On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...

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86 Chapter 3 3.4.2 FORCLIM-S The parameters that are specific for each litter type in the FORCLIM-S model are documented in Tab. 3.14; the other parameters of FORCLIM-S are listed in Tab. 3.15. Tab. 3.14: Parameters describing the initial (kInitN) and the critical (kCritN) nitrogen concentration of the six litter types in the FORCLIM-S model. Litter type kInitN [%/100] (Ellenberg 1986) kCritN [%/100] (Bosatta & Ågren 1985) Foliage “fast” (kLQs = 1) 0.016 0.020 Foliage “medium” (kLQs = 2) 0.010 0.017 Foliage “slow” (kLQs = 3) 0.006 0.015 Twigs 0.003 0.009 Roots 0.0093 0.015 Stemwood 0.003 0.020 Tab. 3.15: General parameters of the FORCLIM-S model. Parameter Value Unit Reference k1 9.804·10 -3 – Pastor & Post (1985) k2 9.352·10 -4 yr·mm -1 Pastor & Post (1985) k3 -4.956·10 -3 – Pastor & Post (1985) k4 1.93·10 -5 yr·mm -1 Pastor & Post (1985) kLoss W 0.03 yr -1 Pastor & Post (1985) kLoss T 0.2 yr -1 Pastor & Post (1985) kNC 0.005 – Melillo et al. (1982) kLeach 0.16 yr -1 Cole & Rapp (1981) k5 7.9702·10 -3 – Pastor et al. (1984) k6 -1.317·10 -4 – Pastor et al. (1984) k7 0.005 – Pastor et al. (1984) kMin 0.035 yr -1 Pastor & Post (1985) kCM 0.48 – Pastor & Post (1985) kAET 1200 mm·yr -1 Pastor & Post (1985) kNAtm 0.005 t·ha -1·yr-1 Pastor & Post (1985)
The forest model FORCLIM 87 3.4.3 FORCLIM-E The generation of weather data in FORCLIM-E does not require any parameters besides the site-specific climatic data given in Appendix III. The minimum winter temperature is directly calculated from the weather data and does not require any model parameters either. The two parameters required for calculating the annual sum of degree-days are given in Tab. 3.16. Tab. 3.16: Default parameter values in the FORCLIM-E model. Parameter Description Value Unit Reference kDTT development threshold 5.5 °C Botkin et al. (1972a) kDays average length of months 30.5 d – kSlAsp slope & aspect parameter 0 – – kFC soil field capacity 30.0 cm Richard et al. (1978) Tab. 3.17: Results from the linear regression analysis of the parameter kLatPtr against latitude (kLat, Eq. 3.76). Raw data from Pastor & Post (1985). Month a b r 2 Jan 1.1226 -7.31·10 -3 0.977 Feb 0.9859 -3.87·10 -3 0.987 Mar 1.0454 -4.92·10 -4 0.640 Apr 0.9708 3.52·10 -3 0.988 May 0.9605 7.15·10 -3 0.988 Jun 0.9185 8.47·10 -3 0.990 Jul 0.9669 7.64·10 -3 0.986 Aug 0.9892 4.94·10 -3 0.981 Sep 0.9900 1.20·10 -3 0.860 Oct 1.0600 -2.63·10 -3 0.957 Nov 1.0815 -6.37·10 -3 0.987 Dec 1.1444 -8.66·10 -3 0.982 The parameters of the soil moisture balance model are fully documented in Thornthwaite & Mather (1957) and Pastor & Post (1984, 1985); they are used in the FORCLIM-E model with a few exceptions: First, the default values of the site-specific slope/aspect parameter (kSlAsp) and of the soil field capacity, which is site-specific as well, are listed in Tab. 3.16. Second, the parameters required to correct the potential monthly evapotranspiration according to geographical latitude and sun angle (kLatPtr) are given in Pastor & Post (1985, pp. 113f.) as one large data matrix. Equations of the form kLatPtr = a + b·kLat (3.76)
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Diss. ETH No. 10638 On the Ecology
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ii Table of contents A BSTRACT.....
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iv APPENDIX .......................
