On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...

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204 Appendix Tab. A-5: Values for maximum tree diameter (cm) from the literature. n – sample size (number of values found in the literature); Min, Mean, Max – minimum, average and maximum value. kDm used in FORCLIM is the arithmetic mean of the average and the maximum values, rounded to the nearest 5 cm. n Min Mean Max (Mean+Max)/2 kDm Abies alba 7 150 183 250 216 215 Larix decidua 7 100 168 200 184 185 Picea excelsa 6 100 166 250 208 210 Pinus cembra 5 105 161 200 181 180 Pinus montana 1 50 50 50 50 50 Pinus silvestris 6 100 125 190 157 155 Taxus baccata 5 5 0 260 450 355 355 Acer campestre 4 4 0 6 9 9 5 8 2 8 0 Acer platanoides 3 100 147 190 168 170 Acer pseudoplatanus 5 200 205 223 214 215 Alnus glutinosa 5 50 81 180 130 130 Alnus incana 2 40 120 200 160 160 Alnus viridis 0 – – – – 20 Betula pendula 6 60 82 150 116 115 Carpinus betulus 6 50 90 127 108 110 Castanea sativa 6 100 301 410 356 355 Corylus avellana 1 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 Fagus silvatica 7 150 193 260 226 225 Fraxinus excelsior 6 100 162 220 191 190 Populus nigra 4 127 182 200 191 190 Populus tremula 3 60 103 150 127 125 Quercus petraea 3 250 267 300 283 285 Quercus pubescens 1 89 89 89 89 90 Quercus robur 6 200 256 382 319 320 Salix alba 3 100 100 100 100 100 Sorbus aria 3 40 47 60 54 55 Sorbus aucuparia 6 30 52 80 66 65 Tilia cordata 3 100 187 270 228 230 Tilia platyphyllos 3 185 312 500 406 405 Ulmus scabra 6 100 167 223 195 195 Tab. A-6: Values for maximum tree height (m) from the literature. n – sample size (number of values found in the literature); Min, Mean, Max – minimum, average and maximum value. kHm used in FORCLIM is the arithmetic mean of the average and the maximum values, rounded to the nearest meter. Species n Min Mean Max (Mean+Max)/2 kHm Abies alba 12 45 54 65 59.5 60 Larix decidua 1 2 3 5 4 7 5 7 52.1 52 Picea excelsa 1 3 3 6 5 4 6 3 58.3 58 Pinus cembra 1 1 2 0 2 4 2 7 25.7 26 Pinus montana 3 15 20 25 22.5 23 Pinus silvestris 12 35 42 48 45.2 45 Taxus baccata 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 22.4 22 Acer campestre 1 1 9 1 9 2 6 22.5 23 Acer platanoides 1 1 2 0 2 8 3 5 31.5 32 Acer pseudoplatanus 12 30 34 40 37.1 37 Alnus glutinosa 13 19 27 35 31.0 31 Alnus incana 8 10 20 25 22.4 22 Alnus viridis 4 2.5 3.4 5.0 4.2 4 Betula pendula 13 18 27 31 29.0 29 Carpinus betulus 12 19 25 30 27.3 27 Castanea sativa 1 1 2 0 3 1 3 5 33.0 33 Corylus avellana 8 5 8 1 2 9.9 1 0 Fagus silvatica 13 30 39 50 44.7 45 Fraxinus excelsior 13 30 39 45 42.0 42 Populus nigra 11 30 33 40 36.4 36 Populus tremula 11 15 26 35 30.3 30 Quercus petraea 9 3 0 4 1 5 0 45.3 45 Quercus pubescens 7 16 21 30 25.4 25 Quercus robur 11 30 43 60 51.6 52 Salix alba 10 20 25 30 27.3 27 Sorbus aria 10 12 18 25 21.7 22 Sorbus aucuparia 13 15 17 20 18.7 19 Tilia cordata 1 2 2 2 2 9 3 2 30.5 30 Tilia platyphyllos 11 30 38 41 39.4 39 Ulmus scabra 1 1 3 0 3 9 4 8 43.3 43
Appendix 205 Tab. A-7: Values for maximum tree age (years) from the literature. n – sample size (number of values found in the literature); Min, Mean, Max – minimum, average and maximum value. kAm used in FORCLIM is the arithmetic mean of the average and the maximum values, rounded to the nearest 10 years. Species n Min Mean Max (Mean+Max)/2 kAm Abies alba 6 300 600 800 700 700 Larix decidua 6 300 700 1000 850 850 Picea excelsa 8 200 650 1200 925 930 Pinus cembra 6 600 900 1200 1050 1050 Pinus montana 1 300 300 300 300 300 Pinus silvestris 7 400 614 900 757 760 Taxus baccata 7 1000 1714 2500 2107 2110 Acer campestre 4 100 143 200 171 170 Acer platanoides 7 150 264 500 382 380 Acer pseudoplatanus 7 350 493 600 546 550 Alnus glutinosa 6 100 182 300 241 240 Alnus incana 5 50 95 200 148 150 Alnus viridis 0 – – – – 100 Betula pendula 7 100 149 300 224 220 Carpinus betulus 5 150 180 250 215 220 Castanea sativa 6 600 1017 2000 1508 1510 Corylus avellana 3 5 0 6 7 8 0 7 3 7 0 Fagus silvatica 7 300 357 500 429 430 Fraxinus excelsior 5 250 300 400 350 350 Populus nigra 4 200 250 300 275 280 Populus tremula 5 100 126 160 143 140 Quercus petraea 4 500 725 1000 863 860 Quercus pubescens 0 – – – – 500 Quercus robur 9 500 922 1200 1061 1060 Salix alba 4 100 143 200 171 170 Sorbus aria 3 100 167 200 183 180 Sorbus aucuparia 6 90 105 120 113 110 Tilia