Technical Manual - Section 3 (Safety Hazards)

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carbon atoms. The lighter, straight-chain paraffin molecules are found in gases and paraffin waxes. Examples of straight-chain molecules are methane, ethane, propane, and butane (gases containing from one to four carbon atoms), and pentane and hexane (liquids with five to six carbon atoms). The branched-chain (isomer) paraffins are usually found in heavier fractions of crude oil and have higher octane numbers than normal paraffins. These compounds are saturated hydrocarbons, with all carbon bonds satisfied, that is, the hydrocarbon chain carries the full complement of hydrogen atoms. AROMATICS Aromatics are unsaturated ring-type (cyclic) compounds which react readily because they have carbon atoms that are deficient in hydrogen. All aromatics have at least one benzene ring (a single-ring compound characterized by three double bonds alternating with three single bonds between six carbon atoms) as part of their molecular structure. Naphthalenes are fused double-ring aromatic compounds. The most complex aromatics, polynuclears (three or more fused aromatic rings), are found in heavier fractions of crude oil. NAPHTHENES Figure III:2-2 Typical Aromatics Naphthenes are saturated hydrocarbon groupings with the general formula C n H 2n , arranged in the form of closed rings (cyclic) and found in all fractions of crude oil except the very lightest. Single-ring naphthenes (monocycloparaffins) with five and six carbon atoms predominate, with two-ring naphthenes III:2-6
(dicycloparaffins) found in the heavier ends of naphtha. OTHER HYDROCARBONS ALKENES Alkenes are mono-olefins with the general formula C n H 2n and contain only one carbon-carbon double bond in the chain. The simplest alkene is ethylene, with two carbon atoms joined by a double bond and four hydrogen atoms. Olefins are usually formed by thermal and catalytic cracking and rarely occur naturally in unprocessed crude oil. DIENES AND ALKYNES Dienes, also known as diolefins, have two carbon-carbon double bonds. The alkynes, another class of unsaturated hydrocarbons, have a carbon-carbon triple bond within the molecule. Both these series of hydrocarbons have the general formula C n H 2n-2 . Diolefins such as 1,2-butadiene and 1,3-butadiene, and alkynes such as acetylene occur in C 5 and lighter fractions from cracking. The olefins, diolefins, and alkynes are said to be unsaturated because they contain less than the amount of hydrogen necessary to saturate all the valences of the carbon atoms. These compounds are more reactive than paraffins or naphthenes and readily combine with other elements such as hydrogen, chlorine, and bromine. NONHYDROCARBONS SULFUR COMPOUNDS Sulfur may be present in crude oil as hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), as compounds (e.g., mercaptans, sulfides, disulfides, thiophenes, etc.), or as elemental sulfur. Each crude oil has different amounts and types of sulfur compounds, but as a rule the proportion, stability, and complexity of the compounds are greater in heavier crude-oil fractions. Hydrogen sulfide is a primary contributor to corrosion in refinery processing units. Other corrosive substances are elemental sulfur and mercaptans. Moreover, the corrosive sulfur compounds have an obnoxious odor. Figure III:2-3 Typical Napthenes III:2-7
Page 1 and 2: OR-OSHA TECHNICAL MANUAL OR-OSHA TE
Page 3 and 4: SECTION III: CHAPTER 1 OIL WELL DER
Page 5 and 6: C. STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS FOUNDAT
Page 7 and 8: D. OBSERVATIONS, DIRECTIONS, AND CO
Page 9 and 10: SECTION III: CHAPTER 2 PETROLEUM RE
Page 11 and 12: Year Process name Purpose By-produc
Page 13: Crude oils are also defined in term
Page 17 and 18: and boilers can leave deposits of v
Page 19 and 20: C. PETROLEUM REFINING OPERATIONS IN
Page 21 and 22: Table III:2-3 OVERVIEW OF PETROLEUM
Page 23 and 24: D. DESCRIPTION OF PETROLEUM REFININ
Page 25 and 26: CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION (FRACTIONATI
Page 27 and 28: Even though these are closed proces
Page 29 and 30: The solvent is separated from the p
Page 31 and 32: Table III:2-9 VISBREAKING PROCESS F
Page 33 and 34: HEALTH AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS Fi
Page 35 and 36: Figure III:2-14 Fluid Catalytic Cra
Page 37 and 38: HYDROCRACKING Hydrocracking is a tw
Page 39 and 40: egeneration and changeover. Catalys
Page 41 and 42: CATALYTIC HYDROTREATING Catalytic h
Page 43 and 44: chemicals and other hazards such as
Page 45 and 46: needed to prevent HCl from entering
Page 47 and 48: ALKYLATION Alkylation combines low-
Page 49 and 50: HEALTH AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS Fi
Page 51 and 52: Figure III:2-23 Molecular Sieve Dry
Page 53 and 54: SATURATE GAS PLANTS Saturate gas pl
Page 55 and 56: Table III:2-21. STEAM REFORMING PRO
Page 57 and 58: Safety Control of treater temperatu
Page 59 and 60: minerals and dissolved impurities t
Page 61 and 62: phenols, ammonia, sulfides, and oth
Page 63 and 64: GAS AND AIR COMPRESSORS Both recipr
Page 65 and 66:
Safety Depending on the product and
Page 67 and 68:
APPENDIX III:2-1. GLOSSARY ABSORPTI
Page 69 and 70:
DEWAXING The removal of wax from pe
Page 71 and 72:
interaction of sulfur compounds in
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SECTION III: CHAPTER 3 PRESSURE VES
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Figure III:3-1. Some Major Parts of
Page 77 and 78:
spherical with wall thickness in th
Page 79 and 80:
LIQUID PENETRANT TEST (PT) This met
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D. INFORMATION FOR SAFETY ASSESSMEN
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@ Other design code vessels -- Maxi
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SECTION III: CHAPTER 4 INDUSTRIAL R
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Regulator Coordinate Robot Cylindri
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Figure III:4-2. Industrial Robots:
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DEGREES OF FREEDOM Regardless of th
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OTHER ACCIDENTS Other accidents can
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SAFEGUARDING DEVICES Personnel shou
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F. BIBLIOGRAPHY American National S
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Enabling Device A manually operated
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Start-up, Initial Initial drive pow
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Technical Manual - Section 3 (Safety Hazards)

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