On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...

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98 Chapter 4 Deviation from FC [cm] 0 -10 -20 Years 1971 & 1972 Data from Germann (1976) J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D 1971 1972 Deviation from FC [cm] 0 -10 -20 Years 1975 & 1976 Data from Borer (1982) J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D 1975 1976 Deviation from FC [cm] 0 -10 -20 Years 1978 & 1979 Data from Vogelsanger (1986) J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D 1978 1979 Deviation from FC [cm] 0 -10 -20 Years 1982-1984 Data from Hurst (1988) J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D 1982 1983 1984 Fig. 4.4: Comparison of simulated (solid lines) and measured (dots) soil moisture content at various sites on the Swiss Plateau (Tab. 4.2).
Behaviour of FORCLIM along a transect in the European Alps 99 4.2 FORCLIM-S The buildup of soil organic matter was evaluated at six sites along a gradient of increasing actual evapotranspiration (Bever, north-facing slope; Davos; Sion; Bever, south-facing slope; Bern; Locarno; cf. Tab. 4.1). It was assumed that there is no organic material at the beginning of the simulations and that there is a constant annual input of litter into the system (Tab. 4.4). The simulations were run until the steady state of soil organic matter was reached. Bever (north facing slope), ForClim-S 400 Organic matter [t/ha] Available nitrogen [kg/ha] 300 200 100 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 uAvN LOM HOM SOM Simulation time [years] Fig. 4.5: Buildup of soil organic matter content on a north-facing slope at the site Bever as simulated by FORCLIM-S. LOM: litter organic matter; HOM: humus organic matter; SOM: total soil organic matter, SOM = LOM + HOM; uAvN: nitrogen available for plant growth. Litter input is from Tab. 4.4, and actual evapotranspiration is from Tab. 4.1. Fig. 4.5 shows typical simulation results obtained from FORCLIM-S for a northern slope at the site Bever. The steady state of belowground organic matter is reached within 200- 250 years, and Tab. 4.3 gives an overview of the steady-state results obtained at the six sites. As mentioned in the section on the assumptions of FORCLIM-S, both LINKAGES and FORCLIM-S lack a carbon pool with a turnover rate in the order of 1000 years (Parton et al. 1987, Verberne et al. 1990). Hence the steady state of belowground organic matter is reached too fast and is slightly too low in these models (cf. Fig. 4.5). A hypothesized “slow” compartment would be small and would react much more slowly to climatic change than the species composition. Moreover, within the next few hundred years the
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Diss. ETH No. 10638 On the Ecology
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ii Table of contents A BSTRACT.....
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iv APPENDIX .......................
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vi Harald BUGMANN, 1994: On the eco
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viii Harald BUGMANN, 1994: Aspekte
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1 1 . Introduction 1.1 Climatic cha
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Introduction 3 1.2 Methods for the
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Introduction 5 in a changing climat
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Introduction 7 Their integrative ca
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Introduction 9 (1984) provides a mo
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Introduction 11 The main advantage
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13 2 . Analysis of existing forest
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Analysis of existing forest gap mod
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The forest model FORCLIM 45 carbon
Page 41 and 42: The forest model FORCLIM 47 TREE GR
Page 43 and 44: The forest model FORCLIM 49 gBFlag
Page 45 and 46: The forest model FORCLIM 51 Disturb
Page 47 and 48: The forest model FORCLIM 53 decay o
Page 49 and 50: The forest model FORCLIM 55 the est
Page 51 and 52: The forest model FORCLIM 57 3.3 Mod
Page 53 and 54: The forest model FORCLIM 59 Light a
Page 55 and 56: The forest model FORCLIM 61 Overall
Page 57 and 58: The forest model FORCLIM 63 D (cm)
Page 59 and 60: The forest model FORCLIM 65 a) b) c
Page 61 and 62: The forest model FORCLIM 67 Growth
Page 63 and 64: The forest model FORCLIM 69 Stress-
Page 65 and 66: The forest model FORCLIM 71 Tab. 3.
Page 67 and 68: The forest model FORCLIM 73 3.3.2 F
Page 69 and 70: The forest model FORCLIM 75 where k
Page 71 and 72: The forest model FORCLIM 77 NITROGE
Page 73 and 74: The forest model FORCLIM 79 peratur
Page 75 and 76: The forest model FORCLIM 81 of degr
Page 77 and 78: The forest model FORCLIM 83 microcl
Page 79 and 80: The forest model FORCLIM 85 Tab. 3.
Page 81 and 82: The forest model FORCLIM 87 3.4.3 F
Page 83 and 84: The forest model FORCLIM 89 All the
Page 85 and 86: The forest model FORCLIM 91 The mas
Page 87 and 88: The forest model FORCLIM 93 FORCLIM
Page 89 and 90: Behaviour of FORCLIM along a transe
Page 91: Behaviour of FORCLIM along a transe
Page 115 and 116: Parameter sensitivity & model valid
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Parameter sensitivity & model valid
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Parameter sensitivity & model valid
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153 6 . Model applications Climatic
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Model applications 155 The simulate
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Model applications 157 6.2 Possible
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Model applications 159 simulation s
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Model applications 161 Simulation e
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Model applications 163 At the site
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Model applications 165 Bever Biomas
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Model applications 167 tainty inher
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Model applications 169 scenario cho
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Discussion 171 Finally, the analysi
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Discussion 173 bitrarily chosen par
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Discussion 175 comparably small imp
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Discussion 177 end of the 21st cent
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Conclusions 179 Ecological factors
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Conclusions 181 species composition
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References 183 Begon, M., Harper, J
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References 185 Burger, H., 1951. Ho
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References 187 Faber, P.J., 1991. A
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References 189 Huntley, B. & Birks,
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References 191 Leemans, R. & Prenti
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References 193 Olson, J.S., 1963. E
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References 195 Rudloff, W., 1981. W
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References 197 Smith, T.M., Leemans
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References 199 Whittaker, R.H., 195
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Appendix 201 II. Derivation of para
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Appendix 203 Tab. A-4: Tree species
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Appendix 205 Tab. A-7: Values for m
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Appendix 207 The minimum winter tem
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Appendix 209 Tab. A-11: Shade toler
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Appendix 211 Tab. A-14: Climatic pa
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Appendix 213 IV. Source code of the
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Appendix 215 FROM SimBase IMPORT De
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Appendix 217 END; (* IF *) prevDay
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Appendix 219 PROCEDURE InitializeFW
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Appendix 221 InstallSeparator( fMen
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Appendix 223 FROM FCPFileIO IMPORT
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Appendix 225 modelSp^.p.kHm := sens
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Appendix 227 DeclMV( meanLitt[leafS
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Appendix 229 Swiss Federal Institut
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Appendix 231 (*********************
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Appendix 233 BEGIN WITH sp^ DO d :=
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Appendix 235 Definition module FCPB
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Appendix 237 Purpose Simulation mod
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Appendix 239 END Immobilization; PR
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Appendix 241 CONST lem = 3; VAR ef:
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Appendix 243 Purpose Provides the b
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Appendix 245 Example of a text file
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Appendix 247 Tab. A-15: Lower end o
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Appendix 249 Tab. A-17: Percentage
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Appendix 251 Tab. A-19: Significant
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Appendix 253 VI. Derivation of para
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Appendix 255 Tab. A-21: Species-spe
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Appendix 257 Tab. A-22 (continued)
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