cordata 7 500 871 1000 936 940 Tilia platyphyllos 7 500 914 1000 957 960 Ulmus scabra 4 400 450 500 475 480 kG parameter Based on yield table data (Anonymous 1983, Schober 1987), identification procedures (Press et al. 1986) were used in an attempt to determine the kG parameters of 10 species: Quercus petraea, Q. robur, Fagus silvatica, Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus excelsior, Betula pendula, Picea excelsa, Abies alba, Pinus silvestris, and Larix decidua. However, for the other 20 species no yield table data could be found, and there was no convincing relationship between the kG parameters used by Kienast (1987) and those obtained from the identification algorithms; moreover, yield table data do not reflect the maximum growth of single trees, but rather the average growth of tree populations. To determine kG, Kienast (1987) used a qualitative approach based on descriptions of tree growth rates (Mitscherlich 1970), the FORET gap model (Shugart & West 1977) and yield tables (Anonymous 1983); the method was designed to yield a correct ranking of the species with respect to their kG parameters, but the absolute values of kG may not be reliable (Kienast, personal communication). Competitive success is based mainly on the relative ranking with respect to a certain parameter; thus the procedure taken by Kienast appears to be appropriate for deriving kG. Botkin et al. (1972a, p. 872) noted that kG is related to the maximum diameter increment δD max . The relationship between kG and δD max was determined both for Botkin's and for Moore's (1989) growth equation by means of simulation studies. Then the FORECE values of kG (Kienast 1987) were recalculated via δD max to fit Moore's (1989) growth equation based on the following formula, whose derivation will be published elsewhere: kG ForClim = kG Forece · 0.1765 0.1465 · kH m + 538.27 kH m + 72.01 (A1) where kHm is in [cm]. The resulting kG parameters are given in section 3.4, Tab. 3.11.
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Diss. ETH No. 10638 On the Ecology
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ii Table of contents A BSTRACT.....
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iv APPENDIX .......................
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vi Harald BUGMANN, 1994: On the eco
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viii Harald BUGMANN, 1994: Aspekte
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1 1 . Introduction 1.1 Climatic cha
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Introduction 3 1.2 Methods for the
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Introduction 5 in a changing climat
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Introduction 7 Their integrative ca
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Introduction 9 (1984) provides a mo
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Introduction 11 The main advantage
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13 2 . Analysis of existing forest
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Analysis of existing forest gap mod
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The forest model FORCLIM 45 carbon
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The forest model FORCLIM 47 TREE GR
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The forest model FORCLIM 49 gBFlag
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The forest model FORCLIM 51 Disturb
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The forest model FORCLIM 53 decay o
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The forest model FORCLIM 55 the est
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The forest model FORCLIM 57 3.3 Mod
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The forest model FORCLIM 59 Light a
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The forest model FORCLIM 61 Overall
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The forest model FORCLIM 63 D (cm)
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The forest model FORCLIM 65 a) b) c
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The forest model FORCLIM 67 Growth
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The forest model FORCLIM 69 Stress-
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The forest model FORCLIM 71 Tab. 3.
