On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...

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194 References Post, W.M., Pastor, J., King, A.W. & Emanuel, W.R., 1992. Aspects of the interaction between vegetation and soil under global change. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 64: 345-363. Post, W.M., Peng, T.-H., Emanuel, W.R., King, A.W., Dale, V.H. & DeAngelis, D.L., 1990. The global carbon cycle. Amer. Sci., 78: 310-326. Prentice, I.C. & Helmisaari, H., 1991. Silvics of north European trees: Compilation, comparisons and implications for forest succession modelling. For. Ecol. Manage., 42: 79-93. Prentice, I.C., Sykes, M.T. & Cramer, W., 1991. The possible dynamic response of northern forests to global warming. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, 1: 129-135. Prentice, I.C., Sykes, M.T. & Cramer, W., 1993. A simulation model for the transient effects of climate change on forest landscapes. Ecol. Modelling, 65: 51-70. Prentice, I.C., Cramer, W., Harrison, S.P., Leemans, R., Monserud, R.A. & Solomon, A.M., 1992. A global biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate. J. Biogeogr., 19: 117-134. Press, W.H., Flanery, B.P., Teukolsky, S.A. & Vetterling, W.T., 1986. Numerical recipes - The art of scientific computing. Cambridge University Press. Raich, J.W., Schlesinger, W.H., 1992. The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate. Tellus, 44B: 81-99. Rechsteiner, H.U., 1993. Einfluss des Verbisses durch Rothirsche (Cervus elaphus L.) auf die Etablierung von subalpinen Baumarten: Feldstudien und Modellierung. Master Thesis, Systems Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ), 102 pp. Reed, K.L., 1980. An ecological approach to modeling growth of forest trees. For. Sci., 26: 33-50. Rehder, H., 1965. Die Klimatypen der Alpenkarte im Klimadiagramm-Weltatlas (Walther & Lieth) und ihre Beziehungen zur Vegetation. Flora Abt. B, 156: 78-93. Reichle, D.E. (ed.), 1981. Dynamic properties of forest ecosystems. IBP publication no. 23, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge a.o., 683 pp. Remmert, H. (ed.), 1991. The mosaic-cycle concept of ecosystems. Ecological Studies, Springer Verlag, Berlin a.o., 85: 168 pp. Renner, F., 1982. Beiträge zur Gletschergeschichte des Gotthardgebietes und dendroklimatologische Analysen an fossilen Hölzern. In: Furrer, G., Keller, W.A., Gamper, M. & Suter, J. (eds.), Physische Geographie. Geographisches Institut, Universität Zürich, 8: 182 pp. Reynolds, J.F. & Acock, B., 1985. Modeling approaches for evaluating vegetation responses to carbon dioxide concentration. In: Strain, B.R. & Cure, D. (eds.), Direct effects of increasing carbon dioxide on vegetation. U.S. Dept. of Energy, DO/ER-0238, 33-51. Reynolds, J.F., Strain, B.R., Cunningham, G.L. & Knoerr, K.R., 1980. Predicting primary productivity for forest and desert ecosystem models. In: Hesketh, J.D. & Jones, J.W. (eds.), Predicting photosynthesis for ecosystem models, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2: 169-207. Richard, F., Lüscher, P. & Strobel, Th., 1978. Physikalische Eigenschaften von Böden der Schweiz. Swiss Federal Institute of Forestry Research, Birmensdorf. 4 Vol. Riedwyl, H., 1980. Angewandte multivariate Statistik. UTB No. 923, Paul Haupt, Bern & Stuttgart, 141 pp. Roberts, L., 1989. How fast can trees migrate? Science, 243: 735-737. Roughgarden, J., Running, S.W. & Matson, P.A., 1991. What does remote sensing do for ecology? Ecology, 72: 1918-1922. Rowe, J.S., 1972. Forest regions of Canada. Department of the Environment, Canadian Forestry Service Publication no. 1300, 172 pp.
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Diss. ETH No. 10638 On the Ecology
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ii Table of contents A BSTRACT.....
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iv APPENDIX .......................
