Institutional Afftliatie of Kmerican 6ongress on Surveying and ... - CLSA
Institutional Afftliatie of Kmerican 6ongress on Surveying and ... - CLSA
Institutional Afftliatie of Kmerican 6ongress on Surveying and ... - CLSA
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<str<strong>on</strong>g>Instituti<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Afftliatie</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Kmerican</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>6<strong>on</strong>gress</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Surveying</strong> <strong>and</strong>* Mapping.
Zeiss introduces the first<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a new generati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> electr<strong>on</strong>ic theodolites.<br />
Compact, lightweight, microprocessor c<strong>on</strong>trolled.<br />
Ideally suited for all medium-precisi<strong>on</strong> applicati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
in engineering <strong>and</strong> building survey.<br />
Display <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> vertical<br />
<strong>and</strong> horiz<strong>on</strong>tal<br />
angle simultaneously<br />
at both<br />
telescope positi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Angles selectable<br />
in360^(DMS),360"'<br />
(Decimal), 400g<br />
(Grads), 6400 (Mils),<br />
Verticafangle (Slope<br />
in percent). Angular<br />
Accuracy ±6''<br />
\<br />
^^^B<br />
V - - 1 1<br />
Telescope magnificati<strong>on</strong><br />
SOX. Shortest focusing<br />
distance 3 feet. Built-in<br />
reticule illuminati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Menu-driven, microprocessor<br />
c<strong>on</strong>trol<br />
for selecti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> up<br />
to 10 programs.<br />
RS-232-C inteFface<br />
for data recording.<br />
Co-axial clamps <strong>and</strong> slowmoti<strong>on</strong><br />
screws. Only 3<br />
operati<strong>on</strong> keys.<br />
Minimum <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 18 hours c<strong>on</strong>tinuous<br />
operati<strong>on</strong>. Total weight<br />
including battery 3.8 kg. •;<br />
a<br />
Electr<strong>on</strong>ic Engineers<br />
<strong>and</strong> Builders Theodolite.<br />
The new Zeiss ETh 4 sets<br />
new st<strong>and</strong>ards in ease <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
operati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> versatility. The<br />
operator can select either<br />
side as positi<strong>on</strong> 1. Therefore, "'<br />
the ETh 4 is equally suited<br />
-to right or left-h<strong>and</strong>ed<br />
operati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
For further details <strong>and</strong> dem<strong>on</strong>strati<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the new Zeiss<br />
ETh 4, c<strong>on</strong>tact your nearest<br />
^eiss dealer or call the <strong>Surveying</strong><br />
Instruments Dept.<br />
at (914) 681-7308.<br />
•.•<br />
ZEISS<br />
Carl Zeiss, Inc.<br />
, One Zeiss Drive<br />
Thornwood. NY 10594<br />
(914) 747-1800<br />
West German/
Table <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>tents<br />
President's Message 4<br />
Legal Comer 6<br />
Articles 8,10,12,15,31<br />
^f Interest 18<br />
Minutes from Board <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Director's Meeting 24<br />
Sustaining Members 36<br />
New Members 26<br />
Chapter Reports 7<br />
Classified 16<br />
Advertisers^ Index<br />
B&H Engineering Inc 16<br />
Bathey Survey Markers, Inc 11<br />
Ben Meadows Co 16<br />
Bench Mark Co 26<br />
Biocca Engineering 25<br />
Borchers Bags & Covers 7<br />
Bruns<strong>on</strong> Instrument Co 24<br />
C & R Manufacturing 6<br />
Chicago Steel Tape 7<br />
Civil S<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>t 32<br />
Dees, Inc 35<br />
«eodimeter 22<br />
adco Instruments 6<br />
Haselbach <strong>Surveying</strong> Inst 34<br />
Hasp, Inc 9<br />
Houseman & Assoc 17<br />
Industrial Pipe & Steel Co 25<br />
Kern Instruments 26<br />
Langham/Mathis Inst. & Computers, Inc 13<br />
Lewis & Lewis Enterprises 27,28,29,30<br />
MTI S<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>tware 20<br />
Ogden <strong>Surveying</strong> Equipment Co 34<br />
PacS<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>t 5<br />
Servco 14,21.33<br />
Servco-Teledyne Nati<strong>on</strong>al Tracing Paper 35<br />
Carl Zeiss Inc 2<br />
The California Surveyor<br />
ia the quarterly publicati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> The California L<strong>and</strong> Surveyors Associati<strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> is published as a service to the l<strong>and</strong> surveying pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
California. It is mailed to all Licensed L<strong>and</strong> Surveyors <strong>and</strong> L<strong>and</strong><br />
Surveyors-In-Training in the state <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> CaUfornia as well as to all<br />
members <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> CaUfornia L<strong>and</strong> Surveyors Associati<strong>on</strong>. The CaUfornia<br />
Surveyor is an open forum for all surveyors, with an editorial pohcy<br />
predicated <strong>on</strong> the preamble to the c<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the Cahfornia L<strong>and</strong><br />
Surveyors Associati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> its stated aims <strong>and</strong> objectives, which read:<br />
" Recognizing that the true raerit <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong> is determined by the<br />
value <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> its services to society, the 'California L<strong>and</strong> Surveyors<br />
Associati<strong>on</strong>' does hereby dedicate itself to the promoti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> protecti<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<strong>and</strong> surveying as a social <strong>and</strong> ec<strong>on</strong>omic influence<br />
vital to the welfare <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> society, community <strong>and</strong> state."<br />
"The purpose <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this organizati<strong>on</strong> is to promote the comm<strong>on</strong> good<br />
<strong>and</strong> welfare <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> its members in their activities in the pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<strong>and</strong><br />
surveying, to promote <strong>and</strong> maintain the highest possible st<strong>and</strong>ards<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>al ethics <strong>and</strong> practices, to promote pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>al uniformity,<br />
to promote public taxth <strong>and</strong> dependence in the L<strong>and</strong> Surveyors<br />
<strong>and</strong> their work."<br />
PERSONNEL<br />
Owner: Cahfornia L<strong>and</strong> Surveyors Associati<strong>on</strong>, Inc,<br />
Central Office: P.O. Box 9098. Santa Rosa, CA 95405-9990<br />
Editor: R<strong>on</strong>ald C. Greenwell, L.S.<br />
Asst. Editors: Christopher L. White, L.S., J.E, Terry, L.S.I.T.<br />
Sales/Producti<strong>on</strong> Manager: Rebecca T. Boehm<br />
ADVERTISING<br />
Commercial advertising is accepted by The California Surveyor.<br />
Advertising rates <strong>and</strong> informati<strong>on</strong> can be obtained by c<strong>on</strong>tacting<br />
Rebecca T. Boehm, P.O. Box 9098, Santa Rosa, CA 95405. (707)<br />
578-6016.<br />
SUSTAINING MEMBERSHIP<br />
Membership in the California L<strong>and</strong> Surveyors Associati<strong>on</strong> as a sustaining<br />
member is open to any individual, company or corporati<strong>on</strong> who,<br />
by their interest in the L<strong>and</strong> <strong>Surveying</strong> pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>, is desirous <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> supporting<br />
the purposes <strong>and</strong> objectives <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this associati<strong>on</strong>. For informati<strong>on</strong><br />
regarding sustaining membership, c<strong>on</strong>tact the Editor <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> The<br />
California Surveyor.<br />
EDITORIAL MATERIAL<br />
All articles, reports, letters <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s are accepted <strong>and</strong> will<br />
be c<strong>on</strong>sidered for pubUcati<strong>on</strong> regardless <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the author's affihati<strong>on</strong> with<br />
the California L<strong>and</strong> Surveyors Associati<strong>on</strong>. Material should be sent to<br />
The California Surveyor.<br />
Unless indicated, all articles in this publicati<strong>on</strong> are prepared by the<br />
editor.<br />
EDITOR: R<strong>on</strong>ald C. GreenweU, L.S.<br />
1023 San Carlos Drive<br />
Antioch, CA 94509<br />
COVER PHOTO The fu-st annual Ed Kuhlan award was presented to<br />
C.L.S.A. at the 25th Annual Cahfornia State University, Fresno<br />
<strong>Surveying</strong> <strong>and</strong> Photogrammetry C<strong>on</strong>ference. Ed Kuhlan, now retired.<br />
was <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the founding fathers; a prime mover in creating the four<br />
year l<strong>and</strong> surveying program at CSU-Fresno. Many people had<br />
assisted him in estabhshing the surveying program <strong>and</strong> Mr. Kuhlan<br />
found it difficult to select <strong>on</strong>e individual. Having found the <strong>on</strong>e comm<strong>on</strong><br />
denominator was an active membership in the Associati<strong>on</strong>, Mr.<br />
Kuhlan presented the first annual award to C.L.S.A.<br />
DEADLINE DATES FOR THE CALIFORNIA SURVEYOR<br />
Summer April 7,1986<br />
FaU July 7.1986<br />
Articles, Reports, Letters, etc., received after the above menti<strong>on</strong>ed<br />
date will be placed in the next editi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Copyright® 1986 California L<strong>and</strong> Surveyors Associati<strong>on</strong><br />
OFFICERS 1986<br />
Richard P. Siegmund, LS<br />
President<br />
Louis E. Rutledge, LS<br />
President-Elect<br />
^usan A. Jensen, LS<br />
Secretary<br />
Paul A. Cuomo, LS<br />
Treasurer<br />
Michael R. McGee, LS<br />
Immed. Past President<br />
Dorothy C. Calegari<br />
Executive Director<br />
Bakersfield<br />
Robert L. Giggy, LS<br />
Central Coast<br />
Kenneth L. Fargen, LS<br />
Tom Mastin, LS<br />
Central Valley<br />
Christopher White, LS<br />
East Bay<br />
Harold B. Davis, LS<br />
Leroy C. Hennes, LS<br />
Humboldt<br />
Michael Moore, LS<br />
BOARD OF DIRECTORS<br />
Chapter Representatives<br />
Lake/Mendocino<br />
Thomas M. Herman, LS<br />
LoB Angeles/Ventura<br />
Lloyd J. Cook, LS<br />
Jesse E. Newcombe, LS<br />
Marin County<br />
Steven H. Jacobs, LS<br />
M<strong>on</strong>terey Bay<br />
Joseph W. Betit, LS<br />
Mother Lode<br />
Frederick W. Kett, LS<br />
Northern California<br />
Roger Ackerman, LS<br />
Orange County<br />
David DeGroot, LS<br />
Bruce G. HaU, LS<br />
Gary K. Shelt<strong>on</strong>, LS<br />
Riverside/S{m Bernardino<br />
Joseph H. Bell. LS<br />
Eugene P. Ehe. LS<br />
Charles R. Harris, LS<br />
Claude Tomhns<strong>on</strong>, LS<br />
Sacramento<br />
Jack Jacobsen, LS<br />
San Diego<br />
G. Howard Dye, LS<br />
D.K. Nasl<strong>and</strong>, LS<br />
Michael Palkmary IIL LS<br />
San Joaquin Valley<br />
D<strong>on</strong>ald E. Wats<strong>on</strong>, LS<br />
Santa Clara/San Mateo<br />
Paul Lamoreaux, Jr., LS<br />
S<strong>on</strong>oma County<br />
Howard W. Brunner, LS<br />
Neal P. Campbell, LS
President's Message<br />
As 1986 begins, I look forward to<br />
the challenges <strong>and</strong> opportunities as<br />
President <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>CLSA</strong> this next year.<br />
The Vice President—Louis E. Rutledge,<br />
Secretary—Susan Jensen,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Treasurer—Paul Cuomo, are all<br />
dedicated <strong>and</strong> hard working as<br />
dem<strong>on</strong>strated by their past services.<br />
Our commitment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> working<br />
together al<strong>on</strong>g with improving communicati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
with the membership<br />
wiU prove beneficial to all.<br />
My involvement in surveying over<br />
the last few decades has been related<br />
to l<strong>and</strong> development. I know<br />
many <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> our members are also in private<br />
practice, some are owners <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
their own businesses, while many<br />
others are working for government<br />
agencies. In whatever job area we<br />
are in, I believe our members look<br />
forward to improving the practice <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
surveying <strong>and</strong> the surveyor's pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
image. How can we as a<br />
pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>al organizati<strong>on</strong> do this?<br />
Improving our educati<strong>on</strong>al opportunities,<br />
working <strong>on</strong> legislati<strong>on</strong> to<br />
improve our services, working with<br />
government agencies to provide tomorrow's<br />
housing <strong>and</strong> improving<br />
our pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>al level, I beUeve will<br />
be the central stream <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>CLSA</strong>'s efforts.<br />
Two legal seminars were held last<br />
year, <strong>on</strong>e in Los Angeles <strong>and</strong> the<br />
other in San Francisco. Many<br />
members took advantage <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
seminars. This is a start in a program<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tinuing seminars<br />
throughout the year <strong>on</strong> a variety <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
subjects. These seminars, we hope,<br />
can be given in several locati<strong>on</strong>s to<br />
make it easier for more members to<br />
attend.<br />
Another area <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> great importance<br />
is legislati<strong>on</strong>. Last year the implementati<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> S.B. 1837, requiring<br />
Records <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Surveys or Comer<br />
Records being filed was an example<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> legislative impact. This legislati<strong>on</strong><br />
is certainly yielding more<br />
records <strong>on</strong> surveys <strong>and</strong> the sharing<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> survey informati<strong>on</strong> am<strong>on</strong>g our<br />
survey community. The legislati<strong>on</strong><br />
this year being sp<strong>on</strong>sored by <strong>CLSA</strong><br />
deals with the State Plane Coordinates.<br />
Presently most l<strong>and</strong> lines<br />
are not tied together in a system<br />
that can be used in a data base. To<br />
plug in a coordinate for retrieval <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
all survey maps, m<strong>on</strong>ument informati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
easements <strong>and</strong> utilities<br />
witliin a given distance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> that<br />
Page 4 The California Surveyor — Spring 1986<br />
Richard P. Siegmund<br />
point, could be very beneficial to our<br />
pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>. We will have to see how<br />
that legislati<strong>on</strong> develops.<br />
More work will have to be d<strong>on</strong>e by<br />
government <strong>and</strong> private practice<br />
working together to develop an infrastructure<br />
to provide services for<br />
new homes. Some <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
organizati<strong>on</strong>s will have to get<br />
their members to deal with the problems<br />
<strong>and</strong> provide assistance to government<br />
in this planning. The installati<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> these water lines, sewer<br />
hues <strong>and</strong> street improvements will<br />
provide design <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong><br />
survey work. Without the infrastructure<br />
improvements, future<br />
housing projects will not develop,<br />
which would affect the pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>'s<br />
future work load.<br />
One other important area <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cern<br />
must be that <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> being pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>al.<br />
Educating our members to<br />
be more sophisticated in dealing<br />
with their clients <strong>and</strong> associates in<br />
1986 C.L.S.A. Officers<br />
the business world. Helping to<br />
develop guidelines for c<strong>on</strong>tract^^<br />
billings <strong>and</strong> communicati<strong>on</strong>s wit^B<br />
other pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>als will be <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> benefit<br />
to the pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
It is my desire that our committees<br />
become more efficient <strong>and</strong> resp<strong>on</strong>d<br />
to the membership needs. I<br />
beUeve improving our communicati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
in both directi<strong>on</strong>s will help.<br />
The committees need to know your<br />
needs <strong>and</strong> then resp<strong>on</strong>d quickly.<br />
Legislati<strong>on</strong>, however, will be an<br />
item that does take time <strong>and</strong> a lot <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
effort.<br />
Communicati<strong>on</strong> with the membership<br />
will receive additi<strong>on</strong>al effort<br />
this year. The last few years have<br />
seen The California Surveyor grow<br />
in size <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tent. We have many<br />
fine articles that speak to the issues<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> today. We need to thank the<br />
editor <strong>and</strong> staff for providing such a<br />
fine forum for communicati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Last year we started pubUshing a<br />
newsletter. It is proposed to be pub-<br />
Hshed every two m<strong>on</strong>ths. The c<strong>on</strong>tent<br />
is planned to keep <strong>CLSA</strong> members<br />
up to date <strong>on</strong> what is happening<br />
throughout the state. We wiU^^<br />
need the local chapters to forward t9^t<br />
<strong>CLSA</strong> Central Office informati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong><br />
what is happening in their area.<br />
In closing, I look forward to<br />
<strong>CLSA</strong> growing in membership this<br />
next year <strong>and</strong> improving communicati<strong>on</strong><br />
with the Surveyors <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> CaUfornia.<br />
I enjoyed seeing every<strong>on</strong>e at the<br />
20th Anniversary C<strong>on</strong>ference held<br />
in Sacramento during February.<br />
Richard P. Siegmund, L.S.<br />
President<br />
Left to Right: Louis E. Rutledge, Richard P. Siegmund, Susan A. Jensen,<br />
Paul A. Cuomo, Michael R. McGee
KING<br />
COUMT V<br />
^hiS Just a Few changes^<br />
A few changes? No way. The<br />
recalculati<strong>on</strong>s al<strong>on</strong>e will keep your<br />
design crew working for a good two<br />
weeks.<br />
Moving dirt <strong>on</strong> paper can be just<br />
about as hard as the real thing. If<br />
some<strong>on</strong>e could <strong>on</strong>ly make your task<br />
easier<br />
Some<strong>on</strong>e has. Introducii^<br />
PacS<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>tfs Earthwork/Roads. Ifs the<br />
third volume in our new generati<strong>on</strong><br />
engineering s<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>tware. And its changing<br />
the way engineers approach earth<br />
moving.<br />
Earthwork/Roads delivers minicomputer<br />
power <strong>on</strong> your micro. It<br />
makes even the most complex changes<br />
injust minutes, rather than days<br />
orwe^s.<br />
Fast Answers for the What Ife.<br />
Ever w<strong>on</strong>dered how a design<br />
alterati<strong>on</strong> might affect a project?<br />
Possibly making the task less complicated<br />
<strong>and</strong> saving m<strong>on</strong>ey in the process<br />
Exploring alternatives is quick<br />
<strong>and</strong> easy with Earthwork/Roads. Simply<br />
change a design parameter aiid<br />
the s<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>tware does the rest,<br />
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The California Surveyor — Spring 1986 Page 5
Legal Comer<br />
ELEVEN THOUSAND ACRES<br />
OF CLOUDED TITLES:<br />
The Legacy <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the California-<br />
Nevada Boundary Resoluti<strong>on</strong><br />