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The forest model FORCLIM 73 3.3.2 F
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The forest model FORCLIM 75 where k
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The forest model FORCLIM 77 NITROGE
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The forest model FORCLIM 79 peratur
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The forest model FORCLIM 81 of degr
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The forest model FORCLIM 83 microcl
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The forest model FORCLIM 85 Tab. 3.
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The forest model FORCLIM 87 3.4.3 F
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The forest model FORCLIM 89 All the
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The forest model FORCLIM 91 The mas
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The forest model FORCLIM 93 FORCLIM
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Behaviour of FORCLIM along a transe
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Parameter sensitivity & model valid
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Page 147 and 148: 153 6 . Model applications Climatic
Page 149 and 150: Model applications 155 The simulate
Page 151 and 152: Model applications 157 6.2 Possible
Page 153 and 154: Model applications 159 simulation s
Page 155 and 156: Model applications 161 Simulation e
Page 157 and 158: Model applications 163 At the site
Page 159 and 160: Model applications 165 Bever Biomas
Page 161 and 162: Model applications 167 tainty inher
Page 163 and 164: Model applications 169 scenario cho
Page 165 and 166: Discussion 171 Finally, the analysi
Page 167 and 168: Discussion 173 bitrarily chosen par
Page 169 and 170: Discussion 175 comparably small imp
Page 171 and 172: Discussion 177 end of the 21st cent
Page 173 and 174: Conclusions 179 Ecological factors
Page 175 and 176: Conclusions 181 species composition
Page 177 and 178: References 183 Begon, M., Harper, J
Page 179 and 180: References 185 Burger, H., 1951. Ho
Page 181 and 182: References 187 Faber, P.J., 1991. A
Page 183 and 184: References 189 Huntley, B. & Birks,
Page 185 and 186: References 191 Leemans, R. & Prenti
Page 187 and 188: References 193 Olson, J.S., 1963. E
Page 189 and 190: References 195 Rudloff, W., 1981. W
Page 191 and 192: References 197 Smith, T.M., Leemans
Page 193 and 194: References 199 Whittaker, R.H., 195
Page 195 and 196: Appendix 201 II. Derivation of para
Page 197: Appendix 203 Tab. A-4: Tree species
Page 201 and 202: Appendix 207 The minimum winter tem
Page 203 and 204: Appendix 209 Tab. A-11: Shade toler
Page 205 and 206: Appendix 211 Tab. A-14: Climatic pa
Page 207 and 208: Appendix 213 IV. Source code of the
Page 209 and 210: Appendix 215 FROM SimBase IMPORT De
Page 211 and 212: Appendix 217 END; (* IF *) prevDay
Page 213 and 214: Appendix 219 PROCEDURE InitializeFW
Page 215 and 216: Appendix 221 InstallSeparator( fMen
Page 217 and 218: Appendix 223 FROM FCPFileIO IMPORT
Page 219 and 220: Appendix 225 modelSp^.p.kHm := sens
Page 221 and 222: Appendix 227 DeclMV( meanLitt[leafS
Page 223 and 224: Appendix 229 Swiss Federal Institut
Page 225 and 226: Appendix 231 (*********************
Page 227 and 228: Appendix 233 BEGIN WITH sp^ DO d :=
Page 229 and 230: Appendix 235 Definition module FCPB
Page 231 and 232: Appendix 237 Purpose Simulation mod
Page 233 and 234: Appendix 239 END Immobilization; PR
Page 235 and 236: Appendix 241 CONST lem = 3; VAR ef:
Page 237 and 238: Appendix 243 Purpose Provides the b
Page 239 and 240: Appendix 245 Example of a text file
Page 241 and 242: Appendix 247 Tab. A-15: Lower end o
Page 243 and 244: Appendix 249 Tab. A-17: Percentage
Page 245 and 246: Appendix 251 Tab. A-19: Significant
Page 247 and 248: Appendix 253 VI. Derivation of para
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Appendix 255 Tab. A-21: Species-spe
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Appendix 257 Tab. A-22 (continued)
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