On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...

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iv APPENDIX ....................................................................................... 200 I. Scientific and common names of European tree species......................... 200 II. Derivation of parameters for European tree species .............................. 201 sType parameter ..................................................................... 201 kDm, kHm & kAm parameters.................................................. 202 kG parameter......................................................................... 205 kDDMin & kDDMax parameters................................................. 206 kWiT parameter...................................................................... 206 kNTol & kDrT parameters........................................................ 207 kBrow, kLy & kLa parameters.................................................. 208 kLQ parameter ....................................................................... 209 III. Climatic input data sets for the European Alps.................................... 210 IV. Source code of the FORCLIM model ............................................... 213 Module ForClim..................................................................... 213 Module ForClimE ................................................................... 214 Module ForClimP ................................................................... 221 Module FCPDynamic............................................................... 228 Module FCPGrFact ................................................................. 232 Definition module FCPMon....................................................... 233 Definition module FCPFileIO..................................................... 234 Definition module FCPBase....................................................... 235 Module ForClimS ................................................................... 236 Definition module ForestBase..................................................... 242 Example of a text file containing site-specific data.......................... 245 V. Sensitivity analysis: Species parameters and detailed results.................... 246 VI. Derivation of parameters for eastern North American tree species ............. 253 VII. Climatic input data sets for eastern North America .............................. 256
v Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Hannes Flühler for his support and interest in my work and for the careful review of the manuscript. Dr. Andreas Fischlin, the director of Systems Ecology at ETHZ, for providing the work infrastructure during four years, for the supervision of the thesis, the freedom he gave me to carry out the study, and for the detailed review of the manuscript. the members of Systems Ecology at ETHZ, who provided a relaxed and stimulating work environment. I owe special thanks to Dr. Heike Lischke for many interesting discussions and the careful review of the manuscript, to Dimitrios Gyalistras for the collaboration concerning the derivation of climate scenarios and weather generator algorithms, and to Daniel Perruchoud for the fruitful discussions about soil organic matter dynamics. Dr. Felix Kienast for the access to the source code of the FORECE model, for the review of the manuscript, and for his support and stimulating discussions. Dr. Allen M. Solomon for his willingness to collaborate with a “virtual” Ph.D. student. His support and encouragement were essential for writing the chapter on forest dynamics in eastern North America. Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Cramer, Dr. Felicitas Suckow, Petra Lasch, and Marcus Lindner, who helped to shape my thoughts about the behaviour of forest gap models along drought gradients during numerous interesting discussions. Prof. Dr. Christian Pfister for the access to the CLIMINDEX database and the fruitful discussion about its applicability in ecological research. Daniel Stadler for providing the references to the soil moisture data and the subsequent discussions about the simulation results. the “veterans” of Systems Ecology, Dr. Olivier Roth and Dr. Thomas Nemecek, who shared with me their experience on ecological modelling and provided valuable advice in many instances. my parents, who made my studies possible. Finally, the financial support of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ) is gratefully acknowledged.
Page 1: Diss. ETH No. 10638 On the Ecology
Page 4 and 5: ii Table of contents A BSTRACT.....
Page 8 and 9: vi Harald BUGMANN, 1994: On the eco
Page 10 and 11: viii Harald BUGMANN, 1994: Aspekte
Page 13 and 14: 1 1 . Introduction 1.1 Climatic cha
Page 15 and 16: Introduction 3 1.2 Methods for the
Page 17 and 18: Introduction 5 in a changing climat
Page 19 and 20: Introduction 7 Their integrative ca
Page 21 and 22: Introduction 9 (1984) provides a mo
Page 23 and 24: Introduction 11 The main advantage
Page 25 and 26: 13 2 . Analysis of existing forest
Page 27 and 28: Analysis of existing forest gap mod
Page 39 and 40: The forest model FORCLIM 45 carbon
Page 41 and 42: The forest model FORCLIM 47 TREE GR
Page 43 and 44: The forest model FORCLIM 49 gBFlag
Page 45 and 46: The forest model FORCLIM 51 Disturb
Page 47 and 48: The forest model FORCLIM 53 decay o
Page 49 and 50: The forest model FORCLIM 55 the est
Page 51 and 52: The forest model FORCLIM 57 3.3 Mod
Page 53 and 54: The forest model FORCLIM 59 Light a
Page 55 and 56: The forest model FORCLIM 61 Overall
Page 57 and 58:
The forest model FORCLIM 63 D (cm)
Page 59 and 60:
The forest model FORCLIM 65 a) b) c
Page 61 and 62:
The forest model FORCLIM 67 Growth
Page 63 and 64:
The forest model FORCLIM 69 Stress-
Page 65 and 66:
The forest model FORCLIM 71 Tab. 3.
