On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...

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72 Chapter 3 uWLD c = gSBio c · nDead c· kAshFree (3.41) gSBio c = 0.12 · D c 2.4 (3.42) Total annual litter production The total annual litter production is calculated by summing the litter produced by each tree cohort (Eq. 3.35-3.41) over all the cohorts (nTC is the number of tree cohorts currently present on the patch): uFL kLQ = uTL = nTC ∑ c = 1 nTC ∑ c = 1 uFLL kLQ,c + uFLD kLQ,c uTLL c + uTLD c for kLQ = 1, 2, 3 (3.43) (3.44) uRL = nTC ∑ c = 1 uRLL c + uRLD c (3.45) uWL = nTC ∑ c = 1 uWLD c (3.46) OVERVIEW OF STOCHASTIC MODEL COMPONENTS IN FORCLIM-P The overall behaviour of forest gap models, including FORCLIM, is dominated by its stochastic components (cf. section 2.2.2), although surprisingly few components are formulated in a probabilistic way (Tab. 3.6). Tab. 3.6: Overview of stochastic components in the FORCLIM-P submodel. Process Establishment Mortality Stochastic component • browsing by game • establishment of tree cohorts • number of saplings to be established • age-related mortality • stress-related mortality • disturbance-related mortality
The forest model FORCLIM 73 3.3.2 FORCLIM-S: A model of the turnover of soil organic matter Both LINKAGES (Pastor & Post 1985) and FORCLIM-S are formulated as difference equation systems with a time step (∆t) of one year. The symbols used in FORCLIM-S are listed in Tab. 3.7. LITTER INPUT AND CREATION OF NEW LITTER COHORTS For each of the six types of litter that are accumulated every year (Eq. 3.43–3.46), a litter cohort is created unless the amount of litter for a type is zero. These new litter cohorts are characterized by their initial organic matter content (LOM c,init , Eq. 3.47), which is required to calculate litter lignin content (Eq. 3.50), and by their nitrogen content (LN c,init , Eq. 3.48), which is calculated by assuming an average nitrogen concentration depending on the tissue type (Ellenberg 1986): LOM c,init = uXL (3.47) LN c,init = kInitN X · LOM c,init (3.48) where LOM is litter organic matter, LN is litter nitrogen, X is a placeholder for F kLQ (three types of foliage litter), T (twigs), R (fine roots), or W (stemwood), and kInitN X is the initial nitrogen concentration of litter type X. The litter type subsequently influences the calculation of litter decay rates (Eq. 3.49) and nitrogen leaching (Eq. 3.56). LITTER DECAY AND NITROGEN IMMOBILIZATION For foliage and root litter, the decomposition of the organic matter (LOM) is predicted from the lignin to nitrogen ratio of the tissue (Melillo et al. 1982) and actual evapotranspiration (uAET, Meentemeyer 1978). Stemwood and twigs are assumed to decay at constant rates (Eq. 3.49). Pastor & Post (1985) derived these empirical relationships from a large body of field data by regression analysis. ∆LOM c ∆t = – k 1 +k 2·uAET – (k 3 +k 4·uAET) · gLign c · LOM foliage gNMR c c & roots – kLoss W · LOM c stemwood – kLoss T · LOM c twigs (3.49)
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Diss. ETH No. 10638 On the Ecology
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ii Table of contents A BSTRACT.....
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iv APPENDIX .......................
