On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...
On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...
On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...
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144 Chapter 5<br />
<strong>the</strong> 72 species used e.g. by Solomon (1986). Second, <strong>the</strong> monthly climatic data and <strong>the</strong><br />
field capacity parameters at <strong>the</strong> 21 locations are needed.<br />
5.4.1 Tree species and climatic data <strong>of</strong> eastern North America<br />
The derivation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> FORCLIM parameters for <strong>the</strong> 72 eastern North American species<br />
was based on those <strong>of</strong> FORENA (Solomon 1986) and LINKAGES (Pastor & Post 1985).<br />
Four <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 14 FORCLIM parameters per species were adopted directly from <strong>the</strong> FORENA<br />
data, seven <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m had to be recalculated based on <strong>the</strong> FORENA parameters, and three<br />
could be derived us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> species descriptors published by Pastor & Post (1985)<br />
(Tab. 5.5). A detailed description <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> transformation rules and a summary <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong><br />
FORCLIM species parameters are listed <strong>in</strong> Appendix VI.<br />
The climatic data for all 21 sites/regions <strong>in</strong> eastern North America that were used by<br />
Solomon (1986) were provided by Allen M. Solomon (pers. comm.). The follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
subset <strong>of</strong> this climatic data was used for simulat<strong>in</strong>g forest succession along a climate gradient<br />
<strong>in</strong> eastern North America (cf. Solomon 1986, p. 570):<br />
• Tundra/woodland-nor<strong>the</strong>rn boreal forest: Churchill, Manitoba; Shefferville,<br />
Quebec; Armstrong, <strong>On</strong>tario<br />
• Sou<strong>the</strong>rn boreal forest: West Upper Division, Michigan<br />
• Nor<strong>the</strong>rn deciduous forest: Central Lower Division, Michigan<br />
• Western deciduous forest: West Central Division, Ohio; West Ozarks Division,<br />
Missouri; South Central Division, Arkansas<br />
• Eastern deciduous forest: Cumberland Plateau Division, Tennessee; South<br />
Central Division, Georgia.<br />
These 10 locations cover a latitud<strong>in</strong>al gradient from 58 °N to 31 °N, with annual mean<br />
temperatures rang<strong>in</strong>g from -7.3 °C (Churchill) to 19.6 °C (Georgia), and annual precipitation<br />
sums from 396 mm/year (Churchill) to 1378 mm/year (Tennessee). The climatic<br />
data <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> locations are listed <strong>in</strong> Appendix VII.