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190 References Kienast, F., 1987. FORECE - A forest succession model for southern central Europe. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, ORNL/TM-10575, 69 pp. Kienast, F., 1991. Simulated effects of increasing CO 2 on the successional characteristics of Alpine forest ecosystems. Landscape Ecology, 5: 225-238. Kienast, F. & Schweingruber, F.H., 1986. Dendroecological studies in the Front Range, Colorado, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 18: 277-288. Kienast, F. & Kuhn, N., 1989a. Computergestützte Simulation von Waldentwicklungen. Schweiz. Z. Forstwesen, 140: 189-201. Kienast, F. & Kuhn, N., 1989b. Simulating forest succession along ecological gradients in southern Central Europe. Vegetatio, 79: 7-20. Kiltie, R.A., 1993. New light on forest shade. Trends Ecol. Evol., 8: 39-40. Kimmins, J.P., 1987. Forest ecology. Macmillan, New York, 531 pp. Kimmins, J.P., Scoullar, K.A. & Feller, M.C., 1981. FORCYTE - A computer simulation approach to evaluating the effect of whole tree harvesting on nutrient budgets and future forest productivity. Mitt. Forstl. Bundesversuchsanst., Wien, 140: 189-205. Kinerson, R.S., 1975. Relationship between plant surface area and respiration in loblolly pine. J. appl. Ecol., 12: 965-971. King, D.A., 1991. Tree allometry, leaf size and adult tree size on old-growth forests of western Oregon. Tree Physiol., 9: 369-381. Körner, C. & Arnone, J.A., 1992. Responses to elevated carbon dioxide in artificial tropical ecosystems. Science, 257: 1672-1675. Körner, C, 1993. CO 2 fertilization: The great uncertainty in future vegetation development. In: Solomon, A.M. & Shugart, H.H. (eds.), Vegetation dynamics and global change. Chapman & Hall, New York a.o., 53-70. Kozlowski, T.T., Kramer, P.J. & Pallardy, S.G., 1991. The physiological ecology of woody plants. Academic Press, San Diego a.o., 657 pp. Kräuchi, N., 1994. Modelling forest succession as influenced by a changing environment. Diss. ETH No. 10479, 116 pp. Kräuchi, N. & Kienast, F., 1993. Modelling subalpine forest dynamics as influenced by a changing environment. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 68: 185-197. Krüssmann, G., 1979. Die Bäume Europas. 2nd ed., Paul Parey, Hamburg a.o., 172 pp. Küchler, A.W., 1975. Potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States 1:3'168'000. Amer. Geogr. Soc. Spec. Publ. No. 36. Kuo, C., Lindberg, C. & Thomson, D.J., 1990. Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature. Nature, 343: 709-714. Landolt, E., 1977. Ökologische Zeigerwerte zur Schweizer Flora. Veröff. Geobot. Inst. ETH Zürich, Stiftung Rübel, 64: 208 pp. Leck, M.A., Parker, V.T. & Simpson, R.L. (eds.), 1989. Ecology of soil seed banks. Academic Press, San Diego a.o., 462 pp. Leemans, R., 1991. Sensitivity analysis of a forest succession model. Ecol. Modelling, 53: 247-262. Leemans, R., 1992. The biological component of the simulation model for boreal forest dynamics. In: Shugart, H.H., Leemans, R. & Bonan, G.B. (eds.), A systems analysis of the global boreal forest. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge a.o., 428-445.
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Diss. ETH No. 10638 On the Ecology
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ii Table of contents A BSTRACT.....
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iv APPENDIX .......................
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vi Harald BUGMANN, 1994: On the eco
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viii Harald BUGMANN, 1994: Aspekte
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1 1 . Introduction 1.1 Climatic cha
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Introduction 3 1.2 Methods for the
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Introduction 5 in a changing climat
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Introduction 7 Their integrative ca
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Introduction 9 (1984) provides a mo
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Introduction 11 The main advantage
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13 2 . Analysis of existing forest
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Analysis of existing forest gap mod
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The forest model FORCLIM 45 carbon
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The forest model FORCLIM 47 TREE GR
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The forest model FORCLIM 49 gBFlag
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The forest model FORCLIM 51 Disturb
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The forest model FORCLIM 53 decay o
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The forest model FORCLIM 55 the est
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The forest model FORCLIM 57 3.3 Mod
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The forest model FORCLIM 59 Light a
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The forest model FORCLIM 61 Overall
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The forest model FORCLIM 63 D (cm)
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The forest model FORCLIM 65 a) b) c
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The forest model FORCLIM 67 Growth
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The forest model FORCLIM 69 Stress-
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The forest model FORCLIM 71 Tab. 3.