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vi Harald BUGMANN, 1994: On the eco
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viii Harald BUGMANN, 1994: Aspekte
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1 1 . Introduction 1.1 Climatic cha
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Introduction 3 1.2 Methods for the
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Introduction 5 in a changing climat
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Introduction 7 Their integrative ca
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Introduction 9 (1984) provides a mo
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Introduction 11 The main advantage
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13 2 . Analysis of existing forest
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Analysis of existing forest gap mod
Page 29 and 30: Analysis of existing forest gap mod
Page 39 and 40: The forest model FORCLIM 45 carbon
Page 41 and 42: The forest model FORCLIM 47 TREE GR
Page 43 and 44: The forest model FORCLIM 49 gBFlag
Page 45 and 46: The forest model FORCLIM 51 Disturb
Page 47 and 48: The forest model FORCLIM 53 decay o
Page 49 and 50: The forest model FORCLIM 55 the est
Page 51 and 52: The forest model FORCLIM 57 3.3 Mod
Page 53 and 54: The forest model FORCLIM 59 Light a
Page 55 and 56: The forest model FORCLIM 61 Overall
Page 57 and 58: The forest model FORCLIM 63 D (cm)
Page 59 and 60: The forest model FORCLIM 65 a) b) c
Page 61 and 62: The forest model FORCLIM 67 Growth
Page 63 and 64: The forest model FORCLIM 69 Stress-
Page 65 and 66: The forest model FORCLIM 71 Tab. 3.
Page 67 and 68: The forest model FORCLIM 73 3.3.2 F
Page 69 and 70: The forest model FORCLIM 75 where k
Page 71 and 72: The forest model FORCLIM 77 NITROGE
Page 73 and 74: The forest model FORCLIM 79 peratur
Page 75 and 76: The forest model FORCLIM 81 of degr
Page 77 and 78: The forest model FORCLIM 83 microcl
Page 79: The forest model FORCLIM 85 Tab. 3.
Page 83 and 84: The forest model FORCLIM 89 All the
Page 85 and 86: The forest model FORCLIM 91 The mas
Page 87 and 88: The forest model FORCLIM 93 FORCLIM
Page 89 and 90: Behaviour of FORCLIM along a transe
Page 115 and 116: Parameter sensitivity & model valid
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Parameter sensitivity & model valid
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153 6 . Model applications Climatic
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Model applications 155 The simulate
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Model applications 157 6.2 Possible
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Model applications 159 simulation s
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Model applications 161 Simulation e
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Model applications 163 At the site
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Model applications 165 Bever Biomas
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Model applications 167 tainty inher
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Model applications 169 scenario cho
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Discussion 171 Finally, the analysi
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Discussion 173 bitrarily chosen par
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Discussion 175 comparably small imp
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Discussion 177 end of the 21st cent
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Conclusions 179 Ecological factors
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Conclusions 181 species composition
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References 183 Begon, M., Harper, J
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References 185 Burger, H., 1951. Ho
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References 187 Faber, P.J., 1991. A
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References 189 Huntley, B. & Birks,
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References 191 Leemans, R. & Prenti
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References 193 Olson, J.S., 1963. E
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References 195 Rudloff, W., 1981. W
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References 197 Smith, T.M., Leemans
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References 199 Whittaker, R.H., 195
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Appendix 201 II. Derivation of para
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Appendix 203 Tab. A-4: Tree species
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Appendix 205 Tab. A-7: Values for m
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Appendix 207 The minimum winter tem
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Appendix 209 Tab. A-11: Shade toler
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Appendix 211 Tab. A-14: Climatic pa
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Appendix 213 IV. Source code of the
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Appendix 215 FROM SimBase IMPORT De
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Appendix 217 END; (* IF *) prevDay
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Appendix 219 PROCEDURE InitializeFW
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Appendix 221 InstallSeparator( fMen
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Appendix 223 FROM FCPFileIO IMPORT
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Appendix 225 modelSp^.p.kHm := sens
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Appendix 227 DeclMV( meanLitt[leafS
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Appendix 229 Swiss Federal Institut
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Appendix 231 (*********************
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Appendix 233 BEGIN WITH sp^ DO d :=
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Appendix 235 Definition module FCPB
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Appendix 237 Purpose Simulation mod
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Appendix 239 END Immobilization; PR
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Appendix 241 CONST lem = 3; VAR ef:
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Appendix 243 Purpose Provides the b
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Appendix 245 Example of a text file
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Appendix 247 Tab. A-15: Lower end o
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Appendix 249 Tab. A-17: Percentage
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Appendix 251 Tab. A-19: Significant
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Appendix 253 VI. Derivation of para
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Appendix 255 Tab. A-21: Species-spe
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Appendix 257 Tab. A-22 (continued)
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