EEG and Brain Connectivity: A Tutorial - Bio-Medical Instruments, Inc.

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2008; He et al, 2009). Recent neuroimaging studies show that all of the various “modules” are dynamically linked and interactive and that sub-sets of neural groups in different modules “bind” together for brief periods of time to mediate a given function (Sauseng, and Klimesch, 2008, Thatcher et al, 2008a; 2008b). An illustration of Brodmann areas and electrodes as they relate to functional systems is shown in the figure below. Example of Brodmann areas as they relate to various general functions and “Hubs” or “Modules” and scalp electrode locations that “sense” electrical activity generated by various functional systems. The linkage of a patient’s symptoms and complaints to the localization of functional systems in the brain is based on the accumulated scientific and clinical literature from QEEG, MEG, fMRI, PET and SPECT studies conducted over the last few decades as well as the basic neurological and neuropsychological lesion literature. The Russian neuropsychologist Alexandra Luria (1973) and the American neuropsychologist Hans-Lukas Teuber (1968) are among the leading scientists to make important linkages between symptoms and complaints and localization of functional systems in
the brain. The integration of QEEG and EEG biofeedback relies upon such linkages as the initial stage in the formation of neurofeedback protocols as illustrated in the figures in this section. The idea is to first produce hypotheses about likely linkages between a patient’s symptoms and complaints and the location of functional systems based on the scientific literature prior to conducting a QEEG. Step two is to confirm or disconfirm the linkage by evaluating brain locations of deviations from normal using QEEG and LORETA 3-dimensional imaging and step three is to produce a biofeedback protocol based on the match between hypothesized locations and the QEEG and/or LORETA evaluation. Luria (1973) emphasized that de-regulation of neural populations is reflected by reduced homeostatic balance in the brain in which symptoms are represented as “loss of function” that are often accompanied by “compensatory” processes. One goal of the linkage of QEEG and neurofeedback is to identify and contrast the weak or “loss of function” components in the EEG from the compensatory processes where the weak systems are the initial target of the EEG biofeedback protocol. Flow diagram of individualized protocol design based on linkage of patient’s symptoms and complaints with surface QEEG Z scores and LORETA Z scores. The columns of the
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