On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...

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206 Appendix kDDMin & kDDMax parameters The derivation of the degree-day parameters was based on the work by Kienast (1987), who used the data compiled by Meusel et al. (1965, 1978), Rudloff (1981), and Müller (1982). Previous analyses (Fischlin et al. 1994) showed that the degree-day calculation used in conventional forest gap models is subject to a site-specific bias. Therefore, a general correction formula for the annual sum of degree-days was developed (cf. section 3.3.3), and the degree-day parameters in Kienast (1987) were recalculated with this correction formula (Fig. A-2). The resulting kDDMin and kDDMax parameters are listed in section 3.4, Tab. 3.11. Allen’s sum of degree-days Correction of the annual sum of degree-days 3000 y = 210.10 + 1.0266x R^2 = 0.989 2000 1000 0 0 1000 2000 3000 conventional gap model approximation Fig. A-2: Regression of the annual sum of degree-days according to Allen's (1976) method vs. the conventional gap model approximation (e.g. Kienast 1987). Data from 6 sites in the European Alps (Basel, Bern, Davos, Bever, Locarno, Sion; n = 418). kWiT parameter Tab. A-8: Values of kWiT given by Kienast (1987) and Prentice & Helmisaari (1991). N – no susceptibility to low winter temperatures. No entry (blank) denotes that Prentice & Helmisaari (1991) did not include this species in their compilation. Species Kienast (1987) Prentice & Helmisaari kWiT (1991) Abies alba -5 -6 Larix decidua -10 -11 Picea excelsa -7 N N Pinus cembra -10 -11 Pinus montana N N Pinus silvestris N N N Taxus baccata N -4 -5 Acer campestre N N Acer platanoides N -16 -17 Acer pseudoplatanus N N Alnus glutinosa N -15 -16 Alnus incana N N N Alnus viridis N N Betula pendula N N N Carpinus betulus N -8 -9 Castanea sativa N N Corylus avellana N -15 -16 Fagus silvatica -4 -3 -4 Fraxinus excelsior N -16 -17 Populus nigra N N Populus tremula N N N Quercus petraea -3 -4 -5 Quercus pubescens N N Quercus robur -3 -16 -17 Salix alba N N Sorbus aria N N Sorbus aucuparia N N N Tilia cordata N -18 -19 Tilia platyphyllos N N Ulmus scabra N -15 -16
Appendix 207 The minimum winter temperature parameter was adapted from the values given in Kienast (1987) and Prentice & Helmisaari (1991); these authors assume that the coldest month always is January. A comparison of the current mean January temperature with the minimum of the current mean December, January, and February temperatures conducted at the 12 sites used in the present study revealed that the latter minimum temperature is at average 1.27 °C lower than the current mean January temperature; thus the kWiT parameters obtained from Kienast (1987) and Prentice & Helmisaari (1991) were lowered by 1 °C. In cases where both authors give parameters, the Prentice & Helmisaari (1991) values were adopted with higher priority (Tab. A-8; cf. discussion in Prentice & Helmisaari 1991). kNTol & kDrT parameters Nitrogen (kNTol) and drought (kDrt) tolerance values of all tree species were compiled from Landolt (1977), Ellenberg (1986), Prentice & Helmisaari (1991) and Jahn (1991). The kNTol parameters (Tab. A-9) were derived from these sources by averaging and rounding to the nearest integer number. Tab. A-9: Nitrogen tolerance values of the tree species according to Ellenberg (1986; 1 = tolerant, 9 = intolerant, x = indifferent), Landolt (1977; 1 = tolerant, 5 = intolerant), Prentice & Helmisaari (1991) and Jahn (1991). For the latter two references, 1 = tolerant, 3 = intolerant. The Ellenberg and Landolt data were converted to the range [1…3] by assuming that “indifferent” species are tolerant of low nitrogen concentrations. Species Ellenberg (1986) Landolt (1977) Prentice & Helmisaari (1991) Jahn (1991) Ellenberg (1986), classes Landolt (1977), classes Abies alba x 3 2 1 2 2 Larix decidua 3 2 2 1 1 1 Picea excelsa x 3 2 1 1 2 2 Pinus cembra 2 1 1 Pinus montana 3 2 2 1 1 1 Pinus silvestris x 2 1 1 1 1 1 Taxus baccata x 2 1 3 1 1 2 Acer campestre 6 3 3 2 2 2 Acer platanoides x 3 3 2 1 2 2 Acer pseudoplatanus 7 3 2 3 2 2 Alnus glutinosa x 4 1 2 1 3 2 Alnus incana x 4 1 3 1 3 2 Alnus viridis x 4 2 1 3 2 Betula pendula x 2 2 1 1 1 1 Carpinus betulus x 3 2 2 1 2 2 Castanea sativa x 2 1 1 1 1 Corylus avellana x 3 2 1 2 2 Fagus silvatica x 3 1 1 1 2 1 Fraxinus excelsior 7 4 3 3 3 3 3 Populus nigra 7 4 3 3 3 Populus tremula x 3 1 1 2 1 Quercus petraea x 2 2 2 1 1 1 Quercus pubescens x 2 3 1 1 2 Quercus robur x 3 1 1 1 2 1 Salix alba 7 4 3 3 3 Sorbus aria 3 2 3 1 1 2 Sorbus aucuparia x 2 1 1 1 1 1 Tilia cordata 5 2 3 2 2 1 2 Tilia platyphyllos 7 3 2 3 2 2 Ulmus scabra 7 4 3 3 3 3 3 The problem of deriving reliable drought tolerance data for tree species (Tab. A-10) was discussed in detail by Prentice & Helmisaari (1991); the data compiled for the FORCLIM model (Tab. A-10) show that there are large discrepancies in the drought tolerance assigned by various authors (e.g. Betula pendula, Fagus silvatica). Thus, rather than averaging the various assignments, it was decided to use mainly the values given by Ellenberg (1986) because his data appear to be most accurate: • Landolt (1977) assigned a low drought tolerance to Pinus montana, which is quite frequent in the dry Swiss National Park, but a high tolerance to Alnus spp., which is judged to be drought-intolerant by all other authors. kNTol
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Diss. ETH No. 10638 On the Ecology
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ii Table of contents A BSTRACT.....
