EEG and Brain Connectivity: A Tutorial - Bio-Medical Instruments, Inc.

Fig. 9 – Various degrees and types of locking of oscillators. From Izhikevich
and Kuramoto, 2005).
16 – What is Phase Resetting?
Coupled oscillators often drift apart in their phase relationship and a
synchronizing pulse can shift the phase of one or both of the oscillations so
that they are again in phase or phase locked for a period of time (Pikovsky et
al, 2003). Synchrony is defined as “an adjustment of rhythms of selfsustaining
oscillators due to their weak interactions” (Pikovsky et al, 2003).
Phase reset marks the onset of phase locking. Phase locking and the term
“entrainment” are synonymous. The amount of phase resetting per unit
time is depicted by phase reset curves or PRC = (new phase – old phase).
Positive values of the PRC correspond to phase angle advances, negative
values correspond to phase angle reductions. Weak coupling typically
exhibits a slow and smooth PRC whereas strong coupling between
oscillators often results in abrupt or a discontinuous PRC. A useful method
to measure phase resetting is by computing the first derivative of the time
series of phase difference on the y-axis and time on the x-axis. A significant
positive or negative first derivative of the time series of phase differences
represents the magnitude of phase resetting (the second derivative of the
phase shift is also useful in this computation). Phase reset is related to onset
of phase synchrony or phase locking and the period of near zero 1 st
derivatives in time is an example of a homeostatic and stable dynamical
system (Pikovsky et al, 2003; John, 2005). Two interesting properties of