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vi Harald BUGMANN, 1994: On the eco
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viii Harald BUGMANN, 1994: Aspekte
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1 1 . Introduction 1.1 Climatic cha
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Introduction 3 1.2 Methods for the
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Introduction 5 in a changing climat
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Introduction 7 Their integrative ca
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Introduction 9 (1984) provides a mo
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Introduction 11 The main advantage
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13 2 . Analysis of existing forest
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Analysis of existing forest gap mod
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The forest model FORCLIM 45 carbon
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The forest model FORCLIM 47 TREE GR
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The forest model FORCLIM 49 gBFlag
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The forest model FORCLIM 51 Disturb
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The forest model FORCLIM 53 decay o
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The forest model FORCLIM 55 the est
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The forest model FORCLIM 57 3.3 Mod
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The forest model FORCLIM 59 Light a
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The forest model FORCLIM 61 Overall
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The forest model FORCLIM 63 D (cm)
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The forest model FORCLIM 65 a) b) c
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The forest model FORCLIM 67 Growth
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The forest model FORCLIM 69 Stress-
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The forest model FORCLIM 71 Tab. 3.
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The forest model FORCLIM 73 3.3.2 F
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The forest model FORCLIM 75 where k
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The forest model FORCLIM 77 NITROGE
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The forest model FORCLIM 79 peratur
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The forest model FORCLIM 81 of degr
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The forest model FORCLIM 83 microcl
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The forest model FORCLIM 85 Tab. 3.
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The forest model FORCLIM 87 3.4.3 F
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The forest model FORCLIM 89 All the
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The forest model FORCLIM 91 The mas
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The forest model FORCLIM 93 FORCLIM
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Behaviour of FORCLIM along a transe
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Parameter sensitivity & model valid
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Page 137 and 138: Parameter sensitivity & model valid
Page 147 and 148: 153 6 . Model applications Climatic
Page 149 and 150: Model applications 155 The simulate
Page 151 and 152: Model applications 157 6.2 Possible
Page 153 and 154: Model applications 159 simulation s
Page 155 and 156: Model applications 161 Simulation e
Page 157 and 158: Model applications 163 At the site
Page 159 and 160: Model applications 165 Bever Biomas
Page 161 and 162: Model applications 167 tainty inher
Page 163 and 164: Model applications 169 scenario cho
Page 165 and 166: Discussion 171 Finally, the analysi
Page 167 and 168: Discussion 173 bitrarily chosen par
Page 169 and 170: Discussion 175 comparably small imp
Page 171 and 172: Discussion 177 end of the 21st cent
Page 173 and 174: Conclusions 179 Ecological factors
Page 175 and 176: Conclusions 181 species composition
Page 177 and 178: References 183 Begon, M., Harper, J
Page 179 and 180: References 185 Burger, H., 1951. Ho
Page 181 and 182: References 187 Faber, P.J., 1991. A
Page 183 and 184: References 189 Huntley, B. & Birks,
Page 185 and 186: References 191 Leemans, R. & Prenti
Page 187: References 193 Olson, J.S., 1963. E
Page 191 and 192: References 197 Smith, T.M., Leemans
Page 193 and 194: References 199 Whittaker, R.H., 195
Page 195 and 196: Appendix 201 II. Derivation of para
Page 197 and 198: Appendix 203 Tab. A-4: Tree species
Page 199 and 200: Appendix 205 Tab. A-7: Values for m
Page 201 and 202: Appendix 207 The minimum winter tem
Page 203 and 204: Appendix 209 Tab. A-11: Shade toler
Page 205 and 206: Appendix 211 Tab. A-14: Climatic pa
Page 207 and 208: Appendix 213 IV. Source code of the
Page 209 and 210: Appendix 215 FROM SimBase IMPORT De
Page 211 and 212: Appendix 217 END; (* IF *) prevDay
Page 213 and 214: Appendix 219 PROCEDURE InitializeFW
Page 215 and 216: Appendix 221 InstallSeparator( fMen
Page 217 and 218: Appendix 223 FROM FCPFileIO IMPORT
Page 219 and 220: Appendix 225 modelSp^.p.kHm := sens
Page 221 and 222: Appendix 227 DeclMV( meanLitt[leafS
Page 223 and 224: Appendix 229 Swiss Federal Institut
Page 225 and 226: Appendix 231 (*********************
Page 227 and 228: Appendix 233 BEGIN WITH sp^ DO d :=
Page 229 and 230: Appendix 235 Definition module FCPB
Page 231 and 232: Appendix 237 Purpose Simulation mod
Page 233 and 234: Appendix 239 END Immobilization; PR
Page 235 and 236: Appendix 241 CONST lem = 3; VAR ef:
Page 237 and 238: Appendix 243 Purpose Provides the b
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Appendix 245 Example of a text file
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Appendix 247 Tab. A-15: Lower end o
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Appendix 249 Tab. A-17: Percentage
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Appendix 251 Tab. A-19: Significant
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Appendix 253 VI. Derivation of para
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Appendix 255 Tab. A-21: Species-spe
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Appendix 257 Tab. A-22 (continued)
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