On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...

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92 Chapter 3 The module ForestBase provides mechanisms for coupling all the submodels, for changing climatic parameters, and for reading files with site-specific data. Moreover, it is also used to administer the statistics calculated by the submodels and for various technical aspects of the simulation model. The data exchange between submodels via a common base module such as ForestBase provides another advantage: For example, if the submodels were to import their input variables directly from those submodels providing the variables, it would be impossible to avoid a circular dependency between FORCLIM-P and FORCLIM-S (cf. Fig. 3.1). 3.5.3 The concepts of sites and species Forest gap models have always been implemented to run for a specific site (Botkin et al. 1972a,b), which is defined by its geographical location, climatic parameters, and other site-specific parameters, such as the field capacity of the soil, plus a set of tree species. In FORCLIM, the ForestBase module provides the parameters specific for the currently chosen site, which may be used by any of the submodels. A different site may be chosen either by pull-down menu commands at the user interface or under program control; however, it is not possible to be in a state where no site is defined. Similarly, FORCLIM-P runs for a specific set of tree species, which may also be replaced by another set of species interactively or under program control. It should be noted that site and species data are separated into different files in FORCLIM; thus it is possible to perform experiments with any combinations of sites and species via the user interface. 3.5.4 Other implementational aspects The size of the source and object code of all the modules of the FORCLIM model are given in Tab. 3.19. The total disk space occupied by the model may appear to be rather high; however, it should be noted that the actual model structure requires only 13% of the code of all the implementation modules (24 KBytes). The vast majority of the code was introduced to provide the possibility that the user can perform extensive monitoring of many model properties at runtime, such as stem density distributions, tree-ring chronologies, and animations of tree growth. It is also possible to calculate the statistical properties of n simulation runs at runtime. Thus only the summary statistics are written to an output file instead of megabytes of simulation results. Moreover, a summary matrix of the limiting factors for tree establishment and tree growth is provided, and the state vector of
The forest model FORCLIM 93 FORCLIM-P can be read from and written to a text file. Most fundamentally, it is possible to change both the site and the set of species and to choose another setup of the submodels of FORCLIM from within the ModelWorks simulation environment. The uniformly distributed random variates required by FORCLIM-P are generated according to Wichmann & Hill (1982, 1987); the normally distributed variates required by FOR- CLIM-E are generated with the acceptance-rejection method by Box & Muller (1958). Both routines are contained in the RAMSES Auxiliary Library (Tab. 3.18). Tree and litter cohorts in the models FORCLIM-P and FORCLIM-S are simulated as dynamic lists of Modula-2 records (Wirth 1986), allocating the memory required for a new record in the computer's heap memory when a tree or litter cohort is to be created, and deallocating it when the last member of the tree cohort dies or the litter cohort is transferred to the humus compartment, respectively. For efficiency reasons, the update mechanism for state variables offered by ModelWorks (Fischlin et al. 1990) was not used in the model implementation. Thus both FORCLIM-P and FORCLIM-S have their own update procedures which are called in the Output procedure of the respective model (Fischlin et al. 1990). The Modula-2 source code of the FORCLIM model is given in Appendix IV. The current version of the FORCLIM model requires at least 1.5 MBytes of Random Access Memory (RAM), which is mainly used as heap space. If the additional monitoring facilities are to be used extensively, it may be desirable to have up to 2.5 MB of RAM. Tab. 3.19: Size of the modules in the FORCLIM model. DEF: Modula-2 definition source code; MOD: implementation source code; SBM: symbol file code; OBJ: executable object code. Lines of source code include neither comments nor empty lines. DEF MOD SBM OBJ bytes lines bytes lines bytes bytes ForClim – – 4217 86 – 1'752 ForClimS 1'476 4 21'537 480 77 8'944 ForClimP 1'532 4 26'248 525 77 12'070 FCPDynamic 2'215 10 11'940 187 1'777 5'098 FCPMon 1'999 11 13'882 335 1'824 6'266 FCPGrFact 1'919 10 4'302 81 1'774 1'788 FCPFileIO 2'479 16 20'225 464 1'916 11'258 FCPBase 5'169 76 12'793 320 2'110 5'836 ForClimE 1'657 4 24'167 568 77 11'636 ForestBase 8'013 99 45'632 1'075 2'446 19'628 TOTAL 26'459 234 184'943 4'035 12'078 84'276
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Diss. ETH No. 10638 On the Ecology
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ii Table of contents A BSTRACT.....
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iv APPENDIX .......................