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The forest model FORCLIM 73 3.3.2 F
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The forest model FORCLIM 75 where k
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The forest model FORCLIM 77 NITROGE
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The forest model FORCLIM 79 peratur
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The forest model FORCLIM 81 of degr
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The forest model FORCLIM 83 microcl
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The forest model FORCLIM 85 Tab. 3.
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The forest model FORCLIM 87 3.4.3 F
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The forest model FORCLIM 89 All the
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The forest model FORCLIM 91 The mas
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The forest model FORCLIM 93 FORCLIM
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Behaviour of FORCLIM along a transe
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Parameter sensitivity & model valid
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Page 133 and 134: Parameter sensitivity & model valid
Page 147 and 148: 153 6 . Model applications Climatic
Page 149 and 150: Model applications 155 The simulate
Page 151 and 152: Model applications 157 6.2 Possible
Page 153 and 154: Model applications 159 simulation s
Page 155 and 156: Model applications 161 Simulation e
Page 157 and 158: Model applications 163 At the site
Page 159 and 160: Model applications 165 Bever Biomas
Page 161 and 162: Model applications 167 tainty inher
Page 163 and 164: Model applications 169 scenario cho
Page 165 and 166: Discussion 171 Finally, the analysi
Page 167 and 168: Discussion 173 bitrarily chosen par
Page 169 and 170: Discussion 175 comparably small imp
Page 171 and 172: Discussion 177 end of the 21st cent
Page 173 and 174: Conclusions 179 Ecological factors
Page 175 and 176: Conclusions 181 species composition
Page 177 and 178: References 183 Begon, M., Harper, J
Page 179 and 180: References 185 Burger, H., 1951. Ho
Page 181 and 182: References 187 Faber, P.J., 1991. A
Page 183: References 189 Huntley, B. & Birks,
Page 187 and 188: References 193 Olson, J.S., 1963. E
Page 189 and 190: References 195 Rudloff, W., 1981. W
Page 191 and 192: References 197 Smith, T.M., Leemans
Page 193 and 194: References 199 Whittaker, R.H., 195
Page 195 and 196: Appendix 201 II. Derivation of para
Page 197 and 198: Appendix 203 Tab. A-4: Tree species
Page 199 and 200: Appendix 205 Tab. A-7: Values for m
Page 201 and 202: Appendix 207 The minimum winter tem
Page 203 and 204: Appendix 209 Tab. A-11: Shade toler
Page 205 and 206: Appendix 211 Tab. A-14: Climatic pa
Page 207 and 208: Appendix 213 IV. Source code of the
Page 209 and 210: Appendix 215 FROM SimBase IMPORT De
Page 211 and 212: Appendix 217 END; (* IF *) prevDay
Page 213 and 214: Appendix 219 PROCEDURE InitializeFW
Page 215 and 216: Appendix 221 InstallSeparator( fMen
Page 217 and 218: Appendix 223 FROM FCPFileIO IMPORT
Page 219 and 220: Appendix 225 modelSp^.p.kHm := sens
Page 221 and 222: Appendix 227 DeclMV( meanLitt[leafS
Page 223 and 224: Appendix 229 Swiss Federal Institut
Page 225 and 226: Appendix 231 (*********************
Page 227 and 228: Appendix 233 BEGIN WITH sp^ DO d :=
Page 229 and 230: Appendix 235 Definition module FCPB
Page 231 and 232: Appendix 237 Purpose Simulation mod
Page 233 and 234: Appendix 239 END Immobilization; PR
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Appendix 241 CONST lem = 3; VAR ef:
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Appendix 243 Purpose Provides the b
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Appendix 245 Example of a text file
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Appendix 247 Tab. A-15: Lower end o
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Appendix 249 Tab. A-17: Percentage
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Appendix 251 Tab. A-19: Significant
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Appendix 253 VI. Derivation of para
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Appendix 255 Tab. A-21: Species-spe
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Appendix 257 Tab. A-22 (continued)
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