportunity to reflect on this at a deeper level than you may have done before. ‘Newtonian’ physics is the stuff embodied in the work of Isaac Newton 2 . Now, there were a lot of developments in the 200 years between Newton and Einstein, but an important conceptual framework remained unchanged. It is this framework that we will refer to as Newtonian Physics and, in this sense, the term can be applied to all physics up until the development of Relativity by Einstein. Reviewing this framework will also give us an opportunity to discuss how people came to believe in such a strange thing as the constancy of the speed of light and why you should believe it too. (Note: so far I have given you no reason to believe such an obviously ridiculous statement.) ⋆ Many people feel that Newtonian Physics is just a precise formulation of their intuitive understanding of physics based on their life experiences. Granted, as those of you who have taken PHY101 or 211 know, there are many subtleties. But still, the basic rules of Newtonian physics ought to ‘make sense’ in the sense of meshing with your intuition. Oh, you should actively ponder the question“What does it mean for something to ‘make sense’?” throughout this course.... 1.1 Coordinate Systems We’re going to be concerned with things like speed (e.g., speed of light), distance, and time. As a result, coordinate systems will be very important. How many of you have worked with coordinate systems? Let me remind you that a coordinate system is a way of labeling points; say, on a line. You need: A zero A positive direction A scale of distance +x x=-1m x=0 x=+1m We’re going to stick with one-dimensional motion most of the time. Of course, space is 3-dimensional, but 1 dimension is easier to draw and captures some of the most important properties. In this course, we’re interested in space and time: 2 For our purposes, the most important part of this work was actually done by Galileo. However, we will also make use of the refinements added by Newton and the phrase ‘Galilean Physics as refined by Newton’ is just to long to use.
1.1. COORDINATE SYSTEMS 27 +t t=-1s t=0 t=+1s Put these together to get a ‘spacetime diagram’ +t t=0 t=+1s +x t=-1s x=-1m x=0 x=+1m ⋆ Note: For this class (as opposed to PHY211), t increases upward and x increases to the right. This is the standard convention in relativity and we adopt it so that this course is compatible with all books (and so that I can keep things straight, since it is the convention I am used to!!). Also note: • The x-axis is the line t = 0. • The t-axis is the line x = 0.
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Notes on Relativity and Cosmology - Physics Department, UCSB

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