On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...

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64 Chapter 3 gCumLA gHc = 1 kPatchSize · n ∑ i | gH i ≥ gH c gFolA i (3.19) where kPatchSize is the size of the forest patch, and n is the number of trees present on the patch. Tab. 3.3: Symbols used in the growth submodel of FORCLIM-P. Bold face denotes state variables. Factor Symbol Unit Explanation Eq. Maximum growth equation D c cm diameter at breast height 3.15 gH c cm tree height 3.13 kG s cm·yr -1 growth rate parameter kHm s cm maximum tree height kDm s cm maximum diameter at breast height kB 2,s – allometric parameter for relating gH to D 3.16 kB 3,s cm -1 allometric parameter for relating gH to D 3.17 ƒ(e) c – effect of environment on max. growth rate 3.28 V c cm 3 tree volume 1) 3.11 gL c cm 2 foliage area 1) kR cm·yr -1 photosynthesis rate parameter 1) kS yr -1 respiration rate parameter 1) k 1 , k 2 – constants of proportionality 1) Light growth factor gALGF c – growth factor 3.24 gL 1,c , gL 9,c – light response curves 3.22f. gAL H %/100 light availability at height H 3.18 gCumLA H m 2·m-2 cumulative leaf area index at height H 3.19 gFolW c kg foliage weight 3.22 gFolA c m 2 foliage area 3.20 kLAtt – light attenuation coefficient kA 1,s kg·cm -1 allometric parameter for foliage weight kA 2,s – allometric parameter for foliage weight kC 1,s %/100 dry to wet weight ratio of foliage kC 2,s m 2·kg-1 foliage area per unit foliage weight sType s – grouping parameter (cf. Tab. 3.10) kL a,s [1..9] shade tolerance of adult trees kPatchSize m 2 size of a forest patch Degree-day growth factor gDDGF s – growth factor 3.25 kDDMin s °C⋅d minimum annual degree-day sum kDDMax s °C⋅d maximum annual degree-day sum Soil moisture growth factor gSMGF s – growth factor 3.26 kDrT s [0..1] drought tolerance parameter Soil nitrogen growth factor gSNGF s – growth factor 3.27 kN 1,kNTols – nitrogen response function parameter kN 2,kNTols kg·ha -1·yr-1 nitrogen response function parameter kNTol s [1..3] nitrogen tolerance parameter 1) used for the derivation of the maximum growth equation only; not used in the simulation model.
The forest model FORCLIM 65 a) b) c kLa s = 9 1.0 1.0 kLa s = 1 gALGF 0.5 s gDDGF 0.5 0.0 0 gAL Hc 1 0.0 0 kDDMins kDDMaxs 3000 uDD c) d) 1.0 1.0 kNTol s = 1 s gSMGF s 0.5 gSNGF 0.5 kNTol s = 3 0.0 0 uDrStr kDrT s 1 0.0 0 50 100 uAvN 150 Fig. 3.7: The four growth factors of the FORCLIM-P submodel: a) available light growth factor (gALGF c ); b) degree-day growth factor (gDDGF s ); c) soil moisture growth factor (gSMGF s ); d) soil nitrogen growth factor (gSNGF s ). gFolA c = kC 2,s kC 1,s · gFolW c (3.20) gFolW c = kC 1,s · kA 1,s· D c kA 2,s (3.21) where the kA i,s and kC i,s are allometric parameters. Eq. 3.22 & 3.23 describe the light response function of shade-tolerant (gL 1,c ) and shade-intolerant (gL 9,c ) tree species, respectively, as a function of light availability (gAL, Botkin et al. 1972a,b): gL 1,c = 1 – e -4.64⋅(gAL gHc – 0.05) (3.22)
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Diss. ETH No. 10638 On the Ecology
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ii Table of contents A BSTRACT.....
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iv APPENDIX .......................
Page 8 and 9: vi Harald BUGMANN, 1994: On the eco
Page 10 and 11: viii Harald BUGMANN, 1994: Aspekte
Page 13 and 14: 1 1 . Introduction 1.1 Climatic cha
Page 15 and 16: Introduction 3 1.2 Methods for the
Page 17 and 18: Introduction 5 in a changing climat
Page 19 and 20: Introduction 7 Their integrative ca
Page 21 and 22: Introduction 9 (1984) provides a mo
Page 23 and 24: Introduction 11 The main advantage
Page 25 and 26: 13 2 . Analysis of existing forest
Page 27 and 28: Analysis of existing forest gap mod
Page 39 and 40: The forest model FORCLIM 45 carbon
Page 41 and 42: The forest model FORCLIM 47 TREE GR
Page 43 and 44: The forest model FORCLIM 49 gBFlag
Page 45 and 46: The forest model FORCLIM 51 Disturb
Page 47 and 48: The forest model FORCLIM 53 decay o
Page 49 and 50: The forest model FORCLIM 55 the est
Page 51 and 52: The forest model FORCLIM 57 3.3 Mod
Page 53 and 54: The forest model FORCLIM 59 Light a
Page 55 and 56: The forest model FORCLIM 61 Overall
Page 57: The forest model FORCLIM 63 D (cm)
Page 61 and 62: The forest model FORCLIM 67 Growth
Page 63 and 64: The forest model FORCLIM 69 Stress-
Page 65 and 66: The forest model FORCLIM 71 Tab. 3.
Page 67 and 68: The forest model FORCLIM 73 3.3.2 F
Page 69 and 70: The forest model FORCLIM 75 where k
Page 71 and 72: The forest model FORCLIM 77 NITROGE
Page 73 and 74: The forest model FORCLIM 79 peratur
Page 75 and 76: The forest model FORCLIM 81 of degr
Page 77 and 78: The forest model FORCLIM 83 microcl
Page 79 and 80: The forest model FORCLIM 85 Tab. 3.
Page 81 and 82: The forest model FORCLIM 87 3.4.3 F
Page 83 and 84: The forest model FORCLIM 89 All the
Page 85 and 86: The forest model FORCLIM 91 The mas
Page 87 and 88: The forest model FORCLIM 93 FORCLIM
Page 89 and 90: Behaviour of FORCLIM along a transe
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Behaviour of FORCLIM along a transe
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Parameter sensitivity & model valid
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153 6 . Model applications Climatic
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Model applications 155 The simulate
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Model applications 157 6.2 Possible
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Model applications 159 simulation s
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Model applications 161 Simulation e
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Model applications 163 At the site
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Model applications 165 Bever Biomas
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Model applications 167 tainty inher
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Model applications 169 scenario cho
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Discussion 171 Finally, the analysi
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Discussion 173 bitrarily chosen par
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Discussion 175 comparably small imp
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Discussion 177 end of the 21st cent
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Conclusions 179 Ecological factors
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Conclusions 181 species composition
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References 183 Begon, M., Harper, J
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References 185 Burger, H., 1951. Ho
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References 187 Faber, P.J., 1991. A
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References 189 Huntley, B. & Birks,
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References 191 Leemans, R. & Prenti
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References 193 Olson, J.S., 1963. E
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References 195 Rudloff, W., 1981. W
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References 197 Smith, T.M., Leemans
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References 199 Whittaker, R.H., 195
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Appendix 201 II. Derivation of para
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Appendix 203 Tab. A-4: Tree species
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Appendix 205 Tab. A-7: Values for m
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Appendix 207 The minimum winter tem
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Appendix 209 Tab. A-11: Shade toler
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Appendix 211 Tab. A-14: Climatic pa
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Appendix 213 IV. Source code of the
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Appendix 215 FROM SimBase IMPORT De
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Appendix 217 END; (* IF *) prevDay
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Appendix 219 PROCEDURE InitializeFW
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Appendix 221 InstallSeparator( fMen
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Appendix 223 FROM FCPFileIO IMPORT
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Appendix 225 modelSp^.p.kHm := sens
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Appendix 227 DeclMV( meanLitt[leafS
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Appendix 229 Swiss Federal Institut
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Appendix 231 (*********************
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Appendix 233 BEGIN WITH sp^ DO d :=
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Appendix 235 Definition module FCPB
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Appendix 237 Purpose Simulation mod
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Appendix 239 END Immobilization; PR
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Appendix 241 CONST lem = 3; VAR ef:
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Appendix 243 Purpose Provides the b
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Appendix 245 Example of a text file
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Appendix 247 Tab. A-15: Lower end o
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Appendix 249 Tab. A-17: Percentage
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Appendix 251 Tab. A-19: Significant
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Appendix 253 VI. Derivation of para
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Appendix 255 Tab. A-21: Species-spe
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Appendix 257 Tab. A-22 (continued)
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