by John Briscoe<br />
Mr. Briscoe, the author <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the recently<br />
published Suweying the Courtroom (L<strong>and</strong>mark<br />
Enterprises, 1984), is a member <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
San Francisco-based law firm <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Washburn<br />
& Kemp, which specializes in real property,<br />
l<strong>and</strong> title <strong>and</strong> boundaries, <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong>-use law.<br />
He expresses his appreciati<strong>on</strong> to Sean E. Mc<br />
Carthy <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> his Sacramento <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fice, who has<br />
testified before C<strong>on</strong>gress <strong>on</strong> the California-<br />
Nevada boundary problems, for much <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
informati<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tained in this article.<br />
The United States Supreme Court<br />
in 1980 rendered a decisi<strong>on</strong> that all<br />
but the most chauvinistic Nevadan<br />
must c<strong>on</strong>cede exemplifies, if not<br />
legal genius, at least judicial sense.<br />
The 1980 decisi<strong>on</strong> held that the<br />
points at which a modern traveler<br />
encounters signs declaring "Entering<br />
Nevada, Leaving CaUfornia;' in<br />
fact mark the interstate boundary.<br />
California v. Nevada 447 U.S. 125<br />
(1980). Nevada had argued that substantial<br />
porti<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> what most people<br />
assumed were parts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> CaUfomia<br />
were in fact parts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Nevada. California<br />
filed the lawsuit <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tended,<br />
for its first Une <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> argument,<br />
that the l<strong>on</strong>g-recognized Une should<br />
be c<strong>on</strong>firmed as the true interstate<br />
boundary, even if modern scientific<br />
techniques showed that it had been<br />
located err<strong>on</strong>eously. As a sec<strong>on</strong>d<br />
row <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> teeth, CaUfornia suggested<br />
that if the line l<strong>on</strong>g acquiesced was<br />
in fact in error, the error was its being<br />
too far to the west—the c<strong>on</strong>sequence<br />
being, <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> course, that several<br />
"state Une" casinos really lay in<br />
CaUfornia.<br />
As sensible as the Supreme<br />
Court's decisi<strong>on</strong> may have been, it<br />
n<strong>on</strong>etheless opened a P<strong>and</strong>ora's box<br />
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<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> private title <strong>and</strong> boundary problems<br />
that had lain dormant for as<br />
much as a hundred years. This £U"ticle<br />
wiU outline the facts leading to<br />
the Supreme Coiut's 1980 decisi<strong>on</strong><br />
to uphold the l<strong>on</strong>g-presumed state<br />
boundary. It wiU also explain how<br />
that decisi<strong>on</strong> precipitates a rain <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
private title problems. In the next<br />
issue <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> The California Surveyor,<br />
the sec<strong>on</strong>d part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this article will attempt<br />
to bring the reader current <strong>on</strong><br />
the efforts, especiaUy in C<strong>on</strong>gress,<br />
to correct these problems.<br />
The two straight-line segments<br />
that c<strong>on</strong>stitute the boundary between<br />
CaUfornia <strong>and</strong> Nevada were<br />
initially defined in California's C<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1849. The first, the<br />
"north-south" segment, commences<br />
at the Oreg<strong>on</strong> border at the intersecti<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the 42nd parallel <strong>and</strong> the<br />
120th meridian <strong>and</strong> runs south<br />
al<strong>on</strong>g that meridian to the 39th<br />
paraUel. The "obUque" segment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
the boundary begins at the 39th<br />
paraUel <strong>and</strong> runs in a southeasterly<br />
directi<strong>on</strong> to the point where the Colorado<br />
river crosses the 35th paraUel.<br />
When CaUfornia was admitted to<br />
the Uni<strong>on</strong> in 1850, C<strong>on</strong>gress approved<br />
its 1849 C<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong>, with<br />
it, CaUfomia's eastern boundary.<br />
On the same day that C<strong>on</strong>gress admitted<br />
CaUfornia to statehood, it estabUshed<br />
in the area immediately to<br />
the east a territorial government.<br />
The act <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>gress creating that<br />
new "Utah territory" provided that<br />
the territory was to be "bounded <strong>on</strong><br />
the west by the State <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> CaUfomia."<br />
Eleven years later, in 1861, the territory<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Nevada was carved out <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
the territory <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Utah, <strong>and</strong> in 1864<br />
Nevada was admitted as a state,<br />
with the same western boundary as<br />
its predecessor Utah territory.<br />
In the decade foUowing CaUfornia's<br />
admissi<strong>on</strong> to the Uni<strong>on</strong>, theri<br />
were brief <strong>and</strong> sporadic efforts t<br />
survey its eastern boundary. But its<br />
actual locati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> the ground remains<br />
so uncertain that fighting<br />
broke out over the precise whereabouts<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a smaU vaUey <strong>on</strong> the<br />
north-south Une above Lake Tahoe,<br />
<strong>and</strong> the border town <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Aurora<br />
al<strong>on</strong>g the obUque Une found itself<br />
claimed as the seat <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> both a Nevada<br />
<strong>and</strong> a CaUfomia county. These difficulties<br />
led CaUfornia <strong>and</strong> Nevada<br />
to commissi<strong>on</strong> a joint survey <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
their comm<strong>on</strong> border. C<strong>on</strong>ducted in<br />
1863, that survey located what is<br />
known as the Hought<strong>on</strong>-Ives Une<br />
from the Oreg<strong>on</strong> border south al<strong>on</strong>g<br />
the 120th meridian to a point in<br />
Lake Tahoe, <strong>and</strong> then southeast approximately<br />
103 miles al<strong>on</strong>g the<br />
obUque line. The remaining 300 or<br />
so miles <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the obUque Une were not<br />
surveyed.<br />
Both states adopted the Hought<strong>on</strong>-Ives<br />
Une by statute, but fundamental<br />
errors in the locati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> that<br />
Une surfaced almost immediately,<br />
<strong>and</strong> prompted the commissi<strong>on</strong>er
Chapter Reports<br />
FEDERAL LANDS SELECTED BY CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA<br />
POTENTIALLY AFFECTED BY S. 1503 AND H.R. 3085<br />
MIPS 1 J 1<br />
ti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the north-south segment, as<br />
he had surveyed it, <strong>and</strong> the 39th<br />
parallel, V<strong>on</strong> Schmidt set <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>f in the<br />
directi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the point where the<br />
River, he thought, intersected the<br />
35th parallel. To his surprise, the<br />
Colorado River had shifted since the<br />
time when the point for which he<br />
was aiming had been surveyed. His<br />
attempted correcti<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the oblique<br />
boundary produced an incomplete<br />
<strong>and</strong> crooked line, but over time the<br />
V<strong>on</strong>Schmidt line nevertheless w<strong>on</strong><br />
gradual acceptance in both California<br />
<strong>and</strong> Nevada.<br />
Over time, however, the infirmities<br />
in V<strong>on</strong> Schmidt's obUque line<br />
proved sufficiently troublesome<br />
that C<strong>on</strong>gress was required in 1892<br />
to appropriate funds for a new survey<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> that Une. That survey was<br />
d<strong>on</strong>e, not by the General L<strong>and</strong> Office<br />
in this instance, but by the<br />
United States Coast <strong>and</strong> Geodedic<br />
Survey. The new oblique line generated<br />
by that survey proved that<br />
the <strong>on</strong>e run by V<strong>on</strong> Schmidt in 1872<br />
was in fact inaccurate. By statute,<br />
both states adopted the C.&G.S.<br />
line, California in 1901, <strong>and</strong> Nevada<br />
in 1903.<br />
To be c<strong>on</strong>tinued in Summer, 1986.<br />
Humboldt County Chapter<br />
The December meeting <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
Humboldt Chapter was called to<br />
order by Bill Andrews. Mr. Ira<br />
Greene from Dean Witter Reynolds<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Eureka was introduced. Mr.<br />
Greene gave a talk <strong>on</strong> the varied<br />
financial services <strong>and</strong> investment<br />
opportunities available through his<br />
firm.<br />
There was a discussi<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> how to<br />
h<strong>and</strong>le n<strong>on</strong>-record m<strong>on</strong>uments that<br />
are found/tied, but not accepted by<br />
your survey. There have been several<br />
instances <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the county asking<br />
that such m<strong>on</strong>uments be tagged/<br />
plugged, even when they are not<br />
used <strong>and</strong> shown <strong>on</strong>ly for informati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
The c<strong>on</strong>sensus <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the discussi<strong>on</strong><br />
was that they should be tagged<br />
<strong>on</strong>ly if accepted, <strong>and</strong> that showing<br />
unaccepted m<strong>on</strong>uments <strong>on</strong> a map is<br />
useful informati<strong>on</strong> for the next surveyor.<br />
In the case <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a n<strong>on</strong>-record,<br />
unaccepted m<strong>on</strong>ument <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> known origin,<br />
a surveyor should c<strong>on</strong>tact whoever<br />
set the m<strong>on</strong>uments prior to<br />
showing it <strong>on</strong> a map.<br />
Chapter electi<strong>on</strong> results were<br />
given. If you are interested in participating<br />
in the Humboldt County<br />
Chapter c<strong>on</strong>tact: Michael John<br />
Hollins. New Secretary, 907 K<br />
Street, Eureka. CA 95501. D<br />
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The California Surveyor — Spring 1986 Page 7
Articles<br />
FORENSIC<br />
DENDEOCHRONOLOGY<br />
Compiled by staff from material<br />
presented by Charles W. Fergus<strong>on</strong><br />
DENDROCHRONOLOGY may<br />
be defined as the study <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
chr<strong>on</strong>ological sequence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> annual<br />
growth rings in trees. The c<strong>on</strong>cepts<br />
<strong>and</strong> techniques <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the science, as<br />
presented here, reflect the work <strong>and</strong><br />
practice <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the Laboratory <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Tree-<br />
Ring Research at the University <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Ariz<strong>on</strong>a in Tusc<strong>on</strong>. Development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
the science <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> dendrochr<strong>on</strong>ology—<br />
as opposed to the simple counting <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
tree rings in a stump—began in<br />
1901 with an observati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> aridity<br />
in relati<strong>on</strong> to elevati<strong>on</strong>s by Andrew<br />
EUicott Douglass, an astr<strong>on</strong>omer interested<br />
in sunspots, <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tinues<br />
up to our str<strong>on</strong>gly computeroriented<br />
age.<br />
The Science <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Dendrochr<strong>on</strong>ology<br />
in associati<strong>on</strong> with the surveyor is<br />
valuable in boundary determinati<strong>on</strong><br />
with regards to three blazes at<br />
boundary corners <strong>and</strong> al<strong>on</strong>g boundary<br />
lines. The following paragraph,<br />
<strong>and</strong> the associated reference, are<br />
from Studhalter (1955. p. 53):<br />
"Numerous legal cases involving<br />
property rights have been settled in<br />
court from the blazes left by<br />
surveyors <strong>on</strong> the trunks <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> trees<br />
al<strong>on</strong>g boundary Unes (P.C. Smith,<br />
1883; Child, 1883; Hotchkiss, 1894;<br />
Femow, 1888, 1897). In nearly all<br />
cases the court accepted the dictum<br />
that tree rings are annual; however,<br />
at least <strong>on</strong>e case is <strong>on</strong> record (Child,<br />
1883) in which the court ruled that<br />
growth layers are not infaUible indicators<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> age. A case was recently<br />
brought to court in Alsace in which<br />
tree rings were used as evidence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
ownership (Senn, 1933). Tree rings<br />
were used also by Tharp (Sellards,<br />
Tharp, <strong>and</strong> Hill, 1923) in a boundary<br />
dispute between the States <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Texas<br />
<strong>and</strong> Oklahoma, <strong>and</strong> by Cowles<br />
(1915) in an extensive Federal<br />
lawsuit in Arkansas involving<br />
riparian boundaries!'<br />
Perhaps the most famous use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
tree rings in a legal case was that <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
the Hauptmann trial in the kidnapping<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the Lindbergh baby. Hauptmann<br />
used a homemade ladder to<br />
reach the sec<strong>on</strong>d-story bedroom<br />
window—<strong>and</strong> he left the ladder leaning<br />
against the house. Through an<br />
amazing bit <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> detective work, the<br />
commercial lumber in the ladder<br />
was traced to Hauptmann. The real<br />
cincher, however, came from <strong>on</strong>e<br />
rung that was not made from the<br />
same wood as the rest. Apparently,<br />
he ran short <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> wood <strong>and</strong> made the<br />
final rung from a piece <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> floorboard<br />
in his attic. The piece was matched<br />
by a combinati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> saw marks, nail<br />
holes, <strong>and</strong> the pattern <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the annual<br />
growth rings in the sawn ends.<br />
Thus, the ladder found at the scene<br />
was identified with the Hauptmann<br />
residence. A technical report was<br />
made by Koehler (1952). An article<br />
by Christensen (1977) was based<br />
up<strong>on</strong> this report <strong>and</strong> incorporated<br />
some broader aspects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the case.<br />
In c<strong>on</strong>juncti<strong>on</strong> with riparian<br />
boundary Utigati<strong>on</strong>, tree-ring ages<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> narrow-leaf cott<strong>on</strong>wood, Populus<br />
angustifolia, <strong>and</strong> spruce, Picea spp.,<br />
were studied in the Snake River<br />
floodplain near Jacks<strong>on</strong>, Wyoming<br />
(Fergus<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> Bert, 1985). Approximately<br />
17 isl<strong>and</strong>s al<strong>on</strong>g 40 miles <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
the Colorado River from New Castle<br />
to DeBeque are being investigated<br />
<strong>and</strong> studied by the Bureau <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> L<strong>and</strong><br />
Managment to determine federal or<br />
private ownership. Since the U.S.<br />
Surveyor General's Office made<br />
original surveys in the 1890's, the<br />
Colorado River has changed course<br />
in some cases, thus warranting further<br />
examinati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> study <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
river corridor. The purpose <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the investigati<strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> study is to determine<br />
the current status <strong>and</strong> ownership<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the involved l<strong>and</strong>s. Selected<br />
trees have been cored <strong>and</strong> are being<br />
analyzed to determine age. A single<br />
cott<strong>on</strong>wood tree <strong>on</strong> the floodplain <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
the Colorado River near Blythe,<br />
CaUfornia, developed an extensive<br />
history when it became part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a<br />
court case.<br />
The cutting <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> firewood without a<br />
permit has provided fuel for court<br />
cases. A cord <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> oak firewood was<br />
rec<strong>on</strong>structed <strong>and</strong> the base <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> two<br />
trunks was matched to two stumps.<br />
A bristlec<strong>on</strong>e pine, partially cut<br />
when the act was discovered, was<br />
dem<strong>on</strong>strated to be 1300 years old.<br />
And in the comm<strong>on</strong> Christmas Tree<br />
Caper, the basal secti<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> illegally<br />
cut Christmas trees were matched<br />
to stumps in the forest. And all <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
this without permissi<strong>on</strong>; the evidence<br />
in court was very incriminating.<br />
One should know a little about<br />
dendrochr<strong>on</strong>ology before <strong>on</strong>e at-<br />
tempts to date a survey blaze. This<br />
basic approach, however, has beej eeiL<br />
in use for some time. Tj<br />
Laboratory is c<strong>on</strong>tinually being asl<br />
ed to assist in such activity, usually P<br />
in the legal sense. Perhaps "new"<br />
comers were estabUshed to exp<strong>and</strong><br />
the logguig acreage acquired. In a<br />
recent case, we were asked by both<br />
sides to submit testim<strong>on</strong>y. Fortunately,<br />
we came up with the same<br />
answer, d<strong>on</strong>e independently <strong>and</strong> by<br />
different people at different times.<br />
The same techniques have involved<br />
C.W. Fergus<strong>on</strong> in court cases involving<br />
illegal cutting, plant theft,<br />
<strong>and</strong> riparian boundary litigati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
In dendrochr<strong>on</strong>ological studies,<br />
sampUng may be d<strong>on</strong>e by taking a<br />
cross secti<strong>on</strong> or, more c<strong>on</strong>veniently,<br />
by using a Swedish increment borer,<br />
a precisi<strong>on</strong> tool designed to remove<br />
a small core 3/16 inch in diameter,<br />
without causing the living tree any<br />
harm. The tip <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the borer has a<br />
razor-sharp cutting edge with external<br />
screw threads that draws the<br />
borer into the tree as the h<strong>and</strong>le is<br />
turned. A 16-inch borer is a comm<strong>on</strong><br />
size, but they can be obtained up t^^<br />
48-inches in length.<br />
^B<br />
The following sketch indicates the<br />
proper positi<strong>on</strong> for use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> increment<br />
borer for dating blazes.<br />
anmmnLii^ B<br />
An increment core taken al<strong>on</strong>g radius A<br />
would not intersect the original wound<br />
boundary <strong>and</strong> the core would not have a<br />
break caused by the exposed surface. The<br />
ring c<strong>on</strong>taining the scar may have features<br />
such as damaged tracheid cells or traumatic<br />
resin ducts.<br />
A core from radius B would be very close<br />
to the original wound boundary <strong>and</strong> may<br />
show the peeling scar entering the correct<br />
ring.<br />
A core from radius C would include,<br />
break, but the last visible ring before<br />
