Technical Manual - Section 3 (Safety Hazards)

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Figure III:2-9 Vacuum Distillation SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND DEWAXING Solvent treating is a widely used method of refining lubricating oils as well as a host of other refinery stocks. Since distillation (fractionation) separates petroleum products into groups only by their boiling-point ranges, impurities may remain. These include organic compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen; inorganic salts and dissolved metals; and soluble salts that were present in the crude feedstock. In addition, kerosene and distillates may have trace amounts of aromatics and naphthenes, and lubricating oil base-stocks may contain wax. Solvent refining processes including solvent extraction and solvent dewaxing usually remove these undesirables at intermediate refining stages or just before sending the product to storage. SOLVENT EXTRACTION The purpose of solvent extraction is to prevent corrosion, protect catalyst in subsequent processes, and improve finished products by removing unsaturated, aromatic hydrocarbons from lubricant and grease stocks. The solvent extraction process separates aromatics, naphthenes, and impurities from the product stream by dissolving or precipitation. The feedstock is first dried and then treated using a continuous countercurrent solvent treatment operation. In one type of process, the feedstock is washed with a liquid in which the substances to be removed are more soluble than in the desired resultant product. In another process, selected solvents are added to cause impurities to precipitate out of the product. In the adsorption process, highly porous solid materials collect liquid molecules on their surfaces. III:2-20
The solvent is separated from the product stream by heating, evaporation, or fractionation, and residual trace amounts are subsequently removed from the raffinate by steam stripping or vacuum flashing. Electric precipitation may be used for separation of inorganic compounds. The solvent is then regenerated to be used again in the process. The most widely used extraction solvents are phenol, furfural, and cresylic acid. Other solvents less frequently used are liquid sulfur dioxide, nitrobenzene, and 2,2' dichloroethyl ether. The selection of specific processes and chemical agents depends on the nature of the feedstock being treated, the contaminants present, and the finished product requirements. Table III:2-7. SOLVENT EXTRACTION PROCESS Feedstocks From Process Typical products.................... To Naphthas Atm. tower Treating High octane gasoline............... Treating or blending Distillates Refined Fuels.......................... Treating or blending Kerosene Spent agents............................ Treatment or recycle Figure III:2-10 Aromatics Extraction Diagrams in Figures II:2-10, 11, 12, 13, 15, and 20 reproduced with the permission of Shell International Petroleum Company Limited. III:2-21
Page 1 and 2: OR-OSHA TECHNICAL MANUAL OR-OSHA TE
Page 3 and 4: SECTION III: CHAPTER 1 OIL WELL DER
Page 5 and 6: C. STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS FOUNDAT
Page 7 and 8: D. OBSERVATIONS, DIRECTIONS, AND CO
Page 9 and 10: SECTION III: CHAPTER 2 PETROLEUM RE
Page 11 and 12: Year Process name Purpose By-produc
Page 13 and 14: Crude oils are also defined in term
Page 15 and 16: (dicycloparaffins) found in the hea
Page 17 and 18: and boilers can leave deposits of v
Page 19 and 20: C. PETROLEUM REFINING OPERATIONS IN
Page 21 and 22: Table III:2-3 OVERVIEW OF PETROLEUM
Page 23 and 24: D. DESCRIPTION OF PETROLEUM REFININ
Page 25 and 26: CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION (FRACTIONATI
Page 27: Even though these are closed proces
Page 31 and 32: Table III:2-9 VISBREAKING PROCESS F
Page 33 and 34: HEALTH AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS Fi
Page 35 and 36: Figure III:2-14 Fluid Catalytic Cra
Page 37 and 38: HYDROCRACKING Hydrocracking is a tw
Page 39 and 40: egeneration and changeover. Catalys
Page 41 and 42: CATALYTIC HYDROTREATING Catalytic h
Page 43 and 44: chemicals and other hazards such as
Page 45 and 46: needed to prevent HCl from entering
Page 47 and 48: ALKYLATION Alkylation combines low-
Page 49 and 50: HEALTH AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS Fi
Page 51 and 52: Figure III:2-23 Molecular Sieve Dry
Page 53 and 54: SATURATE GAS PLANTS Saturate gas pl
Page 55 and 56: Table III:2-21. STEAM REFORMING PRO
Page 57 and 58: Safety Control of treater temperatu
Page 59 and 60: minerals and dissolved impurities t
Page 61 and 62: phenols, ammonia, sulfides, and oth
Page 63 and 64: GAS AND AIR COMPRESSORS Both recipr
Page 65 and 66: Safety Depending on the product and
Page 67 and 68: APPENDIX III:2-1. GLOSSARY ABSORPTI
Page 69 and 70: DEWAXING The removal of wax from pe
Page 71 and 72: interaction of sulfur compounds in
Page 73 and 74: SECTION III: CHAPTER 3 PRESSURE VES
Page 75 and 76: Figure III:3-1. Some Major Parts of
Page 77 and 78: spherical with wall thickness in th
Page 79 and 80:
LIQUID PENETRANT TEST (PT) This met
Page 81 and 82:
D. INFORMATION FOR SAFETY ASSESSMEN
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@ Other design code vessels -- Maxi
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SECTION III: CHAPTER 4 INDUSTRIAL R
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Regulator Coordinate Robot Cylindri
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Figure III:4-2. Industrial Robots:
Page 91 and 92:
DEGREES OF FREEDOM Regardless of th
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OTHER ACCIDENTS Other accidents can
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SAFEGUARDING DEVICES Personnel shou
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F. BIBLIOGRAPHY American National S
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Enabling Device A manually operated
Page 101 and 102:
Start-up, Initial Initial drive pow
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Technical Manual - Section 3 (Safety Hazards)

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