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vi Harald BUGMANN, 1994: On the eco
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viii Harald BUGMANN, 1994: Aspekte
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1 1 . Introduction 1.1 Climatic cha
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Introduction 3 1.2 Methods for the
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Introduction 5 in a changing climat
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Introduction 7 Their integrative ca
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Introduction 9 (1984) provides a mo
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Introduction 11 The main advantage
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13 2 . Analysis of existing forest
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Analysis of existing forest gap mod
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Page 35 and 36: Analysis of existing forest gap mod
Page 37 and 38: Analysis of existing forest gap mod
Page 39 and 40: The forest model FORCLIM 45 carbon
Page 41 and 42: The forest model FORCLIM 47 TREE GR
Page 43 and 44: The forest model FORCLIM 49 gBFlag
Page 45 and 46: The forest model FORCLIM 51 Disturb
Page 47 and 48: The forest model FORCLIM 53 decay o
Page 49 and 50: The forest model FORCLIM 55 the est
Page 51 and 52: The forest model FORCLIM 57 3.3 Mod
Page 53 and 54: The forest model FORCLIM 59 Light a
Page 55 and 56: The forest model FORCLIM 61 Overall
Page 57 and 58: The forest model FORCLIM 63 D (cm)
Page 59 and 60: The forest model FORCLIM 65 a) b) c
Page 61 and 62: The forest model FORCLIM 67 Growth
Page 63 and 64: The forest model FORCLIM 69 Stress-
Page 65 and 66: The forest model FORCLIM 71 Tab. 3.
Page 67 and 68: The forest model FORCLIM 73 3.3.2 F
Page 69 and 70: The forest model FORCLIM 75 where k
Page 71 and 72: The forest model FORCLIM 77 NITROGE
Page 73 and 74: The forest model FORCLIM 79 peratur
Page 75 and 76: The forest model FORCLIM 81 of degr
Page 77 and 78: The forest model FORCLIM 83 microcl
Page 79 and 80: The forest model FORCLIM 85 Tab. 3.
Page 81 and 82: The forest model FORCLIM 87 3.4.3 F
Page 83 and 84: The forest model FORCLIM 89 All the
Page 85: The forest model FORCLIM 91 The mas
Page 89 and 90: Behaviour of FORCLIM along a transe
Page 115 and 116: Parameter sensitivity & model valid
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Parameter sensitivity & model valid
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153 6 . Model applications Climatic
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Model applications 155 The simulate
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Model applications 157 6.2 Possible
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Model applications 159 simulation s
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Model applications 161 Simulation e
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Model applications 163 At the site
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Model applications 165 Bever Biomas
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Model applications 167 tainty inher
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Model applications 169 scenario cho
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Discussion 171 Finally, the analysi
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Discussion 173 bitrarily chosen par
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Discussion 175 comparably small imp
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Discussion 177 end of the 21st cent
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Conclusions 179 Ecological factors
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Conclusions 181 species composition
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References 183 Begon, M., Harper, J
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References 185 Burger, H., 1951. Ho
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References 187 Faber, P.J., 1991. A
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References 189 Huntley, B. & Birks,
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References 191 Leemans, R. & Prenti
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References 193 Olson, J.S., 1963. E
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References 195 Rudloff, W., 1981. W
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References 197 Smith, T.M., Leemans
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References 199 Whittaker, R.H., 195
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Appendix 201 II. Derivation of para
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Appendix 203 Tab. A-4: Tree species
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Appendix 205 Tab. A-7: Values for m
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Appendix 207 The minimum winter tem
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Appendix 209 Tab. A-11: Shade toler
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Appendix 211 Tab. A-14: Climatic pa
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Appendix 213 IV. Source code of the
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Appendix 215 FROM SimBase IMPORT De
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Appendix 217 END; (* IF *) prevDay
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Appendix 219 PROCEDURE InitializeFW
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Appendix 221 InstallSeparator( fMen
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Appendix 223 FROM FCPFileIO IMPORT
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Appendix 225 modelSp^.p.kHm := sens
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Appendix 227 DeclMV( meanLitt[leafS
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Appendix 229 Swiss Federal Institut
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Appendix 231 (*********************
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Appendix 233 BEGIN WITH sp^ DO d :=
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Appendix 235 Definition module FCPB
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Appendix 237 Purpose Simulation mod
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Appendix 239 END Immobilization; PR
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Appendix 241 CONST lem = 3; VAR ef:
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Appendix 243 Purpose Provides the b
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Appendix 245 Example of a text file
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Appendix 247 Tab. A-15: Lower end o
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Appendix 249 Tab. A-17: Percentage
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Appendix 251 Tab. A-19: Significant
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Appendix 253 VI. Derivation of para
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Appendix 255 Tab. A-21: Species-spe
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Appendix 257 Tab. A-22 (continued)
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