break may be <strong>on</strong>e or more years earlier th. 1 ^ ^ ^<br />
the actual peeling date. Note that the ring sequence<br />
from the bark into the break will not<br />
include annual rings 8-11, <strong>and</strong> rings 13 <strong>and</strong><br />
14 may actually appear twice! •<br />
Page 8 The California Surveyor — Spring 1986
Introducing the HASP Armadillo<br />
We've been using the armadillo for a l<strong>on</strong>g time.<br />
We just haven't been calling it an armadillo; until now.<br />
The HASP armadillo is actually a cursor - the comm<strong>and</strong>er <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> much <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the HASP DIGICAL System.<br />
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• Automatic Point Naming!<br />
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The California Surveyor — Spring 1986 Page 9
Articles (c<strong>on</strong>tinued)<br />
DEVELOPING EFFICIENT<br />
SURVEY TECHNIQUES<br />
James K. Crossfield, Ph.D.<br />
Associate Pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essor, Dept. <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Civil<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>Surveying</strong> Engineering,<br />
California State University, Fresno,<br />
Fresno, CA 93740<br />
Abstract<br />
Recent advances in applicati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al surveying equipment<br />
are keeping this technology<br />
competitive with high technology<br />
systems. The Global Positi<strong>on</strong>ing<br />
System promises to revoluti<strong>on</strong>ize<br />
surveying activity, while a terrestrial-based<br />
field positi<strong>on</strong>ing unit<br />
needs further development. The real<br />
property comp<strong>on</strong>ent <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> any developing<br />
l<strong>and</strong> informati<strong>on</strong> system must<br />
be properly merged in a positi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
<strong>and</strong> legal sense with other types <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
data. Systems analysis techniques<br />
that c<strong>on</strong>sider the cost factor must<br />
be available to those who must<br />
design, c<strong>on</strong>struct <strong>and</strong> maintain<br />
multipurpose l<strong>and</strong> records informati<strong>on</strong><br />
systems.<br />
Introducti<strong>on</strong><br />
The analysis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> efficient survey<br />
techniques requires more than just<br />
a perfunctory look at currently<br />
available theodolites, distance<br />
meters <strong>and</strong> total stati<strong>on</strong>s. Predicti<strong>on</strong>s<br />
about the tremendous promise<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> satellite-related Global Positi<strong>on</strong>ing<br />
System (GPS) receivers or realtime<br />
coordinate readout devices are<br />
expected, but efficient surveying<br />
equipment al<strong>on</strong>e cannot enhance<br />
multipurpose l<strong>and</strong> informati<strong>on</strong> systems<br />
unless the proper envir<strong>on</strong>ment<br />
exists. This envir<strong>on</strong>ment or organizati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
c<strong>on</strong>text dem<strong>and</strong>s that the<br />
primary fruits <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<strong>and</strong> surveying<br />
(boundary surveys) <strong>and</strong> all appUcable<br />
related title documents have a<br />
meaningful role in the overall<br />
system. Ultimately, selecti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a<br />
given survey technique must occur<br />
within the overall c<strong>on</strong>straints that<br />
exist at the particular locati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> implementati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
This selecti<strong>on</strong> requires<br />
that a delicate balance be<br />
maintained between the minimum<br />
acceptable specificati<strong>on</strong>s required<br />
<strong>and</strong> the maximum allowable funding<br />
available for any specific multipurpose<br />
l<strong>and</strong> informati<strong>on</strong> system<br />
applicati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Surveying</strong> Equipment<br />
The modernizati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> automati<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al surveying<br />
equipment are well-documented<br />
facts. C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al equipment is<br />
taken here to mean those devices<br />
used to measure angles <strong>and</strong> distances,<br />
using electr<strong>on</strong>ic, optical, or<br />
physical means (taping, etc.) C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al<br />
surveying procedures<br />
have, in a sense, remained virtually<br />
unchanged for centuries. The newer<br />
<strong>and</strong> faster methods for obtaining<br />
<strong>and</strong> processing raw field data<br />
(angles, directi<strong>on</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> distances)<br />
are merely the applicati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
modern technology to c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al<br />
surveying procedures.<br />
Kermeth Gold recently said, "The<br />
total stati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> that day (year 2000)<br />
will have small data collectors, <strong>and</strong><br />
the accessories will involve 'briefcase'<br />
computers <strong>and</strong> even plotters<br />
for in-the-field completi<strong>on</strong>s" (Miller,<br />
1985). Gold's predicti<strong>on</strong>s are indeed<br />
astute when taken in Ught <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a recent<br />
paper given by an <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ficial <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a<br />
major surveying equipment manufacturer<br />
(Martin, 1985). Martin evaluated<br />
the time requirements for observing<br />
<strong>and</strong> calculating a particular<br />
comm<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al surveying activity.<br />
Four different equipment<br />
<strong>and</strong> procedure combinati<strong>on</strong>s were<br />
tested, each involving different<br />
amounts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> computati<strong>on</strong>al automati<strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> equipment sophisticati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
These combinati<strong>on</strong>s represented<br />
c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al surveying equipment<br />
<strong>and</strong> procedures typically available<br />
<strong>and</strong> used for the years 1975, 1980,<br />
1983, <strong>and</strong> 1985. Martin's time study<br />
revealed that 114, 90, 85. <strong>and</strong> 68<br />
minutes, respectively, were required<br />
to accompUsh the same task in<br />
these different years. Extrapolating<br />
this reducti<strong>on</strong> in time due to<br />
automati<strong>on</strong> to about 1988 would<br />
suggest that an overall productivity<br />
increase <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 100% should occur in<br />
c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al surveying equipment<br />
<strong>and</strong> procedures during the 13-year<br />
period from 1975 to 1988.<br />
This trend is significant. It suggests<br />
that c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al surveying<br />
equipment <strong>and</strong> procedures are<br />
evolving <strong>and</strong>, for many appUcati<strong>on</strong>s,<br />
may c<strong>on</strong>tinue to be competitive<br />
for some time. Thus, cauti<strong>on</strong><br />
is necessary when predicting<br />
the future role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> alternative surveying<br />
equipment <strong>and</strong> procedures.<br />
Alternative <strong>Surveying</strong> Equipment<br />
Alternative equipment is represented<br />
by those devices <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fering different<br />
or n<strong>on</strong>c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al technological<br />
approaches to determining<br />
the positi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> points <strong>on</strong> the surface<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the earth. These alternative<br />
approaches basically include photogrammetric,<br />
inertial, <strong>and</strong> satelUte<br />
positi<strong>on</strong>ing systems. Developments<br />
in this area are occurring very<br />
rapidly.<br />
Photogrammetric soluti<strong>on</strong>s to<br />
surveying tasks have been attainable<br />
for 2ilmost 100 years now.<br />
Use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> photogrammetry to obtai|^^<br />
topography for any applicati<strong>on</strong> lai^^<br />
ger than a few acres is almost universally<br />
accepted. Use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> photogrammetry<br />
for c<strong>on</strong>trol extensi<strong>on</strong> is<br />
well documented, also. Boundary<br />
survey appUcati<strong>on</strong>s have been dem<strong>on</strong>strated,<br />
but do not enjoy widespread<br />
acceptance. The foregoing<br />
photogrammetric applicati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
represent what might be called c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al<br />
photogrammetry.<br />
More automated photogrammetric<br />
techniques are c<strong>on</strong>tinually being<br />
developed. The effort to develop<br />
automated digital image correlati<strong>on</strong><br />
is an example. Success <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this <strong>and</strong><br />
other automati<strong>on</strong> efforts should<br />
ultimately lead to an operati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
automatic digital photogrammetric<br />
system. This will go far towards<br />
enhancing the data collecti<strong>on</strong> efforts<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> areawide-type data sets<br />
(ground cover, topography, orthophoto<br />
maps). More sophisticated<br />
analytical procedures hold promise<br />
in the point positi<strong>on</strong>ing realm as<br />
well. Unfortunately, photogrammetric<br />
techniques for the collectiq^^<br />
<strong>and</strong> maintenance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> real propert^^<br />
boundary data will probably remain<br />
an insignificant aspect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> future<br />
multipurpose l<strong>and</strong> records informati<strong>on</strong><br />
system activity.<br />
The future role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> GPS in developing<br />
comprehensive l<strong>and</strong> records informati<strong>on</strong><br />
systems has not been<br />
underestimated by many people in<br />
the surveying community. The<br />
potential applicati<strong>on</strong> to point positi<strong>on</strong>ing<br />
is particularly significant.<br />
One researcher found that, "purchase<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> GPS equipment was justified<br />
in 1983 for any jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> requiring<br />
precise positi<strong>on</strong>s in more<br />
than 1200 PLSS (Pubhc L<strong>and</strong> Survey<br />
System) corners." (Crossfield,<br />
1984)<br />
This research also dem<strong>on</strong>strated<br />
that for a given situati<strong>on</strong>, GPS<br />
costs per point could be kept below<br />
$10 for certain 1:5000 property<br />
boundary positi<strong>on</strong>ing apphcati<strong>on</strong>s,<br />
in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1983 dollars. While this<br />
scenario is probably at least five<br />
years away from being possible<br />
under even the most favorable co<br />
diti<strong>on</strong>s, it does show the potenti<br />
impact that GPS may so<strong>on</strong> have.<br />
Then dollars per point is quite competitive<br />
with the opti<strong>on</strong>s outlined in<br />
the Nati<strong>on</strong>al Research Council mod-<br />
Page 10 The California Surveyor — Spring 1986
•r<br />
emizati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the PLSS report involving<br />
acquisiti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> digital coordinates<br />
from existing files, maps<br />
<strong>and</strong> archival survey data. Thus, iniificantly<br />
increase the availability<br />
pensive GPS technology may sig-<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> rehable property boundary corner<br />
coordinate data for multipurpose<br />
boundary overlay applicati<strong>on</strong>s. Producers<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> mechanically digitized<br />
property maps should reevaluate<br />
the data capture possibilities now<br />
available through use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the Global<br />
Positi<strong>on</strong>ing System.<br />
A c<strong>on</strong>troversy exists with respect<br />
to multipiarpose l<strong>and</strong> record informati<strong>on</strong><br />
system development. Two<br />
points <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> view are held. One holds<br />
that easily obtained (less costly)<br />
data sets may be incorporated into<br />
the new system first, leading to certain<br />
immediate system products<br />
<strong>and</strong> benefits. Then, additi<strong>on</strong>al data<br />
sets (more costly) may be incorporated<br />
later, as time <strong>and</strong> m<strong>on</strong>ey<br />
allow. The basic argument <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> those<br />
holding this view is that geodetic<br />
c<strong>on</strong>trol, <strong>and</strong> property boundary corner<br />
coordinates <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> sufficient accuracy<br />
to be c<strong>on</strong>sidered for legal<br />
use, are assumed to be too costly<br />
<strong>and</strong> are lumped into an 'incorporate<br />
ter if necessary' data set.<br />
The sec<strong>on</strong>d view holds that the<br />
geodetic c<strong>on</strong>trol framework <strong>and</strong><br />
legal property boundary overlay<br />
data sets must be substantially in<br />
place before additi<strong>on</strong>al sets are incorporated<br />
into any developing multipurpose<br />
informati<strong>on</strong> system. The<br />
basic arguments supporting this<br />
view are that precise geodetic c<strong>on</strong>trol<br />
data cannot efficiently be added<br />
later to a series <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> spatially disjointed<br />
overlays <strong>and</strong> that it is much<br />
more efficient to tie the additi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
overlays directly to <strong>on</strong>e legal property<br />
boundary corner data set<br />
rather than try to tie the legal property<br />
boundary data set to a series <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
spatially disjointed sets.<br />
The c<strong>on</strong>tinued high cost <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> quaUty<br />
GPS receivers, the promise but not<br />
full development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the complete<br />
GPS c<strong>on</strong>figurati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> sateUites, <strong>and</strong><br />
the uncertain nature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> civilian access<br />
add just a hint <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> cauti<strong>on</strong> to<br />
GPS expectati<strong>on</strong>s. Ten years ago,<br />
inertial technology appeared to be<br />
the ultimate "black box!' Signifint<br />
price reducti<strong>on</strong>s did not occur,<br />
owever. <strong>and</strong> except for a real-time<br />
positi<strong>on</strong>ing capability, use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the inertial<br />
technology appears to be<br />
dwindling.<br />
Total reliance <strong>on</strong> any <strong>on</strong>e technology<br />
would be foolhardy, especially<br />
c<strong>on</strong>sidering the real vulnerabiUty<br />
that 18 GPS satellites will exhibit in<br />
an era <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> superpower Star Wars capability.<br />
C<strong>on</strong>tinued development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
alternative ground-based positi<strong>on</strong>ing<br />
technology must be insured.<br />
R<strong>on</strong> Hogan recently predicted that<br />
by 1990, a cost effective real-time instantaneous<br />
XYZ coordinate measurement<br />
device will be available.<br />
(Miller, 1985) Whether or not GPS<br />
can become a real-time stakeouttype<br />
technology in the near future,<br />
an alternative positi<strong>on</strong>ing technology<br />
is required.<br />
A major comp<strong>on</strong>ent <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> most c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong><br />
projects in the field is the<br />
layout or stakeout process. Establishing<br />
the horiz<strong>on</strong>tal positi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
<strong>and</strong>/or vertical positi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> many<br />
sets <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> points (<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten more than <strong>on</strong>ce<br />
per point) are required. Laser level-<br />
Ung <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tinuous readout distance<br />
meter technologies have automated<br />
these field layout procedures,<br />
but current technology still requires<br />
more than <strong>on</strong>e crewpers<strong>on</strong> to make<br />
horiz<strong>on</strong>tal applicati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>and</strong> more<br />
than <strong>on</strong>e piece <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> equipment if both<br />
horiz<strong>on</strong>tal <strong>and</strong> vertical determinati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
must be made.<br />
Satellite positi<strong>on</strong>ing units using<br />
GPS satelUtes do exist today that<br />
can provide accurate 3-dimensi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
point positi<strong>on</strong>ing (± 1cm) <strong>on</strong> the<br />
ground. These units are not realtime,<br />
their cost is exorbitant, they<br />
are heavy or bulky, <strong>and</strong> they are currently<br />
usable <strong>on</strong>ly about 6 hours out<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 24 due to insufficient numbers <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
orbiting satelhtes.<br />
Currently available total stati<strong>on</strong><br />
r*f • )»•••>—«iit(|i ManHNsd<br />
prsfaulwwl uitvmy. Utad by<br />
ttduni. Stela, CvKnly snrf<br />
Oty Af*iMl*>.<br />
A ptrmAAHir nurkvr<br />
P«>li>i •4ti
Articles (c<strong>on</strong>tinued)<br />
<strong>CLSA</strong> Sp<strong>on</strong>sored<br />
Legal Seminar<br />
Report by Michael J. Pallamary<br />
Saturday, December 7, 1985, the<br />
Holiday Inn in Costa Mesa, California<br />
played host to a two part <strong>CLSA</strong><br />
seminar entitled "What Every<strong>on</strong>e<br />
Should Know About Easements<br />
<strong>and</strong> Legal Research!' This seminar<br />
was identical to the <strong>on</strong>e presented<br />
<strong>on</strong> November 16,1985 in San Francisco.<br />
Moderator, Michael J. Pallamary,<br />
LS, began the days events by welcoming<br />
the attendees <strong>and</strong> introducing<br />
the guest speakers. Mr. Peter<br />
Jan H<strong>on</strong>igsberg, Esq. was the first<br />
speaker for the day. Mr. H<strong>on</strong>igsberg<br />
is the director <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the writing <strong>and</strong><br />
research program at Golden Gate<br />
University School <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Law in San<br />
Francisco. Peter Jan also teaches<br />
paralegals at San Francisco State<br />
University. He is the author <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
several books, including Gilberts<br />
Legal Research, a textbook from the<br />
Gilbert Law Series.<br />
Peter Jan began his lectiu-e by<br />
demystifying much <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the tasks performed<br />
by the lawyer. He explained<br />
how many attorneys reUed up<strong>on</strong> the<br />
references he was to acquaint the<br />
group with <strong>and</strong> how many <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> them<br />
did not perform this important<br />
aspect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> their work properly. As<br />
any competent l<strong>and</strong> surveyor would<br />
know, the need for thorough <strong>and</strong><br />
detailed research cannot be overemphasized.<br />
Peter Jan proceeded to outline the<br />
basic legal research sources. These<br />
sources are similar for both the<br />
federal government <strong>and</strong> the state<br />
government. They include the<br />
related statutes, cases <strong>and</strong> administrative<br />
codes. In additi<strong>on</strong>, <strong>on</strong>e<br />
