On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...

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182 References Aber, J.D. & Melillo, J.M., 1982. FORTNITE: A computer model of organic matter and nitrogen dynamics in forest ecosystems. Univ. of Wisconsin Res. Bulletin R3130. Aber, J.D., Botkin, D.B. & Melillo, J.M., 1979. Predicting the effects of different harvesting regimes on productivity and yield in northern hardwoods. Can. J. For. Res., 9: 10-14. Aber, J.D., Melillo, J.M. & Federer, C.A., 1982. Predicting the effects of rotation length, harvest intensity, and fertilization on fiber yield from northern hardwood forests in New England. For. Sci., 28: 31-45. Aber, J.D., Melillo, J.M., Nadelhoffer, K.J., Pastor, J. & Boone, R.D., 1991. Factors controlling nitrogen cycling and nitrogen saturation in northern temperate forest ecosystems. Ecol. Appl., 1: 303-315. Ågren, G.I., McMurtrie, R.E., Parton, W.J., Pastor, J. & Shugart, H.H., 1991. State-of-the-art of models of production-decomposition linkages in conifer and grassland ecosystems. Ecol. Appl., 1: 118-138. Ajtay, G.L., Ketner, P. & Duvigneaud, P., 1979. Terrestrial primary production and phytomass. In: Bolin, B., Degens, E.T., Kempe, S. & Ketner, P. (eds.), The global carbon cycle. SCOPE 13, Wiley, New York a.o., 129-181. Albrecht, L., 1989. Einfluss hoher Rothirschbestände auf das Naturschutzreservat Aletschwald (Ried VS). Bull. Murithienne, 107: 21-34. Alexander, M., 1977. Introduction to soil microbiology. John Wiley, New York a.o., 467 pp. Allen, J.C., 1976. A modified sine wave method for calculating degree days. Env. Entomol., 5: 388- 396. Amann, G., 1954. Bäume und Sträucher des Waldes. Neumann-Neudamm, Melsungen, 15th ed. 1988, 232 pp. Ammann, B. & Tobolski, K., 1983. Vegetational development during the late-Würm at Lobsigensee (Swiss Plateau) (Studies in the late Quaternary at Lobsigensee 1). Rev. Paleobiol., 2: 163-180. Anderson, J.M., 1992. Responses of soils to climate change. Adv. Ecol. Res., 22: 163-210. Anonymous, 1983. Ertragstafeln Buche, Fichte, Tanne, Lärche. 3rd ed., Eidg. Anstalt für das forstliche Versuchswesen, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland. Baker, F.S., 1949. A revised tolerance table. J. For., 47: 179-181. Bantle, H., 1989. Programmdokumentation Klima-Datenbank am RZ-ETH Zürich. Swiss Meteorological Agency, Zürich. Barnola, J.M., Raynaud, D., Korotkevich, Y.S. & Lorius, C., 1987. Vostok ice core provides 160'000- year record of atmospheric CO 2 . Nature, 329: 408-414. Bassett, J.R., 1964. Tree growth as affected by soil moisture availability. Soil Sci. Proc., 28: 436-438. Bazzaz, F.A. & Williams, W.E., 1991. Atmospheric CO 2 concentrations within a mixed forest: Implications for seedling growth. Ecology, 72: 12-16.
