On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...

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208 Appendix • Prentice & Helmisaari (1991) judged Fagus silvatica to be very tolerant, which means that Fagus would dominate the forests also in dry central alpine valleys, where it is absent in reality. On the other hand, their value of 0 for alder most probably is exaggerated, implying that alder can grow only at sites with soil moisture permanently at or above field capacity. • The values by Jahn (1991) are not differentiated enough (only three tolerance classes). Finally, the drought tolerance classes [1..5] obtained like this (kDrT', Tab. A-10) were converted linearly to evapotranspiration deficits (corresponding to uDrStr) by assuming that a tolerance class of 5 corresponds to 30% evapotranspiration deficit (cf. Prentice & Helmisaari 1991), i.e. kDrT = 0.3 (Tab. A-10). Tab. A-10: Drought tolerance of tree species according to Landolt (1977, 1 = tolerant, 5 = intolerant, x = indifferent), Prentice & Helmisaari (1991, 0 = intolerant, 0.36 = tolerant), Jahn (1991, 1 = tolerant, 3 = intolerant), and Ellenberg (1986, 1 = intolerant, 5 = tolerant). All data were converted to the scale [1…5] where 1 = intolerant and 5 = tolerant (columns with headers in italics). Species Landolt (1977) Prentice & Helmisaari (1991) Jahn (1991) Ellenberg (1986) Landolt (1977) classes Prentice & H. classes Jahn (1991) classes Abies alba 4 2 3 2 3 3 0.18 Larix decidua 3 2 2 3 3 2 0.12 Picea excelsa 3 0.12 2 1 3 3 3 1 0.06 Pinus cembra 3 5 3 5 0.30 Pinus montana 2 1 5 4 5 5 0.30 Pinus silvestris x 0.24 1 5 5 4 5 5 0.30 Taxus baccata 2 0.06 2 4 4 2 3 4 0.24 Acer campestre 3 1 4 3 5 4 0.24 Acer platanoides 3 0.24 1 3 3 4 5 3 0.18 Acer pseudoplatanus 3 3 3 3 1 3 0.18 Alnus glutinosa 5 0 1 1 1 1 0.06 Alnus incana 4 0 1 2 1 1 0.06 Alnus viridis 4 2 2 3 2 0.12 Betula pendula x 0.24 1 2 5 4 5 2 0.12 Carpinus betulus 3 0.24 2 3 3 4 3 3 0.18 Castanea sativa 3 1 4 3 5 4 0.24 Corylus avellana 3 0.24 3 4 4 0.24 Fagus silvatica 3 0.36 2 2 3 5 3 2 0.12 Fraxinus excelsior 2–4 0.12 3 2 3 3 1 2 0.12 Populus nigra 4 1 2 1 0.06 Populus tremula 3 0.12 3 3 3 3 0.18 Quercus petraea 2 0.36 2 3 4 5 3 3 0.18 Quercus pubescens 2 1 4 4 5 4 0.24 Quercus robur 3 0.24 1 5 3 4 5 5 0.30 Salix alba 4 1 2 1 0.06 Sorbus aria 2 2 4 4 3 4 0.24 Sorbus aucuparia 3 0.06 2 4 3 2 3 4 0.24 Tilia cordata 2 0.36 2 4 4 5 3 4 0.24 Tilia platyphyllos 3 2 3 3 3 3 0.18 Ulmus scabra 4 0.12 3 3 2 3 1 3 0.18 kDrT' kDrT kBrow, kLy & kLa parameters No coherent data could be found on the browsing susceptibility of tree species (except for scarce data in Ellenberg 1986 and Dengler et al. 1990); thus the values from Kienast (1987) were used (section 3.4, Tab. 3.11). For deriving the light parameters (kLy, kLa), the following sources were consulted: Amann (1954), Landolt (1977), Bernatzky (1978), Ellenberg (1986) and Jahn (1991). Amann (1954) gives qualitative descriptions for a few species (see footnotes in Tab. A- 11). Ellenberg (1986) is the only author who differentiates light tolerance values for saplings (pp. 915ff.) and older trees (p. 82) for most species used in FORCLIM (Tab. A-11). Hence, it was decided to use mainly Ellenberg's values, but to modify them where inconsistencies became apparent; for example, Amann (1954) and Prentice & Helmisaari (1991) agree that Acer spp. and Fraxinus excelsior are more shade tolerant as saplings than as adults, which is not reflected in Ellenberg (1986).
