On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...
On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...
On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...
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Appendix 203<br />
Tab. A-4: Tree species, Ellenberg's (1986) rank<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir capability to cast shade as pure stands (1 =<br />
low, 5 = high), <strong>the</strong> parameters kA 1 and kA 2 as used <strong>in</strong> FORECE (Kienast 1987) and <strong>the</strong> sType parameters<br />
derived from <strong>the</strong>se sources and <strong>the</strong> regressions <strong>in</strong> Tab. A-3. For species <strong>in</strong> bold face, <strong>the</strong> data is from<br />
Burger (1945-53).<br />
Species name Ellenberg FORECE kA 1 FORECE kA 2 sType<br />
Abies alba 5 0.08 1.96 C5<br />
Larix decidua 1 0.04 1.64 D2<br />
Picea excelsa 4 0.08 1.90 C5<br />
P<strong>in</strong>us cembra 4 0.08 1.90 C5<br />
P<strong>in</strong>us montana 1 0.08 1.90 C5<br />
P<strong>in</strong>us silvestris 1 0.10 1.58 C4<br />
Taxus baccata 5 0.08 1.96 C5<br />
Acer campestre 3 0.05 1.75 D2<br />
Acer platanoides 4 0.05 1.75 D3<br />
Acer pseudoplatanus 4 0.05 1.75 D3<br />
Alnus glut<strong>in</strong>osa 3 0.05 1.75 D2<br />
Alnus <strong>in</strong>cana 3 0.05 1.75 D2<br />
Alnus viridis – 0.05 1.75 D2<br />
Betula pendula 1 0.05 1.58 D1<br />
Carp<strong>in</strong>us betulus 5 0.05 1.80 D3<br />
Castanea sativa 3 0.05 1.80 D3<br />
Corylus avellana – 0.05 1.80 D3<br />
Fagus silvatica 5 0.05 1.79 D3<br />
Frax<strong>in</strong>us excelsior 3 0.06 1.70 D2<br />
Populus nigra 2 0.05 1.70 D2<br />
Populus tremula 2 0.05 1.70 D2<br />
Quercus petraea 3 0.04 1.78 D3<br />
Quercus pubescens 2 0.04 1.78 D3<br />
Quercus robur 2 0.04 1.78 D3<br />
Salix alba 2 0.05 1.70 D1<br />
Sorbus aria 4 0.05 1.70 D2<br />
Sorbus aucuparia 2 0.05 1.70 D1<br />
Tilia cordata 4 0.05 1.75 D3<br />
Tilia platyphyllos 4 0.05 1.75 D3<br />
Ulmus scabra 4 0.05 1.75 D3<br />
To this end, a large data base was compiled for deriv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> three parameters from <strong>the</strong> silvics<br />
descriptions <strong>in</strong> Amann (1954), Fenaroli & Gambi (1976), Brosse (1977), Polun<strong>in</strong><br />
(1977), Phillips (1978), Bernatzky (1978), Krüssmann (1979), Mitchell (1979), Hess et<br />
al. (1980), Edl<strong>in</strong> & Nimmo (1983), Marcet & Gohl (1985), Godet (1986), Leibundgut<br />
(1991), and Prentice & Helmisaari (1991). From every reference, <strong>the</strong> maximum diameter,<br />
height and age were recorded for every species listed.<br />
The follow<strong>in</strong>g rationale, which undoubtedly is ad hoc, was used to derive species parameters<br />
from this data base: The arithmetic mean <strong>of</strong> all values does not reflect true maximum<br />
dimensions s<strong>in</strong>ce some authors probably were not aware <strong>of</strong> very large specimen.<br />
<strong>On</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> maximum <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong> values would <strong>in</strong>troduce a strong bias towards<br />
exaggerated large dimensions. Thus, it was decided to calculate <strong>the</strong> species parameters<br />
as <strong>the</strong> average <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mean and <strong>the</strong> maximum values found (Tab. A-5 – A-7).<br />
Maximum tree diameter (Tab. A-5) is covered ra<strong>the</strong>r well <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> literature; for most<br />
species, at least 3 values could be compiled. For some species that not usually dom<strong>in</strong>ate<br />
forests (i.e. P<strong>in</strong>us montana, Corylus avellana, Quercus pubescens) only one value could<br />
be found. No parameter for Alnus viridis could be derived at all; s<strong>in</strong>ce this species is a<br />
bush ra<strong>the</strong>r than a tree (cf. Tab. A-6), its kDm is small and thus was estimated as<br />
20 cm.<br />
Maximum tree height (Tab. A-6) is covered well <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> literature (seven or more values<br />
for all species except P<strong>in</strong>us montana and Alnus viridis).<br />
The same species as for maximum diameter and height have a low coverage concern<strong>in</strong>g<br />
maximum age (Tab. A-7): P<strong>in</strong>us montana and Alnus viridis. It is known that <strong>the</strong> latter<br />
species is not very long-lived, thus its maximum age was arbitrarily set to 100 years. A<br />
similar procedure had to be adapted when estimat<strong>in</strong>g kAm for Quercus pubescens: Oaks<br />
can grow quite old, but Q. pubescens does not atta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> high age <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r two native<br />
oak species (860 and 1060 years); thus, its maximum age was set to 500 years.