On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...

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90 Chapter 3 ForClim-E Abiotic environment model ForClim-P Plant population dynamics model ForClim-S Soil organic matter dynamics model kLat kFC kSlAsp µ(T), µ(P) σ(T), σ(P) r uWiT uDD uDrStr uAET uWiT uDD uDrStr uAvN uXL uXL uAET uAvN ForestBase Site characteristics: latitude (kLat) soil field capacity (kFC) slope & aspect (kSlAsp) Climatic data: monthly µ and σ of T & P cross-correlation coefficients (r) between T & P Bioclimatic variables: Winter temperature (uWiT) Annual sum of degree-days (uDD) Drought stress index (uDrStr) Actual evapotranspiration (uAET) Biotic data: Annual production of six types of litter (uXL) Soil data: Available nitrogen in the soil (uAvN) Fig. 3.13: Architecture of the FORCLIM model. The three submodels FORCLIM-E, FORCLIM-P, and FORCLIM-S exchange data via the base module ForestBase, which warrants that all the output variables have a well-defined value all the time. FCPMon exports the procedures necessary for the monitoring of stem density distributions (histograms) and tree ring chronologies, plus the animation of tree growth. FCPFileIO contains routines that perform file input and output tasks, such as reading of files with species parameters, writing of a matrix of limiting factors for tree establishment and growth, and the reading and writing of the state vector of FORCLIM-P. FCPGrFact: Calculation of the three species-specific growth factors (gDDGF, gSMGF, gSNGF) and of total leaf area index, total biomass, and total tree number. FCPDynamic: This module contains the equations describing tree establishment, growth (except for three growth factors, cf. module FCPGrFact), mortality, and litter production. Moreover, it also contains the update procedure of the state vector. ForClimP: model declaration in ModelWorks; it contains the ModelWorks procedures for model dynamics and maintains the user interface.
The forest model FORCLIM 91 The master module ForClim (Fig. 3.14) provides a menu command for configuring the FORCLIM simulation model and a message displayed at the startup of FORCLIM. ForClim ForClimE ForClimP ForClimS FCPFileIO FCPGrFact FCPMon FCPDynamic CPBase ForestBase Fig. 3.14: Module structure of the FORCLIM model. Arrows denote Modula-2 imports; white boxes are definition modules, shadowed boxes are implementation modules. Tab. 3.18: Imported modules (top row) and importing modules (leftmost column) used in the FORCLIM simulation system. • = import in definition module; o = import in implementation module. Module numbers (#): 1 ForClim 11 Histograms 2 ForClimE 12 Lists 3 ForClimP 13 MultiNormal 4 FCPDynamic 14 Jacobi 5 FCPFileIO 15 Random Number Generators (RandGen, RandNormal) 6 FCPGrFact 16 ReadData 7 FCPMon 17 StochStat 8 FCPBase 18 TabFunc 9 ForClimS 19 DialogMachine Library modules (DM) 10 ForestBase 20 ModelWorks Library modules (MW) FORCLIM modules Auxiliary Library modules DM MW # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 • o o o o o o 2 • o o o o o o o o 3 • o o o o o o o o o o 4 • o o o o o 5 • o o o o o 6 • o o 7 • o o o o 8 • o o o o o o 9 • o o o o 10 • o o o o o o o
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Diss. ETH No. 10638 On the Ecology
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ii Table of contents A BSTRACT.....
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iv APPENDIX .......................