must be c<strong>on</strong>stantly aware <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> local<br />
ordinances. Peter warned that many<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> these ordinances, <strong>on</strong>ce prepared,<br />
are seldom amended. This presents<br />
some problems when subsequent<br />
revisi<strong>on</strong>s to the law are not incorporated<br />
nor c<strong>on</strong>sidered in the local<br />
ordinances. As is true with any process<br />
requiring human input, there is<br />
always the potential for mistakes.<br />
This includes the very references<br />
Mr. H<strong>on</strong>igsberg was discussing.<br />
The two major publishers, Peter<br />
Jan noted, are West's <strong>and</strong><br />
Deering's. One <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> these is pubUshed<br />
by a private c<strong>on</strong>cern <strong>and</strong> the other<br />
by a group <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> attorneys. The major<br />
difference is the annotati<strong>on</strong>s by the<br />
editors. At the discreti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
editor, the major points <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the relevant<br />
case or statute are capsulized.<br />
He stressed that these points are<br />
those as seen through the eyes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
the editor <strong>and</strong> accordingly are subject<br />
to interpretati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
In additi<strong>on</strong>, Peter Jan made note<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the sec<strong>on</strong>dary sources. These include<br />
the legal encyclopedias,<br />
digests, <strong>and</strong> dicti<strong>on</strong>aries. At the<br />
very least, he recommended that<br />
<strong>on</strong>e obtain a good legal dicti<strong>on</strong>ary.<br />
Again, he stressed that these sec<strong>on</strong>dary<br />
sources are definiti<strong>on</strong>s as defined<br />
by the various editors <strong>and</strong><br />
authors.<br />
The most important aspect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> performing<br />
the research, Peter Jan<br />
noted, is to always check the related<br />
supplements. These are published<br />
regularly to update the basic hardbound<br />
texts until enough revisi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
warrant a repubUcati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the text.<br />
Finally, Mr. H<strong>on</strong>igsberg presented<br />
a discussi<strong>on</strong> entitled "Reading <strong>and</strong><br />
Underst<strong>and</strong>ing a Case." The major<br />
porti<strong>on</strong> included the proper method<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> briefing a case. The essential<br />
outUne to include the following:<br />
1) Name <strong>and</strong> Citati<strong>on</strong><br />
2) Court<br />
3) Judicial History<br />
4) Facts<br />
5) Issues<br />
6) Holdings<br />
7) Reas<strong>on</strong>ings<br />
8) Decisi<strong>on</strong><br />
9) C<strong>on</strong>currring Opini<strong>on</strong>s<br />
10) Dissenting Opini<strong>on</strong>s<br />
The most important <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> these<br />
items, Peter Jan noted are the facts.<br />
Everything is determined by them.<br />
Peter Jan c<strong>on</strong>cluded the morning<br />
sessi<strong>on</strong> with a brief questi<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
answer period.<br />
Mr. H<strong>on</strong>igsberg has lectured <strong>on</strong><br />
several occasi<strong>on</strong>s to <strong>CLSA</strong> <strong>and</strong> is<br />
always well received. If you have<br />
the opportunity to obtain <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> his<br />
textbooks, do not pass it up. Mr.<br />
H<strong>on</strong>igsberg has an uncanny abiUty<br />
to decipher much <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the c<strong>on</strong>fusing<br />
language associated with law <strong>and</strong><br />
then explain it in terms <strong>on</strong>e can<br />
readily underst<strong>and</strong>.<br />
Following a relaxing lunch <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
roast beef, potatoes <strong>and</strong> salad, the<br />
group rec<strong>on</strong>vened with a lecture<br />
presented by R<strong>on</strong>ald L. Endeman,<br />
Attorney at Law. Mr. Endeman, a<br />
graduate <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> U.C. Riverside <strong>and</strong> the<br />
University <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Southern California<br />
School <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Law, is a partner <strong>and</strong><br />
member <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the board <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> directors <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Jennings, Engstr<strong>and</strong> & Henriks<strong>on</strong>,<br />
a pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>al law corporati<strong>on</strong> in<br />
San Diego, California. In additi<strong>on</strong>,<br />
Mr. Endeman has extensive experience<br />
<strong>and</strong> background in right o£^^<br />
way acquisiti<strong>on</strong> including h<strong>and</strong>ling^P<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> eminent domain, inverse c<strong>on</strong>demnati<strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> tort matters. Mr.<br />
Endeman has also been involved<br />
with some fascinating cases involving<br />
some significant settlements.<br />
Most recently, he has been involved<br />
with a case involving the imperial irrigati<strong>on</strong><br />
district wherein a settlement<br />
had been made in the amount<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> $13.5 milli<strong>on</strong>.<br />
R<strong>on</strong> proceeded to outUne the general<br />
nature <strong>and</strong> the various kinds <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
easements. The most important<br />
aspect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> easements being whether<br />
an easement is appurtenant or in<br />
gross. An appurtenant easement is<br />
<strong>on</strong>e attached to the l<strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
owner <strong>and</strong> an easement in gross being<br />
not attached to any particular<br />
l<strong>and</strong> as a dominant tenement. It is<br />
noteworthy to menti<strong>on</strong> that the civil<br />
code lists many <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the types <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> appurtenant<br />
<strong>and</strong> easements in gross.<br />
C<strong>on</strong>tinuing, Mr. Endeman explained<br />
how easements are granted<br />
or reserved. Generally, an easement<br />
is created by express words either o^^<br />
grant or reservati<strong>on</strong>. It's extent an(^^<br />
the questi<strong>on</strong> whether it is appurtenant<br />
or in gross, are questi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> interpretati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
(C.C. 806).<br />
Some <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the major c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
involved with easements have to do<br />
with the fixing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> limits, relocati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
improvements, <strong>and</strong> repairs.<br />
Another c<strong>on</strong>cern which is c<strong>on</strong>tinually<br />
becoming <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> importance is the<br />
modernizati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> use. R<strong>on</strong><br />
presented some fascinating factual<br />
cases which put the problems in a<br />
realistic perspective.<br />
Easements by impUcati<strong>on</strong> was a<br />
most interesting discourse. These,<br />
apparently have to be tested to be<br />
proven. An easement is not impHed<br />
unless it is "apparent <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tinuous,"<br />
or as the code states, "obviously<br />
<strong>and</strong> permanently" used by<br />
the grantors. (C.C. 1104) This means<br />
that '' there mu st be something<br />
up<strong>on</strong> the servient estate which is<br />
either visible or in the nature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a<br />
permanent artificial structure!'<br />
(Swarzwald vs. Cooley (1940) 39<br />
C.A. 2d 306, 325.). The impHed ease^<br />
ment is not c<strong>on</strong>fined to the precis<br />
use at the time <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the transfer. That<br />
is to say, it may have a broader<br />
scope than the quasi-easement <strong>on</strong><br />
(c<strong>on</strong>tinued <strong>on</strong> page 15)<br />
Page 12 The California Surveyor — Spring 1986
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The California Surveyor - Spring 1986 Page 13
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Page 14 The California Surveyor — Spring 1986
Articles (c<strong>on</strong>tinued)<br />
#<br />
(c<strong>on</strong>tinued from page 12)<br />
which it is based. The test is the intent<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the parties as to the use reas<strong>on</strong>ably<br />
c<strong>on</strong>templated.<br />
Finally, he noted the vfirious ways<br />
In which an easement can be terminated<br />
as well as the comm<strong>on</strong> faults in<br />
drafting easements. R<strong>on</strong> stressed<br />
the importance, as Peter Jan<br />
H<strong>on</strong>igsberg did earlier, <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> performing<br />
thorough <strong>and</strong> sound research.<br />
In summati<strong>on</strong>, the seminar was<br />
very well presented. Both speakers<br />
complemented each other <strong>and</strong> did a<br />
fine job in presenting a well organized<br />
program. If you, or your chapter<br />
members were unable to attend<br />
either the San Francisco or the<br />
Orange County seminar, I would<br />
str<strong>on</strong>gly recommend you c<strong>on</strong>tact<br />
your associates to see about presenting<br />
the seminar in your area. If<br />
you have a desire to do so, c<strong>on</strong>tact<br />
Dorothy Calegari at <strong>CLSA</strong> Central<br />
Office.<br />
D<br />
WHEN ARE CORNERS<br />
ACCEPTABLE?<br />
by Steven D. Johns<strong>on</strong><br />
This paper was prepared by<br />
Steven D. Johns<strong>on</strong>, Pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
l<strong>and</strong> Surveyor, Washingt<strong>on</strong> State,<br />
bllowing the 1984 annual fall c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong><br />
in Yakima, Washingt<strong>on</strong>,<br />
where he presented a discussi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
secti<strong>on</strong> subdivisi<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> retracement.<br />
His text follows.<br />
The other day as Mr. Jorges<strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> I stood at this Northwest property<br />
corner observing it was marked<br />
by four different pins, he ask me<br />
"Why can't you surveyors ever<br />
agree? D<strong>on</strong>'t you start from the<br />
same point?" Noting that these<br />
four corners fell within a five foot<br />
circle, I could <strong>on</strong>ly shrug my<br />
shoulders <strong>and</strong> shake my head.<br />
How many times have you heard<br />
this same statement? I believe we,<br />
in the surveying pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>, must<br />
do what we can to erase this<br />
stigma. Please underst<strong>and</strong> I am<br />
not proposing blind acceptance, for<br />
gross errors should not be perpetuated.<br />
But neither should we be<br />
so rigid that we reject an acceptable<br />
corner because <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> minute<br />
mathematical differences.<br />
In the early phases <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the Western<br />
settlement, the system <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> recangular<br />
surveys was developed in<br />
an effort to eliminate the c<strong>on</strong>fusing<br />
metes & bounds surveys <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
East. The government's hope was<br />
that this survey system would<br />
enable a settler to easily locate <strong>on</strong><br />
an identifiable piece <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ground. It<br />
also gave the government a tool to<br />
inventory what truly existed in the<br />
Western territories <strong>and</strong> a simple<br />
system to describe the l<strong>and</strong>s for<br />
c<strong>on</strong>veyance.<br />
In the ever exp<strong>and</strong>ing network <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
these surveys, the government<br />
developed surveying instructi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
comprised <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the various manuals<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> surveying <strong>and</strong> their associated<br />
circulars. These manuals <strong>and</strong> circul£U"S<br />
were instructi<strong>on</strong>s for the<br />
Federal surveyors <strong>and</strong> were c<strong>on</strong>sidered<br />
as informati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>on</strong>ly in<br />
directing the private <strong>and</strong> county<br />
surveyor in their work. They clearly<br />
left the divisi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the interior<br />
lines <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a government surveyed secti<strong>on</strong><br />
to the local qualified individuals.<br />
(U.S. Code Title 43, Secti<strong>on</strong><br />
766) This is easily recognized<br />
in two areas; first, some states<br />
have different methods <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> subdividing<br />
secti<strong>on</strong>s. Sec<strong>on</strong>dly, the<br />
laws developed to guide the<br />
General L<strong>and</strong> Office surveyors in<br />
retracement <strong>and</strong> resurveys strictly<br />
prohibited them from interferring<br />
with the private rights which had<br />
been estabUshed in good faith.<br />
Generally whatever was to happen<br />
to an area was left up to the settlers<br />
<strong>and</strong> the local surveying community<br />
<strong>on</strong>ce the government had<br />
finished building the main frame.<br />
We find the Federal Courts have<br />
ruled that <strong>on</strong>ce an original government<br />
corner is established, it becomes<br />
immovable. The logic behind<br />
this is simply, <strong>on</strong>ce again,<br />
good faith reliance. A settler saw<br />
that corner, recognized it as being<br />
the original corner <strong>and</strong> relied up<strong>on</strong><br />
it in the development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> his homestead.<br />
In £ilmost all cases where a<br />
resurvey today shows that the<br />
original surveyor placed his corner<br />
using some err<strong>on</strong>eous technique,<br />
the original corner will still c<strong>on</strong>trol<br />
over any subsequent work. It's my<br />
belief that this same principle<br />
needs to be applied by the pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
l<strong>and</strong> surveyor in his everyday<br />
surveying practice. Washingt<strong>on</strong>'s<br />
State Supreme Courts have<br />
generally followed this principle in<br />
their decisi<strong>on</strong>s. "The Dissertati<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> M<strong>on</strong>ument C<strong>on</strong>trol in Washingt<strong>on</strong><br />
State;' prepared by Jerry<br />
Broadus <strong>and</strong> published in The<br />
Puget Sound Law Review, Volume<br />
7, Number 2, cites numerous cases<br />
where senior m<strong>on</strong>uments c<strong>on</strong>trol<br />
subsequent work. This, yet again,<br />
is good faith reliance <strong>and</strong> a comm<strong>on</strong><br />
sense approach to protecting<br />
the layman property owner from<br />
damages resulting from err<strong>on</strong>eous<br />
surveys.<br />
So how does this rhetoric apply<br />
to our work? It is my c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong><br />
that the terms "original surveys"<br />
<strong>and</strong> "original m<strong>on</strong>uments" are not<br />
reserved <strong>on</strong>ly for surveys d<strong>on</strong>e by<br />
the Federal government. I beUeve<br />
original surveys <strong>and</strong> original<br />
m<strong>on</strong>uments refer to the first<br />
survey d<strong>on</strong>e in an area <strong>and</strong> further<br />
that each time a parcel <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<strong>and</strong> is<br />
divided <strong>and</strong> re-divided, each survey<br />
becomes original, c<strong>on</strong>tingent up<strong>on</strong><br />
the senior work. Generally, the surveyor<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> today will check this<br />
senior work to see if it was accurately<br />
d<strong>on</strong>e. For another fundamental<br />
rule <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<strong>and</strong> ownership is<br />
simply; you can <strong>on</strong>ly sell what you<br />
own. Balancing this rule however,<br />
is a myriad <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> quiet title laws<br />
which todays surveyor must c<strong>on</strong>sider<br />
in his acceptance or rejecti<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the senior work. In juggling<br />
these questi<strong>on</strong>s, the surveyor must<br />
have st<strong>and</strong>ards from which to base<br />
his decisi<strong>on</strong>s. Much has been written<br />
about this subject <strong>and</strong> there<br />
are definite opposing sides in the<br />
surveying community.<br />
The following is an analysis<br />
which I feel a surveyor should step<br />
through before accepting or rejecting<br />
a corner. These questi<strong>on</strong>s are<br />
developed by combining the<br />
Bureau <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> L<strong>and</strong> Management's<br />
rules <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> acceptance <strong>and</strong> numerous<br />
State court decisi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
1} How was the corner placed<br />
there? Did the surveyor use correct<br />
procedure or was it stubbed in<br />
from <strong>on</strong>e corner <strong>on</strong>ly? If you're not<br />
able to ascertain how the previous<br />
surveyor estabHshed his corner<br />
from existing records, there's<br />
nothing wr<strong>on</strong>g with retracing the<br />
work <strong>and</strong> checking his positi<strong>on</strong> by<br />
your survey.<br />
2) Is the senior survey a matter <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
public record, have people been<br />
relying up<strong>on</strong> it, developing their<br />
l<strong>and</strong> from it? Have other surveyors<br />
been using it?<br />
3) Is the m<strong>on</strong>ument substantial,<br />
durable, easily recognized as a<br />
corner?<br />
4) Does the corner fall within an acceptable<br />
distance from your positi<strong>on</strong>?<br />
In analyzing this questi<strong>on</strong><br />
(c<strong>on</strong>tinued <strong>on</strong> page 16)<br />
The California Surveyor — Spring 1986 Page 15
Articles (c<strong>on</strong>tinued)<br />
(c<strong>on</strong>tinued from page 15f<br />
the surveyor must reflect <strong>on</strong> the<br />
surveying instruments used <strong>and</strong><br />
the surveying st<strong>and</strong>ards when the<br />
corners were set.<br />
If I can answer yes to these questi<strong>on</strong>s,<br />
I accept the corner <strong>and</strong> if<br />
needed, rem<strong>on</strong>ument it in place.<br />
There are also times when the<br />
answers might <strong>on</strong>ly be partially<br />
yes, yet that corner is also accepted.<br />
I simply do not lock myself<br />
into rigid acceptance or rejecti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Each corner is weighed independently.<br />
The BLM manual (which is<br />
adopted as Washingt<strong>on</strong> State's<br />
st<strong>and</strong>ard) allows the Federal surveyor<br />
to close a new survey against<br />
an older <strong>on</strong>e when the corners are<br />
out <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> positi<strong>on</strong> by I6V2 feet per y2<br />
mile (2 5 links in 40 chains).<br />
Granted, this may have the appearance<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> being very loose but<br />
many <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the surveys <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the late<br />
1800's reflected this misclosure,<br />
for that was the st<strong>and</strong>ard <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
day. When we reject a center Vi set<br />
in 1900 because it's 15 feet from<br />
our mathematical positi<strong>on</strong>, I feel<br />
we're skating <strong>on</strong> thin ice <strong>and</strong> are<br />
probably going to fall in. Let's not<br />
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get ourselves into that old trap <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
