Technical Manual - Section 3 (Safety Hazards)
Technical Manual - Section 3 (Safety Hazards) Technical Manual - Section 3 (Safety Hazards)
Pressure Vessel Design Codes. Most of the pressure or storage vessels in service in the United States will have been designed and constructed in accordance with one of the following two design codes: In addition, some vessels designed and constructed between 1934 to 1956 may have used the rules in the "API-ASME Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels for Petroleum Liquids and Gases." This code was discontinued in 1956. @ @ The ASME Code, or Section VIII of the ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code; or The API Standard 620 or the American Petroleum Institute Code which provides rules for lower pressure vessels not covered by the ASME Code. Vessels certification can only be performed by trained inspectors qualified for each code. Written tests and practical experience are required for certification. Usually, the compliance office is not equipped for this task, but is able to obtain the necessary contract services. TABLE III:3-1. VESSEL TYPES Vessels included: Stationary and unfired Used for pressure containment of gases and liquids Constructed of carbon steel or low alloy steel Vessel types specifically excluded: Vessels used as fired boilers Vessels used in high-temperature processes (above 315C, 600F) or at very low and cryogenic temperatures Vessels and containers used in transportable systems Operated at temperatures between Storage tanks that operate at nominally atmospheric -75 and 315C (-100 and 600F) pressure Piping and pipelines Safety and pressure-relief valves Special-purpose vessels, such as those for human occupancy. B. RECENT CRACKING EXPERIENCE IN PRESSURE VESSELS DEAERATOR SERVICE Deaeration refers to the removal of noncondensible gases, primarily oxygen, from the water used in a steam generation system. Deaerators are widely used in many industrial applications including power generation, pulp and paper, chemical, and petroleum refining and in many public facilities such as hospitals and schools where steam generation is required. In actual practice, the deaerator vessel can be separate from the III:3-2
Figure III:3-1. Some Major Parts of a Pressure Vessel storage vessel or combined with a storage vessel into one unit. Typical operational conditions for deaerator vessels range up to about 300 psi and up to about 150 C (300 F). Nearly all of the vessels are designed to ASME Code resulting in vessel wall thicknesses up to but generally less than 25 mm (1 in). The vessel material is almost universally one of the carbon steel grades. Analysis of incident survey data and other investigations has determined the following features about the deaerator vessel cracking. The failures and the survey results have prompted TAPPI (Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry), the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors, and NACE (National Association of Corrosion Engineers) to prepare inspection, operation and repair recommendations. For inspection, all recommendations suggest: @ @ Special attention to the internal surface of all welds and heat-affected zones (HAZ); and Use of the wet fluorescent magnetic particle (WFMT) method for inspection. @ @ @ Water hammer is the only design or operational factor that correlates with cracking. Cracking is generally limited to weld regions of vessels that had not been postweld heat treated. Corrosion fatigue appears to be the predominant mechanism of crack formation and growth. The TAPPI and the NACE recommendations also contain additional items, such as: @ Inspection by personnel certified to American Society for Nondestructive Testing's SNT-TC-1A minimum Level I and interpretation of the results by minimum Level II; and @ Reinspection within one year for repaired vessels, 1-2 years for vessels with discontinuities but unrepaired, III:3-3
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Pressure Vessel Design Codes. Most of the pressure or<br />
storage vessels in service in the United States will have been<br />
designed and constructed in accordance with one of the<br />
following two design codes:<br />
In addition, some vessels designed and constructed between<br />
1934 to 1956 may have used the rules in the "API-ASME<br />
Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels for Petroleum Liquids and<br />
Gases." This code was discontinued in 1956.<br />
@<br />
@<br />
The ASME Code, or <strong>Section</strong> VIII of the ASME<br />
(American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Boiler<br />
and Pressure Vessel Code; or<br />
The API Standard 620 or the American Petroleum<br />
Institute Code which provides rules for lower<br />
pressure vessels not covered by the ASME Code.<br />
Vessels certification can only be performed by trained<br />
inspectors qualified for each code. Written tests and<br />
practical experience are required for certification. Usually,<br />
the compliance office is not equipped for this task, but is able<br />
to obtain the necessary contract services.<br />
TABLE III:3-1. VESSEL TYPES<br />
Vessels included:<br />
Stationary and unfired<br />
Used for pressure containment of<br />
gases and liquids<br />
Constructed of carbon steel or<br />
low alloy steel<br />
Vessel types specifically excluded:<br />
Vessels used as fired boilers<br />
Vessels used in high-temperature processes<br />
(above 315C, 600F) or at very low and cryogenic temperatures<br />
Vessels and containers used in transportable systems<br />
Operated at temperatures between<br />
Storage tanks that operate at nominally atmospheric<br />
-75 and 315C (-100 and 600F) pressure<br />
Piping and pipelines<br />
<strong>Safety</strong> and pressure-relief valves<br />
Special-purpose vessels, such as those for human occupancy.<br />
B. RECENT CRACKING EXPERIENCE IN PRESSURE VESSELS<br />
DEAERATOR SERVICE<br />
Deaeration refers to the removal of noncondensible gases,<br />
primarily oxygen, from the water used in a steam generation<br />
system.<br />
Deaerators are widely used in many industrial applications<br />
including power generation, pulp and paper, chemical, and<br />
petroleum refining and in many public facilities such as<br />
hospitals and schools where steam generation is required. In<br />
actual practice, the deaerator vessel can be separate from the<br />
III:3-2
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