References 183 Begon, M., Harper, J.L. & Townsend, C.R., 1990. Ecology - Individuals, populations and communities. Blackwell, Boston a.o., 945 pp. Berg, B. & Staaf, H., 1981. Leaching, accumulation and release of nitrogen in decomposing forest litter. In: Clark, F.E. & Rosswall, T. (eds.), Terrestrial nitrogen cycles: Processes, ecosystem strategies and management impacts. Ecol. Bull. (Stockholm), 33: 163-178. Berg, B., Ekbohm, G. & McClaugherty, C.A., 1985. Lignin and holocellulose relations during longterm decomposition of some forest litters. Can. J. Bot., 62: 2540-2550. Bernatzky, A., 1978. Tree ecology and preservation. Developments in Agricultural and Managed-Forest Ecology, Vol. 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam a.o., 357 pp. Birks, H.J.B., 1990. Changes in vegetation and climate during the Holocene of Europe. In: Boer, M.M. & de Groot, R.S. (eds.), Landscape-ecological impacts of climatic change. Proceedings of a European conference, Lunteren, The Netherlands, 3-7 December 1989. IOS Press, Amsterdam a.o., 133-158. Blasco, F. & Achard, F., 1990. Analysis of vegetation changes using satellite data. In: Bouwman, A.F. (ed.), Soils and the greenhouse effect. Proceedings of the international conference "Soils and the greenhouse effect", Aug. 14-18, 1989, Wageningen/NL. Wiley, Chichester a.o., 303-310. Bolin, B., Döös, B.R., Jäger, J. & Warrick, R.A. (eds.), 1986. The greenhouse effect, climatic change and ecosystems. Wiley, Chichester a.o. (SCOPE Vol. 29), 541 pp. Bonan, G.B., 1993. Do biophysics and physiology matter in ecosystem models? Clim. Change, 24: 281-285. Bonan, G.B. & Sirois, L., 1992. Air temperature, tree growth, and the northern and southern range limits to Picea mariana. J. Veg. Sci., 3: 495-506. Bonan, G.B. & van Cleve, K., 1992. Soil temperature, nitrogen mineralization, and carbon source-sink relationships in boreal forests. Can. J. For. Res., 22: 629-639. Bonan, G.B., Shugart, H.H. & Urban, D.L., 1990. The sensitivity of some high-latitude boreal forests to climatic parameters. Clim. Change, 16: 9-29. Borer, F., 1982. Zum Wasserhaushalt einer dominierenden Douglasie in einem Waldbestand. Eidg. Anst. Forstl. Versuchswes., Mitt., 58: 5-162. Bormann, F.H. & Likens, G.E., 1979. Pattern and process in a forested ecosystem. Springer, New York a.o., 253 pp. Bosatta, E. & Ågren, G.I., 1985. Theoretical analysis of decomposition of heterogeneous substrates. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 17: 601-610. Bossel, H., 1987. A dynamic simulation model of tree development under pollution stress. In: Möller, D.P.F. (ed.), Erwin-Riesch-Workshop, Advances in Systems Analysis of Biological processes. 2nd Ebernburger Working Conference. Vieweg, Braunschweig, 2: 46-58. Bossel, H. & Krieger, H., 1991. Simulation model of natural tropical forest dynamics. Ecol. Modelling, 59: 37-71. Bossel, H., Metzler, W. & Schäfer, H. (eds.), 1985. Dynamik des Waldsterbens - Mathematisches Modell und Computersimulation. Fachberichte Simulation 4, Springer, Berlin a.o. Botkin, D.B., 1981. Causality and succession. In: West, D.C., Shugart, H.H. & Botkin, D.B. (eds.), Forest succession: concepts and application, Springer, New York a.o., 36-55. Botkin, D.B., 1993. Forest dynamics: An ecological model. Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York, 309 pp. Botkin, D.B. & Nisbet, R.A., 1992. Forest response to climatic change: Effects of parameter estimation and choice of weather patterns on the reliability of projections. Clim. Change, 20: 87-111.
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Diss. ETH No. 10638 On the Ecology
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ii Table of contents A BSTRACT.....
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iv APPENDIX .......................
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vi Harald BUGMANN, 1994: On the eco
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viii Harald BUGMANN, 1994: Aspekte
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1 1 . Introduction 1.1 Climatic cha
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Introduction 3 1.2 Methods for the
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Introduction 5 in a changing climat
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Introduction 7 Their integrative ca
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Introduction 9 (1984) provides a mo
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Introduction 11 The main advantage
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13 2 . Analysis of existing forest
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Analysis of existing forest gap mod
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The forest model FORCLIM 45 carbon
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The forest model FORCLIM 47 TREE GR
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The forest model FORCLIM 49 gBFlag
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The forest model FORCLIM 51 Disturb
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The forest model FORCLIM 53 decay o
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The forest model FORCLIM 55 the est
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The forest model FORCLIM 57 3.3 Mod
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The forest model FORCLIM 59 Light a
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The forest model FORCLIM 61 Overall
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The forest model FORCLIM 63 D (cm)
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The forest model FORCLIM 65 a) b) c
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The forest model FORCLIM 67 Growth
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The forest model FORCLIM 69 Stress-
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The forest model FORCLIM 71 Tab. 3.