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vi Harald BUGMANN, 1994: On the eco
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viii Harald BUGMANN, 1994: Aspekte
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1 1 . Introduction 1.1 Climatic cha
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Introduction 3 1.2 Methods for the
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Introduction 5 in a changing climat
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Introduction 7 Their integrative ca
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Introduction 9 (1984) provides a mo
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Introduction 11 The main advantage
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13 2 . Analysis of existing forest
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Analysis of existing forest gap mod
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Page 33 and 34: Analysis of existing forest gap mod
Page 39 and 40: The forest model FORCLIM 45 carbon
Page 41 and 42: The forest model FORCLIM 47 TREE GR
Page 43 and 44: The forest model FORCLIM 49 gBFlag
Page 45 and 46: The forest model FORCLIM 51 Disturb
Page 47 and 48: The forest model FORCLIM 53 decay o
Page 49 and 50: The forest model FORCLIM 55 the est
Page 51 and 52: The forest model FORCLIM 57 3.3 Mod
Page 53 and 54: The forest model FORCLIM 59 Light a
Page 55 and 56: The forest model FORCLIM 61 Overall
Page 57 and 58: The forest model FORCLIM 63 D (cm)
Page 59 and 60: The forest model FORCLIM 65 a) b) c
Page 61 and 62: The forest model FORCLIM 67 Growth
Page 63 and 64: The forest model FORCLIM 69 Stress-
Page 65 and 66: The forest model FORCLIM 71 Tab. 3.
Page 67 and 68: The forest model FORCLIM 73 3.3.2 F
Page 69 and 70: The forest model FORCLIM 75 where k
Page 71 and 72: The forest model FORCLIM 77 NITROGE
Page 73 and 74: The forest model FORCLIM 79 peratur
Page 75 and 76: The forest model FORCLIM 81 of degr
Page 77 and 78: The forest model FORCLIM 83 microcl
Page 79 and 80: The forest model FORCLIM 85 Tab. 3.
Page 81 and 82: The forest model FORCLIM 87 3.4.3 F
Page 83: The forest model FORCLIM 89 All the
Page 87 and 88: The forest model FORCLIM 93 FORCLIM
Page 89 and 90: Behaviour of FORCLIM along a transe
Page 115 and 116: Parameter sensitivity & model valid
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Parameter sensitivity & model valid
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153 6 . Model applications Climatic
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Model applications 155 The simulate
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Model applications 157 6.2 Possible
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Model applications 159 simulation s
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Model applications 161 Simulation e
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Model applications 163 At the site
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Model applications 165 Bever Biomas
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Model applications 167 tainty inher
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Model applications 169 scenario cho
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Discussion 171 Finally, the analysi
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Discussion 173 bitrarily chosen par
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Discussion 175 comparably small imp
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Discussion 177 end of the 21st cent
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Conclusions 179 Ecological factors
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Conclusions 181 species composition
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References 183 Begon, M., Harper, J
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References 185 Burger, H., 1951. Ho
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References 187 Faber, P.J., 1991. A
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References 189 Huntley, B. & Birks,
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References 191 Leemans, R. & Prenti
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References 193 Olson, J.S., 1963. E
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References 195 Rudloff, W., 1981. W
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References 197 Smith, T.M., Leemans
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References 199 Whittaker, R.H., 195
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Appendix 201 II. Derivation of para
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Appendix 203 Tab. A-4: Tree species
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Appendix 205 Tab. A-7: Values for m
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Appendix 207 The minimum winter tem
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Appendix 209 Tab. A-11: Shade toler
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Appendix 211 Tab. A-14: Climatic pa
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Appendix 213 IV. Source code of the
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Appendix 215 FROM SimBase IMPORT De
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Appendix 217 END; (* IF *) prevDay
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Appendix 219 PROCEDURE InitializeFW
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Appendix 221 InstallSeparator( fMen
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Appendix 223 FROM FCPFileIO IMPORT
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Appendix 225 modelSp^.p.kHm := sens
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Appendix 227 DeclMV( meanLitt[leafS
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Appendix 229 Swiss Federal Institut
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Appendix 231 (*********************
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Appendix 233 BEGIN WITH sp^ DO d :=
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Appendix 235 Definition module FCPB
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Appendix 237 Purpose Simulation mod
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Appendix 239 END Immobilization; PR
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Appendix 241 CONST lem = 3; VAR ef:
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Appendix 243 Purpose Provides the b
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Appendix 245 Example of a text file
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Appendix 247 Tab. A-15: Lower end o
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Appendix 249 Tab. A-17: Percentage
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Appendix 251 Tab. A-19: Significant
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Appendix 253 VI. Derivation of para
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Appendix 255 Tab. A-21: Species-spe
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Appendix 257 Tab. A-22 (continued)
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