accuracy vs precisi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
I believe this discussi<strong>on</strong> is easily<br />
portrayed by a quote from a text<br />
written by A.C. Mulford, titled<br />
Boundaries <strong>and</strong> L<strong>and</strong>mark, A Practical<br />
Manual. Mr. Mulford says<br />
"It's far more important to have<br />
faulty measurements <strong>on</strong> the place<br />
where the hne truly exists, than an<br />
accurate measurement where the<br />
line does not exist at all." I believe<br />
we must have a comm<strong>on</strong> sense approach<br />
to preventing boundary<br />
disputes when it's within our<br />
discreti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
I've taken a moderately radical<br />
st<strong>and</strong> <strong>on</strong> this c<strong>on</strong>troversial issue in<br />
hopes that it will generate some<br />
discussi<strong>on</strong> in our local surveying<br />
community. I've discussed this<br />
topic with other members <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
LSAW <strong>and</strong> I challenge them to a<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>se.<br />
Steven D. Johns<strong>on</strong> — Forest<br />
L<strong>and</strong> Surveyor, USDA-FS, Wenatchee<br />
Nati<strong>on</strong>al Forest, Wenatehee,<br />
Washingt<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Mr. Johns<strong>on</strong>'s career in the surveying<br />
field began in 1967 as a<br />
photogrammetrist with the USFS<br />
in Portl<strong>and</strong>, Oreg<strong>on</strong>. In 1977 he<br />
transfered to Wenatchee, Washingt<strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> has since served as<br />
Wenatchee's Forest L<strong>and</strong> Surveyor.<br />
^^<br />
Mr. Johns<strong>on</strong> is a registered Lan^^<br />
Surveyor in Nevada, Idaho <strong>and</strong><br />
Washingt<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> an active member<br />
in L<strong>and</strong> Surveyors Associati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Washingt<strong>on</strong>, presently serving as<br />
President <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> his Chapter. Mr.<br />
Johns<strong>on</strong> has spoken at several<br />
surveying seminars around the<br />
western states <strong>and</strong> received the<br />
LSAW Surveyor <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the Year award<br />
in 1984.<br />
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The California Surveyor — Spring 1986 Page 17
Of Interest<br />
FIELD NOTES<br />
ACSM/COFPAES. ASPRS Urge<br />
Support for $1.5 Milli<strong>on</strong><br />
Size St<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
A proposal by the Small Business<br />
Administrati<strong>on</strong> to define a small<br />
business in architecture, engineering<br />
<strong>and</strong> surveying as a firm with up<br />
to $1.5 milli<strong>on</strong> in gross annual<br />
receipts received the qualified support<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ACSM through a comment<br />
submitted by COFPAES <strong>and</strong><br />
ASPRS. Both groups said the proposed<br />
lower size st<strong>and</strong>ard (from $7.5<br />
milli<strong>on</strong> for engineering <strong>and</strong> from<br />
$3.5 milli<strong>on</strong> for architecture <strong>and</strong><br />
surveying) is a step in the right<br />
directi<strong>on</strong>, but indicated that a disproporti<strong>on</strong>ate<br />
share <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tracts<br />
will still be set aside <strong>on</strong>ly for small<br />
businesses unless a Federal regulati<strong>on</strong><br />
requiring the set aside <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> any<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tract in which two or more small<br />
businesses might compete is changed.<br />
Both COFPAES <strong>and</strong> ASPRS<br />
called for revisi<strong>on</strong>, repeal or exempti<strong>on</strong><br />
from the "Rule <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Two." The<br />
comments also indicated support<br />
for the current $85,000 threshold <strong>on</strong><br />
military c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> A/E/S/M set<br />
asides. Finally, appUcati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
proposed size st<strong>and</strong>ard to archititecture,<br />
engineering, surveying <strong>and</strong><br />
photogrammetry was requested.<br />
The public comment period <strong>on</strong> the<br />
SBA proposal closed November 15,<br />
1985. A final decisi<strong>on</strong> by the agency<br />
is expected by March, 1986.<br />
House Passes Corps Water<br />
Projects Bill<br />
The U.S. House <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Representatives<br />
<strong>on</strong> November 13, 1985 passed<br />
what it hopes to be the first omnibus<br />
water projects bill to be enacted<br />
since 1976. The bill, H.R. 6,<br />
authorizes work <strong>on</strong> more than 230<br />
dam, river, harbor, canal, navigati<strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> flood c<strong>on</strong>trol projects, principally<br />
by the Corps <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Engineers.<br />
Of interest to the surveying <strong>and</strong><br />
mapping science pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong> are key<br />
provisi<strong>on</strong>s which provide permanent<br />
Brooks Bill authority for Corps<br />
surveying <strong>and</strong> mapping c<strong>on</strong>tracts;<br />
require 30 percent <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> architecture,<br />
engineering <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> design<br />
to be performed by c<strong>on</strong>tract<br />
with the private sector <strong>and</strong> m<strong>and</strong>ate<br />
c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> increased Corps reliance<br />
<strong>on</strong> private firms to increase<br />
its capabUities <strong>and</strong> productivity;<br />
<strong>and</strong> require reporting <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the distributi<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tracts to share a fair<br />
distributi<strong>on</strong> to firms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> all sizes <strong>and</strong><br />
classes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ownership.<br />
House Tax Panel Picks Survejring,<br />
Mapping Finns for Cash<br />
Accounting<br />
<strong>Surveying</strong> <strong>and</strong> mapping firms can<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tinue to use the cash method <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
accounting under the tax reform bill<br />
passed December 17, 1985 by the<br />
House <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Representatives. The<br />
House Ways <strong>and</strong> Means Committee,<br />
at the urging <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> senior committee<br />
member Rep. Sam Gibb<strong>on</strong>s<br />
(D-FL), specified these firms in the<br />
committee's report language clarifying<br />
the exempti<strong>on</strong>s to new limit<br />
<strong>on</strong> cash accounting are as follows:!<br />
"The c<strong>on</strong>unittee bill allows c<strong>on</strong>tinuec led^<br />
use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the cash method <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> accounting for<br />
entities where the incidence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> taxati<strong>on</strong><br />
falls either at the individual level or <strong>on</strong> a<br />
qualified pers<strong>on</strong>al service corporati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Entities eligible for the excepti<strong>on</strong> include<br />
sole proprietorships, S corporati<strong>on</strong>s,<br />
qualified pers<strong>on</strong>al service corporati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
or other qualified partnerships.<br />
A qualifying partnership is a partnership<br />
in which all <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the partnership interests<br />
are held by individuals, qualified<br />
pers<strong>on</strong>al service corporati<strong>on</strong>s, S corporati<strong>on</strong>s,<br />
or other qualifying partnerships.<br />
For the purposes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this excepti<strong>on</strong>, a<br />
quaHfied pers<strong>on</strong>al service corporati<strong>on</strong> is<br />
a corporati<strong>on</strong> that meets both a functi<strong>on</strong><br />
test <strong>and</strong> an ownership test. The functi<strong>on</strong><br />
test is met if substantially all the activities<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the corporati<strong>on</strong> are the performance<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> services in the field <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> health,<br />
law, engineering {including surveying<br />
<strong>and</strong> mapping), architecture, accounting,<br />
actuarial science, performing arts or<br />
c<strong>on</strong>sulting. The ownership test is met if<br />
substantially all <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the value <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
outst<strong>and</strong>ing stock in the corporati<strong>on</strong> is<br />
owned by employees performing se^^<br />
vices for the corporati<strong>on</strong> in a field sati^^k<br />
fying the functi<strong>on</strong> test. , .<br />
^ ^<br />
Had the clarificati<strong>on</strong> not been<br />
made, firms in surveying, mapping<br />
<strong>and</strong> other pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>s would have<br />
been required to use the accrual<br />
method <strong>and</strong> pay taxes <strong>on</strong> fees billed<br />
rather than those actually collected.<br />
APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP IN THE CALIFORNIA LAND SURVEYORS ASSOCIATION<br />
D CORPORATE MEMBER GRADE: Shall have a valid California L<strong>and</strong> Surveyors or Photogrammetric license.<br />
D AFFILIATE MEMBER GRADE: Any pers<strong>on</strong>, who in their pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>, relies up<strong>on</strong> the fundamentals <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<strong>and</strong> surveying.<br />
D ASSOCIATE MEMBER GRADE: Any pers<strong>on</strong> who holds a valid certificate as a L<strong>and</strong> Surveyor in Training.<br />
Q STUDENT MEMBER GRADE: A student in a College or University actively pursuing the study <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<strong>and</strong> surveying.<br />
a. Name County<br />
b. Address City Zip<br />
c. Mailing Address<br />
d. Employment: Private.<br />
Name <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Firm or Agency<br />
e. Signature<strong>and</strong>L.S., P.S.,C.E.,ORL.S.I.T. No.<br />
f. Recommended by (Affiliate <strong>and</strong> Student Grades <strong>on</strong>ly)<br />
Ph<strong>on</strong>e No.<br />
(Principal Retired Public.<br />
Dues schedule: * Corporate $104,50 * Affiliate $52.25 * Associate $52.25 Student $10.45 (* Entrance Fees $15.00)<br />
Mall applicati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> payment to: California L<strong>and</strong> Surveyors Associati<strong>on</strong> • P.O. Box 9098 • Santa Rosa, CA 95405-9990<br />
I authorize charge to my: D MasterCard Account No.:<br />
D BankAmericard/Visa No.:<br />
Expirati<strong>on</strong> Date:<br />
Signature:<br />
FIRST YEAR'S ANNUAL DUES ARE TO BE PRO-RATED FROM DATE OF APPLICATION<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
Page 18 The California Surveyor - Spring 1986
House Panel Rejects Cash<br />
Accounting Limit for<br />
Pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>al Firms<br />
The House Ways <strong>and</strong> Means<br />
Committee voted <strong>on</strong> November 7,<br />
1985 to kill a provisi<strong>on</strong> in President<br />
Reagan's tax reform proposal to require<br />
certain firms, including many<br />
in surveying <strong>and</strong> mapping, to use<br />
the accrual method <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> accounting.<br />
The practical effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the change<br />
would have been that surveyors,<br />
architects, engineers <strong>and</strong> other pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>als<br />
pay taxes <strong>on</strong> m<strong>on</strong>ey they<br />
have not received by forcing payment<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> taxes <strong>on</strong> fees biUed rather<br />
than those actually collected. Under<br />
the reform plan approved by the<br />
Ways <strong>and</strong> Means Committee, businesses<br />
under $5 miUi<strong>on</strong> may still use<br />
the cash method <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> accounting even<br />
if they file financial statements <strong>and</strong><br />
reports under another method. The<br />
exempti<strong>on</strong> from accrual accounting<br />
includes individuals, pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
service corporati<strong>on</strong>s, partnerships<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> individuals or pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>al corporati<strong>on</strong>s,<br />
<strong>and</strong> subchapter S corporati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
_ lea<br />
ACSM's WiUiam G. **Bill" Wallace,<br />
Jr. Named COFPAES Chairman<br />
William G. Wallace, Jr., PLS. has<br />
been inducted as Chairman <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
Committee <strong>on</strong> Federal Procurement<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Architectural/Engineering Services<br />
(COFPAES). Up<strong>on</strong> taking <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fice<br />
at the group's November 14,<br />
1985 meeting, Wallace became the<br />
first ACSM member <strong>and</strong> the first<br />
surveyor to chair the A/E procurement<br />
panel. Wallace is a member <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
the ACSM Board <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Directi<strong>on</strong>, has<br />
served as the society's delegate to<br />
COFPAES since ACSM was first<br />
admittee as a member in 1981, is<br />
chairman <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the ACSM/NSPS Pohtical<br />
Acti<strong>on</strong> Committee <strong>and</strong> past<br />
chairman <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the ACSM Government<br />
Affairs Committee. ACSM<br />
Assistant Executive Director for<br />
Pubhc Affairs John M. Palatiello<br />
was elected COFPAES Secretary at<br />
the same meeting. ACSM's P.<br />
Porcher "Shay" Gregg, PE, LS.<br />
moved from the society's COF<br />
PAES alternate to delegate. COF<br />
PAES is a coaliti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the Nati<strong>on</strong>'s<br />
leading design associati<strong>on</strong>s. Its purse<br />
is to promote the selecti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
'architects, engineers <strong>and</strong> surveyors<br />
<strong>on</strong> the basis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> their dem<strong>on</strong>strated<br />
competence <strong>and</strong> qualificati<strong>on</strong>s, as<br />
embodied in the federal "Brooks<br />
Law" <strong>and</strong> the American Bar Associati<strong>on</strong>'s<br />
model procurement code<br />
for state <strong>and</strong> local government.<br />
Al<strong>on</strong>g with ACSM. other COF<br />
PAES members are the American<br />
C<strong>on</strong>sulting Engineers Council, The<br />
American Institute <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Architects,<br />
American Road <strong>and</strong> Transportati<strong>on</strong><br />
Builders Associati<strong>on</strong> (Planning <strong>and</strong><br />
Design Divisi<strong>on</strong>), American Society<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Civil Engineers, <strong>and</strong> Nati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
Society <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>al Engineers,<br />
ACSM 'As-Built' Survey<br />
Specificati<strong>on</strong> Published.<br />
The American C<strong>on</strong>gress <strong>on</strong> <strong>Surveying</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> Mapping has published<br />
an " 'As-Built' Survey Specificati<strong>on</strong><br />
(A Post C<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> Survey)." The<br />
specificati<strong>on</strong> provides surveyors<br />
<strong>and</strong> their clients with guidelines for<br />
surveys that will c<strong>on</strong>sistently <strong>and</strong><br />
properly identify the size, shape, locati<strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> other relevant features <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
roads, pipelines, buildings <strong>and</strong> other<br />
structures. The document is available<br />
by sending a $5 check for " 'As-<br />
Built' Survey Specificati<strong>on</strong>" to<br />
ACSM, 210 Little Falls Street, Falls<br />
Church, VA 22046.<br />
House Small Business Panel<br />
Queries FS Licensing Law Snub<br />
The House Small Business Committee<br />
is investigating a Forest Service<br />
practice <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> permitting n<strong>on</strong>licensed<br />
entities to compete for <strong>and</strong><br />
win some <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the agency's surveying<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tracts. Committee Chairman<br />
Rep. Barren Mitchell (D-MD) asked<br />
the Forest Service to explain why it<br />
does not follow Federal Acquisiti<strong>on</strong><br />
Regulati<strong>on</strong> provisi<strong>on</strong>s requiring use<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> licensed pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>als for A-E<br />
<strong>and</strong> related services. The Forest Service,<br />
in a resp<strong>on</strong>se to the C<strong>on</strong>gressman,<br />
claimed a soUcitati<strong>on</strong> provisi<strong>on</strong><br />
requiring Ucensed surveyors<br />
may be unduly restrictive <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> competiti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
The Forest Service's counsel<br />
stated,' 'while licensed surveyors<br />
are capable <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> performing the subject<br />
surveying services, other firms<br />
or individuals also may be capable<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> satisfactory performance <strong>on</strong> an<br />
individual project!' In a letter to<br />
ACSM asking for further background<br />
<strong>on</strong> the matter. Rep. Mitchell<br />
noted the Forest Service reply<br />
raises the additi<strong>on</strong>al issue <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> what<br />
definitive st<strong>and</strong>ards the Forest Service<br />
uses to evaluate the resp<strong>on</strong>sibility<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the "other firms or individuals"<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fering to perform surveying<br />
services. . . (<strong>and</strong>)... it does<br />
seem inc<strong>on</strong>sistent to me for the Department<br />
to claim effectively that<br />
licensed surveyors may exceed its<br />
needs, when it has never articulated<br />
a minimum st<strong>and</strong>ard <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> resp<strong>on</strong>sibility."<br />
ACSM wUl c<strong>on</strong>tinue to work<br />
with Chairman Mitchell to encourage<br />
the Forest Service to improve<br />
its evaluati<strong>on</strong> criteria <strong>and</strong> require<br />
the use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ucensed surveyors<br />
for all surveying c<strong>on</strong>tracts.<br />
Brooks Act for DMA <strong>Surveying</strong>,<br />
Mapping Becomes Law<br />
President Reagan <strong>on</strong> December 19,<br />
1985 signed into law a 1986 funding<br />
bill (Public Law 99-190) that m-<br />
cludes a provisi<strong>on</strong> requiring use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Brooks Act procedures for surveying<br />
<strong>and</strong> mapping c<strong>on</strong>tracts by the<br />
Defense Mapping Agency (DMA).<br />
The provisi<strong>on</strong> authored by Rep. Bob<br />
Livingst<strong>on</strong> (R-LA) in c<strong>on</strong>juncti<strong>on</strong><br />
with the ACSM-ASPRS, was first<br />
cleared by a House-Senate Defense<br />
panel chaired by Sen. Ted Stevens<br />
(R-AK).<br />
a<br />
by Clifford A. Robins<strong>on</strong>,<br />
Chief, Branch <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Cadastral<br />
Acting<br />
Survey<br />
The following is a list <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ficial<br />
surveys in Cahfornia which have<br />
been accepted in the first quarter <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
FY 86 (Oct. 1-Dec. 31, 1985). These<br />
surveys are now <strong>on</strong> file in the Survey<br />