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iv APPENDIX .......................
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vi Harald BUGMANN, 1994: On the eco
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viii Harald BUGMANN, 1994: Aspekte
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1 1 . Introduction 1.1 Climatic cha
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Introduction 3 1.2 Methods for the
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Introduction 5 in a changing climat
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Introduction 7 Their integrative ca
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Introduction 9 (1984) provides a mo
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Introduction 11 The main advantage
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13 2 . Analysis of existing forest
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Analysis of existing forest gap mod
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The forest model FORCLIM 45 carbon
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The forest model FORCLIM 47 TREE GR
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The forest model FORCLIM 49 gBFlag
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The forest model FORCLIM 51 Disturb
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The forest model FORCLIM 53 decay o
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The forest model FORCLIM 55 the est
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The forest model FORCLIM 57 3.3 Mod
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The forest model FORCLIM 59 Light a
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The forest model FORCLIM 61 Overall
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The forest model FORCLIM 63 D (cm)
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The forest model FORCLIM 65 a) b) c
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The forest model FORCLIM 67 Growth
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The forest model FORCLIM 69 Stress-
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The forest model FORCLIM 71 Tab. 3.
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The forest model FORCLIM 73 3.3.2 F
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The forest model FORCLIM 75 where k
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The forest model FORCLIM 77 NITROGE
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The forest model FORCLIM 79 peratur
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The forest model FORCLIM 81 of degr
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The forest model FORCLIM 83 microcl
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The forest model FORCLIM 85 Tab. 3.
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The forest model FORCLIM 87 3.4.3 F
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The forest model FORCLIM 89 All the
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The forest model FORCLIM 91 The mas
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The forest model FORCLIM 93 FORCLIM
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Behaviour of FORCLIM along a transe
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Parameter sensitivity & model valid
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153 6 . Model applications Climatic
Page 149 and 150: Model applications 155 The simulate
Page 151 and 152: Model applications 157 6.2 Possible
Page 153 and 154: Model applications 159 simulation s
Page 155 and 156: Model applications 161 Simulation e
Page 157 and 158: Model applications 163 At the site
Page 159 and 160: Model applications 165 Bever Biomas
Page 161 and 162: Model applications 167 tainty inher
Page 163 and 164: Model applications 169 scenario cho
Page 165 and 166: Discussion 171 Finally, the analysi
Page 167 and 168: Discussion 173 bitrarily chosen par
Page 169 and 170: Discussion 175 comparably small imp
Page 171 and 172: Discussion 177 end of the 21st cent
Page 173 and 174: Conclusions 179 Ecological factors
Page 175 and 176: Conclusions 181 species composition
Page 177 and 178: References 183 Begon, M., Harper, J
Page 179 and 180: References 185 Burger, H., 1951. Ho
Page 181 and 182: References 187 Faber, P.J., 1991. A
Page 183 and 184: References 189 Huntley, B. & Birks,
Page 185 and 186: References 191 Leemans, R. & Prenti
Page 187 and 188: References 193 Olson, J.S., 1963. E
Page 189 and 190: References 195 Rudloff, W., 1981. W
Page 191 and 192: References 197 Smith, T.M., Leemans
Page 193 and 194: References 199 Whittaker, R.H., 195
Page 195 and 196: Appendix 201 II. Derivation of para
Page 197 and 198: Appendix 203 Tab. A-4: Tree species
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Page 203 and 204: Appendix 209 Tab. A-11: Shade toler
Page 205 and 206: Appendix 211 Tab. A-14: Climatic pa
Page 207 and 208: Appendix 213 IV. Source code of the
Page 209 and 210: Appendix 215 FROM SimBase IMPORT De
Page 211 and 212: Appendix 217 END; (* IF *) prevDay
Page 213 and 214: Appendix 219 PROCEDURE InitializeFW
Page 215 and 216: Appendix 221 InstallSeparator( fMen
Page 217 and 218: Appendix 223 FROM FCPFileIO IMPORT
Page 219 and 220: Appendix 225 modelSp^.p.kHm := sens
Page 221 and 222: Appendix 227 DeclMV( meanLitt[leafS
Page 223 and 224: Appendix 229 Swiss Federal Institut
Page 225 and 226: Appendix 231 (*********************
Page 227 and 228: Appendix 233 BEGIN WITH sp^ DO d :=
Page 229 and 230: Appendix 235 Definition module FCPB
Page 231 and 232: Appendix 237 Purpose Simulation mod
Page 233 and 234: Appendix 239 END Immobilization; PR
Page 235 and 236: Appendix 241 CONST lem = 3; VAR ef:
Page 237 and 238: Appendix 243 Purpose Provides the b
Page 239 and 240: Appendix 245 Example of a text file
Page 241 and 242: Appendix 247 Tab. A-15: Lower end o
Page 243 and 244: Appendix 249 Tab. A-17: Percentage
Page 245 and 246: Appendix 251 Tab. A-19: Significant
Page 247 and 248: Appendix 253 VI. Derivation of para
Page 249 and 250: Appendix 255 Tab. A-21: Species-spe
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Appendix 257 Tab. A-22 (continued)
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