Page 67 and 68:
The forest model FORCLIM 73 3.3.2 F
Page 69 and 70:
The forest model FORCLIM 75 where k
Page 71 and 72:
The forest model FORCLIM 77 NITROGE
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The forest model FORCLIM 79 peratur
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The forest model FORCLIM 81 of degr
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The forest model FORCLIM 83 microcl
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The forest model FORCLIM 85 Tab. 3.
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The forest model FORCLIM 87 3.4.3 F
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The forest model FORCLIM 89 All the
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The forest model FORCLIM 91 The mas
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The forest model FORCLIM 93 FORCLIM
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Behaviour of FORCLIM along a transe
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Page 115 and 116:
Parameter sensitivity & model valid
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153 6 . Model applications Climatic
Page 149 and 150:
Model applications 155 The simulate
Page 151 and 152:
Model applications 157 6.2 Possible
Page 153 and 154:
Model applications 159 simulation s
Page 155 and 156:
Model applications 161 Simulation e
Page 157 and 158:
Model applications 163 At the site
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Model applications 165 Bever Biomas
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Model applications 167 tainty inher
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Model applications 169 scenario cho
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Discussion 171 Finally, the analysi
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Discussion 173 bitrarily chosen par
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Discussion 175 comparably small imp
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Discussion 177 end of the 21st cent
Page 173 and 174:
Conclusions 179 Ecological factors
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Conclusions 181 species composition
Page 177 and 178:
References 183 Begon, M., Harper, J
Page 179 and 180:
References 185 Burger, H., 1951. Ho
Page 181 and 182:
References 187 Faber, P.J., 1991. A
Page 183 and 184:
References 189 Huntley, B. & Birks,
Page 185 and 186:
References 191 Leemans, R. & Prenti
Page 187 and 188:
References 193 Olson, J.S., 1963. E
Page 189 and 190:
References 195 Rudloff, W., 1981. W
Page 191 and 192:
References 197 Smith, T.M., Leemans
Page 193 and 194:
References 199 Whittaker, R.H., 195
Page 195 and 196:
Appendix 201 II. Derivation of para
Page 197 and 198:
Appendix 203 Tab. A-4: Tree species
Page 199 and 200:
Appendix 205 Tab. A-7: Values for m
Page 201 and 202:
Appendix 207 The minimum winter tem
Page 203 and 204:
Appendix 209 Tab. A-11: Shade toler
Page 205 and 206:
Appendix 211 Tab. A-14: Climatic pa
Page 207 and 208:
Appendix 213 IV. Source code of the
Page 209 and 210:
Appendix 215 FROM SimBase IMPORT De
Page 211 and 212:
Appendix 217 END; (* IF *) prevDay
Page 213 and 214:
Appendix 219 PROCEDURE InitializeFW
Page 215 and 216:
Appendix 221 InstallSeparator( fMen
Page 217 and 218:
Appendix 223 FROM FCPFileIO IMPORT
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Appendix 225 modelSp^.p.kHm := sens
Page 221 and 222:
Appendix 227 DeclMV( meanLitt[leafS
Page 223 and 224:
Appendix 229 Swiss Federal Institut
Page 225 and 226:
Appendix 231 (*********************
Page 227 and 228:
Appendix 233 BEGIN WITH sp^ DO d :=
Page 229 and 230:
Appendix 235 Definition module FCPB
Page 231 and 232:
Appendix 237 Purpose Simulation mod
Page 233 and 234:
Appendix 239 END Immobilization; PR
Page 235 and 236:
Appendix 241 CONST lem = 3; VAR ef:
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Appendix 243 Purpose Provides the b
Page 239 and 240:
Appendix 245 Example of a text file
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Appendix 247 Tab. A-15: Lower end o
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Appendix 249 Tab. A-17: Percentage
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Appendix 251 Tab. A-19: Significant
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Appendix 253 VI. Derivation of para
Page 249 and 250:
Appendix 255 Tab. A-21: Species-spe
Page 251 and 252:
Appendix 257 Tab. A-22 (continued)
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