Records Office, Bureau <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> L<strong>and</strong><br />
Management, CaUfornia State Office,<br />
2800 Cottage Way, Sacramento,<br />
CA 95825.<br />
The accepted surveys are Usted<br />
by township, range, meridian, <strong>and</strong><br />
acceptance date.<br />
Township & Range Meridian Date<br />
T.1S.,R.10E. San Bernardino 10-02-85<br />
T.7N.,R.13E. Mount Diablo 10-02-85<br />
T.33N..R.12E. Mount Diablo 10-02-85<br />
T.34N.,R.12E. Mount Diablo 10-02-85<br />
T.1S..R.3W. San Bernardino 10-03-85<br />
T.8N..R.12E. Mount Diablo 10-21-85<br />
T.8N..R.13E. MountDiablo 10-31-85<br />
T.22N.,R.4E. MountDiablo 12-20-85<br />
T.16N..R.9W. MountDiablo 12-20-85<br />
T.16N.,R.8W. MountDiablo 12-23-85<br />
In additi<strong>on</strong>, supplemented plats<br />
in the following townships were accepted<br />
during the first quarter.<br />
Township & Range Meridian Date<br />
T.6N.,R.13E, MountDiablo 10-31-85<br />
T.3S.,R.27E. MountDiablo 12-12-85<br />
•<br />
The California Surveyor — Spring 1986 Page 19
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The California Surveyor — Spring 1986 Page 21
Geodimeter 220. The World's Smallest<br />
Advancement In Micro EDMs.<br />
After more than 35 years <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> setting the<br />
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Page 22 The California Surveyor — Spring 1986<br />
385 Bel Marin Keys Blvd., Suite F, Novato, CA 94947
Of Interest (c<strong>on</strong>tinued)<br />
#<br />
Reprint from the Massachusetts<br />
Surveyor, Volume 23, No. 4<br />
FIG C<strong>on</strong>gress 1986<br />
From June 1 to 11, 1986, The Inrnati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
Federati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Surveyors<br />
(FIG) will hold its XVIII<br />
Internati<strong>on</strong>al C<strong>on</strong>gress in Tor<strong>on</strong>to,<br />
Canada. The theme <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the 1986<br />
C<strong>on</strong>gress is "Inner <strong>and</strong> Outer<br />
Space—Limitless Horiz<strong>on</strong>s for the<br />
Surveyor." The C<strong>on</strong>gress is a technical<br />
meeting with a projected attendance<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1800 registrants <strong>and</strong><br />
600 accompanying pers<strong>on</strong>s. The<br />
technical program for the C<strong>on</strong>gress<br />
will include 125 papers <strong>on</strong> surveying<br />
<strong>and</strong> mapping <strong>and</strong> 60 papers <strong>on</strong><br />
urban <strong>and</strong> rural planning, l<strong>and</strong><br />
management <strong>and</strong> ec<strong>on</strong>omics, <strong>and</strong><br />
l<strong>and</strong> evaluati<strong>on</strong>. In additi<strong>on</strong>, there<br />
will be a very large technical exhibit,<br />
technical tours <strong>and</strong> an exciting<br />
<strong>and</strong> varied social program.<br />
In 1878, delegates <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> seven nati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>al survey organizati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
from Belgium, France, Germany,<br />
Italy, Great Britain <strong>and</strong><br />
Switzerl<strong>and</strong> met in Paris <strong>and</strong><br />
founded the Internati<strong>on</strong>al Federati<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Surveyors. Today, it is a<br />
federati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> survey organizati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
hich represent 220,000 members<br />
om 50 countries with corresp<strong>on</strong>dents<br />
in 12 other countries. The<br />
structure c<strong>on</strong>sists <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the General<br />
Assembly, the Permanent Committee<br />
(Council) <strong>and</strong> the Bureau (Executive).<br />
The permanent Committee carries<br />
out the pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>al work in<br />
nine technoscientific commissi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
covering:<br />
1) Pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>al Practice<br />
2) Educati<strong>on</strong><br />
3) L<strong>and</strong> Informati<strong>on</strong> Systems<br />
4) Hydrographic <strong>Surveying</strong><br />
5) Survey Instruments <strong>and</strong><br />
Methods<br />
6) Engineering Surveys<br />
7) Cadastre <strong>and</strong> Rural L<strong>and</strong><br />
Management<br />
8) Urban L<strong>and</strong> Systems—Town<br />
Planning <strong>and</strong> Development<br />
9) Valuati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> Management <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Real Estate.<br />
The technical papers program is<br />
the resp<strong>on</strong>sibility <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the nine commissi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
The Bureau deals primarily with<br />
licy, administrati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> the<br />
'olding <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the triennial c<strong>on</strong>gresses.<br />
The Canadian Institute <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Surveying</strong>,<br />
being the Canadian member<br />
organizing the 1986 C<strong>on</strong>gress in<br />
Tor<strong>on</strong>to.<br />
m<br />
There are at least five good<br />
reas<strong>on</strong>s for attending the 1986<br />
C<strong>on</strong>gress in Tor<strong>on</strong>to:<br />
1) Interesting <strong>and</strong> current technical<br />
papers covering the full spectrum<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> surveying will be presented.<br />
In additi<strong>on</strong>, there will be a<br />
large number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> poster sessi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
2) The latest in hardware <strong>and</strong><br />
s<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>tware will be exhibited. All manufacturers<br />
compete to steal the<br />
spotlight by unveiling revoluti<strong>on</strong>ary<br />
new equipment.<br />
3) A unique opportunity to meet<br />
<strong>and</strong> exchange interviews with hundreds<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> internati<strong>on</strong>al surveyors <strong>on</strong><br />
the North American c<strong>on</strong>tinent.<br />
There will not be another FIG<br />
meeting in either Canada or USA<br />
in this century.<br />
4) A chance to visit the safe <strong>and</strong><br />
beautiful city <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Tor<strong>on</strong>to. Tor<strong>on</strong>to<br />
has an internati<strong>on</strong>al reputati<strong>on</strong> for<br />
fine food, exciting <strong>and</strong> varied entertainment,<br />
<strong>and</strong> warm <strong>and</strong> friendly<br />
people.<br />
5) A tremendous bargain with<br />
$1.00 US currently worth $1.40<br />
Canadian, <strong>and</strong> Canadian prices for<br />
merch<strong>and</strong>ise, hotels, food, etc. are<br />
comparable to those in the U.S.<br />
You are invited by your surveying<br />
friends <strong>and</strong> neighbors from<br />
Canada to participate in a memorable<br />
occasi<strong>on</strong>—the XVIII FIG<br />
C<strong>on</strong>gress in Tor<strong>on</strong>to from June 1 to<br />
11,1986. D<br />
Masters Program Detailed<br />
Surveyors can now obtain a<br />
Master <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Science in Engineering<br />
Degree from CSU, Fresno. The degree<br />
is called the MS in Engineering<br />
—Civil opti<strong>on</strong>. A series <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> surveying<br />
courses, both graduate <strong>and</strong> undergraduate<br />
level, will be <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fered for<br />
pers<strong>on</strong>s wishing to specialize in surveying.<br />
In additi<strong>on</strong>, the degree c<strong>and</strong>idates<br />
will need to take three<br />
"core" graduate engineering<br />
courses <strong>and</strong> several general civil engineering<br />
courses. The MS in Engineering<br />
Degree program requires<br />
the completi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 30 semester units.<br />
The remaining 21 semester units<br />
can be covered under three different<br />
plans: Plan A, incorporating formal<br />
thesis, <strong>and</strong> Plan B <strong>and</strong> C, both including<br />
a formal comprehensive<br />
final examinati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
A Master <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Science Degree in Engineering<br />
requires the completi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
a program <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> study c<strong>on</strong>taining 30<br />
units <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the following requirements:<br />
1) Satisfactory completi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a<br />
credit-hour core program c<strong>on</strong>sisting<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the following three courses:<br />
Units<br />
Engr. 204 3<br />
Engineering Planning & Operati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
Engr. 205 3<br />
Computing in Engineering Analysis<br />
Engr. 206 3<br />
Engineering Envir<strong>on</strong>ment Impact<br />
TOTAL 9<br />
2) Plan A or B:<br />
Six credit hours taken outside the<br />
School <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Engineering from 100 or<br />
200 level courses in mathematics,<br />
statistics, management, business,<br />
physics, geography, urban <strong>and</strong> regi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
planning, or other disciplines<br />
best suited to the student's graduate<br />
program as approved by the<br />
student's graduate advisor. Fifteen<br />
credit-hours taken as a coherent program<br />
<strong>and</strong> designed according to <strong>on</strong>e<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the following plans:<br />
Units<br />
Plan A—Thesis Plan<br />
200 series<br />
engineering courses 9-12<br />
Thesis (6) or<br />
Project (3) 6-3<br />
Plan B—N-Thesis Plan<br />
200-series<br />
engineering courses 9-15<br />
100-series<br />
engineering elective courses .... 6-0<br />
TOTAL 15<br />
This plan includes a comprehensive<br />
final examinati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
3) Plan C<br />
Plan C is 21 credit-hours taken from<br />
100 or 200 level courses all within<br />
the School <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Engineering. A formal<br />
final comprehensive exam is included<br />
in this plan.<br />
Prospective students wishing to<br />
tailor a program <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> graduate study<br />
towards surveying <strong>and</strong>/or photogrammetry<br />
should c<strong>on</strong>tact a surveying<br />
faculty member at their<br />
earliest c<strong>on</strong>venience.<br />
D<br />
PHOTOS WANTED<br />
The California Surveyor is requesting<br />
cover photos from its readership.<br />
Photos should be 8x10" glossy-forrepro.<br />
Informati<strong>on</strong> regarding the subject<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the photo plus the photographer/<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tributor should be sent to the Editor<br />
al<strong>on</strong>g with the photo <strong>and</strong> a letter giving<br />
The California Surveyor permissi<strong>on</strong> to<br />
publish the material.<br />
The California Surveyor — Spring 1986 Page 23
Board <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Directors Meeting<br />
BOARD OF DIRECTORS<br />
MEETING MINUTES<br />
October 12, 1985<br />
prepared by<br />
Louis E. Rutledge, L.S., Secretary<br />
(c<strong>on</strong>densed for publicati<strong>on</strong>)<br />
The <strong>CLSA</strong> Board <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Directors<br />
Meeting was held at the Airport<br />
Hilt<strong>on</strong> Hotel, at the San Francisco<br />
Internati<strong>on</strong>al Airport.<br />
The meeting was called to order at<br />
9:47 a.m. by President Michael<br />
McGee.<br />
It was moved, sec<strong>on</strong>ded, <strong>and</strong> carried<br />
that the minutes be approved<br />
as distributed.<br />
UNFINISHED BUSINESS:<br />
A. PRESIDENT'S REPORT:<br />
Michael presented a brief report.<br />
He voiced several c<strong>on</strong>cerns dealing<br />
with c<strong>on</strong>ducting the business <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
Associati<strong>on</strong>. One such c<strong>on</strong>cern dealt<br />
with who should sign binding c<strong>on</strong>tracts.<br />
Hal Davis made a moti<strong>on</strong> that the<br />
Executive Director prepare a resoluti<strong>on</strong><br />
stating that the President or<br />
Vice President as so designated <strong>and</strong><br />
the Secretary be empowered to act<br />
<strong>on</strong> behalf <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the Board <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Directors<br />
in the executi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tracts. The<br />
moti<strong>on</strong> was sec<strong>on</strong>ded by Louis Hall.<br />
The moti<strong>on</strong> carried.<br />
B. SECRETARY'S REPORT:<br />
The Secretary reported <strong>on</strong> the<br />
PAC meeting held October 11,1985.<br />
There was <strong>on</strong>ly <strong>on</strong>e PAC meeting<br />
held since the last Board meeting.<br />
C. TREASURER'S REPORT:<br />
Susan discussed the Political Acti<strong>on</strong><br />
Committee <strong>and</strong> made a moti<strong>on</strong><br />
that the Political Acti<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong><br />
remain the same as last year,<br />
$7.00 Corporate, $3.50 Affiliate <strong>and</strong><br />
Associate, <strong>and</strong> $1.00 student, with a<br />
separate box that must be marked if<br />
the member wanted to c<strong>on</strong>tribute a<br />
porti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> his dues, <strong>and</strong> the PoUtical<br />
Acti<strong>on</strong> Committee be encouraged to<br />
include a request for those funds in<br />
the ballot. The moti<strong>on</strong> was sec<strong>on</strong>ded.<br />
R<strong>on</strong> Greenwell made an amending<br />
moti<strong>on</strong> that the dues be increased a<br />
full 10%. The moti<strong>on</strong> was sec<strong>on</strong>ded.<br />
The moti<strong>on</strong> carried.<br />
Hal Davis made a moti<strong>on</strong> directing<br />
the President's Advisory Committee<br />
to study the questi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
assessments <strong>and</strong> come back to the<br />
January meeting with a recommendati<strong>on</strong><br />
for the Board to c<strong>on</strong>sider.<br />
Ruel del Castillo sec<strong>on</strong>ded the moti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
The questi<strong>on</strong> was called anc^^<br />
carried.<br />
^^<br />
Louis Hall made a moti<strong>on</strong>,<br />
sec<strong>on</strong>ded by Gene Ehe that the<br />
President's Advisory Committee<br />
look into the meeting place. Lou<br />
pointed out that it was important<br />
that Southern Cahfornia be c<strong>on</strong>sidered.<br />
The moti<strong>on</strong> carried.<br />
D. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR'S<br />
REPORT:<br />
Dorothy reported that the Associati<strong>on</strong><br />
had been audited by the<br />
IRS. They went over the books line<br />
item by line item.<br />
ByLaws Committee Report: Neal<br />
Campbell reported that he had<br />
studied our bylaws <strong>and</strong> Robert's<br />
Rules <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Order under which we<br />
operate <strong>and</strong> finds that there is no<br />
provisi<strong>on</strong> for proxy voting. We have<br />
provisi<strong>on</strong>s for absentee voting <strong>on</strong><br />
agenda items <strong>on</strong>ly. The Board member's<br />
vote must be presented to the<br />
secretary in writing prior to the<br />
meeting.<br />
Nominating Committee: A moti<strong>on</strong><br />
was made <strong>and</strong> sec<strong>on</strong>ded to adopt tht<br />
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Page 24 The California Surveyor — Spring 1986
slate <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>and</strong>idates as proposed by<br />
the nominating committee. The moli<strong>on</strong><br />
carried.<br />
Fred made a moti<strong>on</strong> that the AM<br />
Committee be charged with the<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>sibility <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> meeting with the<br />
Nominating Committee <strong>and</strong> discuss<br />
problems <strong>and</strong> report back to this<br />
Board for acti<strong>on</strong>. Gary Shelt<strong>on</strong><br />
sec<strong>on</strong>ded, the moti<strong>on</strong> carried.<br />
Legislative Committee Report:<br />
Hal Davis made a moti<strong>on</strong> that the<br />
President <strong>and</strong> the Secretary be<br />
authorized to execute a c<strong>on</strong>tract<br />
with Winner/Wagner for the year<br />
1986. The moti<strong>on</strong> was sec<strong>on</strong>ded by<br />
Paul Lamoreaux. The moti<strong>on</strong> carried.<br />
Membership Committee Report:<br />
Mike O'Hern would like to prepare a<br />
brochure to be used for membership<br />
recruitment. Hal Davis made a moti<strong>on</strong><br />
that the membership committee<br />
be authorized to expend up to<br />
$250 to prepare a membership<br />
brochure from the membership committee<br />
budget. The moti<strong>on</strong> was<br />
sec<strong>on</strong>ded <strong>and</strong> carried.<br />
Cahfornia Surveyor: R<strong>on</strong> Greenjvell<br />
made a moti<strong>on</strong> that the Board<br />
Civil Engineers <strong>and</strong> L<strong>and</strong> Surveyors<br />
CECSI (Sexy), The Civil Engineer's Computati<strong>on</strong> System i is<br />
here) This computer s<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>tware, based up<strong>on</strong> more<br />
than 30 years engineering experience, is written in<br />
the powerful C language Dy a top Computer Scientist<br />
to give fast, accurate, easy to use computati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
—<strong>and</strong> is fully supported.<br />
CECSI (VI .0) runs <strong>on</strong> CP/M or MS-DOS (IBM compatibles);<br />
computes r<strong>and</strong>om traverses, subdivisi<strong>on</strong> computati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
(COGO), horiz<strong>on</strong>tal curves, pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ile grades,<br />
earthwork volumes <strong>and</strong> field note reduai<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
(S400plus S4S.&H.)<br />
CECSI (\/2.0) runs <strong>on</strong> MS-DOS (IBM compatibles), performs<br />
all the functi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> VI .0 <strong>and</strong> also supports storage<br />
<strong>and</strong> recall <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> points by point descripti<strong>on</strong>s. (S700<br />
plus S4 S.&H.)<br />
CECSI {V2.0} Dem<strong>on</strong>strati<strong>on</strong> Diskette runs automatically<br />
<strong>on</strong> MS-DOS (IBM compatibles). (SIO plus S4 S.&H.)<br />
Send for Brochure <strong>and</strong> Dem<strong>on</strong>strati<strong>on</strong> Diskette. CECSI is<br />
guaranteed. If not completely satisfied, just return within<br />
thirty days for refund, less shipping <strong>and</strong> h<strong>and</strong>ling.<br />
<strong>and</strong> the Editor <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the Cal Surveyor<br />
prepare a letter <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> gratitude to Lisa<br />
Reese for her work <strong>on</strong> the Cal Surveyor.<br />
Susan Jensen sec<strong>on</strong>ded the<br />
moti<strong>on</strong>. The moti<strong>on</strong> cEuried.<br />
Board <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Registrati<strong>on</strong> for Pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
Engineers <strong>and</strong> L<strong>and</strong> Surveyors:<br />
Hal Davis made a moti<strong>on</strong><br />
that we write a letter to C<strong>on</strong>sumer<br />
Affairs stating that since the Board<br />
represented both Pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>al Engineers<br />
<strong>and</strong> L<strong>and</strong> Surveyors that it<br />
would behoove them to have a<br />
Licensed L<strong>and</strong> Surveyor <strong>on</strong> staff.<br />
The moti<strong>on</strong> was sec<strong>on</strong>ded by Ruel<br />
del Castillo. The moti<strong>on</strong> carried.<br />
Lou Hall made a moti<strong>on</strong> that this<br />
Board request that Vince attend our<br />
next board meeting. That he put together<br />
what he feels would be the<br />
best procedure for this board to get<br />
input into the Board <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Registrati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
That he present his recommendati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
to this body as to how that<br />
could be best accomphshed. The moti<strong>on</strong><br />