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vi Harald BUGMANN, 1994: On the eco
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viii Harald BUGMANN, 1994: Aspekte
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1 1 . Introduction 1.1 Climatic cha
Page 15 and 16: Introduction 3 1.2 Methods for the
Page 17 and 18: Introduction 5 in a changing climat
Page 19 and 20: Introduction 7 Their integrative ca
Page 21 and 22: Introduction 9 (1984) provides a mo
Page 23 and 24: Introduction 11 The main advantage
Page 25 and 26: 13 2 . Analysis of existing forest
Page 27 and 28: Analysis of existing forest gap mod
Page 39 and 40: The forest model FORCLIM 45 carbon
Page 41 and 42: The forest model FORCLIM 47 TREE GR
Page 43 and 44: The forest model FORCLIM 49 gBFlag
Page 45 and 46: The forest model FORCLIM 51 Disturb
Page 47 and 48: The forest model FORCLIM 53 decay o
Page 49 and 50: The forest model FORCLIM 55 the est
Page 51 and 52: The forest model FORCLIM 57 3.3 Mod
Page 53 and 54: The forest model FORCLIM 59 Light a
Page 55 and 56: The forest model FORCLIM 61 Overall
Page 57 and 58: The forest model FORCLIM 63 D (cm)
Page 59 and 60: The forest model FORCLIM 65 a) b) c
Page 61 and 62: The forest model FORCLIM 67 Growth
Page 63 and 64: The forest model FORCLIM 69 Stress-
Page 65: The forest model FORCLIM 71 Tab. 3.
Page 69 and 70: The forest model FORCLIM 75 where k
Page 71 and 72: The forest model FORCLIM 77 NITROGE
Page 73 and 74: The forest model FORCLIM 79 peratur
Page 75 and 76: The forest model FORCLIM 81 of degr
Page 77 and 78: The forest model FORCLIM 83 microcl
Page 79 and 80: The forest model FORCLIM 85 Tab. 3.
Page 81 and 82: The forest model FORCLIM 87 3.4.3 F
Page 83 and 84: The forest model FORCLIM 89 All the
Page 85 and 86: The forest model FORCLIM 91 The mas
Page 87 and 88: The forest model FORCLIM 93 FORCLIM
Page 89 and 90: Behaviour of FORCLIM along a transe
Page 115 and 116: Parameter sensitivity & model valid
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Parameter sensitivity & model valid
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153 6 . Model applications Climatic
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Model applications 155 The simulate
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Model applications 157 6.2 Possible
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Model applications 159 simulation s
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Model applications 161 Simulation e
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Model applications 163 At the site
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Model applications 165 Bever Biomas
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Model applications 167 tainty inher
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Model applications 169 scenario cho
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Discussion 171 Finally, the analysi
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Discussion 173 bitrarily chosen par
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Discussion 175 comparably small imp
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Discussion 177 end of the 21st cent
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Conclusions 179 Ecological factors
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Conclusions 181 species composition
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References 183 Begon, M., Harper, J
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References 185 Burger, H., 1951. Ho
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References 187 Faber, P.J., 1991. A
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References 189 Huntley, B. & Birks,
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References 191 Leemans, R. & Prenti
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References 193 Olson, J.S., 1963. E
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References 195 Rudloff, W., 1981. W
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References 197 Smith, T.M., Leemans
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References 199 Whittaker, R.H., 195
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Appendix 201 II. Derivation of para
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Appendix 203 Tab. A-4: Tree species
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Appendix 205 Tab. A-7: Values for m
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Appendix 207 The minimum winter tem
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Appendix 209 Tab. A-11: Shade toler
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Appendix 211 Tab. A-14: Climatic pa
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Appendix 213 IV. Source code of the
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Appendix 215 FROM SimBase IMPORT De
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Appendix 217 END; (* IF *) prevDay
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Appendix 219 PROCEDURE InitializeFW
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Appendix 221 InstallSeparator( fMen
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Appendix 223 FROM FCPFileIO IMPORT
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Appendix 225 modelSp^.p.kHm := sens
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Appendix 227 DeclMV( meanLitt[leafS
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Appendix 229 Swiss Federal Institut
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Appendix 231 (*********************
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Appendix 233 BEGIN WITH sp^ DO d :=
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Appendix 235 Definition module FCPB
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Appendix 237 Purpose Simulation mod
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Appendix 239 END Immobilization; PR
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Appendix 241 CONST lem = 3; VAR ef:
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Appendix 243 Purpose Provides the b
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Appendix 245 Example of a text file
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Appendix 247 Tab. A-15: Lower end o
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Appendix 249 Tab. A-17: Percentage
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Appendix 251 Tab. A-19: Significant
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Appendix 253 VI. Derivation of para
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Appendix 255 Tab. A-21: Species-spe
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Appendix 257 Tab. A-22 (continued)
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