Appendix 209 Tab. A-11: Shade tolerance of tree species according to various authors, all values scaled to the range [1…9] where 1 = shade-intolerant, 9 = shade-tolerant. Species Ellenberg (1986), p. 915ff. Ellenberg (1986), p. 82 Landolt (1977) Amann (1954) Jahn (1991) Bernatzky (1978) Abies alba 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 Larix decidua 8 9 7 9 9 9 8 9 Picea excelsa 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 Pinus cembra 5 5 5 5 1 5 6 5 Pinus montana 8 9 7 8 9 Pinus silvestris 7 9 7 9 9 9 7 9 Taxus baccata 4 3 3 1 9 1 4 3 Acer campestre 5 5 3 9 5 5 Acer platanoides 4 3 3 3 2 5 2 4 Acer pseudoplatanus 4 3 3 3 2 1 2 4 Alnus glutinosa 5 5 5 7 5 3 5 5 Alnus incana 6 7 5 7 9 6 7 Alnus viridis 7 7 9 7 7 Betula pendula 7 9 7 9 9 9 7 9 Carpinus betulus 4 3 3 3 1 1 4 3 Castanea sativa 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Corylus avellana 6 5 1 6 6 Fagus silvatica 3 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 Fraxinus excelsior 4 3 5 7 3 9 3 4 6 Populus nigra 5 5 5 7 5 5 Populus tremula 6 7 7 7 6 7 Quercus petraea 6 7 5 7 9 6 7 Quercus pubescens 7 7 5 7 9 7 7 Quercus robur 7 9 5 7 9 7 9 Salix alba 5 5 5 5 5 Sorbus aria 6 7 5 7 9 6 7 Sorbus aucuparia 6 7 5 7 9 6 7 Tilia cordata 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 Tilia platyphyllos 4 3 3 5 5 4 3 Ulmus scabra 4 3 3 5 5 4 3 1 less shade tolerant when young 2 less shade tolerant when adult 3 more shade tolerant when young (Prentice & Helmisaari 1991) kLy kLa kLQ parameter Tab. A-12: Leaf litter quality (1 = fast decay, 2 = medium decay, 3 = recalcitrant) according to Ellenberg (1986, p. 93) and Berg & Staaf (1981, p. 168f.). Species Ellenberg (1986) Berg & Staaf kLQ (1981) Abies alba 2 Larix decidua 3 3 Picea excelsa 3 3 Pinus cembra 3 Pinus montana 3 Pinus silvestris 3 3 3 Taxus baccata 2 Acer campestre 2 2 Acer platanoides 2 2 Acer pseudoplatanus 2 2 Alnus glutinosa 1 1 1 Alnus incana 1 1 Alnus viridis 1 1 Betula pendula 2 2 Carpinus betulus 1 1 Castanea sativa 1 2 2 Corylus avellana 1 1 Fagus silvatica 2 2 2 Fraxinus excelsior 1 1 1 Populus nigra 2 2 Populus tremula 2 2 Quercus petraea 2 1 2 Quercus pubescens 2 2 Quercus robur 2 1 2 Salix alba 2 2 Sorbus aria 1 Sorbus aucuparia 1 Tilia cordata 2 1 2 Tilia platyphyllos 2 2 Ulmus scabra 1 1 1 This parameter was determined from quantitative measurements of leaf nitrogen content (Berg & Staaf 1981, Ellenberg 1986) and descriptions by Ellenberg (1986) who quan-
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Diss. ETH No. 10638 On the Ecology
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ii Table of contents A BSTRACT.....
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iv APPENDIX .......................
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vi Harald BUGMANN, 1994: On the eco
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viii Harald BUGMANN, 1994: Aspekte
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1 1 . Introduction 1.1 Climatic cha
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Introduction 3 1.2 Methods for the
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Introduction 5 in a changing climat
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Introduction 7 Their integrative ca
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Introduction 9 (1984) provides a mo
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Introduction 11 The main advantage
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13 2 . Analysis of existing forest
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Analysis of existing forest gap mod
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The forest model FORCLIM 45 carbon
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The forest model FORCLIM 47 TREE GR
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The forest model FORCLIM 49 gBFlag
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The forest model FORCLIM 51 Disturb
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The forest model FORCLIM 53 decay o
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The forest model FORCLIM 55 the est
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The forest model FORCLIM 57 3.3 Mod
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The forest model FORCLIM 59 Light a
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The forest model FORCLIM 61 Overall
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The forest model FORCLIM 63 D (cm)
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The forest model FORCLIM 65 a) b) c
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The forest model FORCLIM 67 Growth
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The forest model FORCLIM 69 Stress-
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The forest model FORCLIM 71 Tab. 3.