was sec<strong>on</strong>ded by R<strong>on</strong> Greenwell.<br />
The moti<strong>on</strong> carried.<br />
NEW BUSINESS<br />
Glen Aalbers made a moti<strong>on</strong> that<br />
the Board accept LA/Ventura<br />
Resoluti<strong>on</strong> that all chapters c<strong>on</strong>tribute<br />
10% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>its realized<br />
from seminars to the headquarters<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>CLSA</strong>. The moti<strong>on</strong> was sec<strong>on</strong>ded<br />
by Gary Shelt<strong>on</strong>. Lou Hall made a<br />
moti<strong>on</strong> to table the moti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> refer<br />
it to a committee for a report back<br />
to the Board. Moti<strong>on</strong> to table was<br />
sec<strong>on</strong>ded by Hal Davis. The moti<strong>on</strong><br />
to table carried.<br />
R<strong>on</strong> Greenwell made a moti<strong>on</strong>,<br />
sec<strong>on</strong>ded by Louis Hall for the<br />
Board to give the President the<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>sibiUty to sign c<strong>on</strong>tracts for<br />
the 1986 c<strong>on</strong>ference. The moti<strong>on</strong><br />
carried.<br />
Minutes prepared by Louis E.<br />
Rutledge, L.S., Secretary. n<br />
YOUR<br />
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The California Surveyor - Spring 1986 Page 25
New Members<br />
Choose from two electr<strong>on</strong>ic<br />
theodolites: the<br />
E1 or E2 (the E2 features<br />
automatic compensati<strong>on</strong><br />
for both axis inclinati<strong>on</strong>s).<br />
With the DM 503 attached<br />
you have a fully automatic<br />
"TOTAL STATION".<br />
For a complete "Field to<br />
Print" system we <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fer<br />
three data collector-opti<strong>on</strong>s:<br />
Use your HP41CV<br />
or CX with our DIF41 Interface<br />
<strong>and</strong> the supplied<br />
SICORD USA program,<br />
the basic 48K Recording<br />
Unit model R48 or the<br />
NEW ALPHACORD Field<br />
Computer/Recorder.<br />
The Alphacord is user<br />
programmable in Basic,<br />
Pascal or Fortran <strong>and</strong><br />
available with either 64K<br />
or a 128K memory capacity.<br />
For the dem<strong>and</strong>ing surveyor<br />
<strong>and</strong> engineer Kern is the<br />
choice. Call or write today<br />
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Ph<strong>on</strong>e 914/279-5095.<br />
n AN<br />
ern\ INVESTMENT<br />
IN QUAUTY<br />
CORPORATE MEMBERS<br />
R<strong>and</strong>olph J. Coleman, LS<br />
Paul J. Enneking, LS<br />
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Neill J. Hearn, LS<br />
Michael W. Vittitow, LS<br />
Halcomb S. Hacker. LS<br />
Michael S. Mah<strong>on</strong>ey, LS<br />
James B. McCavitt. LS<br />
Clyde C. Cabrinha, LS<br />
Michael Petyo. LS<br />
William H. Young, LS<br />
Robert L. Chac<strong>on</strong>, LS<br />
Larry R. Bryant, LS<br />
M. Kent Johns<strong>on</strong>, LS<br />
Andrew K.F. Le<strong>on</strong>g, LS<br />
Rafael J. Lamarca, LS<br />
John Ross Rinaldi, LS<br />
Robert B. Sheaffer, LS<br />
ASSOCIATE MEMBERS<br />
Steve MacArthur<br />
Carol J. Jacobs<strong>on</strong>, LSIT<br />
Susan D. Ruschmeyer<br />
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Lee A. Meckel<br />
Clement Lee<br />
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WELCOME NEW MEMBERS<br />
AFFILIATE MEMBERS<br />
Michael J. Langley<br />
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James M. Applet<strong>on</strong><br />
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Paul Marcuiska<br />
Serving The Southern California<br />
Surveyor With Our Four Locati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
£ *<br />
^ei HEWLETT<br />
PACKARD<br />
sS^^^:<br />
m^p^-<br />
LIETZ<br />
SINCE ma<br />
^UFKtN<br />
Nik<strong>on</strong><br />
Competitive Pricing Tiiroughout Souf/ier/i Caiifornia<br />
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County County County County<br />
500 W. Harringt<strong>on</strong> St. 1045 Linda Vista Dr. 5490 Complex St. 445 El Caj<strong>on</strong> Blvd.<br />
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Cor<strong>on</strong>a. CA 91720 92069 San Diego. CA 92123 92020<br />
Page 26 The California Surveyor — Spring 1986
Li^<br />
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The California Surveyor — Spring 1986 Page 27
LEWIS & LEWIS<br />
FIELD TO FINISH<br />
33<br />
TOTAL STATIONS & DATA COLLECTORS FROM<br />
LIETZ • NIKON ^ KERN<br />
TRANSFER PROGRAMS FROM THESE AND<br />
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LEWIS & LEWIS SURVEYING EQUIPMENT<br />
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Page 28 The California Surveyor — Spring 1986
LEWIS & LEWIS<br />
Fully annotated plot program<br />
A comprehensive coordinate based drafting program<br />
for pen type plotters.<br />
"PRODUCIIMG A FINISHED DRAWING"<br />
With LLPLOT, the user has c<strong>on</strong>trol <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> line types, annnotati<strong>on</strong>, the size or spacing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> lettering, annotati<strong>on</strong><br />
locati<strong>on</strong>, etc. Text may be placed into the PLOT file from the built-in Editor <strong>and</strong> placed<br />
anywhere <strong>on</strong> the drawing with a pre-checl< feature enabling you to check for proper fit. Locati<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> text may also be digitized for automatic labeling <strong>on</strong> drawing.<br />
LLPLOT supports Hewlett-Packard<br />
plotters, HP-7475A, HP-7580A/B<br />
HP-7585A/B, HP-7586B, <strong>and</strong> Num<strong>on</strong>ics 5624,<br />
Other plotters are currently being evaluated.<br />
Requires:<br />
HP-86/87 LLCOGO Systems<br />
I.O. ROM<br />
Plotter<br />
Interface to Plotter<br />
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LEWIS & LEWIS<br />
surveying equipment<br />
CALL TOLL FREE<br />
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from the LIETZ CO.<br />
*SET-2 electr<strong>on</strong>ic total stati<strong>on</strong><br />
• increased accuracy (±2" Horiz<strong>on</strong>tal, ±3" vertical).<br />
• automatic vertical circle indexing.<br />
• automatic compensator.<br />
• double circle reading (reads both sides <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the circle).<br />
• increased range (4300 Ft. to a Single • 8300 Ft. to a Triple under average<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s).<br />
*SET-3A electr<strong>on</strong>ic total stati<strong>on</strong><br />
• Identical to the SET-3, but now with automatic compensator<br />
available for:<br />
• RENT<br />
• PURCHASE<br />
• LEASE PURCHASE<br />
These new total stati<strong>on</strong>s are completely interfaced<br />
with the Lietz SDR-2 data recorder <strong>and</strong> our LLCOGO<br />
<strong>on</strong> HP computers <strong>and</strong> LLPLOT <strong>on</strong> HP plotters.<br />
"FIELD TO FIIMISH"<br />
The California Surveyor - Spring 1986 Page 29
LEWIS & LEWIS<br />
aVag-^a^//^^<br />
I ~ ~ (all c<strong>on</strong>tiguous states except Calif.)'<br />
surveying equipment (800)342 3607<br />
(in California)<br />
• RENTALS •<br />
Per day rates.<br />
MO days 11-90 91 +<br />
TOTAL STATIONS ^'' '' ''' ""'"^"*<br />
LietzSET-3 or SET-10 electr<strong>on</strong>ic total stati<strong>on</strong> 75.00 45.00 30.00<br />
SDM3ER semi-total stati<strong>on</strong> w/vert. sensor 55.00 33.00 22.00<br />
SDM3E semi-total stati<strong>on</strong> (<strong>on</strong>e mile range) 45.00 27.00 18.00<br />
Nik<strong>on</strong> DTM-1 electr<strong>on</strong>ic total stati<strong>on</strong> 85.00 51.00 34.00<br />
NTD-4 semi-total stati<strong>on</strong> {6 sec<strong>on</strong>d) 45.00 27.00 18.00<br />
NTD-2 semi-total stati<strong>on</strong> (20 sec<strong>on</strong>d) 40.00 24.00 16.00<br />
TOP MOUNT E.D.M.<br />
LietzRED-2LE.D.M.w/slope reducti<strong>on</strong> (4 mile range) 30.00 18.00 12.00<br />
RED-2 or RED-2A E.D.M. w/slope reducti<strong>on</strong> 25.00 15.00 10.00<br />
Nik<strong>on</strong>ND-21 E.D.M. w/slope reducti<strong>on</strong> (1 miler<strong>on</strong>ge) 25.00 15.00 10.00<br />
Kern DM-503 distance meter w/5 km. range 45.00 27.00 18.00<br />
AGAGeodimeter 120 or 122 distance meter w/verticol sensor 50.00 30.00 20.00<br />
LONG RANGE E.D.M.<br />
Hewlett-Packard 3808A E.D.M. (6 mile range) 50.00 30.00 20.00<br />
Tellumot CMW-20 microwave system {16 mile range) 100.00 60.00 40.00<br />
DATA RECORDERS<br />
LietzSDR-2(32K) 25.00 15.00 10.00<br />
Nik<strong>on</strong> DR-1 (32K) 20.00 12.00 8.00<br />
KernAlphacord-64(64K) 30.00 18.00 12.00<br />
GYRO<br />
LietzGP-l /TMIA north seeking gyroscopic "<strong>on</strong>e sec<strong>on</strong>d theodolite" 125.00 85.00 55.00<br />
THEODOLITES<br />
Kern DKM-2AT <strong>on</strong>e sec<strong>on</strong>d theodolite 35.00 21.00 14.00<br />
Kl-MT six sec<strong>on</strong>d theodolite 25.00 15.00 10.00<br />
Kl-ST thirty sec<strong>on</strong>d theodolite 25.00 15.00 10.00<br />
lietz DT20E electr<strong>on</strong>ic theodolite (20 sec<strong>on</strong>d) 20.00 12.00 8.00<br />
TM-6 six sec<strong>on</strong>d theodolite 25.00 15.00 10.00<br />
TM-lOE ten sec<strong>on</strong>d theodolite 22.00 13.20 8.80<br />
TM-20H or TM-20C twenty sec<strong>on</strong>d theodolite 20.00 12.00 8.00<br />
TS-6 or T-60D <strong>on</strong>e minute theodolite 20.00 12.00 8.00<br />
Nik<strong>on</strong> NT-4D six sec<strong>on</strong>d theodolite 25.00 15.00 10.00<br />
NT-2D twenty sec<strong>on</strong>d theodolite 20.00 12.00 8.00<br />
NT-2S <strong>on</strong>e minute theodolite 20.00 12.00 8.00<br />
TRANSITS<br />
Lietz BT-20 twenty sec<strong>on</strong>d transit 10.00 6.00 4.00<br />
Nik<strong>on</strong> TT-400 <strong>on</strong>e minute utility transit 7.00 4.20 2.80<br />
BD-7F five minute utility transit 6.00 3.60 2.40<br />
David White 8300 c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> level-transit 5.00 3.00 2.00<br />
LEVELS<br />
Zeiss Ni-2 engineers 32X, 2nd order outomatic level 12.00 7.20 4.80<br />
Nik<strong>on</strong> AS or Lietz B-1 32X, 2nd order automatic level 10.00 6.00 4.00<br />
Nik<strong>on</strong> AE-5 or Lietz B-2A 30X, engineers automatic level 7.00 4.20 2.80<br />
Nik<strong>on</strong> AP-5 or C-3A 26X automatic level 6.00 3.60 2.40<br />
Nik<strong>on</strong>AZ-1 or AZ-IS 22X c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> outomaticlevel 5.00 3.00 2.00<br />
David White 8114 c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> 12 " dumpy level 3.00 1.80 1.20<br />
FATHOMETER<br />
Raythe<strong>on</strong> DE-7198 recording fathometer 25.00 15.00 10.00<br />
CONSTRUCTION LASERS<br />
Spectra-Physics EL-1 electr<strong>on</strong>ic level 30.00 18.00 12.00<br />
942 laser level, vertical/horiz<strong>on</strong>tal 40.00 24.00 16.00<br />
611 align, loser w/20 sec. transit 15.00 9.00 6.00<br />
LT-3 alignment loser 20.00 12.00 8.00<br />
COMPUTER SYSTEMS<br />
Hewlett-Pockord computers — HP-85B, HP-86B, HP-87XM<br />
Coll for individual equipment<br />
Disc drives. Printers, <strong>and</strong> Plotters.<br />
<strong>and</strong> systems rates.<br />
Lewis <strong>and</strong> Lewis <strong>Surveying</strong> s<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>tware<br />
* MOST ALL OF THE EQUIPMENT YOU SEE ON OUR RENTAL RATE SHEET, IS ALSO AVAILABLE FOR PURCHASE, NEW OR USED. * CALL TODAY — WE'LL HAVE<br />
* RENT WITH PURCHASE OPTION. We will apply 70 % <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the rent you poy towards the purchase price <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the equipment, up IT TO YOU TOMORROW,<br />
to 60% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the value <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the equipment.<br />
1600 Callens Rd. — P.O. Box 820 — Ventura, CA 93002 — (805) 644-7405<br />
Page 30 The California Surveyor - Spring 1986
Articles (c<strong>on</strong>tinued)<br />
C<strong>on</strong>tinued from Fall, 1985<br />
Official Report <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essor<br />
John Phoenix, A.M.<br />
Kearny Street is a pass about fiffeet<br />
in width. The soil is loose <strong>and</strong><br />
^ndy. about <strong>on</strong>e inch in depth, below<br />
which Dr. Dunshunner discovered<br />
a stratum <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> white pine, three<br />
inches in thickness, <strong>and</strong> beneath<br />
this again, s<strong>and</strong>.<br />
It is densely populated, <strong>and</strong> smells<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> horses. Its surface is intersected<br />
with many pools <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> sulphuretted<br />
protoxide <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> hydrogen, <strong>and</strong> we<br />
found several specimens <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a vegetable<br />
substance, loosely distributed,<br />
which is classed by Mr. Weegates as<br />
the stalkus cabbagiensis.<br />
It being late in the evening when<br />
our arrangements for encamping<br />
were completed, we saw but Uttle <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
the natives until the next morning,<br />
when they gathered about our camp<br />
to the number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> eighteen.<br />
We were surprised to find them <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
diminutive stature, the tallest not<br />
exceeding three feet in height. They<br />
were excessively mischievous, <strong>and</strong><br />
disposed to steal such trifling<br />
things as they could carry away.<br />
Their countenances are <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the color<br />
dirt, <strong>and</strong> their hair white <strong>and</strong><br />
ossy as the silk <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> maize. The <strong>on</strong>e<br />
that we took to be their chief, was an<br />
exceedingly diminutive pers<strong>on</strong>age,<br />
but with a bald head which gave<br />
him a very venerable appearance.<br />
He was dressed in a dingy robe <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
jac<strong>on</strong>et, <strong>and</strong> was borne in the arms<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> his followers. On making<br />
them a speech, proposing a treaty,<br />
<strong>and</strong> assuring them <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the protecti<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> their great Father, Pierce, the<br />
chief was affected to tears, <strong>and</strong> <strong>on</strong><br />
being comforted by his followers,<br />
repeatedly exclaimed, "da, da,—da,<br />
dai' which, we were informed by the<br />
interpreter, meant "father," <strong>and</strong> was<br />
intended as a respectful allusi<strong>on</strong> to<br />
the President. We presented him<br />
afterwards with some beads, hawkbells<br />
<strong>and</strong> other presents, which he<br />
inunediately thrust into his mouth,<br />
saying "Goo," <strong>and</strong> crowing like a<br />
cock; which was rendered by the interpreter<br />
into an expressi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> high<br />
satisfacti<strong>on</strong>. Having made presents<br />
to all his followers, they at length<br />
left us very well pleased, <strong>and</strong> we<br />
m<br />
ortly after took up our line <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
arch. From the notes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Dr. Bigguns,<br />
I transcribe the following<br />
descripti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this deeply interesting<br />
people:<br />
"Kearney Street native; name—Bill;—<br />
height, two feet nine inches;—hair, white;—<br />
complexi<strong>on</strong>, dirt cobr;—eyes, bhae;—no fr<strong>on</strong>t<br />
teeth;—opal at extremeity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> nose;—dress, a<br />
basquine <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> bluish bombazine, with two<br />
gussets, ornamented down the fr<strong>on</strong>t with<br />
crotchet work <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> molasses c<strong>and</strong>y, three butt<strong>on</strong>s<br />
<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong>e side <strong>and</strong> eight butt<strong>on</strong> holes <strong>on</strong><br />
the other—leggings <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> tow-cloth, fringed at<br />
the bottoms <strong>and</strong> permitting free ventilati<strong>on</strong><br />
behind—<strong>on</strong>e shoe <strong>and</strong> <strong>on</strong>e boot; occupati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
erecting small pyramides <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> dirt <strong>and</strong> water;<br />
when asked what they were, replied 'pies,'<br />
(word in Spanish meaning feet; supposed<br />
they might be the feet or foundati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> some<br />
barbarian structure)—reUgious belief, obscure;—when<br />
asked who made him, rephed<br />
'PAR' (supposed to be the name <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
their principal Deities)."<br />
We broke up our encampment <strong>and</strong><br />
moved North by compass across<br />
Market Street, <strong>on</strong> the morning <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
the 6th, <strong>and</strong> about no<strong>on</strong> had completed<br />
the survey as far as the corner<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sec<strong>on</strong>d Street.<br />
While crossing Market Street, being<br />
anxious to know the exact time,<br />
I c<strong>on</strong>cluded to determine it by observati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Having removed the<br />
Sidereal Clock from the cart, <strong>and</strong><br />
put it in the street, we placed the<br />
cart in the plane <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the Meridian,<br />
<strong>and</strong> I removed the eye <strong>and</strong> objectglass<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the transit, for the purpose<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> wiping them. While busily engaged<br />
in this manner, an individual,<br />
whom I have reas<strong>on</strong> to believe is<br />
c<strong>on</strong>nected with a fire company, approached,<br />
<strong>and</strong> seeing the large<br />
brazen tube <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the transit pointed to<br />
the sky mistook it for a huge speaking<br />
trumpet. Misled by this delusi<strong>on</strong>,<br />
he mounted the cart, <strong>and</strong> in an<br />
awful t<strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> voice shouted through<br />
the transit ''Wash her, Thirteen!"<br />
but having miscalculated the<br />
strength <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> his lungs, he was seized<br />
with a violent fit <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> coughing, <strong>and</strong><br />
before he could be removed had<br />
completely coughed the vertical<br />
hairs out <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the instrument. I was in<br />
despair at this sudden destructi<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the utility <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> our most valuable<br />
instrument, but fortunately<br />
recollecting a gridir<strong>on</strong>, that we had<br />
am<strong>on</strong>g our kitchen apparatus, I<br />
directed Dr. Heavysterne to hold it<br />
up in the plane <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the true Meridian,<br />
<strong>and</strong> with an opera glass watched<br />
<strong>and</strong> noted by tiie clock the passage<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the sun's centre across the five<br />
bars. Having made these observati<strong>on</strong>s,<br />
I requested the principal computer<br />
to work them out, as I wished<br />
to ascertain the time immediately;<br />
but he replying that it would take<br />
some three m<strong>on</strong>ths to do it, I c<strong>on</strong>cluded<br />
not to wait, but sent a man<br />
into the grocery, comer <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Market<br />
<strong>and</strong> Sec<strong>on</strong>d, to inquire the time, who<br />
so<strong>on</strong> returned with the desired informati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
It may be thought singul£ir,<br />
that with so many gold watches in<br />
our party, we should ever be found<br />
at a loss to ascertain the time; but<br />
the fact was that I had directed<br />
every <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> our employees to set his<br />
watch by Greenwich mean time,<br />
which, though excellent to give <strong>on</strong>e<br />
the l<strong>on</strong>gitude, is for ordinary purposes<br />
the meanest time that can be<br />
found. A distressing casualty that<br />
befell Dr. Bigguns <strong>on</strong> this occasi<strong>on</strong><br />
may be found worthy <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> record. An<br />
omnibus, passing during the time<br />
observati<strong>on</strong>, was driven carelessly<br />
near our Sidereal Clock, with which<br />
it almost came into c<strong>on</strong>tact. Dr. Bigguns,<br />