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The forest model FORCLIM 73 3.3.2 F
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The forest model FORCLIM 75 where k
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The forest model FORCLIM 77 NITROGE
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The forest model FORCLIM 79 peratur
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The forest model FORCLIM 81 of degr
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The forest model FORCLIM 83 microcl
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The forest model FORCLIM 85 Tab. 3.
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The forest model FORCLIM 87 3.4.3 F
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The forest model FORCLIM 89 All the
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The forest model FORCLIM 91 The mas
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The forest model FORCLIM 93 FORCLIM
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Behaviour of FORCLIM along a transe
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Parameter sensitivity & model valid
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Page 125 and 126: Parameter sensitivity & model valid
Page 147 and 148: 153 6 . Model applications Climatic
Page 149 and 150: Model applications 155 The simulate
Page 151 and 152: Model applications 157 6.2 Possible
Page 153 and 154: Model applications 159 simulation s
Page 155 and 156: Model applications 161 Simulation e
Page 157 and 158: Model applications 163 At the site
Page 159 and 160: Model applications 165 Bever Biomas
Page 161 and 162: Model applications 167 tainty inher
Page 163 and 164: Model applications 169 scenario cho
Page 165 and 166: Discussion 171 Finally, the analysi
Page 167 and 168: Discussion 173 bitrarily chosen par
Page 169 and 170: Discussion 175 comparably small imp
Page 171 and 172: Discussion 177 end of the 21st cent
Page 173 and 174: Conclusions 179 Ecological factors
Page 175: Conclusions 181 species composition
Page 179 and 180: References 185 Burger, H., 1951. Ho
Page 181 and 182: References 187 Faber, P.J., 1991. A
Page 183 and 184: References 189 Huntley, B. & Birks,
Page 185 and 186: References 191 Leemans, R. & Prenti
Page 187 and 188: References 193 Olson, J.S., 1963. E
Page 189 and 190: References 195 Rudloff, W., 1981. W
Page 191 and 192: References 197 Smith, T.M., Leemans
Page 193 and 194: References 199 Whittaker, R.H., 195
Page 195 and 196: Appendix 201 II. Derivation of para
Page 197 and 198: Appendix 203 Tab. A-4: Tree species
Page 199 and 200: Appendix 205 Tab. A-7: Values for m
Page 201 and 202: Appendix 207 The minimum winter tem
Page 203 and 204: Appendix 209 Tab. A-11: Shade toler
Page 205 and 206: Appendix 211 Tab. A-14: Climatic pa
Page 207 and 208: Appendix 213 IV. Source code of the
Page 209 and 210: Appendix 215 FROM SimBase IMPORT De
Page 211 and 212: Appendix 217 END; (* IF *) prevDay
Page 213 and 214: Appendix 219 PROCEDURE InitializeFW
Page 215 and 216: Appendix 221 InstallSeparator( fMen
Page 217 and 218: Appendix 223 FROM FCPFileIO IMPORT
Page 219 and 220: Appendix 225 modelSp^.p.kHm := sens
Page 221 and 222: Appendix 227 DeclMV( meanLitt[leafS
Page 223 and 224: Appendix 229 Swiss Federal Institut
Page 225 and 226: Appendix 231 (*********************
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Appendix 233 BEGIN WITH sp^ DO d :=
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Appendix 235 Definition module FCPB
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Appendix 237 Purpose Simulation mod
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Appendix 239 END Immobilization; PR
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Appendix 241 CONST lem = 3; VAR ef:
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Appendix 243 Purpose Provides the b
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Appendix 245 Example of a text file
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Appendix 247 Tab. A-15: Lower end o
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Appendix 249 Tab. A-17: Percentage
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Appendix 251 Tab. A-19: Significant
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Appendix 253 VI. Derivation of para
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Appendix 255 Tab. A-21: Species-spe
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Appendix 257 Tab. A-22 (continued)
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