On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...
On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...
On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...
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206 Appendix<br />
kDDM<strong>in</strong> & kDDMax parameters<br />
The derivation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> degree-day parameters was based on <strong>the</strong> work by Kienast (1987),<br />
who used <strong>the</strong> data compiled by Meusel et al. (1965, 1978), Rudl<strong>of</strong>f (1981), and Müller<br />
(1982). Previous analyses (Fischl<strong>in</strong> et al. 1994) showed that <strong>the</strong> degree-day calculation<br />
used <strong>in</strong> conventional forest gap models is subject to a site-specific bias. Therefore, a<br />
general correction formula for <strong>the</strong> annual sum <strong>of</strong> degree-days was developed (cf. section<br />
3.3.3), and <strong>the</strong> degree-day parameters <strong>in</strong> Kienast (1987) were recalculated with this<br />
correction formula (Fig. A-2). The result<strong>in</strong>g kDDM<strong>in</strong> and kDDMax parameters are listed<br />
<strong>in</strong> section 3.4, Tab. 3.11.<br />
Allen’s sum <strong>of</strong> degree-days<br />
Correction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> annual sum <strong>of</strong> degree-days<br />
3000 y = 210.10 + 1.0266x R^2 = 0.989<br />
2000<br />
1000<br />
0<br />
0<br />
1000<br />
2000<br />
3000<br />
conventional gap model approximation<br />
Fig. A-2: Regression <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> annual sum <strong>of</strong> degree-days accord<strong>in</strong>g to Allen's (1976) method<br />
vs. <strong>the</strong> conventional gap model approximation (e.g. Kienast 1987). Data from 6 sites <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> European Alps (Basel, Bern, Davos, Bever, Locarno, Sion; n = 418).<br />
kWiT parameter<br />
Tab. A-8: Values <strong>of</strong> kWiT given by Kienast (1987) and Prentice & Helmisaari (1991). N – no susceptibility<br />
to low w<strong>in</strong>ter temperatures. No entry (blank) denotes that Prentice & Helmisaari (1991) did not <strong>in</strong>clude<br />
this species <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir compilation.<br />
Species Kienast (1987) Prentice & Helmisaari<br />
kWiT<br />
(1991)<br />
Abies alba -5 -6<br />
Larix decidua -10 -11<br />
Picea excelsa -7 N N<br />
P<strong>in</strong>us cembra -10 -11<br />
P<strong>in</strong>us montana N N<br />
P<strong>in</strong>us silvestris N N N<br />
Taxus baccata N -4 -5<br />
Acer campestre N N<br />
Acer platanoides N -16 -17<br />
Acer pseudoplatanus N N<br />
Alnus glut<strong>in</strong>osa N -15 -16<br />
Alnus <strong>in</strong>cana N N N<br />
Alnus viridis N N<br />
Betula pendula N N N<br />
Carp<strong>in</strong>us betulus N -8 -9<br />
Castanea sativa N N<br />
Corylus avellana N -15 -16<br />
Fagus silvatica -4 -3 -4<br />
Frax<strong>in</strong>us excelsior N -16 -17<br />
Populus nigra N N<br />
Populus tremula N N N<br />
Quercus petraea -3 -4 -5<br />
Quercus pubescens N N<br />
Quercus robur -3 -16 -17<br />
Salix alba N N<br />
Sorbus aria N N<br />
Sorbus aucuparia N N N<br />
Tilia cordata N -18 -19<br />
Tilia platyphyllos N N<br />
Ulmus scabra N -15 -16