with a slight smile, remarked<br />
that "the clock was nearly run<br />
down',' <strong>and</strong> immediately fainted<br />
away. The pursuits <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> science can be<br />
delayed by accidents <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this nature,<br />
two <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the workmen removed our<br />
unfortunate friend, at <strong>on</strong>ce, to the<br />
Orphan Asylum, where, having<br />
rung the bell, they left him <strong>on</strong> the<br />
steps <strong>and</strong> departed, <strong>and</strong> we never<br />
saw him afterwards.<br />
From the comer <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Market to the<br />
corner <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sec<strong>on</strong>d <strong>and</strong> Folsum<br />
Streets, the route presents no object<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> interest worthy <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> menti<strong>on</strong>. We<br />
were forced to the c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>, however,<br />
that little throwing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> st<strong>on</strong>es<br />
prevails near the latter point, as the<br />
inhabitants mostly Uve in glass<br />
houses. On the 8th we had brought<br />
the survey nearly up to Southwick's<br />
Pass <strong>on</strong> Folsom Street, <strong>and</strong> we commenced<br />
going through the Pass <strong>on</strong><br />
the morning <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the 9th. This pass<br />
c<strong>on</strong>sists <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a rectangular ravine,<br />
about 10 feet in length, the sides lined<br />
with pine boards, with a white<br />
oak (quercus albus} bar, that at certain<br />
occasi<strong>on</strong>s forms across, entirely<br />
obstructing the whole route. We<br />
found no difficulty in getting<br />
through the Pass <strong>on</strong> foot, nor the<br />
wheelbarrows; but the mule carts<br />
<strong>and</strong> the "two Fannies" were more<br />
troublesome, <strong>and</strong> we were finally<br />
unable to get them through without<br />
a c<strong>on</strong>siderable pecuniary disbursement,<br />
amounting in all to <strong>on</strong>e dollar<br />
<strong>and</strong> fifty cents ($1.50). We underst<strong>and</strong><br />
that the City <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> San Francisco<br />
is desirous <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> effecting a safe <strong>and</strong><br />
free passage through this celebrated<br />
can<strong>on</strong>, but a large appropriati<strong>on</strong><br />
(c<strong>on</strong>tinued <strong>on</strong> page 32}<br />
The Cahfornia Surveyor — Spring 1986 Page 31
Articles (c<strong>on</strong>tinued)<br />
(c<strong>on</strong>tinued from page 31}<br />
($220,000) is required for the purpose.<br />
The following pasages relating to<br />
this porti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the route, transcribed<br />
from the Geological Notes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Dr.<br />
Dunshunner, though not directly<br />
c<strong>on</strong>nected with the objects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
survey, are extremely curious in a<br />
scientific point <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> view, <strong>and</strong> may be<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> interest to the general reader.<br />
"The country in the vicinity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the route,<br />
after leaving Southwick's Pass, is very productive,<br />
<strong>and</strong> I observed with ast<strong>on</strong>ishment,<br />
that red-headed children appear to grow<br />
sp<strong>on</strong>taneously. A building was pointed out<br />
to me, near our line <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> march, as the locale <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
a most astounding agricultural <strong>and</strong> architectural<br />
phenomen<strong>on</strong>, which illustrates the extreme<br />
fertility <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the soil in a remarkable<br />
degree. A small pine wardrobe, which had<br />
been left st<strong>and</strong>ing by the side <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a house (a<br />
frame cottage with a piazza), at the commencement<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the rainy seas<strong>on</strong>, took root,<br />
<strong>and</strong> in a few weeks grew to the prodigious<br />
height <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> thirty feet, <strong>and</strong> still preserving its<br />
proporti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>and</strong> characteristic apperance,<br />
extended in each directi<strong>on</strong>, until it covered a<br />
space <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ground some forty by twenty feet in<br />
measurement.<br />
"This singular phenomen<strong>on</strong> was taken advantage<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> by the proprietors; doors <strong>and</strong> windows<br />
were cut in the wardrobe, a chimney<br />
erected, <strong>and</strong> it now answers every purpose <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
an additi<strong>on</strong> to the original cottage, being two<br />
stories in height! This, doubtless, appears<br />
almost incredible, but fortunately the house<br />
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from the road, at a trifling expense <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> omnibus<br />
hire, by the sceptical. Some distance<br />
bey<strong>on</strong>d, rises a noble structure, built entirely<br />
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legend, I c<strong>on</strong>cluded that Mrs. Hubbard was<br />
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Spenser,* if I mistake not:<br />
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To get her poor dog a b<strong>on</strong>e;<br />
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the cupboard was bare.<br />
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from Chancer. J.P.<br />
"Feeling curious to ascertain if this were,<br />
by any possibility, the ancient residence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
the heroine <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> these lines, perchance an ancestress<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the present proprietor. I ventured<br />
to call <strong>and</strong> inquire; <strong>and</strong> my antiquarian zeal<br />
was rewarded by the informati<strong>on</strong> that such<br />
was the case; <strong>and</strong> that, if I returned at a later<br />
hour during the evening, I could be allowed a<br />
sight <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the closet, <strong>and</strong> a view <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the skelet<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the original dog. Delighted with my success,<br />
I returned according, <strong>and</strong> finding the<br />
door closed, ventured to knock; when a sudden<br />
shower <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> rain fell, lasting but about five<br />
sec<strong>on</strong>ds, but drenching me to the skin.<br />
Undeterred by this c<strong>on</strong>tretemps, I elevated<br />
my umbrella <strong>and</strong> knocked again, loudly,<br />
when a violent c<strong>on</strong>cussi<strong>on</strong> up<strong>on</strong> the umbrella,<br />
accompanied by a thrill down the h<strong>and</strong>le,<br />
which caused me to seat myself precipitately<br />
in a bucket by the side <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the door,<br />
>or.<br />
c<strong>on</strong>vinced me that electrical phenomena q<br />
an anusual character were prevalent, a<br />
decided me to return with all speed to our<br />
campment. Here I was astounded by discovering<br />
inverted <strong>on</strong> the summit <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> my umbrella,<br />
a curious <strong>and</strong> deeply interesting vase,<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> singularly antique shape, <strong>and</strong> composed,<br />
apparently, <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> white porcelain. Whether this<br />
vase fell from the mo<strong>on</strong>, a comet, or a passing<br />
meteor, I have not yet decided; drawings<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> it are being prepared, <strong>and</strong> the whole subject<br />
will receive my thorough investigati<strong>on</strong><br />
at an early day.*<br />
*This curious antique, to which I have given<br />
the name <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the "Dunshunner Vase," has<br />
singularly the appearance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a wash basin.'<br />
When the drawings are completed, it is to be<br />
presented to the California Academy <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Natural Sciences. J.P.<br />
"I subsequently attemped to pursue my<br />
investigati<strong>on</strong> at the 'Valley House,' but the<br />
curt manner <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the proprietor led me to<br />
suspect that the subject was distasteful, <strong>and</strong><br />
I was reluctantly compelled to ab<strong>and</strong><strong>on</strong> it.<br />
"Near the 'Valley House| I observed an<br />
advertisement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 'The Mountain View! by P.<br />
Buckley; but the building in which it is exhibited<br />
being closed, I had no opportunity to<br />
judge <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the merits <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the painting, or the<br />
skill <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Mr, Buckley as an artist. A short<br />
distance further, I discovered a small house<br />
occupied by a gentleman, who appeared<br />
engaged in some descripti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> traffic with<br />
the emigrants; <strong>and</strong> <strong>on</strong> watching his moti<strong>on</strong>s<br />
intently my surprise was great to find that<br />
his employment c<strong>on</strong>sisted in selling the<br />
small pieces <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> pasteboard at fifty ceri<br />
apiece! Curious to know the nature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> thes5<br />
valuable bits <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> paper, I watched carefuly the<br />
proprietor's moti<strong>on</strong>s through a window for<br />
some hours; but being at length observed by<br />
(c<strong>on</strong>tinued <strong>on</strong> page 34)<br />
Page 32 The California Surveyor — Spring 1986
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Articles (c<strong>on</strong>tinued)<br />
(c<strong>on</strong>tinued from page 32)<br />
him, I was requested to leave—<strong>and</strong> I left.<br />
This curious subject is therefore, I regret to<br />
say, enwrapped in mystery, <strong>and</strong> I reluctantly<br />
leave it for the elucidati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> some future savant.<br />
The beautiful idea, originated by Col.<br />
Bent<strong>on</strong>, that buffaloes <strong>and</strong> other wild<br />
animals are the pi<strong>on</strong>eer engineers, <strong>and</strong> that<br />
subsequent explorati<strong>on</strong>s can discover no better<br />
roads than those selected by them, would<br />
appear to apply admirably to the Central<br />
Route. Many pigs, singly <strong>and</strong> in droves, met<br />
<strong>and</strong> passed me c<strong>on</strong>tinually; <strong>and</strong> as the pig is<br />
unquesti<strong>on</strong>ably a more sagacious animal<br />
than the buffalo, their preference for this<br />
route is a most significant fact. I was,<br />
moreover, informed by the emigrants, that<br />
this route was 'the <strong>on</strong>e followed by Col. Frem<strong>on</strong>t<br />
when he lost his men! This statement<br />
must be received cum grano salts, as, <strong>on</strong> my<br />
inquiry—'What men?' my informant rephed<br />
'A box <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> chessmen!' which answer, from its<br />
levity, threw an air <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> doubt over the whole<br />
piece <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> informati<strong>on</strong>, in my mind. There can<br />
be no questi<strong>on</strong>, however, that Lieut. Beale<br />
has frequently travelled this route, <strong>and</strong> that<br />
it was a favorite with him; indeed, I am informed<br />
that he took the first omnibus over it<br />
that ever left San Francisco for the Missi<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Delores.<br />
"The climate in these latitudes is mild;<br />
snow appears to be unknown, <strong>and</strong> we saw<br />
but little ice; what there was being sold at<br />
twenty-five cents per lb.<br />
"The geological formati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the country is<br />
not volcanic. I saw but <strong>on</strong>e small specimen <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
trap during the march, which I observed at<br />
the 'Valley House,' with a mouse in it. From<br />
the vast accumulati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> s<strong>and</strong> in these<br />
regi<strong>on</strong>s. I am led to adopt the opini<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
ethnologists <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the 'California Academy <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Natural Sciences,' <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>clude that the<br />
original name <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this territory was S<strong>and</strong><br />
Francisco, from which the final 'd' in the<br />
prefix has been lost by time, like the art <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
painting <strong>on</strong> glass.<br />
"C<strong>on</strong>sidering the innumerable villages <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
pigs to be found located <strong>on</strong> the line <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> march,<br />
<strong>and</strong> the c<strong>on</strong>sequent effect produced <strong>on</strong> the<br />
atmosphere, I would respectfully suggest to<br />
the Chief Engineer the propriety <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> changing<br />
the name <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the route by a slight alternati<strong>on</strong><br />
in the orthography, giving it the appropriate<br />
<strong>and</strong> euph<strong>on</strong>ious title <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the 'Scentral R. R.<br />
Route!<br />
"Respectfully submitted,<br />
"ABRAHAM DUNSHUNNER, LL. D.<br />
"P.G.O.R.R.R.S."<br />
From Southwick's Pass, the<br />
survey was c<strong>on</strong>tinued with unabated<br />
ardor until the evening <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
10th instant, when we had arrived<br />
opposite Mrs. Freeman's "American<br />
Eagle," where we encamped.<br />
From this point a botanical party<br />
under Pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>. Weegates was sent over<br />
the hills to the S. <strong>and</strong> W. for explorati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
They returned <strong>on</strong> the 11th,<br />
bringing a box <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> sardines, a tin can<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> preserved whortleberries, <strong>and</strong> a<br />
bottle <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whisky, as specimens <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
the products <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the country over<br />
which they had passed. They<br />
reported discovering <strong>on</strong> the old<br />
plank road, an inn or hostel kept by<br />
a native American Irishman, whose<br />
sign exhibited the Harp <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Irel<strong>and</strong><br />
encircling the shield <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the United<br />
States, with the mottoes<br />
"Erin go unum, ^^<br />
E Pluribus bragh." ^B<br />
On the 14th the party arrived u^<br />
good health <strong>and</strong> excellent spirits at<br />
the "Nightingale,'' Missi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Dolores.<br />
History informs us, that<br />
"The Nightingale club at the village was<br />
held.<br />
At the sign <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the Cabbage <strong>and</strong> Shears!'<br />
It is interesting to the Antiqu£irian<br />
to look over the excellent<br />
cabbage garden, still exteuit immediately<br />
opposite the Nightingale,<br />
<strong>and</strong> much more so to c<strong>on</strong>verse with<br />
Mr. Shears, the respected <strong>and</strong> urbane<br />
proprietor.<br />
The survey <strong>and</strong> rec<strong>on</strong>naissance<br />
being finished <strong>on</strong> our arrival at the<br />
Missi<strong>on</strong>, it may be expected that I<br />
should here give a full <strong>and</strong> impartial<br />
statement as to the merits or demerits<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the route, in c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong><br />
with the proposed Railroad.<br />
Some three m<strong>on</strong>ths must elapse,<br />
however, before this can be d<strong>on</strong>e, as<br />
the triangulati<strong>on</strong> has yet to be perfectly<br />
computed, the sub-reports examined<br />
<strong>and</strong> compiled, the observ<br />
ti<strong>on</strong>s worked out, <strong>and</strong> the maps a:<br />
v ^ ^<br />
HASELBACH<br />
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instruments - Wild - Nik<strong>on</strong> - Lietz<br />
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'Most service orders completed <strong>and</strong><br />
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drawings executed. Besides, I have received a letter from certain<br />
parties interested in the Southern <strong>and</strong> Northern routes, informing<br />
me that if I suspend my opini<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> the "Great Central"<br />
for the present, it will be greatly to my interest,—<strong>and</strong> as<br />
y interest is certainly my principle c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong>, I shall<br />
ndoubtediy comply with their request, unless, indeed, greater<br />
inducement is <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fered to the c<strong>on</strong>trary.<br />
Meanwhile I can assure the public, that a great deal may certainly<br />
be said in favor <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the Central Route. A full report accompanied<br />
by maps, charts, sub-reports, diagrams, calculati<strong>on</strong>s,<br />
tables <strong>and</strong> statistics, may shortly be expected.<br />
Pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>iles <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>. Heavysterne, Dr. Dunshunner <strong>and</strong> myself,<br />
executed in black court plaster by Mr. Jinkins, R.A., <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
Artists <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the Expediti<strong>on</strong>, in his unrivalled style <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> elegance,<br />
may be seen for a short time at Messrs. LeCount &<br />
Str<strong>on</strong>g's—scale iy2 inch to 1 foot.<br />
In c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> I beg leave to return my thanks to the Pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essors,<br />
Assistants, <strong>and</strong> Artists <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the Expediti<strong>on</strong>, for the<br />
energy, fidelity <strong>and</strong> zeal, with which they have ever cooperated<br />
with me, <strong>and</strong> sec<strong>on</strong>ded my efforts; <strong>and</strong> to assure them<br />
that I shall be happy at any time to sit for my portrait for<br />
them, or to accept the h<strong>and</strong>some service <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> plate, which I am<br />
told they have prepared for me, but feel too much delicacy to<br />
speak to me about.<br />
I remain, with the highest respect <strong>and</strong> esteem for myself <strong>and</strong><br />
every body else,<br />
JOHN PHOENIX, A.M.,<br />
ChiefEngineer<strong>and</strong>Ast<strong>on</strong>omer. S.F.A.M.D.C.E.<br />
D<br />
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POST OFFICE BOX 9098<br />
SANTA ROSA, CA 95405-9990 "<br />
BULK RATE<br />
U.S. POSTAGE<br />
PAID<br />
Permit No. 635<br />
Santa Rosa, CA<br />
i<br />
opini<strong>on</strong>s or asserti<strong>on</strong>s expressed in articles in the publicati<strong>on</strong><br />
do not necessarily represent the <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ficial views <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the Associati<strong>on</strong><br />
ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED