On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...

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228 Appendix InstallSeparator( fMenu, line ); InstallCommand(fMenu, fcpCmd, "ForClim-P:", EmptyProc, enabled, unchecked); InstallCommand(fMenu, statsCmd, " Customize statistical output…", CustomizeStats, enabled, unchecked); InstallCommand(fMenu, newSpeciesCmd, " Choose other species…", ChooseSpecies, enabled, unchecked); InstallCommand(fMenu, editParsCmd, " Edit species parameters…", EditParameters, enabled, unchecked); InstallAliasChar(fMenu, editParsCmd, "N" ); InstallCommand(fMenu, histoCmd, " Frequency distributions…", ChooseSpeciesForHistograms, enabled, unchecked); InstallAliasChar(fMenu, histoCmd, "U" ); InstallSeparator( fMenu, blank ); InstallCommand(fMenu, animCmd, " Animation", MakeAnimationWindow, enabled, unchecked); InstallSeparator( fMenu, blank ); InstallCommand(fMenu, dumpStateCmd, " Dump current state…", DumpTheState, enabled, unchecked); InstallCommand(fMenu, readStateCmd, " Read state file", ReadTheState, enabled, unchecked); InstallCommand(fMenu, treeRingCmd, " Tree-rings…", DoTreeRings, enabled, unchecked); END; END DeclForClimP; PROCEDURE RemoveForClimP; BEGIN IF MDeclared( fp ) THEN RemoveSiteProc( AssignMonitoringAttributes ); RemoveMonitoringProc( Monitoring ); RemoveM( fp ); RemoveSeparatorAtCommand( fMenu, fcpCmd, beforeCmd ); RemoveCommand( fMenu, fcpCmd ); RemoveCommand( fMenu, statsCmd ); RemoveCommand( fMenu, newSpeciesCmd ); RemoveCommand( fMenu, editParsCmd ); RemoveCommand( fMenu, histoCmd ); RemoveSeparatorAtCommand( fMenu, animCmd, beforeCmd ); RemoveCommand( fMenu, animCmd ); RemoveSeparatorAtCommand( fMenu, dumpStateCmd, beforeCmd ); RemoveCommand( fMenu, dumpStateCmd ); RemoveCommand( fMenu, readStateCmd ); RemoveCommand( fMenu, treeRingCmd ); DeclConstPlants; END; END RemoveForClimP; PROCEDURE TermProc; BEGIN IF CurrentDMLevel() = startupLevel THEN DeleteAllSpecies( sensFirstSp ); END; ok := TRUE; END TermProc; PROCEDURE InitModule; BEGIN maxBioScaling := 800.0 * kPatchSize/ 10.0; (* conversion 800 t/ha -> kg/patch *) withBiom := TRUE; withNr := FALSE; minValBiom := 2.0; minValNr := 0.0; sensFirstSp:= NIL; startupLevel := CurrentDMLevel(); InstallTermProc( TermProc, ok ); END InitModule; BEGIN InitModule; END ForClimP. Module FCPDynamic DEFINITION MODULE FCPDynamic; (**************************************** Module FCPDynamic (Version 2.4) Copyright ©1994 by Harald Bugmann and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich ETHZ Version written for: 'Dialog Machine' DM_V2.2 (User interface) MacMETH_V3.2.1 (1-Pass Modula-2 implementation) ModelWorks_V2.2 (Modelling & Simulation) Purpose Dynamic Structure of the FORCLIM-P Model Programming • Design H. Bugmann 18.1.1991 • Implementation H. Bugmann 18.1.1991
Appendix 229 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich ETHZ CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland Last revision of definition: 2.3.1992 hb ****************************************) FROM FCPBase IMPORT SpeciesPtr; PROCEDURE DeclSubMParameters; (* declares ForClim-P parameters *) PROCEDURE LitterInitialization( t0, kPatchSize: REAL ); (* initializes litter production and assigns accumulated litter to the corresponding ForestBase variables; t0 is simulation start time (used for initialization); LitterInitialization is to be called in the Output proc *) PROCEDURE TreeDeathAndGrowth( VAR firstSp: SpeciesPtr; VAR cumLA: ARRAY OF REAL; gLAI: REAL ); PROCEDURE TreeEstablishment( VAR firstSp: SpeciesPtr; uWiT: REAL; uDD, gLAI, totalTrees, kPatchSize: REAL ); PROCEDURE UpdateGap( VAR firstSp: SpeciesPtr; uDD, uDrStr: REAL ); END FCPDynamic. IMPLEMENTATION MODULE FCPDynamic; (* Implementation and Revisions: ============================ Author Date Description ------ ---- ----------- hb 18. 1.1991 First implementation (DM 2.02, MacMETH 2.6.2) hb 30. 1.1991 PROCs TreeDeath and TreeGrowth merged (V0.1) hb 26. 2.1991 Version 0.3 implemented hb 21. 3.1991 Version 0.4 implemented hb 28. 1.1992 More efficient establishment at the beginning of the simulation introduced hb 30. 1.1992 List management changed in TreeDeathAndGrowth hb 11. 3.1992 Formulation of browsing changed hb 13. 8.1992 New formulation for light growth factor (kShaw = [1…9]) hb 10.11.1992 Adaptation of limiting factor statistics to new equations hb 1. 3.1993 Adaptation for new gH-diameter relationship in maximum growth equation hb 8. 6.1993 calculation of litter output fixed (twigs were too high) *) FROM ForestBase IMPORT Power, Rmax, uBrPr, Litter, uLitt; FROM FCPBase IMPORT SpeciesPtr, CohortPtr, CreateCohort, DeleteCohort, MergeCohorts, SpeciesType; FROM FCPMon IMPORT WriteTreeRings; FROM RandGen IMPORT U; FROM SYSTEM IMPORT Exp; FROM SimBase IMPORT DeclP, RTCType, CurrentTime, GetGlobSimPars; VAR kInitDBH, kMinAbsInc, kMinRelInc, kLAtt, kDeathP, kSlowGrP, kSlowGrYrs, kEstP, kEstNr, kTwig, kAFW, kRSR: REAL; littF: ARRAY [1..3] OF REAL; littW, littT, littR: REAL; kFRT: ARRAY [deciduous..coniferous] OF REAL; PROCEDURE DeclSubMParameters; BEGIN DeclP(kMinAbsInc, 0.03, 0.0, 1.0, noRtc, 'Min. abs. growth (vigorous tree)', 'kMinAbsInc', 'cm'); DeclP(kMinRelInc, 0.1, 0.0, 1.0, noRtc, 'Min. rel. growth (vigorous tree)', 'kMinRelInc', '%'); DeclP(kLAtt, 0.25, 0.0, 1.0, noRtc, 'Light attenuation coefficient', 'kLAtt', '--'); DeclP(kDeathP, 4.605, 0.0, 10.0, noRtc, 'Death probability coefficient', 'kDeathP', '--'); DeclP(kSlowGrP, 0.368, 0.0, 1.0, noRtc, 'Slow growth enhanced mortality', 'kSlowGrP', '--'); DeclP(kSlowGrYrs, 2.0, 0.0, 10.0, noRtc, 'Nr of slow growth years required', 'kSlowGrYrs', '#'); DeclP(kEstP, 0.1, 0.0, 1.0, noRtc, 'Probability of tree establishment', 'kEstP', '--'); DeclP(kEstNr, 0.006, 0.0, 1.0, noRtc, 'Max. establishment per species', 'kEstNr', '#/m2*yr'); DeclP(kInitDBH, 1.27, 0.0, 10.0, noRtc, 'DBH of new trees', 'kInitDBH', 'cm'); DeclP(kFRT[coniferous], kFRT[coniferous], 0.0, 10.0, noRtc, 'Foliage retention time (conifers)', 'kFRT', 'years'); DeclP(kTwig, 0.0025, 0.0, 0.1, noRtc, 'Twig litter production parameter', 'kTwig', 'kg/cm2'); DeclP(kAFW, 0.92, 0.5, 1.0, noRtc, 'Ash-free weight of litter', 'kAFW', '--'); DeclP(kRSR, 4.0, 0.0, 10.0, noRtc, 'Root:shoot ratio of litter', 'kRSR', '--'); END DeclSubMParameters; PROCEDURE LitterInitialization( t0, kPatchSize: REAL ); VAR conv: REAL; BEGIN IF CurrentTime() = t0 THEN (* initialize variables *) littW := 0.0; littT := 0.0; littR := 0.0; littF[1] := 0.0; littF[2] := 0.0; littF[3] := 0.0; END; (* assign ForestBase variables, and reset internal variables to zero *) conv := 10.0 / kPatchSize; (* conversion factor kg/gap -> t/ha *) uLitt[leafFast] := littF[1]*conv; littF[1] := 0.0; uLitt[leafMedium] := littF[2]*conv; littF[2] := 0.0; uLitt[leafSlow] := littF[3]*conv; littF[3] := 0.0; uLitt[wood] := littW*conv; littW := 0.0; uLitt[twigs] := littT*conv; littT := 0.0;
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Diss. ETH No. 10638 On the Ecology
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ii Table of contents A BSTRACT.....
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iv APPENDIX .......................
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vi Harald BUGMANN, 1994: On the eco
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viii Harald BUGMANN, 1994: Aspekte
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1 1 . Introduction 1.1 Climatic cha
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Introduction 3 1.2 Methods for the
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Introduction 5 in a changing climat
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Introduction 7 Their integrative ca
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Introduction 9 (1984) provides a mo
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Introduction 11 The main advantage
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13 2 . Analysis of existing forest
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Analysis of existing forest gap mod
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The forest model FORCLIM 45 carbon
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The forest model FORCLIM 47 TREE GR
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The forest model FORCLIM 49 gBFlag
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The forest model FORCLIM 51 Disturb
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The forest model FORCLIM 53 decay o
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The forest model FORCLIM 55 the est
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The forest model FORCLIM 57 3.3 Mod
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The forest model FORCLIM 59 Light a
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The forest model FORCLIM 61 Overall
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The forest model FORCLIM 63 D (cm)
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The forest model FORCLIM 65 a) b) c
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The forest model FORCLIM 67 Growth
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The forest model FORCLIM 69 Stress-
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The forest model FORCLIM 71 Tab. 3.
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The forest model FORCLIM 73 3.3.2 F
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The forest model FORCLIM 75 where k
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The forest model FORCLIM 77 NITROGE
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The forest model FORCLIM 79 peratur
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The forest model FORCLIM 81 of degr
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The forest model FORCLIM 83 microcl
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The forest model FORCLIM 85 Tab. 3.
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The forest model FORCLIM 87 3.4.3 F
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The forest model FORCLIM 89 All the
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The forest model FORCLIM 91 The mas
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The forest model FORCLIM 93 FORCLIM
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Behaviour of FORCLIM along a transe
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Parameter sensitivity & model valid
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153 6 . Model applications Climatic
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Model applications 155 The simulate
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Model applications 157 6.2 Possible
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Model applications 159 simulation s
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Model applications 161 Simulation e
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Model applications 163 At the site
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Model applications 165 Bever Biomas
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Model applications 167 tainty inher
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Model applications 169 scenario cho
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Discussion 171 Finally, the analysi
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Discussion 173 bitrarily chosen par
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Discussion 175 comparably small imp
Page 171 and 172: Discussion 177 end of the 21st cent
Page 173 and 174: Conclusions 179 Ecological factors
Page 175 and 176: Conclusions 181 species composition
Page 177 and 178: References 183 Begon, M., Harper, J
Page 179 and 180: References 185 Burger, H., 1951. Ho
Page 181 and 182: References 187 Faber, P.J., 1991. A
Page 183 and 184: References 189 Huntley, B. & Birks,
Page 185 and 186: References 191 Leemans, R. & Prenti
Page 187 and 188: References 193 Olson, J.S., 1963. E
Page 189 and 190: References 195 Rudloff, W., 1981. W
Page 191 and 192: References 197 Smith, T.M., Leemans
Page 193 and 194: References 199 Whittaker, R.H., 195
Page 195 and 196: Appendix 201 II. Derivation of para
Page 197 and 198: Appendix 203 Tab. A-4: Tree species
Page 199 and 200: Appendix 205 Tab. A-7: Values for m
Page 201 and 202: Appendix 207 The minimum winter tem
Page 203 and 204: Appendix 209 Tab. A-11: Shade toler
Page 205 and 206: Appendix 211 Tab. A-14: Climatic pa
Page 207 and 208: Appendix 213 IV. Source code of the
Page 209 and 210: Appendix 215 FROM SimBase IMPORT De
Page 211 and 212: Appendix 217 END; (* IF *) prevDay
Page 213 and 214: Appendix 219 PROCEDURE InitializeFW
Page 215 and 216: Appendix 221 InstallSeparator( fMen
Page 217 and 218: Appendix 223 FROM FCPFileIO IMPORT
Page 219 and 220: Appendix 225 modelSp^.p.kHm := sens
Page 221: Appendix 227 DeclMV( meanLitt[leafS
Page 225 and 226: Appendix 231 (*********************
Page 227 and 228: Appendix 233 BEGIN WITH sp^ DO d :=
Page 229 and 230: Appendix 235 Definition module FCPB
Page 231 and 232: Appendix 237 Purpose Simulation mod
Page 233 and 234: Appendix 239 END Immobilization; PR
Page 235 and 236: Appendix 241 CONST lem = 3; VAR ef:
Page 237 and 238: Appendix 243 Purpose Provides the b
Page 239 and 240: Appendix 245 Example of a text file
Page 241 and 242: Appendix 247 Tab. A-15: Lower end o
Page 243 and 244: Appendix 249 Tab. A-17: Percentage
Page 245 and 246: Appendix 251 Tab. A-19: Significant
Page 247 and 248: Appendix 253 VI. Derivation of para
Page 249 and 250: Appendix 255 Tab. A-21: Species-spe
Page 251 and 252: Appendix 257 Tab. A-22 (continued)
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