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The forest model FORCLIM 73 3.3.2 F
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The forest model FORCLIM 75 where k
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The forest model FORCLIM 77 NITROGE
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The forest model FORCLIM 79 peratur
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The forest model FORCLIM 81 of degr
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The forest model FORCLIM 83 microcl
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The forest model FORCLIM 85 Tab. 3.
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The forest model FORCLIM 87 3.4.3 F
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The forest model FORCLIM 89 All the
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The forest model FORCLIM 91 The mas
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The forest model FORCLIM 93 FORCLIM
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Behaviour of FORCLIM along a transe
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Parameter sensitivity & model valid
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153 6 . Model applications Climatic
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Model applications 155 The simulate
Page 151 and 152: Model applications 157 6.2 Possible
Page 153 and 154: Model applications 159 simulation s
Page 155 and 156: Model applications 161 Simulation e
Page 157 and 158: Model applications 163 At the site
Page 159 and 160: Model applications 165 Bever Biomas
Page 161 and 162: Model applications 167 tainty inher
Page 163 and 164: Model applications 169 scenario cho
Page 165 and 166: Discussion 171 Finally, the analysi
Page 167 and 168: Discussion 173 bitrarily chosen par
Page 169 and 170: Discussion 175 comparably small imp
Page 171 and 172: Discussion 177 end of the 21st cent
Page 173 and 174: Conclusions 179 Ecological factors
Page 175 and 176: Conclusions 181 species composition
Page 177 and 178: References 183 Begon, M., Harper, J
Page 179 and 180: References 185 Burger, H., 1951. Ho
Page 181 and 182: References 187 Faber, P.J., 1991. A
Page 183 and 184: References 189 Huntley, B. & Birks,
Page 185 and 186: References 191 Leemans, R. & Prenti
Page 187 and 188: References 193 Olson, J.S., 1963. E
Page 189 and 190: References 195 Rudloff, W., 1981. W
Page 191 and 192: References 197 Smith, T.M., Leemans
Page 193 and 194: References 199 Whittaker, R.H., 195
Page 195 and 196: Appendix 201 II. Derivation of para
Page 197 and 198: Appendix 203 Tab. A-4: Tree species
Page 199 and 200: Appendix 205 Tab. A-7: Values for m
Page 201: Appendix 207 The minimum winter tem
Page 205 and 206: Appendix 211 Tab. A-14: Climatic pa
Page 207 and 208: Appendix 213 IV. Source code of the
Page 209 and 210: Appendix 215 FROM SimBase IMPORT De
Page 211 and 212: Appendix 217 END; (* IF *) prevDay
Page 213 and 214: Appendix 219 PROCEDURE InitializeFW
Page 215 and 216: Appendix 221 InstallSeparator( fMen
Page 217 and 218: Appendix 223 FROM FCPFileIO IMPORT
Page 219 and 220: Appendix 225 modelSp^.p.kHm := sens
Page 221 and 222: Appendix 227 DeclMV( meanLitt[leafS
Page 223 and 224: Appendix 229 Swiss Federal Institut
Page 225 and 226: Appendix 231 (*********************
Page 227 and 228: Appendix 233 BEGIN WITH sp^ DO d :=
Page 229 and 230: Appendix 235 Definition module FCPB
Page 231 and 232: Appendix 237 Purpose Simulation mod
Page 233 and 234: Appendix 239 END Immobilization; PR
Page 235 and 236: Appendix 241 CONST lem = 3; VAR ef:
Page 237 and 238: Appendix 243 Purpose Provides the b
Page 239 and 240: Appendix 245 Example of a text file
Page 241 and 242: Appendix 247 Tab. A-15: Lower end o
Page 243 and 244: Appendix 249 Tab. A-17: Percentage
Page 245 and 246: Appendix 251 Tab. A-19: Significant
Page 247 and 248: Appendix 253 VI. Derivation of para
Page 249 and 250: Appendix 255 Tab. A-21: Species-spe
Page 251 and 252: Appendix 257 Tab. A-22 (continued)
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